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There are some really awesome institutes in our country which are dedicated to research (3 of which you have already mention, so I am skipping them) and at the same time offer undergraduate programs as well, some of the most awesome ones are:1. Chennai Mathematical Institute (CMI) : Chennai Mathematical Institute (CMI) is a research and education institute in Chennai. It was founded by the SPIC Science Foundation in 1989, and offers undergraduate as well as postgraduate programmes in Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science, besides its key strength in the form of high-end research in Mathematics. CMI is noted for its research in the field of algebraic geometry, in particular in the area of moduli.2. University of Mumbai, Centre of Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS) : Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (or UM-DAE CBS) is an autonomous institute with an affiliation to the University of Mumbai. It was set up by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in collaboration with the university . This institute offers undergraduate science education and research opportunities. It aims at improving the quality of basic science education in the country at the undergraduate level and developing a pool of scientists for the various scientific works of the country.3. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research(TIFR) : Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is a public research institution located in Mumbai, India that is dedicated to basic research in mathematics and the sciences. It is a Deemed University and works under the umbrella of the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India. It is located at Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai, with an affiliated campus in Serilingampally near Hyderabad. TIFR conducts research primarily in the natural sciences, mathematics, the biological sciences and theoretical computer science and is considered to be one among India's outstanding research centres. TIFR has a graduate programme leading to a PhD in all the major fields of study. TIFR is rated with an "A" grade, as determined by India's Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD). It is the only one among 4 in the state of Maharashtra, the other 3 being the centrally funded Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and the Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE).4. Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) is an academic institute of national importance as recognised by a 1959 act of the Indian parliament. It grew out of the Statistical Laboratory set up by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in Presidency College, Kolkata. Established in 1931, this public university of India is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutions focused on statistics. Primary activities of ISI are research and training of Statistics, development of theoretical Statistics and its applications in various natural and social sciences. Originally affiliated with the University of Calcutta, the institute was declared an institute of national importance in 1959, through an act of Indian parliament, Indian Statistical Institute act, 1959.5. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) : Yes, you read it right. There are a number of courses even in IITs that make you do quality research in pure sciences at undergraduate level.6. The International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIIT Hyderabad) : is an information technology research university based in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was the first autonomous private institute of its kind to be established in 1998. The institute runs Computer Science courses and research projects and is focused on research.7. Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) is a government-aided institute and deemed university for the study and research of space science, located at Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. It is the first university in Asia to be solely dedicated to the study and research of Outer space. It was inaugurated on 14 September 2007 by G. Madhavan Nair, the then Chairman of ISRO. IIST was set up by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) under the Department of Space, Government of India. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, former President of India, was the Chancellor of IIST. IIST offers regular engineering undergraduate, postgraduate and doctorate programmes with focus on space science, technology and applications.8. The Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) is an institution of basic research and training in physical and biophysical sciences located in Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India. The institute is named after the famous Indian physicist Meghnad Saha.Note that these are only a few of the many research institutes in India. Government of India has always encouraged research in our country.Sources :WikipediaGoogle ImagesThanks for reading !!

Condensed matter physics and theoretical physics are not mutually exclusive. Many condensed matter physicists are strictly theoretical physicists, using analytical calculations and/or numerical modeling, instead of experiments, as their research tools. Moreover, among theoretical condensed matter physicists, their research is often ‘theoretical’ in the colloquial sense of the word as well—concerned with basic truths of nature and mathematical descriptions of the natural world, rather than applications.But to answer the question at hand, I know many people who pursued another subfield of physics for all/part of their undergraduate research but turned to condensed matter at the start of their PhD. I know of fewer people who switched from another subfield into condensed matter during their PhD, perhaps because each subfield of physics has distinct domain knowledge which takes considerable investment at the start of a PhD to learn.To make this answer a bit more quantitative, here are statistics from the American Institute of Physics (AIP) comparing intended research fields of incoming PhD students to conferred PhDs:incoming:Conferred (note: table below is chosen to have year of conferral roughly 5–7 years after table above):So, at the start of a physics PhD, roughly 19% of students plan to pursue condensed matter (not including AMO and materials science), while ~25% of conferred PhDs are in that subfield. This gain likely comes from the ‘undecided’ category, rather than from far removed subfields (e.g. particles, astro, nuclear,gravitation,etc), because the percentages of students in those fields is fairly steady ‘pre’ vs ‘post’ PhD according to the tables above.

Yes. A very detailed and brilliant answer is given in the introductory lecture on classical physics[1][1][1][1] by Prof. V. Balakrishnan, Emeritus Professor,Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (available in YouTube). He explains it combining with the neurophysiological aspects of perception which makes the answer impeccable. I strongly believe that you would get what you are in search of from it and that one hour will give you a deep insight to the scales in which the universe is operating. The following is from his lecture:“ For example, Newtonian mechanics is an effective model in a certain regime of parameters of length, mass, time, velocities, angular momentums and so on. So is quantum mechanics as far as we know, it is possible that one day it is subsumed into larger theory or a larger framework. But the difference between physical laws and mathematical laws is precisely this - whereas, mathematical laws, once you lay the axioms down would appear to be applicable in some absolute sense. Physical laws are always applicable in some range of physical parameters. You go beyond the range, the law may or may not extrapolate in a smooth way. and this is also something which one should bear in mind, because this is very often lost sight of, that is what leads to questions of the kind - is the electron a wave or a particle? As we go along, I will convince you that the question itself is meaningless. An electron is what it is, and what properties it displays; in fact, that is going to be your attitude.” - BalkiHope this helps. :)Footnotes[1] Mod-01 Lec-01 Introduction[1] Mod-01 Lec-01 Introduction[1] Mod-01 Lec-01 Introduction[1] Mod-01 Lec-01 Introduction