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What are the ingredients of blood is like what is in the soup?List of human blood componentsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of human blood components" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR(March 2018)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)CompoundCommentsIn whole blood (g/cm³)In plasma or serum (g/cm³)WaterSolvent0.81-0.860.93-0.95AcetoacetateProduced in liver8-40 ×10−74-43 ×10−7Acetoneproduct of bodyfat breakdown3-20 ×10−6AcetylcholineNeurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system6.6-8.2 ×10−8Adenosine triphosphateEnergy storagetotal3.1-5.7 ×10−4phosphorus5-10 ×10−5Adrenocorticotrophic hormoneStimulates the adrenal cortex2.5-12 ×10−11@ 6AM, mean5.5 ×10−11@ 6AM, maximum12 ×10−11@ 6PM, mean3.5 ×10−11@ 6PM, maximum<7.5 ×10−11AlanineAmino acid2.7-5.5 ×10−52.4-7.6 ×10−5AlbuminBlood plasma protein3.5-5.0 ×10−2[1]Aluminum1-40 ×10−81-88 ×10−8AldosteroneRegulates electrolyte balancesupine3-10 ×10−11standing, male6-22 ×10−11standing, female5-30 ×10−11Amino acidsProtein building blockstotal3.8-5.3 ×10−4nitrogen4.6-6.8 ×10−53.0-5.5 ×10−5alpha-Aminobutyric acid1-2 ×10−61-2 ×10−6d-Aminolevulinic acid1.5-2.3 ×10−7Ammonia nitrogen1-2 ×10−61.0-4.9 ×10−7cAMPIntracellular signal transduction moleculemale5.6-10.9 ×10−9female3.6-8.9 ×10−9AndrostenedioneSteroid hormonemale >18 yrs2-30 ×10−10female >18 yrs8-30 ×10−10AndrosteroneSteroid hormone1.5 ×10−7Angiotensin IAngiotensin II precursor1.1-8.8 ×10−11Angiotensin IIVasoconstrictor1.2-3.6 ×10−11Alpha 1-antitrypsinSerine protease inhibitor7.8-20 ×10−4ArginineAmino acid6-17 ×10−61.3-3.6 ×10−5Arsenicnormal range2-62 ×10−9chronic poisoning100-500 ×10−9acute poisoning600-9300 ×10−9Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)Important vitamin1-15 ×10−66-20 ×10−6Aspartic acidAmino acid0-3 ×10−6In WBCs2.5-4.0 ×10−49-12 ×10−6BicarbonateBuffer in blood5-5.7 ×10−4Bile acidsDigestive function, bilirubin excretion2-30 ×10−63-30 ×10−6BilirubinHemoglobin metabolite2-14 ×10−61-10 ×10−6Biotin (Vitamin H)Gluconeogenesis, metabolize leucine, fatty acid synthesis7-17 ×10−99-16 ×10−9Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)8-23 ×10−5Bradykinin7 ×10−11Bromide7-10 ×10−9Cadmiumnormal1-5 ×10−9toxic0.1-3 ×10−6Calciferol (vitamin D2)Maintain calcium and phosphorus levels1.7-4.1 ×10−8Calcitonin (CT)Hormone<1.0 ×10−10CalciumBones, Ca2+ionized4.48-4.92 ×10−54.25-5.25 ×10−5total8.4-11.5 ×10−5Carbon dioxideRespiratory gasarterial8.8-10.8 ×10−43.0-7.9 ×10−5venous9.8-11.8 ×10−43.3-8.3 ×10−5Carboxyhemoglobin(as HbCO)nonsmokers0.5-1.5% total Hbsmokers, 1-2 packs/day4-5% total Hbsmokers, 2 packs/day8-9% total Hbtoxic>20% total Hblethal>50% total HbCarcinoembryonic antigen<2.5 ×10−9beta-CaroteneVitamin A dimer3-25 ×10−7CarotenoidsAntioxidant2.4-23.1 ×10−7Cephalin3-11.5 ×10−40-1 ×10−4Ceruloplasmin1.5-6 ×10−4Chloride, as NaCl4.5-5 ×10−33.5-3.8 ×10−3Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)1, 25-dihydroxy2.5-4.5 ×10−1124,25-dihydroxy1.5 ×10−925-hydroxy1.4-8 ×10−8Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin)Stimulates fat and protein digestion6.04 ×10−11CholesterolSteroid lipidLDLC0.5-2.0 ×10−3HDLC2.9-9.0 ×10−4total1.15-2.25 ×10−31.2-2 ×10−3Choline, total1.1-3.1 ×10−43.6-3.5 ×10−4Chorionic gonadotropinProgesterone secretion during pregnancyMenstrual0-3 ×10−11Pregnancy, 1st trimester5-3300 ×10−10Pregnancy, 2nd trimester20-1000 ×10−10Pregnancy, 3rd trimester20-50 ×10−10Menopausal3-30 ×10−11Citric acid1.3-2.5 ×10−51.6-3.2 ×10−5Citrulline2-10 ×10−6Coagulation FactorsFibrinogen1.2-1.6 ×10−32-4 ×10−3Prothrombin1 ×10−4Tissue thromboplastin1 ×10−6Proaccelerin5-12 ×10−6Proconvertin1 ×10−6Antihemophilic factor1 ×10−7Christmas factor4 ×10−6Stuart factor5 ×10−6Plasma thrmb. anteced.4 ×10−6Hageman factor2.9 ×10−5Fibrin-stabilizing factor1 ×10−5Fibrin split products<1 ×10−5Fletcher factor5 ×10−5Fitzgerald factor7 ×10−5von Willebrand factor7 ×10−6Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)Needed for nerve cells, red blood cells, and to make DNA6-14 ×10−101-10 ×10−10Cocarboxylase7-9 ×10−8Complement systemC1q5.8-7.2 ×10−5C1r2.5-3.8 ×10−5C1s (C1 esterase)2.5-3.8 ×10−5C22.2-3.4 ×10−5C3( b1C-globulin)8-15.5 ×10−4factor B (C3 proactivator)2-4.5 ×10−4C4 (b1E-globulin)1.3-3.7 ×10−4C4 binding protein1.8-3.2 ×10−4C5 (b1F-globulin)5.1-7.7 ×10−5C64.8-6.4 ×10−5C74.9-7 ×10−5C84.3-6.3 ×10−5C94.7-6.9 ×10−5Properdin2.4-3.2 ×10−5Compound S1-3 ×10−9Copper9-15 ×10−7male7-14 ×10−7female8-15.5 ×10−7CorticosteroidsSteroid hormones1-4 ×10−6Corticosterone4-20 ×10−9CortisolInhibits CRH secretion3-23 ×10−88 AM6-23 ×10−84 PM3-15 ×10−810 PM~50% of 8 AM valueC-peptidefasting0.5-2.0 ×10−9maximum4 ×10−9C-reactive proteinPlasma protein6.8-820 ×10−8CreatineAssists muscle cell energy supplymale1.7-5.0 ×10−6female3.5-9.3 ×10−6Creatininemale0.8-1.5 ×10−5female0.7-1.2 ×10−5Cyanidenonsmokers4 ×10−9smokers6 ×10−9nitroprusside therapy10-60 ×10−9toxic>100 ×10−9lethal>1000 ×10−9CysteineAmino acid6-12 ×10−61.8-5 ×10−5Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA)Steroid hormoneaged 1–4 yrs0.2-0.4 ×10−9aged 4–8 yrs0.1-1.9 ×10−9aged 8–10 yrs0.2-2.9 ×10−9aged 10–12 yrs0.5-9.2 ×10−9aged 12–14 yrs0.9-20 ×10−9aged 14–16 yrs2.5-20 ×10−9male0.8-10 ×10−9female, premenopausal2.0-15 ×10−9DHEA sulfatemale1.99-3.34 ×10−6femalenewborn1.67-3.64 ×10−6pre-pubertal children1.0-6.0 ×10−7premenopausal8.2-33.8 ×10−7pregnancy2.3-11.7 ×10−7postmenopausal1.1-6.1 ×10−711-Deoxycortisol1-7 ×10−8Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)male3-8 ×10−9female1-10 ×10−10Diphosphoglycerate (phosphate)8-16 ×10−5DNAThe molecule of heredity0-1.6 ×10−5DopamineNeurotransmitter<1.36 ×10−10Enzymes, total<6 ×10−5Epidermal growth factor (EGF)<1 ×10−11EpinephrineNeurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous systemafter 15 min rest3.1-9.5 ×10−11when emitted3.8 ×10−92-2.5 ×10−9Ergothioneine1-20 ×10−5Erythrocytes (#/cm³)adult male, avg. (range)5.2 (4.6-6.2) ×109adult female, avg. (range)4.6 (4.2-5.4) ×109children, varies with age4.5-5.1 ×109reticulocytes25-75 ×106Erythropoietinadult, normal0.5-2.5 ×10−10pregnant2.7-6.2 ×10−10hypoxia or anemia0.8-8.0 ×10−8Estradiol (E2)male8-36 ×10−12female, follicular(days 1-10)1-9 ×10−11female, mean5 ×10−11female, pre-fertile (days 10-12)10-15 ×10−11female, fertile (days 12-14)35-60 ×10−11female, luteal (days 15-28)20-40 ×10−11female, pregnancy3-70 ×10−7female, postmenopausal1-3 ×10−11Estriol (E3)nonpregnant<2 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 22-303-5 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 32-376-11 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 38-4125-170 ×10−9Estrogenmale4-11.5 ×10−11female, prepubertal<4 ×10−11female, 1–10 days6.1-39.4 ×10−11female, 11–20 days12.2-43.7 ×10−11female, 21–30 days15.6-35 ×10−11female, postmenopausal<4 ×10−11Estrone (E1)male2.9-17 ×10−11female, follicular2-15 ×10−11female, 1–10 days of cycle4.3-18 ×10−11female, 11–20 days of cycle7.5-19.6 ×10−11female, 20–29 days of cycle13.1-20.1 ×10−11pregnancy, weeks 22-303-5 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 32-375-6 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 38-417-10 ×10−9Ethanolsocial high0.5 ×10−3reduced coordination0.8 ×10−3depression of CNS>1 ×10−3confusion, falling down2.0 ×10−3loss of consciousness3.0 ×10−3coma, death>4 ×10−3Fatty acidsnonesterified (free)8-25 ×10−5esterified2.5-3.9 ×10−37-20 ×10−5total1.9-4.5 ×10−3Ferritinmale1.5-30 ×10−8female0.9-18 ×10−8alpha-1-Fetoprotein0-2 ×10−8Flavin adenine dinucleotide8-12 ×10−8Fluoride1-4.5 ×10−71-4.5 ×10−7Folate2.2-17.3 ×10−9in erythrocyte1.67-7.07 ×10−7Folic acid2.3-5.2 ×10−81.6-2 ×10−8Fructose0-5 ×10−57-8 ×10−5Furosemide glucuronide1-400 ×10−6Galactosechildren<2 ×10−4Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)<1.25-4.0 ×10−10Gastrinmean7 ×10−11maximum<20 ×10−11Globulintotal 2.2-4 ×10−2alpha-1-Globulin1-4 ×10−3alpha-2-Globulin4-10 ×10−3beta globulin5-12 ×10−3gamma globulin6-17 ×10−3Glucagonrange5-15 ×10−11mean7.1-7.9 ×10−11Glucosaminefetus4-6 ×10−44.2-5.5 ×10−4child5-7 ×10−45.2-6.9 ×10−4adult6-8 ×10−46.1-8.2 ×10−4aged7-9 ×10−47.0-8.9 ×10−4Glucosenewborn2-3 ×10−4adult6.5-9.5 ×10−47-10.5 ×10−4diabetic14-120 ×10−4Glucuronic acid4.1-9.3 ×10−58-11 ×10−6Glutamic acid2-28 ×10−6Glutamine4.6-10.6 ×10−5Glutathionereduced2.5-4.1 ×10−40Glycerolfree2.9-17.2 ×10−6[2]Glycine1.7-2.3 ×10−58-54 ×10−6Glycogen1.2-16.2 ×10−50Glycoprotein, acid4-15 ×10−4cGMP0.6-4.4 ×10−9Gonadotropin-releasing hormone1-80 ×10−12Guanidine1.8-2.3 ×10−6Haptoglobin3-22 ×10−4Hemoglobin1.2-1.75 ×10−11-4 ×10−5newborn1.65-1.95 ×10−1children, varies with age1.12-1.65 ×10−1adult, male1.4-1.8 ×10−1adult, female1.2-1.6 ×10−1inside erythrocyte~3.3 ×10−1per red blood cell27-32 picogramsHexosephosphate P1.4-5 ×10−50-2 ×10−6Histamine6.7-8.6 ×10−8Histidine9-17 ×10−61.1-3.8 ×10−5Hydrogen ion(pH 7.4)4 ×10−11beta-Hydroxybutyric acid1-6 ×10−61-9 ×10−617α-Hydroxycorticosteroids4-10 ×10−817α-Hydroxyprogesteronemale20-250 ×10−11female, follicular20-80 ×10−11female, luteal80-300 ×10−11female, postmenopausal4-50 ×10−11female, child20-140 ×10−11AntibodiesImmunoglobulin A (IgA)5-39 ×10−4Immunoglobulin D (IgD)0.5-8.0 ×10−5Immunoglobulin G (IgG)5.0-19 ×10−3Immunoglobulin M (IgM)3.0-30 ×10−4Immunoglobulin E (IgE)<5 ×10−7Indican8-50 ×10−7Inositol3-7 ×10−6Insulin2.0-8.4 ×10−10Insulin-like growth factor9.9-50 ×10−8Iodinetotal2.4-3.2 ×10−84.5-14.5 ×10−8Ironadult4-6 ×10−46-18 ×10−7Isoleucine9-15 ×10−61.2-4.2 ×10−5Ketone bodies2.3-10 ×10−61.5-30 ×10−6alpha-Ketonic acidsadult1-30 ×10−6L-Lactatearterial<11.3 ×10−54.5-14.4 ×10−5venous8.1-15.3 ×10−54.5-19.8 ×10−5Leadnormal1-5 ×10−71-7.8 ×10−8toxic>6-10 ×10−7Lecithin1.1-1.2 ×10−31-2.25 ×10−3Leptin1.2 ×10−8Leucine1.4-2 ×10−51.2-5.2 ×10−5Leukocytes (#/cm³) Total:total, birth9.0-30.0 ×106total, pediatric4.5-15.5 ×106total, adult, range4.3-11.0 ×106total, adult, median7.0 ×106Neutrophil granulocytes, birth6.0-26.0 ×106Neutrophils, pediatric1.5-8.5 ×106Neutrophils, adult, range1.83-7.25 ×106Neutrophils, adult, median3.65 ×106Eosinophil granulocytes birth0.4 ×106Eosinophils, pediatric0.2-0.3 ×106Eosinophils, adult, range0.05-0.7 ×106Eosinophils, adult, median0.15 ×106Basophil granulocytes, adult, range0.015-0.15 ×106Basophils, adult, median0.03 ×106Lymphocytes, birth2-11 ×106Lymphocyte, pediatric1.5-8.0 ×106Lymphocyte, adult, range1.5-4.0 ×106Lymphocyte, adult, median2.5 ×106Monocytes, birth, range0.4-3.1 ×106Monocytes, birth, median1.05 ×106Monocytes, pediatric0.4 ×106Monocytes, adult, range0.21-1.05 ×106Monocytes, adult, median0.43 ×106Phagocytes, birth, range6-26 ×106Phagocytes, birth, median11 ×106Phagocytes, pediatric, range1.5-8.5 ×106Phagocytes, pediatric, median4.1 ×106Phagocytes, adult, range3.5-9.2 ×106Phagocytes, CD4 cell count0.5-1.5 ×106Lipase P1.2-1.4 ×10−4Lipidstotal4.45-6.1 ×10−34-8.5 ×10−3Lipoprotein (Sr 12-20)1-10 ×10−4Lithium1.5-2.5 ×10−8Lysine1.3-3 ×10−52-5.8 ×10−5Lysozyme (muramidase)1-15 ×10−6alpha 2-macroglobulinpediatric2-7 ×10−3male, adult0.9-4.0 ×10−3female, adult1.2-5.4 ×10−3Magnesium3.2-5.5 ×10−51.8-3.6 ×10−5Malic acid4.6 ×10−61-9 ×10−6Manganese0-2.5 ×10−70-1.9 ×10−7MelatoninDay1.35-1.45 ×10−11Night6.07-7.13 ×10−11Mercurynormal<1 ×10−8chronic>20 ×10−8Methemoglobin4-6 ×10−4Methionine4-6 ×10−61-15 ×10−6Methyl guanidine2-3 ×10−6beta-2-microglobulin8-24 ×10−7MIP-1a2.3 ×10−11MIP-1b9 ×10−11Mucopolysaccharides1.75-2.25 ×10−3Mucoproteins8.65-9.6 ×10−4Nerve growth factor (NGF)6-10 ×10−9Niacin5-8 ×10−62-15 ×10−7Nitrogenrespiratory gas8.2 ×10−69.7 ×10−6total, nonrespiratory3-3.7 ×10−2NorepinephrineNeurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous systemafter 15 min rest2.15-4.75 ×10−10when emitted8.1 ×10−98.5 ×10−9Nucleotidetotal3.1-5.2 ×10−4Ornithine4-14 ×10−6Oxalate1-2.4 ×10−6Oxygen (respiratory gas)arterial2.4-3.2 ×10−43.9 ×10−6venous1.6-2.3 ×10−41.6 ×10−6Oxytocinmale2 ×10−12female, nonlactating2 ×10−12female, pregnant 33-40 wks32-48 ×10−12Pancreatic polypeptide5-20 ×10−11Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)1.5-4.5 ×10−76-35 ×10−8Para-aminobenzoic acid3-4 ×10−8Parathyroid hormone (PTH)2-4 ×10−10Pentosephosphorated2-2.3 ×10−5Phenolfree7-10 ×10−7Phenylalanine8-12 ×10−61.1-4 ×10−5Phospholipid2.25-2.85 ×10−35-12 ×10−5Phosphataseacid, prostatic<3 ×10−9Phosphorusinorganic, adult2-3.9 ×10−52.3-4.5 ×10−5inorganic, children4.0-7.0 ×10−5total3.5-4.3 ×10−41-1.5 ×10−4Phytanic acid<3 ×10−6Platelets (#/cm³):range1.4-4.4 ×108median2.5 ×108Platelet-derived growth factor5.0 ×10−8Polysaccharidestotal7.3-13.1 ×10−4Potassium1.6-2.4 ×10−31.4-2.2 ×10−4Pregnenolone3-20 ×10−10Progesterone (female)female, follicular0.4-0.9 ×10−9female, midluteal7.7-12.1 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 16-1830-66 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 28-3070-126 ×10−9pregnancy, weeks 38-40131-227 ×10−9male12-20 ×10−11Proinsulinfasting0.5-5 ×10−10mean1.42-1.70 ×10−10Prolactin (male) <20 ×10−9while awake1-7 ×10−9during sleep9-20 ×10−9Prolactin (female)follicular<23 ×10−9luteal5-40 ×10−9Proline1.2-5.7 ×10−5ProstaglandinsPGE3.55-4.15 ×10−10PGF1.26-1.56 ×10−1015-keto-PGF2a5 ×10−1015-keto-PGE2<5 ×10−11Proteintotal1.9-2.1 ×10−16.0-8.3 ×10−2Protoporphyrin2.7-6.1 ×10−7Prostate specific antigen0-5 ×10−9Pseudoglobulin I8-19 ×10−3Pseudoglobulin II2-8 ×10−3Purinetotal9.5-11.5 ×10−5Pyrimidine nucleotides2.6-4.6 ×10−52-12 ×10−7Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)3.6-90 ×10−9Pyruvic acid3-10 ×10−63-12 ×10−6RANTES7 ×10−11Relaxinday <100 preparturition<2 ×10−9day 100 to 2 days preceding5-40 ×10−9day preceding parturition100-200 ×10−9day following parturition<2 ×10−9Retinol (Vitamin A)1-8 ×10−7Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)1.5-6 ×10−72.6-3.7 ×10−8RNA5-8 ×10−44-6 ×10−5Secretin2.9-4.5 ×10−11Serine3-20 ×10−6Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)1.55-1.81 ×10−70.8-2.1 ×10−7Silicon1.4-2.95 ×10−62.2-5.7 ×10−6Sodium3.1-3.4 ×10−3Solids, total2-2.5 ×10−18-9 ×10−2Somatotropingrowth hormone4-140 ×10−10Sphingomyelin1.5-1.85 ×10−31-4 ×10−4Succinic acid5 ×10−6Sugar, total7-11 ×10−4Sulfatesinorganic8-12 ×10−6Sulfurtotal3.8-5 ×10−23.1-3.8 ×10−2Taurine3-21 ×10−6Testosterone (male)free5.6-10.2 ×10−11total275-875 ×10−11Testosterone (female)free0.24-0.38 ×10−11total23-75 ×10−11pregnant38-190 ×10−11Thiamine (Vitamin B1)3-10 ×10−81-9 ×10−8Thiocyanate5-14 ×10−6nonsmoker1-4 ×10−6smoker3-12 ×10−6Threonine1.3-2 ×10−50.9-3.2 ×10−5Thyroglobulin (Tg)<5 ×10−8Thyroid hormones4-8 ×10−8Thyrotropin-releasing hormone5-60 ×10−12Thyroxine (FT4)free8-24 ×10−12total4-12 ×10−8Thyroxine-binding prealbumin2.8-3.5 ×10−4Thyroxine-binding globulin1.0-3.4 ×10−7Tin0-4 ×10−70-1 ×10−7alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)5-20 ×10−6Transcortinmale1.5-2 ×10−5female1.6-2.5 ×10−5Transferrinnewborn1.3-2.75 ×10−3adult2.2-4 ×10−3age >60 yrs1.8-3.8 ×10−3Triglycerides8.5-23.5 ×10−42.5-30 ×10−4Triiodothyroninefree2.3-6.6 ×10−12total (T3)0.75-2.50 ×10−9Tryptophan5-10 ×10−69-30 ×10−6Tyrosine8-14 ×10−64-25 ×10−6Urea2-4 ×10−41.5-4.7 ×10−4[1]Uric acidchild2.0-6.7 ×10−5[3]adult, male3.4-7.2 ×10−5[1]adult, female2.4-6.1 ×10−5[1]Valine2-2.9 ×10−51.7-4.2 ×10−5Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)6-16 ×10−12Vasopressinhydrated4.5 ×10−13dehydrated3.7 ×10−12Zinc5-13 ×10−67-15 ×10−7In blood banking, the fractions of Whole Blood used for transfusion are also called components.Reference ranges for common blood tests^ Jump up to: a b c d "Harmonisation of Reference Intervals" (PDF). Pathology Harmony (UK). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2018.^ Pecora, P.; Suraci, C. (1980). "Blood Glycerol: Are there normal values?". IRCS Medical Science. 8 (1): 62–63.^ Harkness, R. A.; Nicol, A. D. (December 1969). "Plasma Uric Acid Levels in Children". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 44 (238): 773–778. doi:10.1136/adc.44.238.773. PMC 2020338. PMID 5356987.Categories:BloodBiology-related listsNavigation menuNot logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearchMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia storeInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguagesAdd linksThis page was last edited on 21 September 2019, at 13:47 (UTC).Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile view