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Arabic and its different dialects are spoken by around 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world as well as in the Arab diaspora making it one of the five most spoken languages in the world. Currently, 22 countries are member states of the Arab League (as well as 5 countries were granted an observer status) which was founded in Cairo in 1945. Arabic is a language cluster comprising 30 or so modern varieties.[1]Arabic is the lingua franca of people who live in countries of the Arab world as well as of Arabs who live in the diaspora, particularly in Latin America (especially Brazil and Argentina) or Western Europe (like France, Spain, Germany or Italy).Cypriot Arabic is an recognized minority language in the EU member state of Cyprus and along with Maltese is one of only two extant European varieties of Arabic, though has its own standard literary form and has no diglossic relationship with Standard Arabic.[2] Maltese is one of the official languages of the EU. Arabic is a majority language of the native population in the United Arab Emirates as the majority of the population is composed of expatriates.[3]Contents1 Countries with Arabic as an official language2 Countries with Arabic as a national language or a recognized minority language2.1 Iran2.2 Turkey2.3 Niger2.4 Mali2.5 Senegal2.6 Cyprus3 Countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution3.1 Pakistan3.2 Iran3.3 Israel3.4 Philippines4 Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language5 History5.1 Umayyad Caliphate5.2 Abbasid Caliphate5.3 Fatimid Caliphate5.4 Al-Andalus5.5 Italy and Malta5.6 Greece5.7 South Sudan5.8 The Gambia5.9 Israel6 Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and later replaced or repealed7 See also8 References9 Notes10 External linksCountries with Arabic as an official languageAs of 2018, there are 25 independent nations where Modern Standard Arabic is an official language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language.Countries where Arabic is an official languageNo Country Population Notes No. of Arabic Speakers[4] % of Arabic Speakers[5] Member state ofArab League1. Egypt 100,000,000 Official language 82,449,200 93.18 Yes2. Algeria 41,701,000 Co-official language, along with Berber 40,100,000 80.00 Yes3. Sudan 40,235,000 Co-official language, along with English 28,164,500 70.00 Yes4. Iraq 36,004,552 Co-official language, along with Kurdish 22,908,120 85.81 Yes5. Morocco 35,250,000 Co-official language, along with Berber 25,003,930 74.29 Yes6. Saudi Arabia 30,770,375 Official language 27,178,770 95.62 Yes7. Yemen 23,833,000 Official language 14,671,000 54.68 Yes f8. Syria c 20,956,000 Official language 17,951,639 91.71 Yes e9. Tunisia 10,982,754 Official language 10,800,500 98.34 Yes10. Somalia 10,428,043 Co-official language, along with Somali 3,788,000 31.26 Yes11. Chad 10,329,208 Co-official language, along with French 1,320,000 1.81 Observer status12. United Arab Emirates 9,346,129 Official language 3,607,600 39.71 Yes13. Jordan 6,655,000 Official language 5,083,300 76.38 Yes15. Libya 6,244,174 Official language 4,526,000 72.09 Yes d16. Lebanon 4,965,914 Official language 4,180,000 91.44 Yes17. Palestine a 4,484,000 Official language in the Palestinian territories b 3,762,076 83.9 Yes18. Oman 4,055,418 Official language 2,518,816 88.6 Yes19. Mauritania 3,359,185 Official language 3,140,000 88.78 Yes20. Kuwait 2,789,000 Official language 1,735,000 82.21 Yes21. Qatar 2,155,446 Official language 1,215,900 75.39 Yes22. Bahrain 1,343,000 Official language 690,302 81.4 Yes23. Tanzania( Zanzibar) 1,303,569 Co-official language, along with Swahili and English No24. Djibouti 810,179 Co-official language, along with French 97,900 1.32 Yes25. Comoros 798,000 Co-official language, along with Comorian and French YesΣ 25 Total Σ 410,000,000 Arabic Language International Council Σ 240,000,000 92 Arab Leaguea. Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 136 member states currently recognize the State of Palestine.b. The Palestinian territories (also called Israeli-occupied territories) are currently occupied by Israel but legally don`t belong to the state of Israel according to the Supreme Court of Israel and the International Court of Justice of the United Nations (UN).c. The Syrian National Coalition is partially recognized as the sole legitimate government of the state Syrian Arab Republic.d. Libya's seat is taken by the House of Representatives (Libya) (which is disputed by the Muslim Brotherhood-led General National Congress and Government of National Accord).e. Syria's seat currently occupied by the Syrian National Coalition,[6] while Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic suspended on 16 November 2011.[7][8]f. Yemen's seat is taken by the Cabinet of Yemen (which is disputed by the Houthi Supreme Revolutionary Committee).Countries with Arabic as a national language or a recognized minority languageAs of 2016, there are 6 independent nations where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority language, but not primary language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority language.Dispersion of native Arabic speakers as the majority (green) or minority (chartreuse) populationCountries where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority languageNo Country Population National language or Minority language Region1. Iran 83,145,546 Minority language Asia2. Turkey 82,003,882 Minority language Asia, Europe3. Niger 22,314,743 National language Africa4. Mali 19,973,000 National language Africa5. Senegal 16,209,125 National language Africa6. Cyprus 875,900 Minority language AsiaΣ 6 Total Σ 224,522,000IranSee also: Languages of IranArabic is a recognized minority language of Iran. In addition, the constitution recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Arabic (as the language of Quran) became mandatory for pupils in Iran. Arabic courses are mandatory starting from 6th year of schooling (1st year of Middle School) until the 11th year (penultimate year of High School).The local dialects of Arabic spoken by Arab minorities in Iran (like Ahwazi Arabs, Khamseh Arabs, Marsh Arabs as well as Arabs in Khorasan) are Khuzestani Arabic and Mesopotamian Arabic, (also known as Iraqi Arabic) mainly in Khuzestan Province as well as Khorasani Arabic especially in Khorasan Province.There are several TV channels in Arabic language broadcasting from Iran, namely, Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar TV as well as IFilm. Currently, the sole newspaper in Arabic language published in Iran is Kayhan Al Arabi out of 23 Persian dailies and three English dailies newspapers in Iran.In 2008, the public university Payame Noor University declared that Arabic will be the "second language" of the university, and that all its services will be offered in Arabic, concurrent with Persian.[9]TurkeySee also: Languages of TurkeyThere is an Arab minority in Turkey who speak Arabic as their native language. Therefore, Arabic is a recognized minority language in Turkey.Historically Arabic was the official language (in the territory which form nowadays the state of Turkey) during the time when this region was a part of the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later when it belonged to the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).The national public broadcaster of Turkey the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (also known as TRT) broadcasts TRT Al Arabiya a 24 hours a day TV channel in Arabic language (launched in April 2010).In 2015, the Turkey’s Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016-17 academic year, Arabic language courses (as a second language) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade. The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like German, French and English which are already being offered to elementary school students for a long time. According to a prepared curriculum, second and third graders will start learning the Arabic language by listening-comprehension and speaking, while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills.[10][11]NigerSee also: Languages of NigerArabic is one of the recognized national languages in Niger. Arabic is spoken by a minority in Niger especially by the Diffa Arabs (also known as Mahamid Arabs) an Arab nomadic tribespeople who is living in eastern Niger, mostly in the Diffa Region.MaliSee also: Languages of MaliArabic is one of the recognized national languages in Mali. Hassaniya Arabic (a variety of Maghrebi Arabic) is spoken by a minority in Mali especially by the Azawagh Arabs (also known as nomadic Moors) nomadic ethnic Arab-ancestry tribes who are settling mainly in the area of Azawagh which is a dry basin covering what is today northwestern Niger, as well as parts of northeastern Mali and southern Algeria.[12]SenegalSee also: Languages of SenegalArabic is one of the recognized national languages in Senegal. Hassaniya Arabic is spoken by a minority in Senegal.[13]CyprusSee also: Languages of CyprusCypriot Arabic (alongside Armenian) is one of the two recognized minority languages of Cyprus, since 2008.[14] It is spoken by the Maronite community, which is a minority in Cyprus especially in the cities Nicosia, Limassol and Larnaca.Cypriot Arabic (also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic) is taught at the Elementary School of St. Maron, which is located in Anthoupolis southern of Nicosia, Cyprus.[15]Countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitutionAs of 2018, there are 4 independent countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution.Countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitutionNo Name Population Official language(s) Other recognizedlanguage(s) Region1. Pakistan 218,396,000 Urdu, English Arabic d Asia2. Iran 83,145,546 Persian Arabic a Asia3. Israel b 9,149,960 Hebrew Arabic c AsiaΣ 3 Total Σ 310,691,000a. ^ The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script, Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."[16]b. Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 161 member states currently recognize the State of Israel.c. ^ The Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People (an Israeli Basic Law which specifies the nature of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish People) states in No. 4 (B) that "The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law." The law declares in No. 4 (C): "This clause does not harm the status given to the Arabic language before this law came into effect." The law was adopted by the Knesset 62 in favor, 55 against and two abstentions on 19 July 2018.[17]d. ^ The constitution of Pakistan states in Article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language ..."[18]e. ^ The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[19]PakistanSee also: Languages of PakistanHistorically Arabic was the official language (in the territory which form nowadays the state Islamic Republic of Pakistan) during the time when this region was a part of the Umayyad Caliphate between 651 and 750.According to the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 the two languages Urdu (which is very close to Hindi, both also called Hindustani language which were two of the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan that time[20][21]) as well as Bengali (at that time the lingua franca in the territory which is today the independent state Bangladesh) became the national languages in the new founded state Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General Ayub Khan the second President of Pakistan advocated the institution of Arabic language teaching a spart of national planning.[22] "Ayub`s educational plan emphasized Urdu and English as the primary language of Pakistan, but additionally recommended that Arabic be a secondary language of instruction along with English."[23]The Arabic language is mentioned in the constitution of Pakistan. It declares in article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language ..."[24]There is also an Arab minority in Pakistan. In addition, a remarkable number of Pakistanis are able to speak Arabic as they were living in the rich GCC Countries for working reasons (in Saudi Arabia around 2.5 million; in UAE around 1.5 million; in Qatar around 650,000; in Kuwait around 430,000; in Oman around 300,000; in Bahrain around 180,000) for a very long time. These overseas Pakistanis who are living in countries of the Arab world are also named Arab Pakistanis or Pakistani Arabs.The National Education Policy 2017 declares in article 3.7.4 that: “Arabic as compulsory part will be integrated in Islamiyat from Middle to Higher Secondary level to enable the students to understand the Holy Quran.“ Furthermore, it specifies in article 3.7.6: “Arabic as elective subject shall be offered properly at Secondary and Higher Secondary level with Arabic literature and grammar in its course to enable the learners to have command in the language.“ This law is also valid for private schools as it defines in article 3.7.12: “The curriculum in Islamiyat, Arabic and Moral Education of public sector will be adopted by the private institutions to make uniformity in the society.“[25]IranSee also: Languages of IranThe constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script, Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."[26]IsraelSee also: Languages of IsraelArabic was an official language of Mandatory Palestine and was retained as an official language when the State of Israel was founded in 1948. In 2018, the Knesset upgraded the status of Hebrew from official to State language of Israel, and gave Arabic a special status in the State by adopting the relevant Basic Law. The Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People (an Israeli Basic Law which specifies the nature of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish People) states in No. 4 (B) that "The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law." The law declares in No. 4 (C): "This clause does not harm the status given to the Arabic language before this law came into effect." The law was adopted by the Knesset 62 in favor, 55 against and two abstentions on 19 July 2018.[17]Arabic is an indigenous language in the territory which form nowadays the state of Israel and which is still the lingua franca of Arab citizens of Israel as well as of Arab foreigners (especially Palestinians who have only a Palestinian Authority passport, not recognized by many countries. Thus, they consider Palestinians stateless). In addition, Arabic is spoken by Arab Jews in Israel who immigrated from different Arab countries to Israel (as Aliyah) and got the Israeli citizenship according to the Israeli Nationality Law of 1952.Arabic name is shown on some Arabic majority cities seal.It is semi-official and used in Jerusalem.PhilippinesSee also: Languages of the PhilippinesThe Arabic language is mentioned in the Philippine constitution of 1986. It specifies that "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[19]Arabic is mainly used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates (like Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Ranaw) in the present-day state Philippines. Along with Malay, Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy in the history. Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines.Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official languageAs of 2016, there are 17 non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language. The following is a list of non-sovereign entities and autonomous regions as well as territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language.Non-sovereign entities and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official languageNo Name Population Notes Region1. Flag of the Arab Movement of Azawad.svg Arab Movement of Azawad 1,300,000 Co-official language, along with Tuareg Africa2. Galmudug 4,711,000 Official language somali Africa3. Azawad 1,300,000 Co-official language, along with Tuareg Africa4. Galmudug 1,230,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa5. Hirshabeelle.png Hirshabelle 1,800,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa6. Iraqi Kurdistan 5,300,000 Co-official language, along with Kurdish Asia7. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 4,800,000 Official language Asia8. Jubaland 1,000,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa9. Flag of Ahwaz.png National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz 4,711,000 Official language Asia10. Khatumo 2,000,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa11. Flag of Somalia.svg Northland State 1,300,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa12. Puntland 1,285,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa13. Rojava (also called Democratic Federation of Northern Syria) 4,600,000 Co-official language, along with Kurdish and Syriac Asia14. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 502,585 Co-official language, along with Spanish Africa15. Somaliland 4,500,000 Co-official language, along with Somali and English Africa16. Flag of Southwestern Somalia.svg South West State of Somalia 2,000,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa17. Syrian opposition a 3,500,000 Official language AsiaΣ 17 Total Σ 35,000,000a. The Syrian National Coalition is partially recognized as the sole legitimate government of the state Syrian Arab Republic.HistoryMain article: Arab world § HistoryUmayyad CaliphateThe expansion of the first Caliphates:Expansion under Islamic prophet Muhammad,622–632 AD/ 1-11 AHExpansion during the Rashidun Caliphate,632–661 AD/ 11-40 AHExpansion during the Umayyad Caliphate,661–750 AD/ 40-129 AHThe Muslim conquests (Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية‎, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) and the following Expansion of Islam (Arabic: انتشار الإسلام‎, Intishar al-Islām) led to the expansion of the Arabic language in Northern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Caucasus, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic number system and Arab customs spread throughout the entire Arab caliphate. The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the first schools inside the empire which taught Arabic language and Islamic studies for all pupils in all areas within the caliphate. The result was (in those areas which belonged to the Arab empire) the creation of the society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants.During the period of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the 5th Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (646–705) established Arabic instead of the local languages as the sole official state language of government across the entire caliphate.[27]Abbasid CaliphateWhile the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly was Arabized. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, people of different nationalities and religions began gradually to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe and the Western world.[28]Fatimid CaliphateThe Arabic language remained the lingua franca of high culture under the Fatimids (909–1171), Spanish Umayyads (856–1031) in the Iberian Peninsula, and later Muslim dynasties in North Africa and Spain and of the Mamluks (1250–1517) in Egypt and Syria-Palestine.[29]Al-AndalusIn the history, Andalusian Arabic was the official language in Spain and Portugal, formerly Al-Andalus for more than 700 years until the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada in 1492.Italy and MaltaSiculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) was a spoken language on the islands of Sicily and neighbouring Malta (at that time Emirate of Sicily (831–1091)) between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century.GreeceA form of Arabic was spoken on the Mediterranean island of Crete (Emirate of Crete) from the late 820s (c. 824 or 827/828) until the Byzantine reconquest in 961.South SudanArabic (alongside English) was an official language in South Sudan from 1863 (these days a part of Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867)) until 2011 (that time the independent state Republic of South Sudan), when the former government canceled Arabic as an official language. Since 2011 English is the sole official language of South Sudan. The Arabic dialect Juba Arabic is still the lingua franca of the people in South Sudan.The GambiaIn 2014, Gambian president Yahya Jammeh announced that The Gambia would drop English as the official language because it is a "colonial relic".[30][31] He replaced Gambia’s official language English with Arabic in 2014.[32] However, such change was not enacted.IsraelThe Arabic language (alongside Hebrew) also remained as an official language in the State of Israel for the first 70 years after the proclamation in 1948 until 2018. The Knesset canceled the status of Arabic as an official language by adopting the relevant Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People on 19 July 2018. This Israeli Basic Law states in No. 4 (A) that "The state’s language is Hebrew."[17]Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and later replaced or repealedThere were several territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and where it has been replaced by other languages or repealed. The following is a list of territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history.Asia|Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and later replaced or repealedNo. Current country Currentofficial language Currentspoken language Historicallybelonged to Historicofficial language Historicspoken language Timeperiod Region1 Afghanistan Pashto, Dari Pashto, Dari, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Pashto, Dari, Uzbek, Turkmen, Central Asian Arabic 661-750 Asia2 Armenia Armenian Armenian, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Armenian 661-750 Asia3 Azerbaijan Azeri Azeri, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Azeri 661-750 Asia4 Cyprus Greek, Co-official language, along with Turkish Greek, Turkish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Siculo-Arabic 661-750 Asia5 Georgia (country) Georgian Georgian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Georgian 661-750 Asia6 Greece Greek Greek Emirate of Crete Arabic Arabic, Greek, various others 824–961 Europe7 Iran Persian Persian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Persian 661-750 Asia8 Israel Hebrew Arabic, English, Hebrew, Russian, various others Rashidun Caliphate, several other Muslim dynasties Arabic Arabic, Hebrew 636-2018 Asia9 Italy, (Sicily) Italian Italian, various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo-Arabic, Byzantine Greek, Vulgar Latin 831–1091 Europe10 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Kyrgyz 651-750 Asia11 Malta Maltese, Co-official language, along with English Maltese, English, various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo-Arabic, Byzantine Greek, Vulgar Latin 831–1091 Europe12 Pakistan Urdu, Co-official language, along with English Urdu, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Urdu, Central Asian Arabic 661-750 Asia13 Portugal Portuguese Portuguese, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic, Medieval Hebrew 711-1139 Europe14 Spain Spanish Spanish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic, Medieval Hebrew 711-1492 Europe15 South Sudan English Juba Arabic, various others Egypt Eyalet Arabic Juba Arabic 1863–2011 Africa16 Tajikistan Tajik Tajik Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Tajik 661-750 Asia17 Turkey Turkish Turkish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic North Mesopotamian Arabic 661-750 Asia18 Turkmenistan Turkmen Turkmen Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Turkmen 661-750 Asia19 Uzbekistan Uzbek Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Uzbek 661-750 Asia20 Nigeria English English Sokoto Caliphate Arabic Classical Arabic, Hausa 1804-1908 AfricaSee alsoArabicModern Standard ArabicVarieties of ArabicArab LeagueArab worldReferences"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara".Robert D Hoberman (2007). Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology. Eisenbrown. Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia."UAE Population Statistics".Data taken from Ethnologue: Languages of the World Retrieved 21/03/2016Used data taken from Ethnologue: Languages of the World and country population to get percentage. Retrieved 21/03/2016"Syrian president slams Arab League for granting seat to opposition". Xinhua News Agency. 2013-04-06. Retrieved 6 June 2017."Regime backers express anger at other nations after Arab League suspends Syria". CNN - Breaking News, Latest News and Videos. CNN. 2011-11-13. Retrieved 6 June 2017."Presentation of the Arab League". Arab League - Sportwetten - Beste Singlebörsen im Vergleich. 2012-09-13. Retrieved 6 June 2017.عربی دومین زبان دانشگاه پیام نور شد (in Persian). RadioZamaAneH.com domain is for sale. Retrieved 30 December 2017.Al-Monitor: Turks divided over plans to introduce Arabic-language teaching, 2 November 2015, Retrieved 29 December 2017.Hürriyet Daily News: Arabic to be offered as second language in Turkish elementary schools, 23 October 2015, Retrieved 29 December 2017.Paris (1995): p. 250.Ethnologue: Ethnologue Languages of the World – Senegal - Languages, Retrieved 31 December 2017."Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus". Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2017.Maronite Community of Cyprus: St Maron Elementary School, 11 December 2013, Retrieved 15 January 2018.Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Iran (Islamic Republic of)`s Constitution of 1979. - Article: 16 Official or national languages, 1979, retrieved 25 July 2018"Full text of Basic Law: Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People". The Knesset: Press Releases. State of Israel. Retrieved 20 July 2018.Constitution of Pakistan: Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 - Article: 31 Islamic way of life, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018Joselito Guianan Chan; Managing Partner. "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 7". Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm. Retrieved June 13, 2018.Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin, ... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher; Alex Pulsipher; Holly M. Hapke (2005), World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, Macmillan, ISBN 0-7167-1904-5, ... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...Ayres, Alyssa (2009). Speaking Like a State, Language and Nationalism in Pakistan. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-521-51931-1. General Ayub Khan was the first Pakistani leader to advocate the institution of Arabic language teaching as part of national planning.Ayres, Alyssa (2009). Speaking Like a State, Language and Nationalism in Pakistan. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39, 40. ISBN 978-0-521-51931-1. Ayub`s educational plan emphasized Urdu and English as the primary language of Pakistan, but additionally recommended that Arabic be a secondary language of instruction along with English.Constitution of Pakistan: Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 - Article: 31 Islamic way of life, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training: National Education Policy 2017, p. 25, retrieved 19 June 2018Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Iran (Islamic Republic of)`s Constitution of 1979. - Article: 16 Official or national languages, 1979, retrieved 25 July 2018"'Abd al-Malik". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.Ochsenwald & Fisher 2004, p. 69Hayrettin Yücesoy (2015) “Language of Empire: Politics of Arabic and Persian in the Abbasid World, p. 388.Al-Jazeera: "Gambia to drop English as 'colonial relic'" 13 March 2014, Retrieved 12 July 2018.Index on Censorship: Gambia’s president wants to ditch English as official language, 28 March 2014, retrieved 12 July 2018France 24: "Gambia’s Yahya Jammeh, a dictator and ‘proud’ of it" 11 January 2017, Retrieved 12 July 2018.Official languages by countryBibliographyParis, François (1995). "L Bassin de I'Azawagh : peuplements et civilisations, du néolithique à l'arrivée de l'islam" (PDF). Milieux, sociétés et archéologues (in French). Karthala. Retrieved 29 December 2017.Ochsenwald, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: A History (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. LCCN 2003041213.NotesArab Immigrants in Latin American PoliticsDescendants of Arabs thriving in S. America"Arab roots grow deep in Brazil's rich melting pot", The Washington Times.

Critical Evaluation of Google ClassroomPreliminary Project AnalysisThe conventional education system is subjected to severe challenges faced by both the students and the teachers. The primary problem between the two is the lack of resources and a vital communication mode between the two. In situations such as the pandemic, unpredicted weather, on-campus power failures, or an absent teacher can potentially cause them to suffer academically. (Richardson, 2012) Hence, there is an increasing need for digital education tools that address these issues and potentially improve the overall status of the educational system. However, to study the role played by Googleclassroom in revolutionizing the educational system, it is also crucial to perform a thorough evaluation of the popular program so that its strengths, weaknesses, and overall impact could be studied.The modern days are all about digital equipment. Everything is primarily controlled and organized by digital tools such as mobile phones and computers, from day-to-day activities to educational and business matters. Therefore, it has been nothing less than a need to use the modern digital revolution to benefit most educational departments.Education is used to shape the minds of individuals who are to run the world in the future. While doing so, the teachers ought to be trained to the best of their capacity to impart their knowledge to the students effectively. (Iftikhar, 2016)The primary purpose of the imparted knowledge is for the students to use that information by learning it and implementing it in their routine affairs.The digital tools tend to modernize the education system and make it more interactive, efficient, and quick. Therefore, to understand the effectiveness of one of the most popular digital teaching tools, the Google classroom, it is inevitable to evaluate it for all the impact it so far has and the purpose behind introducing it to the educational system. (Al-Maroof, 2018) The undertaken evaluation can help establish a general understanding and importance of Google Classroom in society. Still, it aims to provide insight to the parent company, Google, the students, teachers, and the educational administrators to learn how significant Google Classroom is in its fundamental purpose. For the parent company, it can help it understand the strengths and weaknesses of their program and, hence, help them work on its shortcomings to provide the best possible experience for the users. The teachers and the administrators can learn how the introduction of Google Classroom can improve the quality of education for the student and what possible challenges it could rise during the implementation period (Ramdhani, 2019). Lastly, the students can use the information to establish ways to benefit from the program to speed up their educational process and make it more efficient.The program has been launched under Zach Yeskel, who has been a teacher back in the 2000s. The teachers in the middle of the to late 2000s were the ones who first handled experience the bloom of technology in the society, and quite a few of them came with an idea to direct it for the educational revolution. However, Yeskel had been one of them who wanted to speed up the educational system and make it more convenient for the students and teachers. Therefore, under the initiative by Google to provide free educational tools, Zach Yeskel and his team created the Google Classroom application to help the students and teachers worldwide go paperless and have a higher degree of connection with each other. The purpose was to engage students in the learning process by introducing something different than the conventional educational system and simultaneously, helping them stay up to date with their work (Azhar, 2018). Along with that, the Google Classroom was made to help teachers organize the student grades and tasks at one forum where they could easily access it themselves but could also share it anytime with the students.The thorough evaluation of this program will not only help all the stakeholders understand the positive and negative effects it can have on the overall education system, but can also be sued to evaluate the benefits or drawbacks it holds for factors other than education such as the environment, natural resources and time. Each stakeholder, after this evaluation, will be able to quickly identify the pros and cons of the program in their institute and hence, could conveniently make a decision if they want to implement it or not.Both faculty and staff have access to the Google Classroom app, which can act as a district-wide, free, web-based Learning Management System. Unfortunately, not many are aware of it and are neither willing to have the set up for the application in their institutes. Simultaneously some faculty members are still interested in having strong Learning Management Systems in their institute. If every single teacher familiarize themselves with the Google Classroom application, a greater harmony will be established in which the student learning will discussed, facilitated, and monitored online by educational institutions.In the world of education today, computers and technology continue to play essential roles than ever before. Educators are continually trying to integrate technology into the classroom and student lessons in innovative and exciting ways. The capacity to incorporate this technology into the classroom environment has become simpler for many schools with the growing prevalence, availability of laptop computers, tablets, and WiFi in an affordable price. There has been so much more education-based technology available today that was once only used by students for word processing, online gaming, WebQuests, and surfing videos. The first available Learning Management System was by the name of FirstClass in 1990 (David, 2013) to help monitor students' success with the online content. The technology kept evolving, and finally, more interfaces such as Moodle (2002) and Eucalyptus (2008) were introduced, which grew to become open-source platforms for learning (Sharma, n.d.). A Learning Management System contains a wide variety of characteristics that range from document management to posting, submitting, and marking assignments to the connectivity of various devices, remote involvement, announcements, and a calendar to integrate all the valid dates, including exam dates as well as due dates. (Sharma, 2010)These channels, such as a parallel email system, can also provide communication between the faculty, students, and administrators. Due to the maturity and ease of using these components, Learning Management Systems have become very common in recent years.A Learning Management System will enable students and teachers to make the best use of digital media and environments to effectively interact with each other and function collaboratively, even at a distance, to encourage individual learning and to contribute to others' understanding as a class (International Society for Technology in Education, 2007). A survey by the name of BrightBytes Clarity was conducted in January through June. (BrightBytes, 2016) As much as fifty-three percent of the teachers claimed to have never posted their study material online while sixty-four percent of the teachers had never posted any homework on line. The student results must improve drastically when assignments and material are posted online (Richardson, 2012) as it enables learners to access content and learn at their own pace and convenience.There are several options available for Learning Management Systems that include Moodle, Canvas, Brightspace, and Google Classroom. The application under discussion is Google Classroom. Google Classroom is typically useful for those familiar with other Google apps. It is efficient, easier to use, and quicker than other Learning Management Systems. Many Google applications are already incorporated into the classroom, such as Docs, Forms, Boards, Slides, Calendar, Gmail, Drive. It is available on computers as well as mobile phones. Document processing is streamlined in the Google Classroom, and all records submitted by teachers and students are retained. Inside Google Classroom, all class-related documents are stored in a single thread, and the teachers no longer need to receive emails to access student work (Asnawi, 2018). Teachers and students can quickly write back and forth comments and even participate in online discussions inside the Google Classroom with classmates. Not only the teachers and the students, but the parents can also collaborate using their Chromebooks and the class IDs issued by the schools. Due to this close collaboration between teachers and parents, the students can be monitored and made to excel in their lives.Some features found in other Learning Management Systems are not to be found in Google Classroom. There is currently no testing module available to cater for assessments, and hence, Google Forms must be used to record students' responses. Another problem is that the teacher becomes the owner when a student posts a document; a student can only input on a Google Doc, to make edit what the teacher has entered and then return the task. Despite these challenges, some features make Google Classroom a possible positive change in the classroom's daily experience (Kumar, 2019). Google also works continuously to make the user interface interactive and hence, continually asks for input from educators to continue making changes and change it into a better platform.The Google classroom's primary purpose is to provide vital, collaborative tools to the field of education as a user will contribute to improving the worldwide literacy rate. Not only this but with the introduction of Google Classroom, the parent company aimed at providing educational tools that are meant to enhance the learning process in general and also, to provide learning opportunities to people in the far-flung areas.This Learning Management System by Google was created in early 2014 and made available to specific G suite members for education only. Later in the same year, Google Classroom was made available to the public. On its launch, it was announced along with a share button for websites that would make sure that the class developers and the educational institutes' administrators can collaborate with Google and further improve the system. In the following year, Google Calendar was incorporated in the classroom so that the instructors and students could add important class dates to the calendar. Furthermore, different activities were also to be added in the Google Classroom to stay in the loop along with teachers and the administrators. The application kept evolving, and it was not until 2017 that the application was made available to all people regardless of having G suite (Kumar, 2019). As a result, the application was accessible to everyone. Later next year, significant design changes were introduced that enabled the teachers to have new sections for classes, made drastic improvements to the grading system, and made the content's organization the way they like very convenient. Next year, new themes were added to the Learning Management System, making it easier for the teachers to "decorate" their class the way they liked. Simultaneously, they could also change the assignments' sequence and easily add or drop units in the classwork section. In 2020, Google Classroom collaborated with Google Meet, which was a need of time due to the pandemic. In collaboration with Google Classroom, Google Meet made it possible for educators to interact with the students while they delivered lectures virtually. (Teasley, 2009)The students were required to attend a class by using a unique meet link available at all levels. The same year, several new features were also added alongside which included the following:Smart correct for Google DocsAuto compose for Google DocsMultiple languagesTo-do widgetBetter integration with Learning Management SystemProgram Evaluation:To effectively understand the role of the Google Classroom, it is essential to analyze if Google has succeeded in meeting its goal, connecting the educators with the students. To do so, we can perform an outcome evaluation. While doing an outcome evaluation, it would be essential to ask the stakeholders, the students, parents, and teachers about how successful Google and its policies have introduced the Google Classroom. The evaluation is supposed to be a two-step process that will first have a questionnaire survey being conducted with the students and the teachers to record their opinion on using Google Classroom as a means of education instead of the conventional, offline teaching methods (Jamil, 2016). Once the survey is completed, the results will be analyzed and recorded in the form of a chart or spreadsheet. Then, an evaluation report will be written with the review of existing literature and the survey results for Google Classroom. The final report will be made available publicly to all the potential educators, students, and Google to review the application. It will change all the stakeholders' attitudes as they learn first-hand information from those who would be learning or teaching using Google Classroom. It will not only help them decide to incorporate Google Classroom as the official Learning Management System in their organizations or not. Most importantly, the students will realize how they can use their gadgets such as mobile phones and laptops as a learning tool with the Google application.The evaluation needs to be performed immediately due to the pandemic; there has been an increasing popularity of e-learning. (Smet, 2012) With people being homebound, there has been a potential increase in people switching to the online learning platforms to effectively communicate with each other as they did in conventional classrooms. Google classroom is a relatively newer application as compared to apps like Brightspace and Moodle. Hence, it is inevitable to evaluate the current situation to learn about using such software in the learning system.There are many resources available to evaluate, including the quantitative data collected from the survey participants. Several online libraries can analyze the research paper and then incorporate that information into the evaluation. Not only this, but news reports can be used to learn authentic details about Google classroom. The survey results, which will provide first-hand experience of the people, can also be used to evaluate the google classroom's effect.Questions to be addressed:The evaluation for Google Classroom will be paramount to various real-life problems that could conventionally arise in a learning system powered by the internet and the differences between e-learning and conventional learning. The questions that are to be addressed in the evaluation include:How does e-learning vary from traditional education?What is an interactive Learning Management System?What features of Google Classroom make it a success?How can educators incorporate Google Classroom in their teaching regime?What benefits do students get by using Google Classroom for studying?What were the goals behind the introduction of Google Classroom, and how successful have they been achieved?Is Google Classroom an effective, long-term solution to the learning gap between the students and the teachers?Accessing the evaluability:The e-learning programs have become typically very popular over time. As the world was hit by the pandemic earlier this year, the educational institutes have been closed until further notice. However, this vast gap could not afford the loss of the educational process as it will deprive the world of fresh graduates to work, and hence, the world will be pushed deeper into recession. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze the Google Classroom application to learn the overall impact of e-learning on the teachers, students, and administrators. (Education, 2007)Google Classroom is a young invention that has set its feet deep into the educational system through the close collaborative attempts with the educationists. The developers of the application are all set to understand their users' needs and, hence, update the application accordingly, which makes it users' number one choice.Therefore, by performing an evaluation, a thorough report can be made that will discuss the pros and cons of using Google Classroom in the learning process. Moreover, the assessment will indirectly also analyze if the modernized digital world holds a potential future for applications like these (Yogantara, 2019). This application's impact on the learning process will be closely looked at so that the final comment could be made if these tools are useful or just an extra burden on the educational system.However, there are potential barriers in evaluating this program, as there are plenty of Learning Management Systems available that have been used for years. People who have already been using digital mediums might not be using Google Classroom and would have their reservations while switching to another system such as google classroom. Moreover, there are not much researches done precisely to target the Google Classroom alone. Most of them are generic dealing with online platforms in general, which can, to some extent, be used in the evaluator report, but they would not be sufficient. However, most of the information will be relied on a larger scale survey performed. Along with that, maximum possible reviews on the Google Classroom will be explored. Then, about the other Learning Management System, a formal evaluation will be performed.As mentioned earlier, the stakeholders are the teachers, students, administrative staff, and parents. They all will be benefitting from this evaluation as they will figure out if Google Classroom is a successful program or not. Hence, based on the evaluation report, many people could be convinced of incorporating Google Classroom as the Learning Management System in their institute. (Fenton, 2016)They could consider switching another program that will cover up for the shortfall of Google Classroom. Moreover, the teachers and parents who are convinced about learning the conventional way can be possibly convinced by this evaluation to switch to digital methods. Likewise, the students can understand what they could gain from having the program implemented in their educational institute. Another critical stakeholder that could benefit from this evaluation is the parent company, Google. Google is all about improving the application. Since it was first made, it has gone through several assessment steps to enhance the users' experience and make the application even more in line with their initial goals and the overall objectives. The evaluation can serve as a thorough reflection on the application's current performance with all its strengths and weaknesses to make the application better and improve the users' experience.Ethics of evaluation:Evaluation is a complicated procedure, especially one like this. It includes several stakeholders, out of which, one, the students, is a relatively younger group. (Pynoo, 2011) There could be possible reservations of the participants while taking part in the survey about how their information will be handled. There is also a chance for breach of privacy while answering a particular program in their institute. Therefore, the participants might not be comfortable answering such questions. Some specific teachers or students were in would not be okay with their internal affairs being discussed. Most importantly, Google would have its reservations for performing such an evaluation as it could, possibly, point out internal glitches or any other information about the program that was not made public by the company.It is crucial to understand that anyone involved in gathering people's data is bound by ethical responsibility to value each participant's integrity and all the stakeholders. Any survey should be done in a proper way and one that is aligned with best practices.Confidentiality and informed consent are two critical ethical concerns to adhere to while performing a survey. The respondent's right to privacy should always be protected at all steps of a study, and any legal data security provisions adhered to. The participant should be adequately informed about the survey's purposes clearly and should be asked if they are participating without any pressure or not, and then the participant's consent to participate in the survey must be obtained and registered in the written form.Survey research needs the same research procedure standards as any other approach to study. A survey research report with the same degree of rigor as any other research report would be. It should be judged by multiple editors and the wider research community before making it available to the public. The point to be stressed is that researchers should be informed of the steps involved in survey research and should be systematic and thoughtful in preparing, implementing, and reporting the project. This is not to suggest that survey research needs to be extraordinarily daunting or complicated. Above all, survey research should not be seen as a simple, fast, and dirty option; such work can meet local needs adequately (e.g., a brief survey of the satisfaction of the teaching staff with Google Classroom), but will not stand up to academic scrutiny and will not be seen as contributing to information as having much value (Mann, 2020). Moreover, the party against the use of Google Classroom might not be pleased with stating opinions learned from a survey but would like to see more detailed information from research journals to reshape their views or let go of their previous belief.To address the ethical issues in the evaluation, the following things should be considered:Eliminate bias in the findingsSupport survey results with backup literatureKeep the details of the participants confidentialDo not force any participant to share any information which they are not comfortable with.Sign a Non-Disclosure Act with the participants to win their trust.Get email confirmation from all the stakeholders about the evaluationGet the final evaluator report approved by a senior researcher.There are several adverse effects of this evaluation. A strong retaliation from the other Learning Manage Systems fans would remain on top of the review favors Google Classroom. However, if the study does not turn in favor of Google Classroom, the Google Classroom fans and the company would not be happy with the results. They would see potential problems in the evaluation. Moreover, the educational institutes working on other Learning Management Systems might be confused if they switch to Google Classroom. Simultaneously, a negative report would mean that the schools with a Google Classroom integrated Learning Management System will consider switching to other programs. Likewise, the teachers and the students would also be confused if their education is being sabotaged when they do not use the Google Classroom or vice versa.Another imperative for this research is the fact that the participants could be from different cultural groups. However, learning about their castes or sub-castes might be offensive for the participants but simultaneously, not asking such questions would not standardize the evaluation. People from different cultures have different social values, as well. Likewise, the difference in social values can affect their acceptance towards various programs and, hence, affect the evaluation results (Keeler, 2015). Not only this, but people from different educational institutes could also possibly cause deviance in the product as they could potentially be working under diverse faculty, their mode of teaching would be different, and even the Learning Management System in their institute could be different from the other participants. Along with that, the Learning Management systems can be useful for some subjects but could slow down the learning process in other matters.To ensure standardization in the evaluation, it is essential to realize that these differences should least impact the results. Hence, first of all, the two groups should be made. The first group should be from the institutes that have Google Classroom integrated into their institutes, and the second group should be of those that do not have Google Classroom in their institute. Then, groups should be based on each group based on the subject. Moreover, for additional requirements, the participants could be asked about their racial identity to understand the results better or avoid anomalies at work.Critical Evaluation of Google ClassroomEvaluation proposalPresented by: (enter names)ProfessorUniversityDateThis proposal has been submitted as partial fulfillment of requirements for this program evaluation course.ContentsDescription of the program and problem:17Program description:17Problem:17Solution:17Services offered:18Goals and objectives of the program:18Evaluation questions:18Literature Review:19Similar program evaluations in the literature:20Method used in similar evaluation:21Methodology:21Research design:21Population and samples:22Quantitative Instruments:22Data Collection:22Data Analysis:22Conveying results to the stakeholders:22Feedback:23References:24Appendix.27Description of the program and problem:Program description:Over years, several Learning Management Systems have been introduced to educational institutes to enhance the learning process as well as improve the collaboration between the teachers, students and the parents. During the pandemic, Google classroom has become increasingly popular to meet the off-campus academic needs. Therefore, an evaluation needs to be performed so that a thorough analysis of the application along with its implications could be performed.Problem:The availability of different digital learning tools has complicated the thinking process for individuals as there are several programs available to facilitate the teachers and learners today. The Blackboard, Brightspace, Canvas and Eucalyptus are relatively older while the Google Classroom is relatively new. Many institutes have already implemented it as their teaching medium while there are many that are yet to decide.Solution:This evaluation will help make a clear decision to all the stakeholders about how efficient Google Classroom is in contrast to its other competitors that have been implemented in the educational institutes for a longer time. A survey will be conducted to learn from the first-hand experience of the users of this program to see how it has helped shape the educational system, its potential future and the limitations due to any functions it lacks.Services offered:The Google Classroom is made by the integration of several Google applications which include Google Docs, Google drive, calendar, Google Sheets and Google Forms. It helps the teachers to manage all their tasks at one place by having students in the thread. There is higher flexibility of organization within the application as more options are available to customize a class. The student can also stay in touch with their teachers right on the assignment without having to email the teacher. Not only this, but the students can interact with other students of their class as well to reflect or discuss an assignment. The testing system is not available yet, so the instructors make use of the Google Forms to test the students.Goals and objectives of the program:The basic objective of Google behind having such a program was to integrate teaching tools on a single platform and then use it to connect the teachers with their students at a single place. Moreover, it is a part of the Google’s organizational efforts to increase the overall rate of literacy and make education accessible to everyone.Evaluation questions:1.How does e-learning vary from conventional learning?2.What is an interactive Learning Management System?3.What features of Google Classroom make it a success?4.How can the educators incorporate Google Classroom in their teaching regime?5.What benefits do students get by using Google Classroom for studying?6.What were the goals behind the introduction of Google Classroom and how successfully have they been achieved?7.Is Google Classroom an effective, long-term solution to the learning gap between the students and the teachers?Literature Review:The conventional education system is subjected to severe challenges faced by both the students and the teachers. The primary problem between the two is the lack of resources and a vital communication mode between the two. In situations such as the pandemic, unpredicted weather, on-campus power failures, or an absent teacher can potentially cause them to suffer academically (Richardson, 2012). Hence, there is an increasing need for digital education tools that address these issues and potentially improve the overall status of the educational system. However, to study the role played by Google Classroom, it is essential to analyze the role played by the application in promoting the educational efforts on whole enhancing the learning process. Both faculty and staff have access to the Google Classroom app, which can act as a district-wide, free, web-based Learning Management System. Unfortunately, not many are aware of it and are neither willing to ask to set up (Sharma, 2010). Simultaneously there is still interest in the use of Learning Management Systems by a handful of teachers. If all teachers know about the Google Classroom platform and use it, it would build greater harmony in how student learning is discussed, facilitated, and monitored online by educational institutions. The digitalization of the world has been a quick process and since the introduction of the first Learning Management Systems, the process evolved at a faster pace to ensure that there are more tools available for the institutions. They are typically aimed at facilitating the teachers while easing the learning process for the students. Many Google applications are already incorporated into the classroom, such as Docs, Forms, Boards, Slides, Calendar, Gmail, Drive. It is available on the computers as well as mobile phones. Document processing is streamlined in the Google Classroom and all records submitted by teachers and students are retained. Inside Google Classroom, all class-related documents are stored in a single thread and the teachers no longer needs to receive emails to access student work. Teachers and students can easily write back and forth comments to each other and even participate in online discussions inside the Google Classroom with classmates. Not only the teachers and the students but the parents can also collaborate using their Chromebooks and the class IDs issued by the schools. Due to this close collaboration between teachers and the parents, the students can be monitored and made to excel in their lives.Some features found in other Learning Management Systems are not to be found in Google Classroom. There is currently no testing module available to cater for assessments and hence, Google Forms must be used for the purpose of recording students’ responses. Another problem is that the teacher becomes the owner when a student posts a document; the only way a student can see input on a Google Doc, for example, is to make edits for the teacher and then return the task. With this misunderstanding of "ownership," teachers need to be careful to ensure that documents exchanged with students are "view only" and that students make a copy for themselves, or that they can easily alter and edit the original teacher. Despite these challenges, there are workarounds that make Google Classroom a feasible change in the daily experience of the classroom. Google also works continuously to make the user interface interactive and hence, constantly asks for input from educators so that they can continue making changes and change it into a better platform.Similar program evaluations in the literature:There have been several program analysis done on Google Classroom. The basic purpose of most of these evaluations was to provide the basis for having Google Classroom as the Learning Management System in the institute.Method used in similar evaluation:A qualitative analysis of the existing researches have been done in similar evaluation and the data collected is included in the literature review to understand the benefits of implementing a digital system in a learning institute. In a few papers, Google Classroom has been directly analyzed with a literature review while in some, generic digitalization tools for institutes are analyzed.Methodology:Research design:A survey will be performed to learn from the first hand experience of the users who have Learning Management Systems within their institutions. A survey will be performed at first asking questions to each participant after having them segregated in groups on the basis of presence or absence of Learning Management Systems in the institutes. Then, subgroups should be formed on the basis of the subjects that they learn (for students) and teach (for teachers). After carrying out the survey, a rough report shall be made to gather survey results at a single place.Then, a qualitative analysis of the existing literature will be performed to analyze the facts proven by research papers. The relevant facts for the evaluation will be secluded and then added to the literature review section of the paper. The literature review section will be followed by the findings which will be the section where the results from the survey will be mentioned. In the next section, the discussion section, the findings from the literature review as well as the survey results would be discussed in detail and a critical evaluation will be presented in that section. The final section will be the results section which will confirm if the findings are in line with the initially presented hypothesis or if it refutes it. Then, the final conclusion section will discuss all the information in the paper in a concise way.Population and samples:The targeted population will be the teachers and students from different colleges and universities who have been working or learning using digital mediums as well as those who have not been working with the digital mediums.Quantitative Instruments:Questionnaires will be handed out to the participants that they will be required to fill as a part of the evaluation process. No hateful or hurtful information will be inquired from the participants.Data Collection:To collect data, the survey forms will be filled out by all the participants that will then later be analyzed for their answers and then will eb analyzed.Data Analysis:A pilot research will be done to understand the topic as well as the general overview. Then, data from the survey would eb organized and thoroughly studied and recorded in one place. Then, online databases will be reviewed for gathering relevant data about the program. Both sets of data will then be correlated, compared and analyzed. The critical evaluation will help us form the final part of the research which will be the results.Conveying results to the stakeholders:To convey the evaluation results to the stakeholders, a report will be published online and the link will be shared via email to all the participants in the research. They will be allowed to review the research as well as, if they will have any reservations, those would be discussed in detail as well.Feedback:Feedback in an integral part of a research that helps the researchers understand their shortcomings as well as the strongest part. Moreover, the feedback helps the researchers get an idea as in how many people agree to the results and how many disagree. Therefore, the stakeholders will be allowed to provide feedback on the research to ensure the results are correct.References:Al-Maroof, R.A.S. and Al-Emran, M., 2018. Students acceptance of Google classroom: An exploratory study using PLS-SEM approach. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(06), pp.112-123.Asnawi, N., 2018. Pengukuran Usability Aplikasi Google Classroom Sebagai E-learning Menggunakan USE Questionnaire (Studi Kasus: Prodi Sistem Informasi UNIPMA). RESEARCH: Computer, Information System & Technology Management, 1(1), pp.17-21.Azhar, K.A. and Iqbal, N., 2018. Effectiveness of Google classroom: Teachers’ perceptions. Prizren Social Science Journal, 2(2), pp.52-66.BrightBytes. (2016). Clarity. Retrieved from https://clarity.brightbytes.netDavid, S. A. (2013). A Critical Understanding of Learning Management System. Retrieved from http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31179027/A_Critical_Understanding _of_Learning_management_system.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNP EA&Expires=1469380057&Signature=G%2BSo7AL7oif5XuOQ3IuxWeVTs04%3D&re sponse-contentdisposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DA_Critical_Understanding_of_Learning_Man.p dfDe Smet, C., Bourgonjon, J., De Wever, B., Schellens, T., & Valcke, M. (2012). Researching instructional use and the technology acceptation of learning management systems by secondary school teachers. Computers & Education, 58(2), 688-696.Fenton, W. (2016). The Best LMS (Learning Management Systems) for 2016. PC Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2488347,00.aspHEAD, D., Haigh, M.A. and Mann, M.C., 2020. Google Classroom.Iftakhar, S., 2016. Google classroom: what works and how. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 3(1), pp.12-18.International Society for Technology in Education (2007). ISTE Standards for Students. Retrieved from http://www.iste.org/standards/standards/standards-for-studentsKeeler, A. and Miller, L., 2015. 50 Things You Can Do with Google Classroom. Dave Burgess Consulting.Kumar, J.A. and Bervell, B., 2019. Google Classroom for mobile learning in higher education: Modelling the initial perceptions of students. Education and Information Technologies, 24(2), pp.1793-1817.Lonn, S., & Teasley, S. D. (2009). Saving time or innovating practice: Investigating perceptions and uses of Learning Management Systems.Computers & Education, 53(3), 686-694Mohd Shaharanee, I.N., Jamil, J. and Mohamad Rodzi, S.S., 2016. The application of Google Classroom as a tool for teaching and learning. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 8(10), pp.5-8.Pynoo, B., Devolder, P., Tondeur, J., Van Braak, J., Duyck, W., & Duyck, P. (2011). Predicting secondary school teachers’ acceptance and use of a digital learning environment: A crosssectional study. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 568-575.Ramadhani, R., Umam, R., Abdurrahman, A. and Syazali, M., 2019. The effect of flipped-problem based learning model integrated with LMS-google classroom for senior high school students. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 7(2), pp.137-158.Richardson, W. (2012). Preparing students to learn without us. Educational leadership, 69(5), 22-26.Shaharanee, I.N.M., Jamil, J.M. and Rodzi, S.S.M., 2016, August. Google classroom as a tool for active learning. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1761, No. 1, p. 020069). AIP Publishing LLC.Sharma(2010), A. (n.d.). The History of Distance Learning and the LMS. eLearn Hub. Retrieved from http://www.elearnhub.org/the-history-of-distance-learning-and-the-lms/Sudarsana, I.K., Putra, I.B.M.A., Astawa, I.N.T. and Yogantara, I.W.L., 2019, March. The use of Google classroom in the learning process. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1175, No. 1, p. 012165). IOP Publishing.AppendixSurvey QuestionnaireName:Cultural Identity(specify your country of birth/origin):Are you a student or a teacher?StudentTeacherHave you ever used Google ClassroomYESNOOn a scale of 1 to 10 how effective has Google Classroom been in helping you learn? (0 indicates no usefulness while (10 indicates max usefulness)12345678910Do you have experience with another LMS?YEsNoWhat did Google Classroom do for you? (select all options that apply)oHelped you organize your tasksoHelped you connect with your teachers/studentsoSpeed up the learning processoSpeed up the teaching processoImprove your learning skillsHave you ever used any other LMS?YesNoIf you were to rate Google Classroom for your experience, how many stars will you give to it?✩✩✩✩✩Did you have any difficulty using Google Classroom?YES (If yes please specify here: ­­­_____________)NOThe best feature of Google Classroom:The worst feature of Google Classroom✩

With more than 500 scripted series set to air in 2018, finding the TV shows that will change your life -- or at least your weekend -- is harder than ever. That's where this ranking comes in. Just like we do with movies and music and more, this constantly updated compendium will point you to all the best TV shows released this year so you'll always have something to watch. To see what shows made the cut, and to see a photo of Zach Galifianakis getting stomped on by a baby goat, read on.Note: Before you yell at me for leaving out Vanderpump Rules, please note that I'm assessing only episodic scripted programs here -- meaning, none of the bingeworthy reality shows (like Queer Eye), docuseries (e.g., Wild Wild Country), or talk shows (The Break with Michelle Wolf) that have aired this year. Also, to qualify, a show has to have begun a new season or made its US debut during calendar year 2018. Either way, keep checking back, because I'll be updating and re-ranking this puppy frequently.55. Ash vs. Evil Dead (Starz)Season 3. 10 episodes.Let's pause for a moment to salute Ash Williams, the only Michigan-born horror character ever to cut off his own hand and replace it with a chainsaw, and who's played by the inimitable Michigan-born B-movie poobah and best-selling author Bruce Campbell. Ash is a legitimate national treasure whose weapon of choice deserves to be in the Smithsonian one day, and I can't be the only one who just decided that the National Treasure movie series should be rebooted with Campbell taking over for Nicolas Cage. Anyway, in this final season of Starz's blood-soaked, slapstick continuation of The Evil Dead movie franchise, Ash slays a fresh batch of Deadites, duh.54. Disenchantment (Netflix)An animated series created by Matt Groening that could be pitched as "Lisa Simpson, but a princess in Westeros" and features the voices of Abbi Jacobson, Eric André, Nat Faxon and the guy who did Bender on Futurama? Sounds good on paper! In actuality, the ten episodes that make up Season 1 only partially satisfy, but the narrative arc builds to a cliffhanger ending that should make you Google for information about the already greenlit Season 2. Like Groening's more famous shows, which also took time to gel (so be patient), Disenchanted will live or die with its universe-building, characters, and whether it can land jokes at a higher clip.53. The Last O.G. (TBS)Season 1. 10 episodes.Tracy Morgan stars as Tray Barker, an ex-con who returns to his Brooklyn neighborhood to find that it has been gentrified and that his ex-girlfriend (played by the always awesome Tiffany Haddish) is now married and upwardly mobile. The humor is ratcheted up at the halfway house Barker is staying at, with Cedric the Entertainer and Morgan set up to play amiable foils.52. Crashing (HBO)Season 2. 8 episodes.Why, look who's back! It's your second- or third-most favorite quasi-fictional comic Pete Holmes, played by actual comic Pete Holmes. In Season 2, our Ritteresque protagonist continues up the long, humbling incline of success in the world of stand-up comedy, honing his inoffensive comedic stylings, exhibiting neuroses during hangouts with Artie Lange and Bill Barr, and engaging in roast battles with significant others along the way. It's all just humorous enough to keep you in its pasty, white thrall.51. Everything Sucks! (Netflix)Season 1. 10 episodes.As I've been saying for years, any TV show with a soundtrack featuring both a deep cut off Sebadoh's Harmacy and "Leave Them All Behind" by the enormously underrated (and SEO-unfriendly) British rock band Ride should immediately win every Emmy or at least compel me to view it. This Netflix teen melodrama, set in a small Oregon town in 1996 and tracking the social flailings of a group of A/V clubbers and drama nerds, accomplished the latter, and I'm glad it did, because it reminded me of Freaks and Geeks, The Perks of Being a Wallflower and other depictions of angsty teens and the friends who pine unrequitedly for them. Sadly, Netflix opted not to renew it, likely cementing its cult status with other "canceled too soon" one-season wonders -- such as Freaks and Geeks.50. Unsolved: The Murders of Tupac and the Notorious B.I.G.(USA Network)Anthology series. 10 episodes.More than two decades after the murders of these two rap superstars, the search for their killers has left us with little more than countless theories, shitty holograms, and, now, the first season of USA's promising Unsolved franchise. Don't expect any The Jinx-like twists here, but their tragic, intertwined stories are compellingly told using multiple timelines, which track, roughly, the years leading up to Tupac Shakur's assassination in 1996 and Christopher "the Notorious B.I.G." Wallace's in 1997, the ensuing LAPD investigation into the latter (with Westworld's Jimmi Simpson portraying a stymied detective), and a mid-2000s task-force investigation (with team members played by Josh Duhamel, Bokeem Woodbine, and Wendell Pierce). While Unsolved doesn't reach the heights of recent season-long true-crime standouts FX's The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story or Netflix's Wormwood, the 10-episode tale's superb casting and occasionally zippy dialogue elevate it above straight procedurals like last year's Manhunt: Unabomber.49. The Sinner (USA Network)Season 2. 8 episodes.Last year, with Jessica Biel in a lead role on this moody crime drama's first season and a scene-stealing guest-voice stint on BoJack Horseman as Jessica Biel, I proclaimed 2017 to be the beginning of the Bielaissance. What I could also have said was that we're also experiencing the Coonaissance -- actress Carrie Coon's impressive run that began with the final season of The Leftovers, continued with Fargo Season 3, and includes small roles as a Thanos minion in Avengers: Infinity War and one of the title characters in the must-see heist movie Widows. She keeps it going in the second installment of The Sinner as a member of a cult investigated by returning Bill Pullman's sad-cop character.48. A Very British Scandal (Amazon)Miniseries. 3 episodes.Based on a wild political scandal in the United Kingdom from the 1970s, this three-part Amazon Prime miniseries stars Hugh Grant as a smarmy, closeted member of the Labour Party who, in an effort to keep the lid on an affair he had with an actor/hustler (Ben Whishaw), makes things so much worse.47. Trust (FX)Season 1. 10 episodes.Much of the buzz surrounding this lavish period piece, with episodes directed by Danny Boyle and written by Simon Beaufoy, has centered on Brendan Fraser's gonzo performance as a Stetson-wearing head of security sent by Getty Oil founder and family patriarch J. Paul Getty (Donald Sutherland) to negotiate the release of his kidnapped grandson. And Fraser certainly deserves the attention, because he's great. But if that's not enough to sway you to tune in, you can’t deny the ripped-from-old-headlines plot, which was also depicted in the much-discussed 2017 movie All the Money in the World, isn’t an inventive re-telling of a truly bizarre moment in the lives of the rich and famous.46. Collateral (Netflix)Miniseries. 4 episodes.This police procedural, which aired on Britain’s BBC Two in February and dropped exclusively on Netflix in March, stars Carrie Mulligan as a dogged, resourceful detective heading up an investigation into the seemingly random murder of a pizza delivery man in London. Not surprisingly, the clues soon point to a conspiracy of zeitgeist-y proportions — refugee crisis! visa panic! — but the series delivers enough plausible twists and solid acting moments, particularly by Mulligan (channeling Helen Mirren’s Jane Tennison), to make this an easy-peasy binge.45. Howards End (Starz)Miniseries. 4 episodes.Hayley Atwell may not have appeared as Agent Carter in Avengers: Infinity War, but as idealistic Margaret Schlegel in this four-part Kenneth Lonergan-scripted adaptation of E.M. Forster’s 1910 novel — co-produced by Starz in the U.S. and BBC in the U.K., where it aired last fall — she battles turn-of-the-century class bias and survives. (Thanos who?) Matthew Macfadyen, who rules on HBO’s Succession, co-stars as ye olde grumpy-pants widower and eventual love interest Henry Wilcox, whose Large Adult Son and other snotty children react negatively to the mismatched pairing. The plot is equal parts ridiculously convoluted (e.g., Margaret, who had befriended Ruth Wilcox prior to her death, inherits the titular stately manse, but Henry and his kids don’t tell her) and impossibly quaint (so many hats!) — which is to say that it’s binge-worthy escapist fare for anyone fond of British period pieces and actors you literally hope get cast in everything.44. Mosaic (HBO)Miniseries. 6 episodes.Originally launched last fall as an interactive app that let viewers choose where to enter the murder mystery, the Mosaic that aired on HBO played out in a more linear way. The creative high jinks come courtesy of director Steven Soderbergh, whose filmmaking inventiveness also materialized this year with the mind-bending shot-entirely-on-iPhone movie Unsane. Set in Utah and starring Sharon Stone as a famous children’s book author with lousy taste in men, the edited narrative is worth a binge for anyone who loves taut Hitchcock thrillers, misses Casino-era Sharon Stone, and constantly craves sublime casting choices, notably Devin Ratray as the cop investigating the crime.43. Altered Carbon (Netflix)Season 1. 10 episodes.This high-concept sci-fi action series, based on the mindbending novel by Richard K. Morgan, requires both laser focus and suspension of disbelief to give in to its trashy charms. With a super-high budget -- its pilot episode is directed by Miguel Sapochnik of Game of Thrones' "Battle of the Bastards" fame -- providing the futuristic flash, ACdazzles and confounds right out of the gate, as we're introduced to the concept of sleeving, a nutty process by which human consciousness can be transferred into another person's body. That's the ethically thorny way our super-soldier protagonist, Takeshi Kovacs, arrives 250 years into the future after his own "death," where he is promptly tasked by an ultra-wealthy hedonist with solving the murder of the ultra-wealthy hedonist himself. If you tend to roll with batshit sci-fi set-ups like this until they click, you'll stick around to see how it all ends and be pleased that you did so.42. Patrick Melrose (Showtime)Miniseries. 5 episodes.As the photo above clearly indicates, Benedict Cumberbatch gives a gonzo performance in this adaptation of novels about a hard-boozing and -drugging Brit coming to terms with his lifelong darkness.41. The Looming Tower (Hulu)Miniseries. 10 episodes.Based on the Lawrence Wright book about the events that led up to the 9/11 attacks, this gripping miniseries stars Jeff Daniels and Peter Sarsgaard as duelling FBI and CIA investigators.40. Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (Netflix)Season 1. 8 episodes.Kiernan Shipka plays the Archie-verse witch.39. The Terror (AMC)Limited series. 10 episodes.I learned a few things by watching this stealth banger of a miniseries. First, how did I not know that Jared Harris -- who stars as the beleaguered captain of the titular ship, which gets iced in, along with the doomed The Erebus (captained by Ciarán Hinds' Sir John Franklin), while searching for the Northwest Passage in the 19th century -- is the son of the legendary Richard Harris? I am a rube, and deserve all the "duh!" comments this admission might generate. Second, Outlander and Game of Thrones actor Tobias Menzies, who plays a jerk-faced ship's commander, should be cast as an antagonist in literally every series. And finally, oversized CGI polar bears are freaking bananas.38. Marvel's Jessica Jones (Netflix)Season 2. 13 episodes.Has it really been two-and-a-half years since the first round of adventures with our favorite Netflix-distributed Marvel superhero? Can anyone even remember what 2015 was even like anymore? Jessica is up to much of the same stuff she was in Season 1: surveilling dirtbags, drinking too much, expressing pent-up rage. Only now, post-Kilgrave's gaslighting, she's (reluctantly) attempting to understand who she is and how she acquired special powers. As with many Netflix dramas with 13 episodes, the series drags in the middle and makes you say, repeatedly, "Again with 13 episodes? Come on, 10 would have been so much better!" but you'll never stop watching and they know it, so you may as well just succumb to the talents of Krysten Ritter, Carrie-Anne Moss, and new addition Janet McTeer.37. Ozark (Netflix)Season 2. 10 episodes.Netflix's answer to Breaking Bad, Ozark depicts the descent of a mild-mannered suburban Chicago financial wizard Marty Byrde (Jason Bateman) and his wife, Wendy (Laura Linney), into a drug-laundering savant in the backwoods of Missouri. Season 2 covers their attempts to get a license for a riverboat casino and a lot of characters die.36. High Maintenance (HBO)Season 2. 8 episodes.After a transitional first season on HBO, which followed its cultish run as a web series, this light comedy, about an unnamed dude (played by epic-bearded series co-creator Ben Sinclair, pictured) who delivers weed via a bike, returns to form.35. Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (Netflix)Season 4. 6 episodes.In the six new episodes that make up the first half of this reliably chuckle-inducing comedy's final season, Kimmy confronts the spectre of Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm), gets called out for being overly friendly at work, and finds her beloved backpack.34. Westworld (HBO)Season 2. 10 episodes.HBO's Lost-ian puzzle show about sentient robots did its best this season to perplex, confound and bewilder, even more than the last. But the second installment of Westworld will make way more sense if you view these ten episodes as a single story, rather than trying to figure out what it's all about on an episode-by-episode basis, like I definitely did in a scarily obsessive way.33. BoJack Horseman (Netflix)Season 5. 12 episodes.It's a slightly down season for this animated tale of a messed-up Gen X horse thespian named BoJack, but no less powerful, and not bad enough to topple it from the top of our list of best Netflix Original series ever.32. The House on Haunted Hill (Netflix)Season 1. 8 episodes.Netflix (very loosely) adapts the Shirley Jackson story into eight moderately tense episodes that can only be described as spooky This Is Us.31. Bodyguard (Netflix)Season 1. 6 episodes.This twisty British conspiracy thriller stars Richard Madden as a security agent assigned to protect the controversial Minister of Defence (Keeley Hawes).30. Counterpart (Starz)Season 1. 10 episodes.What's better than one J.K. Simmons? Two J.K. Simmons. (Plus scene-stealer Harry Lloyd.) This inventive sci-fi spy series from writer Justin Marks (The Jungle Book) focuses on a career UN paper-pusher (Simmons) who gets swept up in interdimensional intrigue when his "counterpart" from a parallel universe (also Simmons) jumps through a portal and disrupts diplomacy between the two worlds. It gets mind-bendier from there.29. GLOW (Netflix)Season 2. 10 episodes.The Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling is the only show about women's wrestling in the 1980s that stars Alison Brie that you will ever need. Luckily, it's very watchable or that would be bad.28. Baskets (FX)Season 3. 10 episodes.Can the dysfunctional Baskets family survive going into the rodeo business together? Can the rodeo survive them? And what of patient, put-upon Martha? The answers, my friend, are blowin' in the Bakersfield wind, along with the scent of Juggalo-cooked Arby's curly fries. If you know what I'm talking about here, you'll love this season.27. Impulse (YouTube Premium)Season 1. 10 episodes.This YouTube original, produced by Doug Liman, is about a high-school girl who deals whose latent psionic abilities come out in full force when she is assaulted by a classmate, and the drama that ensues when his father (played by Billy Campbell) turns out to be not just a local car salesman but also a drug runner. The larger story is about who her real dad is and how she received her powers in the first place. Random, but well-placed, cameos by Key and Peele's Keegan-Michael Key and Community's Danny Pudi add extra flavor to this already flavorful sci-fi show.26. American Horror Story: Apocalypse (FX)Season 8. 13 episodes.The latest season of Ryan Murphy's campy horror series is about the Antichrist.25. Silicon Valley (HBO)Season 5. 7 episodes.If you'd bet me that this show would get worse without the quips of Erlich Bachmanto add some stoner spice, you'd owe me money. (You probably do anyway, so pony up via whatever the latest Venmo-esque sensation is.) Anyway, the show is humming along without T.J. Miller's banished bro. The new main "villain" (that's in quotes because every character on this show, even loveably weird Jared, is a villain) is Bachman's Newman-like nemesis Jian Yang, he of "Not Hot Dog" fame. Will the rest of the gang overcome his shenanigans? Are there douchebags in the tech industry?24. Castle Rock (Hulu)Season 1. 10 episodes.Like FX's Fargo is to the ouvre of the Coen brothers, Hulu's Castle Rock is to the works of Stephen King. Do you need to know much about King's books to enjoy this show about the sudden appearance of a strange prisoner, played by Bill Skarsgard? No. Just patience, as this surprisingly convoluted and emotional story unfurls, leaving mysteries and burning questions in its spooky wake.23. You (Lifetime)Season 1. 13 episodes.In this new show that's equal parts ludicrous and addictive, a seemingly nice-guy bookstore manager goes full stalker when a self-sabotaging poet with horrible friends visits his shop.22. Dear White People (Netflix)Season 2. 10 episodes.The second go-around of this dramatic comedy series from Justin Simien is a lot like Season 1, only with scene-stealing guest appearances by Tessa Thompson and Lena Waithe, and a plot that focuses more on the secret societies that power Winchester.21. The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story (FX)Anthology series. 9 episodes.The second iteration of Ryan Murphy's true crime anthology is not nearly as mesmerizing as The People v. O.J. Simpson, maybe because it doesn't have David Schwimmer saying "Juice" repeatedly. Still, this one, which focuses on what led the serial killer Andrew Cunanan (played by Darren Criss) to slay the fashion designer (Édgar Ramírez, with Penélope Cruz, pictured, as his sister, Donatella) in 1997, is a fascinating study of a total psycho who loved cheesy dance music and should appeal to fans of, well, American Psycho.20. Maniac (Netflix)Limited series. 8 episodes.Jonah Hill and Emma Stone star in this stylish, mindbending limited series about two messed-up people who volunteer for an experimental drug trial.19. Barry (HBO)Season 1. 8 episodes.Stefon is nowhere to be found in this dramedy created by Bill Hader and Silicon Valleyshowrunner Alec Berg in which the SNL alum plays an assassin who realizes he wants to be an actor. Easier said than done.18. Younger (TV Land)Season 5. 10 episodes.A light comedy about a 40-something (Sutton Foster) pretending to be a millennial so that she could land a job in book publishing is completely preposterous in the best possible way. No one does a George R.R. Martin parody as well as Younger.17. Sacred Games (Netflix)Season 1. 8 episodes.A principled cop investigates a vague threat to Mumbai after receiving a long message recorded by an underworld kingpin.16. Killing Eve (BBC America)Season 1. 8 episodes.Sandra Oh, of Grey's Anatomy and Sideways fame, has found a killer role as Eve, a British agent who becomes obsessed with a very skilled and weird assassin known as Villanelle (played by Jamie Comer).15. Babylon Berlin (Netflix)Seasons 1 and 2. 16 episodes.Told over 16 episodes, which were split into two seasons when they debuted in Germany last fall, this bingeable mystery co-created by Run Lola Run's Tom Twyker and based on a series of novels introduces us to combat soldier-turned-homicide detective Gereon Rath (played by Volker Bruch) as he attempts to navigate around various forms of corruption and deal with his own PTSD during the wacky Weimar Republic days. Very important: As with the time-travel series Dark and, really, any foreign show, make sure to watch this with the subtitles turned on or you'll be subjected to the unintentionally comical dubbing.14. American Vandal (Netflix)Season 2. 8 episodes.It seems impossible to believe that a parody of true-crime docuseries like Making a Murderer could focus on something even more outlandish than penis graffiti and pull it off. But Season 2, about the investigation of someone going by the name Turd Burglar, manages to be both hilarious and kind of sad once again. It's kind of perfect. So why did Netflix cancel it? Or is that bit of news merely a smokescreen designed to obscure the truth: that American Vandal's third season will be an investigation into the sometimes unwanted cancellation practices at Netflix itself?13. The Good Place (NBC)Season 3. 8 episodes.In this season of The Good Place, the gang finds themselves back on Earth without knowing anything about their after-life ordeal, part of an experiment to see if who they became in the Good Place might allow them to retroactively overcome the flaws that had, in fact, doomed them to the Bad Place. High-concept premises rarely work, especially on network TV, but The Good Place is a rare and highly entertaining exception.12. Cobra Kai (YouTube Premium)Season 1. 10 episodes.Ralph Macchio and William Zabka re-team for the revival series you didn't know you needed. The action picks up three decades after the events that ended the first The Karate Kid movie, and life has not been kind to poor Johnny following Daniel-san's crane kick to the face. Binge on, binge off.11. The Chi (Showtime)Season 1. 10 episodes.If you really miss The Wire and are sick of gritty series about urban decay all being set in Baltimore, here's your new favorite show.10. Insecure (HBO)Season 3. 8 episodes.Issa Rae's sitcom about an L.A. woman with a messed up love life and some hilarious friends is so easy to watch that you're always surprised when the episodes run out. Sadly, we'll have to wait another year for more.9. Sharp Objects (HBO)Miniseries. 8 episodes.Amy Adams plays a big-city newspaper reporter investigating murders in her small Missouri hometown in this adaptation of Gone Girl author Gillian Flynn's 2006 debut novel.8. Succession (HBO)Season 1. 10 episodes.This series, about a media empire headed up by a Murdoch-ian mogul with a bickering brood, is like The Big Short crossed with Billions -- which makes sense if you consider that Adam McKay is an executive producer and it depicts the gleeful machinations of the megawealthy.7. Billions (Showtime)Season 3. 12 episodes.The only thing that would make this Showtime drama any more like Face/Off, the beloved 1997 action movie starring John Travolta and Nicolas Cage, is if Paul Giamatti and Damian Lewis switched faces. The glee with which they fuck with each other, sans face-swap, is at the same level of intensity, and it's just as much fun to watch.6. Homecoming (Amazon)Season 1. 10 episodes.In this bingeworthy adaptation of a popular scripted podcast, Julia Roberts dominates in her TV series debut as a well-meaning supervisor at a stealth facility tasked with rehabilitating soldiers with PTSD. Sam Esmail (Mr. Robot) directs every episode and the result is a taut, stylish mystery that, thanks to episodes that average around 30 minutes, can be knocked out in a single sitting.5. Better Call Saul (AMC)Season 4. 10 episodes.We're getting closer and closer to the time period where Walter White first contacted Saul Goodman on Breaking Bad, and the action is heating up.4. The Handmaid's Tale (Hulu)Season 2. 13 episodes.The relentlessly grim, yet completely compelling, dystopian drama drops a bigger set of similarly emotionally draining episodes.3. The Americans (FX)Season 6. 10 episodes.By jumping ahead four years to September 1987, a few months ahead of the looming Washington Summit meeting between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, The Americans is setting itself up for a sure-to-be-killer conclusion. The final season finds Paige grappling with her new double-life as a Russian agent, Philip out of action and focused on making the travel agency work, and Elizabeth being, well, Elizabeth. Will there be a happy ending? My Russian-made crystal ball says, "Nyet."2. Atlanta (FX)Season 2. 11 episodes.After a long break, during which creator Donald Glover went off and played Lando Calrissian, Atlanta comes back even stronger in its second season, subtitled Robbin' Season. There's higher stakes for everyone involved, but isn't that always the way?1. The Good Fight (CBS All Access)Season 2. 13 episodes.This spin-off of The Good Wife, which focuses on Christine Baranski's fed-up Diane Lockhart but also featuring some top-tier co-stars (e.g., Cush Jumbo, Audra McDonald, Delroy Lindo), delivers the solid procedural legal action everyone craves, while also offering intelligent outrage and eye-rolling over our current political climate. This season, lawyers are being hunted and everyone's on edge, yet the show handles it all with the appropriate amount of gallows humor. Is the world ending? Maybe! And if it is, The Good Fight wants you to grab a martini, take a swig, and enjoy the ride into the apocalypse.