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No. I did constitutional law for many years. First Amendment rights are not absolute. A clear example is that you cannot scream “Fire” in a crowded theatre unless there is an actual fire. Public health emergencies have always given governments vast powers that do not exist in normal times. In such emergencies, even applying a strict scrutiny standard to the government action, the government wins. It is rather settled law. Why any church would want to spread COVID is beyond me. My churches are closed. The physical buildings are. We do meet through YouTube, Facebook, and Zoom meetings. Indeed, only very few services are not going on. The government has not targeted faith, only one aspect. Of course, I now appreciate in-person church services far more than before the lockdown. COVID is a plague. Plague times call for strict measures.It is my view that these cases are not serious. No faith is restricted. It has a political use, though, as we face another polarizing election. I wonder if congregants could sue a church that meets when they come down with COVID. Under circumstances, it might be a real possibility. Pastors are supposed to embrace life. Now if the government still has lockdown orders for churches when COVID infection is negligible, then a constitutional lawsuit would be in order. In New York and New Jersey, we faced very heavy infection rates. It spreads more quickly in international trade zones and huge population centers. I walked across Times Square a few weeks ago. It was a surreal experience. During rush hours, I fantasize about having Patience and Fortitude, the main library lions to myself. I did have them. There was no one else around for blocks. It was not a good experience. Patience and Fortitude looked overwhelmed and lonely. Grand Central Station had one other person in the main area with the famous clock and constellation room.Clergy are discussing reopening. I cannot help fundamentalist churches that are at war with objective science and data. Before COVID, we suffered very bad measles outbreaks in a town by the Jersey shore and Westchester county Hasidic communities. Prudence is a good trait in faith. If you are Christian, Christ calls us to responsible stewardship. He does not order slaughter by plague carelessness. My local Jersey City priest had to run essential errands in his car. He reported that ambulances from distant states and even Canada were standing by in a queue because our services were overwhelmed. It reminded me so much of getting help after 9/11. My East Village neighborhood was a staging area.I did listen to an Economist video about the first and second waves of COVID. A second wave may let us be more specific with our targets. We have excellent results in New York City and northern NJ. I implore people not to blow our reopening with carelessness. We are all hurting. I was once a Jehovah's Witness. Even they are complying with the lockdown. My priests report we have more listeners to services online than we came to the church in normal times. The government is not interfering with worship. Merely the place and circumstances where it happens. If it did state that you can have no services online, it would never pass a strict scrutiny standard.Be aware of the larger social/cultural political benefits of screaming a First Amendment violation. I believe I am very sensitive to First Amendment claims. My family members faced mobs, went to federal prison, and were expelled from schools. What I see are emergency health powers. They are probably even stronger than war powers. They date far back in English common law. Emergency health measures are a necessity if we want to live. Behaving as a community will allow us to sit in our physical church buildings sooner. I hope that faiths will continue to offer online options for many after we are back in our physical structures. Further, as a lifetime close reader of the gospels, I do not remember any Jesus statement or even Paul that we need to be in a physical structure. Our earliest faith groups were underground groups. Christians had public relations problems with pagans. People believed we committed incest, were cannibals, and were against humanity. Early Christians changed the dialogue when they remained behind in plague times to nurse victims, regardless of their faith. Today we are only asked to follow sane, rational guidelines. Strict scrutiny is more than met. Indeed, it is amply met. Dead people cannot attend church. People on ventilators cannot come to church.My hope is that Christians will do the rational thing as part of stewardship. I cannot imagine Jesus sanctioning spreading disease. It is so harmful. We are eager to re-open and return to all activity once it is safe. Temporary measures are beginning. Some churches decided to meet outside and only allow so many congregants to attend. The plan in my area is to wait. When we can return to the physical building, there will be limits. No singing. The rules for safe Holy Communion are extensive. Older and immune-compromised people will be asked to wait. But services never stopped. I am proud of how various churches met the challenge of going online and spreading information. In a few carefully controlled cases, priests did give Last Rites. Others did so by smartphones. It is temporary. We are not barred forever. Get a grip.I do not begin to comprehend why any clergy or layperson would embrace spreading this plague. In recent weeks, I finally read Daniel Defoe’s Journal of the Plague Year in London, during the reign of Charles II. Churches played a role in safety. But they also became super-spreaders of contagion and death. Even before modern science and viral tracing, people noticed how dangerous church attendance was. Yet they also did food deliveries, carted, and buried the dead. Charities across England and even Holland sent cash and necessary goods. We are not in Stuart times. Modern science is available. We should be prudent.

Nicotine is an addictive poison. Are you serious? Read a sample MSDS:Material Safety Data Sheetl-Nicotine, 99+%ACC# 96314Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company IdentificationMSDS Name: l-Nicotine, 99+%Catalog Numbers: AC181420000, AC181420050, AC181420250, AC181421000Synonyms: S-(-)-Nicotine; B-Pyridyl-a-N-Methylpyrrolidine.Company Identification:Acros Organics N.V.One Reagent LaneFair Lawn, NJ 07410For information in North America, call: 800-ACROS-01For emergencies in the US, call CHEMTREC: 800-424-9300Section 2 - Composition, Information on IngredientsCAS#Chemical NamePercentEINECS/ELINCS54-11-5Nicotine99200-193-3Section 3 - Hazards IdentificationEMERGENCY OVERVIEWAppearance: colorless to light yellow liquid.Danger!May be fatal if swallowed. Poison! May be fatal if absorbed through the skin. May cause digestive tract irritation with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. May cause central nervous system depression. May cause cardiac disturbances. This substance has caused adverse reproductive and fetal effects in animals. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air).Target Organs: Central nervous system, respiratory system, muscles.Potential Health EffectsEye: May cause eye irritation.Skin: May cause skin irritation. May be fatal if absorbed through the skin.Ingestion: May be fatal if swallowed. May cause adverse effects of the musculature. May cause severe digestive tract irritation with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May cause tremors and convulsions. May cause muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, and possible death. Exposure causes initial nervous system stimulation followed by severe CNS depression. May cause ataxia andInhalation: May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion.Chronic: May cause digestive tract and cardiac disturbances.Section 4 - First Aid MeasuresEyes: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid.Skin: Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical aid if irritation develops or persists. Discard contaminated clothing in a manner which limits further exposure. Destroy contaminated shoes.Ingestion: If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Get medical aid immediately.Inhalation: Get medical aid immediately. Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically and supportively.Section 5 - Fire Fighting MeasuresGeneral Information: As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. Can form explosive mixtures at temperatures above the flashpoint. Vapors may be heavier than air. They can spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas.Extinguishing Media: For small fires, use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide or chemical foam. Water or foam may cause frothing.Flash Point: 101 deg C ( 213.80 deg F)Autoignition Temperature: 240 deg C ( 464.00 deg F)Explosion Limits, Lower:.70 vol %Upper: 4.00 vol %NFPA Rating: 3 - health, 1 - flammability, 0 - instabilitySection 6 - Accidental Release MeasuresGeneral Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8.Spills/Leaks: Avoid runoff into storm sewers and ditches which lead to waterways. Wear a self contained breathing apparatus and appropriate personal protection. (See Exposure Controls, Personal Protection section). Remove all sources of ignition. Absorb spill using an absorbent, non-combustible material such as earth, sand, or vermiculite. Do not use combustible materials such as sawdust.Section 7 - Handling and StorageHandling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Use with adequate ventilation. Ground and bond containers when transferring material. Use spark-proof tools and explosion proof equipment. Do not reuse this container. Do not get on skin or in eyes. Do not ingest or inhale.Storage: Keep away from sources of ignition. Keep from contact with oxidizing materials. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. Keep away from strong acids.Section 8 - Exposure Controls, Personal ProtectionEngineering Controls: Use adequate general or local exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations below the permissible exposure limits.Exposure LimitsChemical NameACGIHNIOSHOSHA - Final PELsNicotine0.5 mg/m3 TWA; Skin - potential significant contribution to overall exposure by the cutaneous r oute0.5 mg/m3 TWA 5 mg/m3 IDLH0.5 mg/m3 TWAOSHA Vacated PELs: Nicotine: 0.5 mg/m3 TWAPersonal Protective EquipmentEyes: Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166.Skin: Wear impervious gloves.Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.Respirators: Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced.Section 9 - Physical and Chemical PropertiesPhysical State: LiquidAppearance: colorless to light yellowOdor: Slight fish odor when warm.pH: 10.2Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg @ 61.8CVapor Density: 5.61 (air=1)Evaporation Rate:Not available.Viscosity: exposure to airBoiling Point: 247 deg C @ 760.00mm HgFreezing/Melting Point:-80 deg CDecomposition Temperature:Not available.Solubility: IN WATER: MISCIBLE BELOW 60°CSpecific Gravity/Density:1.0100g/cm3Molecular Formula:C10H14N2Molecular Weight:162.23Section 10 - Stability and ReactivityChemical Stability: Stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions.Conditions to Avoid: Incompatible materials.Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Strong acids, strong oxidizers.Hazardous Decomposition Products: Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas.Hazardous Polymerization: Has not been reported.Section 11 - Toxicological InformationRTECS#:CAS# 54-11-5: QS5250000LD50/LC50:CAS# 54-11-5:Oral, mouse: LD50 = 3340 ug/kg;Oral, rat: LD50 = 50 mg/kg;Skin, rabbit: LD50 = 50 mg/kg;Skin, rat: LD50 = 140 mg/kg;.Carcinogenicity:CAS# 54-11-5: Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NTP, or CA Prop 65.Epidemiology: No information available.Teratogenicity: Effects on Newborn: Biochemical and metabolic, orl-rat TDLo=59400ug/kg; Stillbirth, scu-rat TDLo=9mg/kg. Embryo or Fetus: Death, ipr-mouse TDLo=24mg/kg; Stunted fetus, ipr-rat TDLo=5250ug/kg. Specific Developmental Abnormalities: Craniofacial, ipr-mouse TDLo=1mg/kg; Musculoskeletal, orl-mouse TDLo=16mg/kg.Reproductive Effects: Fertility: Litter size, scu-mouse TDLo=25mg/kg. Maternal Effects: Postpartum effects, scu-rat TDLo=22500ug/kg.Mutagenicity: DNA Inhibition: rbt-cell types 1mmol/L.Neurotoxicity: No information available.Other Studies:Section 12 - Ecological InformationEcotoxicity: No data available. Fish (fresh water) 3-29ppm toxic (time period not specified).Environmental: No information reported.Physical: No information available.Other: None.Section 13 - Disposal ConsiderationsChemical waste generators must determine whether a discarded chemical is classified as a hazardous waste. US EPA guidelines for the classification determination are listed in 40 CFR Parts 261.3. Additionally, waste generators must consult state and local hazardous waste regulations to ensure complete and accurate classification.RCRA P-Series: CAS# 54-11-5: waste number P075.RCRA U-Series: None listed.Section 14 - Transport InformationUS DOTCanada TDGShipping Name:NICOTINENICOTINEHazard Class:6.16.1UN Number:UN1654UN1654Packing Group:IIIISection 15 - Regulatory InformationUS FEDERALTSCACAS# 54-11-5 is listed on the TSCA inventory.Health & Safety Reporting ListNone of the chemicals are on the Health & Safety Reporting List.Chemical Test RulesNone of the chemicals in this product are under a Chemical Test Rule.Section 12bNone of the chemicals are listed under TSCA Section 12b.TSCA Significant New Use RuleNone of the chemicals in this material have a SNUR under TSCA.CERCLA Hazardous Substances and corresponding RQsCAS# 54-11-5: 100 lb final RQ; 45.4 kg final RQSARA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous SubstancesCAS# 54-11-5: 100 lb TPQSARA CodesCAS # 54-11-5: immediate, delayed.Section 313This material contains Nicotine (CAS# 54-11-5, 99%),which is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of SARA Title III and 40 CFR Part 373.Clean Air Act:This material does not contain any hazardous air pollutants.This material does not contain any Class 1 Ozone depletors.This material does not contain any Class 2 Ozone depletors.Clean Water Act:None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Hazardous Substances under the CWA.None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Priority Pollutants under the CWA.None of the chemicals in this product are listed as Toxic Pollutants under the CWA.OSHA:None of the chemicals in this product are considered highly hazardous by OSHA.STATECAS# 54-11-5 can be found on the following state right to know lists: California, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Massachusetts.California Prop 65WARNING: This product contains Nicotine, a chemical known to the state of California to cause developmental reproductive toxicity.California No Significant Risk Level: None of the chemicals in this product are listed.European/International RegulationsEuropean Labeling in Accordance with EC DirectivesHazard Symbols:T+Risk Phrases:R 25 Toxic if swallowed.R 27 Very toxic in contact with skin.Safety Phrases:S 36/37 Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves.S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical adviceimmediately (show the label where possible).WGK (Water Danger/Protection)CAS# 54-11-5: No information available.Canada - DSL/NDSLCAS# 54-11-5 is listed on Canada's DSL List.Canada - WHMISThis product has a WHMIS classification of D1A, D2B.This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the Controlled Products Regulations and the MSDS contains all of the information required by those regulations.Canadian Ingredient Disclosure ListCAS# 54-11-5 is listed on the Canadian Ingredient Disclosure List.Section 16 - Additional InformationMSDS Creation Date: 12/16/1997Revision #5 Date: 11/20/2008The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty of merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to such information, and we assume no liability resulting from its use. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the information for their particular purposes. In no event shall Fisher be liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary damages, howsoever arising, even if Fisher has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

According to the Safety Data Sheet, not toxic to any identified degree:SAFETY DATA SHEET Revision Date 18-Jan-2018 Revision Number 3 1. Identification Product Name Silver Iodide Cat No. : S178-100 Synonyms None Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. Uses advised against Not for food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Emergency Telephone Number CHEMTRECÒ, Inside the USA: 800-424-9300 CHEMTRECÒ, Outside the USA: 001-703-527-3887 2. Hazard(s) identification Classification Classification under 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Label Elements None required Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC) Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects 3. Composition/Information on Ingredients Component CAS-No Weight % Silver iodide (AgI) 7783-96-2 > 98 4. First-aid measures Eye Contact Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes. Skin Contact Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Company Fisher Scientific One Reagent Lane Fair Lawn, NJ 07410 Tel: (201) 796-7100 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 1 / 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Silver Iodide Revision Date 18-Jan-2018 Inhalation Move to fresh air. Ingestion Do not induce vomiting. Most important symptoms and effects No information available. Notes to Physician Treat symptomatically 5. Fire-fighting measures Unsuitable Extinguishing Media No information available Flash Point Method - No information available Autoignition Temperature No information available Explosion Limits Upper No data available Lower No data available Sensitivity to Mechanical Impact No information available Sensitivity to Static Discharge No information available Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical Keep product and empty container away from heat and sources of ignition. Hazardous Combustion Products None known Protective Equipment and Precautions for Firefighters As in any fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent) and full protective gear. NFPA 6. Accidental release measures Personal Precautions Ensure adequate ventilation. Use personal protective equipment. Environmental Precautions See Section 12 for additional ecological information. Avoid release to the environment. Collect spillage. Methods for Containment and Clean Up No information available. 7. Handling and storage Handling Ensure adequate ventilation. Storage Keep containers tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. 8. Exposure controls / personal protection Exposure Guidelines This product does not contain any hazardous materials with occupational exposure limitsestablished by the region specific regulatory bodies. Health 1 Flammability 0 Instability 0 Physical hazards N/A Component ACGIH TLV OSHA PEL NIOSH IDLH Mexico OEL (TWA) Silver iodide (AgI) TWA: 0.01 ppm Legend ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 2 / 6 ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Silver Iodide Revision Date 18-Jan-2018 9. Physical and chemical properties Physical State Solid Appearance Light yellow Odor Odorless Odor Threshold No information available pH Melting Point/Range 552.2 °C / 1026.0 °F Boiling Point/Range Flash Point Evaporation Rate negligible Flammability (solid,gas) No information available Flammability or explosive limits Upper No data available Lower No data available Vapor Pressure negligible Vapor Density No information available Specific Gravity 5.68 @ 30°C Solubility Slightly soluble in water Partition coefficient; n-octanol/water No data available Autoignition Temperature No information available Decomposition Temperature No information available Viscosity No information available Molecular Formula AgI Molecular Weight 234.7727 10. Stability and reactivity Reactive Hazard None known, based on information available Stability Stable under normal conditions. Conditions to Avoid Incompatible products. Incompatible Materials Strong oxidizing agents Hazardous Decomposition Products None under normal use conditions Hazardous Polymerization Hazardous polymerization does not occur. Hazardous Reactions None under normal processing. 11. Toxicological information Engineering Measures Ensure adequate ventilation, especially in confined areas. Personal Protective Equipment Eye/face Protection Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard EN166. Skin and body protection Wear appropriate protective gloves and clothing to prevent skin exposure. Respiratory Protection Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or European Standard EN 149 approved respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or if irritation or other symptoms are experienced. Hygiene Measures Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 3 / 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Silver Iodide Revision Date 18-Jan-2018 Acute Toxicity Component Information Toxicologically Synergistic Products No information available Delayed and immediate effects as well as chronic effects from short and long-term exposure Irritation No information available Sensitization No information available Carcinogenicity The table below indicates whether each agency has listed any ingredient as a carcinogen. Component CAS-No IARC NTP ACGIH OSHA Mexico Silver iodide (AgI) 7783-96-2 Not listed Not listed Not listed Not listed Not listed Mutagenic Effects No information available Reproductive Effects No information available. Developmental Effects No information available. Teratogenicity No information available. STOT - single exposure None known STOT - repeated exposure None known Aspiration hazard No information available Symptoms / effects,both acute and delayed No information available Endocrine Disruptor Information No information available Other Adverse Effects The toxicological properties have not been fully investigated. 12. Ecological information Ecotoxicity Do not empty into drains. Persistence and Degradability No information available Bioaccumulation/ Accumulation No information available. Mobility No information available. 13. Disposal considerations Waste Disposal Methods Chemical waste generators must determine whether a discarded chemical is classified as a hazardous waste. Chemical waste generators must also consult local, regional, and national hazardous waste regulations to ensure complete and accurate classification. 14. Transport information DOT Not regulated TDG Not regulated IATA Not regulated IMDG/IMO Not regulated 15. Regulatory information International Inventories ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 4 / 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Silver Iodide Revision Date 18-Jan-2018 Component TSCA DSL NDSL EINECS ELINCS NLP PICCS ENCS AICS IECSC KECL Silver iodide (AgI) X X - 232-038-0 - X X X X X Legend: X - Listed E - Indicates a substance that is the subject of a Section 5(e) Consent order under TSCA. F - Indicates a substance that is the subject of a Section 5(f) Rule under TSCA. N - Indicates a polymeric substance containing no free-radical initiator in its inventory name but is considered to cover the designated polymer made with any free-radical initiator regardless of the amount used. P - Indicates a commenced PMN substance R - Indicates a substance that is the subject of a Section 6 risk management rule under TSCA. S - Indicates a substance that is identified in a proposed or final Significant New Use Rule T - Indicates a substance that is the subject of a Section 4 test rule under TSCA. XU - Indicates a substance exempt from reporting under the Inventory Update Rule, i.e. Partial Updating of the TSCA Inventory Data Base Production and Site Reports (40 CFR 710(B). Y1 - Indicates an exempt polymer that has a number-average molecular weight of 1,000 or greater. Y2 - Indicates an exempt polymer that is a polyester and is made only from reactants included in a specified list of low concern reactants that comprises one of the eligibility criteria for the exemption rule. U.S. Federal Regulations TSCA 12(b) Not applicable SARA 313 Not applicable Component CAS-No Weight % SARA 313 - Threshold Values % Silver iodide (AgI) 7783-96-2 > 98 1.0 SARA 311/312 Hazard Categories See section 2 for more information CWA (Clean Water Act) Not applicable Component CWA - Hazardous Substances CWA - Reportable Quantities CWA - Toxic Pollutants CWA - Priority Pollutants Silver iodide (AgI) - - X - Clean Air Act Not applicable OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration Not applicable CERCLA Not applicable California Proposition 65 This product does not contain any Proposition 65 chemicals U.S. State Right-to-Know Regulations Not applicable Component Massachusetts New Jersey Pennsylvania Illinois Rhode Island Silver iodide (AgI) - X X - - U.S. Department of Transportation Reportable Quantity (RQ): N DOT Marine Pollutant N DOT Severe Marine Pollutant N U.S. Department of Homeland Security This product does not contain any DHS chemicals. Other International Regulations Mexico - Grade No information available ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Page 5 / 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Silver Iodide Revision Date 18-Jan-2018 16. Other information Prepared By Regulatory Affairs Thermo Fisher Scientific Email: [email protected] Revision Date 18-Jan-2018 Print Date 18-Jan-2018 Revision Summary This document has been updated to comply with the US OSHA HazCom 2012 Standard replacing the current legislation under 29 CFR 1910.1200 to align with the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS). Disclaimer The information provided in this Safety Data Sheet is correct to the best of our knowledge, information and belief at the date of its publication. The information given is designed only as a guidance for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and is not to be considered a warranty or quality specification. The information relates only to the specific material designated and may not be valid for such material used in combination with any other materials or in any process, unless specified in the text End of SDS