State Of Victoria - Evidence Act 1958: Fill & Download for Free

In my home state of Victoria, Australia there is a law on the statutes ‘Going equipped to commit a Burglary’. If found guilty, it attracts a heavy fine and / or up to two (2) years Gaol (Jail) time. CRIMES ACT 1958 - SECT 91.I can’t vouch for the truth / reality of this, but it’s worth repeating a story I heard some years back that falls within the ambit of the question.A young fellow was randomly pulled over by the the Police one night while they were investigating a series of burglaries in that area. They searched his car and found a small hold-all containing a number of tools, including hammer, screw drivers, pliers and a small ‘jimmy bar’. They disregarded his explanation that he was on the way to his girlfriend’s place to fix a sticking door and arrested him on the spot.Weeks later when the case went to court, he elected to defend himself, pleading NOT GUILTY of the charge of ‘Going equipped to commit a burglary’. His defence of going to his girlfriend’s apartment was cleverly overturned by a determined Prosecutor. Realising that things were going badly, he addressed the Judge:-“Your Honour, I am an honest man with no history of ever having committed a crime! If the prosecution is determined to pursue this matter further, I would like to suggest that he also add the charge of RAPE.”“Mr XXXX, did you in fact commit a Rape?”“No, your honour, I did not, but I would like to point out that I WAS CERTAINLY EQUIPPED TO DO SO!”The charge was dismissed through lack of evidence.

LAWS-There are four different types of law, criminal, civil, common and statuate. In this first task I will explain briefly each one. Task 1 There are four different types of law, criminal, civil, common and statuate.ACTS-Name of the ActYearAct No.Bengal Indigo Contracts Act183610The Bengal Districts Act, 1836183621Madras Public Property Malversation Act183736The Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act, 183818385The Coasting Vessels Act, 1838183819Madras Rent and Revenue Sales Act18397Indian Registration of Ships Act, 1841184110Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act184112Revenue, Bombay184213Revenue Commissioners, Bombay184217Indian Slavery (Abolition) Act1843Sales of land for Revenue Arrears18451Boundary-marks, Bombay18463Boundaries18471Bengal Alluvion and Diluvion Act18479Bengal Land Holders' Attendance Act184820Madras Revenue Commissioner Act184910Indian Registration of Ships Act (1841) Amendment Act, 1850185011Public Accountants' Defaults Act, 1850185012Judicial Officers Protection Act, 1850185018Apprentices' Act, 1850185019Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850185021Calcutta Land-revenue Act185023Forfeited Deposits Act, 1850185025Improvements in Towns185026Public Servants (Inquiries) Act, 18501850371851–1875[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.1851I1851II1851III1851IV1851V1851VI1851VIIThe Indian Tolls Act, 18511851VIII1851X1851IX1851X1851XIThe Madras City Land-Revenue Act, 18511851XII1851XIII1851XIV1851XV1851XVISheriffs' Fees Act18528Bombay Rent-free Estates Act185211Rent Recovery Act18536Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act185311Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act18545Police, Agra185416Legal Representatives' Suits Act185512Fatal Accidents Act185513Usury Laws Repeal Act185528Bengal Embankment Act185532Sonthal Parganas Act185537Indian Bills of Lading Act18569Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act1856Calcutta Land-revenue Act185618Bengal Chaukidari Act185620Tobacco Duty (Town of Bombay) Act18574Oriental Gas Company18575Madras Uncovenated Officers' Act18577Sonthal Parganas Act185710Howrah Offences Act185721Madras Compulsory Labour Act18581Bengal Ghatwali Lands Act18595Bengal Rent Act185910Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act185911Calcutta Pilots Act185912Madras District Police Act185924Societies' Registration Act186021Indian Penal Code186045Indian Police Act18615Stage-Carriages Act186116Government Seal Act18623Excise (Spirits) Act186316Partition of Revenue-paying Estates186319Religious Endowments Act186320Waste-Lands (Claims) Act186323Indian Tolls Act186415Carriers Act18653Converts’ Marriage Dissolution Act186621Oudh Sub-settlement Act186626Ganges Tolls18671Public Gambling Act18673Oriental Gas Company186711Sarais Act186722Press and Registration of Books Act186725Oudh Estates Act18691Indian Divorce Act18694Bombay Civil Courts Act186914Court-fees Act18707Oudh Taluqdars' Relief Act187024Cattle-trespass Act18711Coroners Act18714Dehra Dun187121Pensions Act187123Indian Evidence Act18721Punjab Laws Act18724Indian Contract Act, 187218729Indian Christian Marriage Act187215Madras Civil Courts Act18733Government Savings Banks Act18735Northern India Canal and Drainage Act18738North-Eastern Provinces Village and Road Police Act187316Married Women's Property Act18743Foreign Recruiting Act18744Laws Local Extent Act187415Majority Act18759Indian Law Reports Act187518Central Provinces Laws Act1875201876–1900[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Current statusChota Nagpur Encumbered Estates Act18766Bombay Revenue Jurisdiction Act187610Bombay Municipal Debentures Act187615Oudh Laws Act187618Dramatic Performances Act187619Broach and Kaira Incumbered Estates Act18786Northern India Ferries Act187817Elephants' Preservation Act18796Hackney-carriage Act187914Dekkhan Agriculturists Relief Act187917Legal Practitioners Act187918Raipur and Khattra Laws Act187919Religious Societies Act18801Kazis Act188012Municipal Taxation Act188111Fort William Act188113Obstructions in Fairways Act188116Central Provinces Land-revenue Act188118Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881188126Indian Trusts Act18822Transfer of Property Act18824Indian Easements Act18825Powers-of-Attorney Act18827Presidency Small Cause Courts Act188215Madras Forest (Validation) Act188221Bikrama Singh's Estates Act188310Land Improvement Loans Act188319Punjab District Boards Act188320Explosives Act18844Agriculturists' Loans Act188412Bengal Tenancy Act18858Indian Telegraph Act188513Land Acquisition (Mines) Act188518Mirzapur Stone Mahal Act18865Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act18866Indian Tramways Act188611Oudh Wasikas Act188621Suits Valuation Act18877Provincial Small Cause Courts Act18879Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act188712Punjab Tenancy Act188716Punjab Land Revenue Act188717King of Oudh's Estate Act188719Indian Police Act18883Indian Reserve Forces Act18884Indian Tolls Act18888City of Bombay Municipal (Supplementary) Act188812King of Oudh's Estate Act188814Metal Tokens Act18891Revenue Recovery Act18901Charitable Endowments Act18906Guardians and Wards Act (GAWA)18908Excise (Malt Liquors) Act189013United Provinces Act189020Easements (Extending Act 5 of 1882)18918Murshidabad Act189115Colonial Courts of Admiralty (India) Act189116Bankers' Books Evidence Act189118Marriages Validation Act18922Bengal Military Police Act18925Madras City Civil Court Act18927Government Management of Private Estates Act189210Porahat Estate Act18932Partition Act18934Sir Dinshaw Maneckjee Petit18936Land Acquisition Act18941Prisons Act18949Government Grants Act189515Epidemic Diseases Act18973Indian Fisheries Act18974Repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, 2015[5]Amending Act18975Reformatory Schools Act18978General Clauses Act189710Indian Short Titles Act189714Lepers Act18983Indian Post Office Act18986Live-stock Importation Act18989Central Provinces Tenancy Act189811Indian Stamp Act18992Government Buildings Act18994Glanders and Farcy Act189913Church of Scotland Kirk Sessions Act189923Central Provinces Court of Wards Act189924Prisoners Act190031901–1925[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act19012Amending Act190111Indian Tramways Act19024Amending Act19031Works of Defence Act19037Victoria Memorial Act190310Ancient Monuments Preservation Act19047Indian Railway Board Act19054The Indian Coinage Act, 190619063Code of Civil Procedure19085Explosive Substances Act19086Central Provinces Financial Commissioner’s Act190813Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act190814Indian Ports Act190815Registration Act190816Presidency-towns Insolvency Act19093Anand Marriage Act19097Dourine Act19105Indian Museum Act191010Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act191110Co-operative Societies Act19122Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Assam Laws Act19127Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act19128Delhi Laws Act191213Official Trustees Act19132White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act19135Mussalman Wakf Validating Act19136Destructive Insects and Pests Act19142Local Authorities Loans Act19149Delhi Laws Act19157Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Baronetcy Act191510Banaras Hindu University Act191516Indian Medical Degrees Act19167Hindu Disposition of Property Act191615Inland Vessels Act19171Destruction of Records Act19175King of Oudh's Estate Validation Act191712Post Office Cash Certificates Act191718Cinematograph Act19182Usurious Loans Act191810Bronze Coin (Legal Tender) Act191822Local Authorities Pensions and Gratuities Act19191Poisons Act191912Calcutta High Court (Jurisdictional Limits) Act191915Provincial Insolvency Act19205Indian Securities Act192010Charitable and Religious Trusts Act192014Indian Red Cross Society Act192015Indian Rifles Act192023Identification of Prisoners Act192033Passport (Entry into India) Act192034Aligarh Muslim University Act192040Maintenance Orders Enforcement Act192118Delhi University Act19228Police (Incitement to Disaffection) Act192222Indian Boilers Act19235Cantonments (House Accommodation) Act19236Indian Naval Armament Act19237Workmen's Compensation Act19238Official Secrets Act192319Legal Practitioners (Women) Act192323Mussalman Wakf Act192342Cantonments Act19242Bengal Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act19250Indian Soldiers (Litigation) Act19254Provident Funds Act192519Sikh Gurdwaras (Supplementary) Act192524Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act192526Madras, Bengal and Bombay Children (Supplementary) Act192535Indian Succession Act1925391926–1950[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Trade Unions Act192616Legal Practitioners (Fees) Act192621Indian Bar Councils Act192638Indian Forest Act192716Light House Act192717Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act192812Child Marriage Restraint Act192919Transfer of Property (Amendment) Supplementary Act192921Trade Disputes Act1929Sale of Goods Act19303Hindu Gains of Learning Act193030Mussalman Wakf Validating Act193032Provisional Collection of Taxes Act193116Sheriff of Calcutta (Power of Custody) Act193120Indian Partnership Act19329Public Suits Validation Act193211Criminal Law Amendment Act193223Bengal Suppression of Terrorist Outrages (Supplementary) Act193224Children (Pledging of Labour) Act19332Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act193317Murshidabad Estate Administration Act193323Reserve Bank of India Act19342Sugar-cane Act193415Aircraft Act193422Assam Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act193427Petroleum Act193430Jubbalpore and Chhattisgarh Divisions (Divorce Proceedings Validation) Act193513Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act19363Payment of Wages Act19364Decrees and Orders Validating Act19365Bangalore Marriages Validating Act193616Red Cross Society (Allocation of Property) Act193618Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act19371Arya Marriage Validation Act193719Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act193726Insurance Act19384Manoeuvres, Field Firing and Artillery Practice Act19385Cutchi Memons Act193810Criminal Law Amendment Act193820Employers' Liability Act193824Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act19398Registration of Foreigners Act193916Commercial Documents Evidence Act193930Drugs and Cosmetics Act194023Agricultural Produce Cess Act194027Berar Laws Act19414Assam Rifles Act19415Delhi Restriction of Uses of Land Act194112Railways (Local Authorities' Taxation) Act194125Coffee Act19427Weekly Holidays Act194218Reciprocity Act19439War Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act194323Central Excise Act19441Public Debt Act194418International Monetary Fund and Bank Act19450Drugs and Cosmetics Rules194567Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act194620Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act194622Delhi Special Police Establishment Act194625Foreigners Act194631Industrial Disputes Act194714Armed Forces (Emergency Duties) Act194715Trading with the Enemy (Continuance of Emergency Provisions) Act194716Rubber Act194724United Nations (Security Council) Act194743United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act194746Foreign Jurisdiction Act194747Indian Nursing Council Act194748Pharmacy Act19488Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act19489Minimum Wages Act194811Rehabilitation Finance Administration Act194812Damodar Valley Corporation Act194814Dentists Act194816Junagarh Administration (Property) Act194826National Cadet Corps Act194831Calcutta Port (Pilotage) Act194833Employees' State Insurance Act194834Census Act194837Continuance of Legal Proceedings Act194838Indian Matrimonial Causes (War Marriages) Act194840Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) Act194841Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act194846Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act194851Bombay Public Security Measures (Delhi Amendment) Act194852Oil Fields (Regulation and Development) Act194853Territorial Army Act194856Exchange of Prisoners Act194858Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act194860Central Silk Board Act194861Reserve Bank (Transfer of Public Ownership) Act194862Factories Act194863Delhi and Ajmer-Merwara Land Development Act194866Mangrol and Manavadar (Administration of Property) Act19492Scheduled Securities (Hyderabad) Act19497Seaward Artillery Practice Act19498Banking Regulation Act194910West Godavari District (Assimilation of Laws on Federal Subjects) Act194920Delhi Hotels (Control of Accommodation) Act194924Chartered Accountants Act194938Requisitioned Land (Apportionment of Compensation) Act194951Industrial Disputes (Banking and Insurance Companies) Act194954Merged States (Laws) Act194959Professions Tax Limitation (Amendment and Validation) Act194961Police Act194964Central Reserve Police Force Act194966High Courts (Seals) Act19507Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act195010Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act195012Special Criminal Courts (Jurisdiction) Act195018Drugs Control Act195026Transfer of Prisoners Act195029Union Territories (Laws) Act195030Opium and Revenue Laws (Extension of Application) Act195033Army and Air Force (Disposal of Private Property) Act195040Ajmer Tenancy and Land Records Act195042Representation of the People Act[6]195043Air Force Act195045Army Act195046Contingency Fund of India Act195049Emblems and Names (Prevention of improper use) Act 19501950Road Transport Corporations Act195064Cooch-Behar (Assimilation of Laws) Act195067Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act195074Khaddar (Protection of Name) Act1950781951–1975[edit]Companies act 1956Name of the ActYearAct No.Part B States (Laws) Act19513Supreme Court Advocates (Practice in High Courts) Act195118Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act195125Visva-Bharati Act195129President's Emoluments and Pension Act195130Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195133Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act195137Marking of Heavy Packages Act195139Rajghat Samadhi Act195141Representation of the People Act195143Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act195147Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act195151Companies (Donations to National Funds) Act195154All India Services Act, 1951195161State Financial Corporations Act195163Evacuee Interest (Separation) Act195164Industries (Development and Regulation) Act195165Part C States Miscellaneous Laws (Repealing) Act195166Plantations Labour Act195169Displaced Persons (Debts Adjustment) Act195170Part B States Marriages Validating Act19521Indian Independence Pakistan Courts (Pending Proceedings) Act19529Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act195219Inflammable Substances Act195220Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act195230Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act195231Mines Act195235Cinematograph Act195237Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control Act195238Notaries Act195253Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act195258Commissions of Inquiry Act195260Reserve and Auxiliary Air Forces Act195262State Armed Police Forces (Extension of Laws) Act195263Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act195274Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act195316Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament Act195320Tea Act195329Andhra State Act[7]195330Collection of Statistics Act195332Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act195341Coir Industry Act195345Salt Cess Act195349Reserve Bank of India (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195354Transfer of Evacuee Deposits Act195415Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act195418Absorbed Areas (Laws) Act195420Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act195421State Acquisition of Lands for Union Purposes (Validation) Act195423Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act195427High Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act195428Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act195430Shillong (Rifle Range and Umlong) Cantonments Assimilation of Laws Act195431Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act195432Chandernagore (Merger) Act195436Prevention of Food Adulteration Act195437Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act195441Special Marriage Act195443Essential Commodities Act195510Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act195516Commanders-in-Chief (Change in Designation) Act195519Protection of Civil Rights Act195522State Bank of India Act195523Hindu Marriage Act195525Prisoners (Attendance in Courts) Act195532Durgah Khawaja Saheb Act195536Spirituous Preparation (Inter-State Trade and Commerce) Control Act195539Prize Competitions Act195542Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act195545Manipur (Courts) Act195556Citizenship Act195557Companies Act19561University Grants Commission Act19563Bar Councils (Validation of State Laws) Act19564Sales Tax Laws Validation Act19567All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Act195625Hindu Succession Act195630Life Insurance Corporation Act195631Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act195632Interstate River Water Disputes Act195633Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195636States Reorganisation Act195637Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act195640Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act195642Newspaper (Price and Page) Act195645National Highways Act195648River Boards Act195649Lok Sahayak Sena Act195653Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act195655Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act195661Jammu and Kashmir (Extension of Laws) Act195662Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act195663Terminal Tax on Railway Passengers Act195669Central Sales Tax Act195674Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (HAMA)195678State Bank of Hyderabad Act195679Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act195680Representation of the People (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act195688Faridabad Development Corporation Act195690Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act195693Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act195696Indian Medical Council Act1956102Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act1956104Women's and Children's Institutions (Licensing) Act1956105Copyright Act195714Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act195720Railway Protection Force Act195723Wealth-Tax Act195727Legislative Councils Act195737Inter-State Corporation Act195738Naga Hills-Tuensang Area Act195742Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act195744Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act195746Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act195758Delhi Development Act195761Navy Act195762Delhi Municipal Corporation Act195766Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act195767Gift-tax Act195818Probation of Offenders Act195820Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act195824Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act195828Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act195829Manipur and Tripura (Repeal of Laws) Act195835Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act195841International Finance Corporation (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act195842Merchant Shipping Act195844Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Constitution and Proceedings) Validation Act195856Orissa Weights and Measures (Delhi Repeal) Act195857Delhi Rent Control Act195859Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act195910Cost and Works Accountants Act195923Public Wakfs (Extension of Limitation) Act195929Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act195931State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act195938Travancore-Cochin Vehicles Taxation (Amendment and Validation) Act195942Government Savings Certificates Act195946Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act195947Miscellaneous Personal Laws (Extension) Act195948Arms Act195954Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act195956Indian Statistical Institute Act195957Married Women's Property (Extension) Act195961Geneva Conventions Act19606Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act196010Bombay Reorganisation Act196011Hindu Marriages (Validation of Proceedings) Act196019Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act196024International Development Association (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act196032Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act196033Central Excises (Conversion to Metric Units) Act196038Delhi Primary Education Act196039Customs Duties and Cesses (Conversion to Metric Units) Act196040Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act196043Mahendra Pratap Singh Estate (Repeal) Act196048British Statutes (Application to India) Repeal Act196057Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960196059Preference Shares (Regulation of Dividend) Act196063Acquired Territories (Merger) Act196064Criminal Law Amendment Act196123Advocates Act196125Salar Jung Museum Act196126Motor Transport Workers Act196127Dowry Prohibition Act196128Delhi (Urban Areas) Tenants' Relief Act196130Union Territories (Stamp and Court-fees Laws) Act196133Dadra and Nagar Haveli Act196135Newspaper (Price and Page Continuance) Act196136Income-tax Act196143Voluntary Surrender of Salaries (Exemption from Taxation) Act196146Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act196147Assam Municipal (Manipur Amendment) Act196149Apprentices Act196152Maternity Benefit Act196153Sugar (Regulation of Production) Act196155Institutes of Technology Act196159Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Act19621Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Act196213National Co-operative Development Corporation Act196226State of Nagaland Act196227Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act196231Atomic Energy Act196233Extradition Act196234Foreigners Law (Application and Amendment) Act196242Pondicherry (Administration) Act196249Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines (Acquisition of Right of User in Land) Act196250Customs Act196252Manipur (Sales of Motor Spirit and Lubricants) Taxation Act196255State Associated Banks (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act196256Delhi Motor Vehicles Taxation Act196257Warehousing Corporations Act196258Marine Insurance Act196311Official Languages Act196319Government of Union Territories Act196320Compulsory Deposit Scheme Act196321Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act196322Limitation Act196336Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act196337Major Port Trusts Act196338Textiles Committee Act196341Administrators-General Act196345Specifice Relief Act196347Unit Trust of India Act196352Central Boards of Revenue Act196354Companies (Profits) Surtax Act19647Taxation Laws (Continuation and Validation of Recovery Proceedings) Act196411Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Act196414Delhi Delegation of Powers Act196423Legal Tender (Inscribed Notes) Act196428Food Corporation of India Act[8]196437Warehousing Corporations (Supplementary) Act196520Payment of Bonus Act196521Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative Societies) Act196523Goa, Daman and Diu (Extension of the Code of Civil Procedure and the Arbitration Act) Act196530Railways Employment of Members of the Armed Forces Act196540Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act196541Cardamom Act196542Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act196549Goa, Daman and Diu (Absorbed Employees) Act196550Seamen's Provident Fund Act19664Produce Cess Act196615Asian Development Bank Act196618Delhi High Court Act196626Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act196629Punjab Reorganisation Act196631Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act196632Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act196633Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Act196651Jawaharlal Nehru University Act196653Seeds Act196654Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Act196713Passports Act196715Anti-Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act196716Standards of Weights and Measures (Extension to Kohima and Mokokchung Districts) Act196725Court-fees (Delhi Amendment) Act196728Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act196737Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People (Supplementary) Act19683Public Provident Fund Act196823Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act196824Central Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act196825Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act196826Civil Defence Act196827Enemy Property Act196834Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act.[9]196836The Gold (Control) Act, 1968196845Insecticides Act196846Border Security Force Act196847Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control (Nasirabad Cantonment Repeal) Act196849Central Industrial Security Force Act196850Judges (Inquiry) Act196851State Agricultural Credit Corporation Act196860Legislative Assembly of Nagaland (Change in Representation) Act196861President (Discharge of Functions) Act196916Registration of Births and Deaths Act196918Union Territories (Separation of Judicial and Executive Functions) Act196919Central Sales Tax (Amendment) Act196928Foreign Marriage Act196933Criminal and Election Laws Amendment Act196935Bihar Land Reforms Laws (Regulating Mines and Minerals) Validation Act196942Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Act196943Oaths Act196944Punjab Legislative Council (Abolition) Act196946Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act196954Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act196955Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act19705Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act197016Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act197028Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act197037Patents Act197039Indian Medicine Central Council Act197048Central Labour Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act197051State of Himachal Pradesh Act197053Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) (Delhi Validation of Appointments and Proceedings) Act197120Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act197134Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act197140Small Coins (Offences) Act197152Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Amendment and Validation Act197154Comptroller and Auditor General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act197156Naval and Aircraft Prize Act197159Jayanti Shipping Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act197163Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act197164Asian Refractories Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act197165Uttar Pradesh Cantonments (Control of Rent and Eviction) Repeal Act197168Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act197169Contempt of Courts Act197170Delhi Road Transport Laws (Amendment) Act197171Manipur (Hill Areas District Council) Act197176North-Eastern Area (Reorganisation) Act197181Delhi Sikh Gurdwaras Act197182North-Eastern Council Act197184Marine Products Export Development Authority Act197213Departmental Inquiries (Enforcement of Attendance of Witnesses and Production of Documents) Act197218Architects Act197220Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act197225National Service Act197228Delhi Lands (Restriction on Transfer) Act197230Delhi Co-operative Societies Act197235Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act197236Payment of Gratuity Act197239Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention) Act197243Antiquities and Art Treasures Act197252Wild Life (Protection) Act197253General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act197257Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act197258Former Secretary of State Service Officers (Conditions of Service) Act197259Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act197262Carriage by Air Act197269Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act197272Richardson and Cruddas Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197278Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act19732Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act197315Capital of Punjab Development and Regulation (Chandigarh Amendment) Act197317Delhi School Education Act197318North-Eastern Hill University Act197324Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act197326Authoritative Texts (Central Laws) Act197350Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act197356Homoeopathy Central Council Act197359Konkan Passenger Ships (Acquisition) Act197362Delhi Urban Art Commission Act, 197319741Code of Criminal Procedure, 197319742Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act19744Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act19746Economic Offences (Inapplicability of Limitation) Act197412Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act197428Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act197437University of Hyderabad Act197439Interest-tax Act197445Oil Industry (Development) Act197447Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act197452East-Punjab Urban Rent Restriction (Extension to Chandigarh) Act197454Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act197457Tobacco Board Act19754All-India Services Regulations (Indemnity) Act197519Tokyo Convention Act197520Rampur Raza Library Act197522Tobacco Cess Act197526Delhi Sales Tax Act197543Cigarettes (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act197549Customs Tariff Act1975511976–2000[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Burmah Shell (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act19762Election Laws (Extension to Sikkim) Act197610Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act197611Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act197613Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act197619Regional Rural Banks Act197621Assam Sillimanite Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Refractory Plant) Act197622Equal Remuneration Act197625Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Repeal Act197628Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act197631Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act197633Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act197649Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Cess Act197655Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act197656High Court at Patna (Establishment of a Permanent Bench at Ranchi) Act197657Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act197659Standards of Weights and Measures Act197660Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act197661Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act197662Betwa River Board Act197663Life Insurance Corporation (Modification of Settlement) Act197672National Library of India Act197676Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act197677Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act197680Delhi Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act197687Indian Iron and Steel Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act197689Delhi Sales Tax (Amendment and Validation) Act197691Braithwaite and Company (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197696Burn Company and Indian Standard Wagon Company (Nationalisation) Act197697Laxmirattan and Atherton West Cotton Mills (Taking Over of Management) Act197698Metal Corporation (Nationalisation and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act1976100Untouchability (Offences) Amendment and Miscellaneous Provision Act1976106Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act1976108Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Act197715Disputed Elections (Prime Minister and Speaker) Act197716Caltex (Acquisition of Shares of Caltex Oil Refining (India) Limited and of the Undertakings in India of Caltex (India) Limited) Act197717Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act197733Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital (Acquisition and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act197734Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act197736Smith, Stainstreet and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197741Gresham and Craven of India (Private) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197742The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978197811Hindustan Tractors Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197813Interest Act197814Public Sector Iron and Steel Companies (Restructuring) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act197816Deposit Insurance Corporation (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act197821Coast Guard Act197830Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978197833Delhi Police Act197834Press Council Act197837Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Articles) Act197840Britannia Engineering Company Limited (Mokameh Unit) and the Arthur Butler and Company (Muzaffarpore) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act197841Bolani Ores Limited (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act197842Prize Chits and Money Circulation Scheme (Banning) Act197843Sugar Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act197849Coconut Development Board Act19795Punjab Excise (Delhi Amendment) Act197912Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Act197924Kosangas Company (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act197928Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act197930Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act197931Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential Commodities Act external source[permanent dead link]19807Delhi High Court (Amendment) Act198037Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198040Essential Services Maintenance (Assam) Act198041National Company (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198042Brahmaputra Board Act198046Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Act198052Hotel-Receipts Tax Act198054Company Secretaries Act198056Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198058Jute Companies (Nationalisation) Act198062Maruti Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198064National Security Act198065Bird and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings and Other Properties) Act198067Forest (Conservation) Act198069Hind Cycles Limited and Sen-Raleigh Limited (Nationalisation) Act198070Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act198114High Court and Bombay (Extension of Jurisdiction to Goa, Daman and Diu) Act198126Export-Import Bank of India Act198128British India Corporation Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act198129Cine-Workers Welfare Cess Act198130Dalmia Dadri Cement Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198131Cine-Workers Welfare Fund Act198133Burmah Oil Company (Acquisition of Shares of Oil India Limited and of the Undertakings in India of Assam Oil Company Limited and the Burmah Oil Company (India Trading) Limited) Act198141Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act198142Anti-Apartheid (United Nations Convention) Act198148Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act198150National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act198161African Development Fund Act19821Sugar Cess Act19823Sugar Development Fund Act19824Chaparmukh Silghat Railway Line and the Katakhal Lalabazar Railway Line (Nationalisation) Act198236Chit Funds Act198240The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Amendment Act, 1982198241Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Act198243National Waterway (Allahabad-Haldia Stretch of the Ganges-Bhagirathi, Hooghly River) Act198249Amritsar Oil Works (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198250State Bank of Sikkim (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act198262Anti-Hijacking Act198265Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act198266Andhra Scientific Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198271African Development Bank Act198313Jute Manufacturers Development Council Act198327Jute Manufactures Cess Act198328National Oil Seeds and Vegetable Oils Development Board Act198329Emigration Act198331Punjab Disturbed Areas Act198332Chandigarh Disturbed Areas Act198333Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Act198334Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act198335Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act198339Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act198340Transformer and Switchgear Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198341Public Financial Institutions (Obligation as to Fidelity and Secrecy) Act198348Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act19843Asiatic Society Act19845Ganesh Flour Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198416Inchek Tyres Limited and National Rubber Manufacturers Limited (Nationalisation) Act198417Mogul Line Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act198433Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act198436Aluminium Corporation of India Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Aluminium Undertaking) Act198443Indian Veterinary Council Act198452Hooghly Docking and Engineering Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings and Transfer) Act198455Bengal Immunity Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198457Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act198461Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India Act198462Family Courts Act198466National Capital Region Planning Board Act19852General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act19853Calcutta Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Temporary Provisions Act198510Administrative Tribunals Act198513Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act198521Handlooms (Reservation of Articles for Production) Act198522Tea Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Sick Tea Units) Act198537Indira Gandhi National Open University Act198550Pondicherry University Act198553Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act198554Intelligence Organisations (Restriction on Rights) Act198558Judges (Protection) Act198559Railway Protection Force (Amendment) Act198560Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act198561Central Excises and Salt (Amendment) Act198579Customs (Amendment) Act198580Banking Laws (Amendment) Act198581Inland Waterways Authority of India Act198582Futwah-Islampur Light Railway Line (Nationalisation) Act198583Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 Rep. by Act 1 of 04 (w.e.f.- - )19861Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act, 198519862Central Excise Tariff Act, 198519865Spices Board Act198610Administrative Tribunals (Amendment) Act198619Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act198625Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund (Repeal) Act198627Environment (Protection) Act198629Swadeshi Cotton Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198630Research and Development Cess Act198632Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act198633State of Mizoram Act198634Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act198646National Security Guard Act198647Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act198654Delhi Fire Prevention and Fire Safety Act198656Delhi Apartment Ownership Act198658Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act198660Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act198661Bureau of Indian Standards Act198663Shipping Development Fund Committee (Abolition) Act198666Consumer Protection Act198668State of Arunachal Pradesh Act198669Cotton Copra and Vegetable Oils Cess (Abolition) Act19874Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act198710Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act198713Mental Health Act198714Goa, Daman and Diu Mining Concessions (Abolition and Declaration as Mining Leases) Act198716Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act followed by Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987198718Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act198722Expenditure-tax Act198735Brentford Electric (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act198736National Dairy Development Board Act198737Legal Services Authorities Act198739Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act198747All India Council for Technical Education Act198752National Housing Bank Act198753Railway Claims Tribunal Act198754Chandigarh (Delegation of Powers) Act, 198719882Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 198719883Tamil Nadu Agricultural Service Co-operative Societies (Appointment of Special Officers) Amendment Act198822Companies (Amendment) Act198831Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act198833Special Protection Group Act198834National Waterway (Sadiya-Dhubri Stretch of the Brahmaputra River) Act198840Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act198841Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (Determination of Conditions of Service of Employees) Act198844Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988198845Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act198846Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988198849Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers by certain Establishments) Act198851Auroville Foundation Act198854Jamia Millia Islamia Act198858Motor Vehicles Act198859National Highways Authority of India Act198868Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 198819892Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act19893Representation of the People (Amendment) Act198921Assam University Act198923Railways Act198924Employees' State Insurance (Amendment) Act198929Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989198933Nagaland University Act198935Small Industries Development Bank of India Act198939National Commission for Women Act199020Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act199021Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act199025Public Liability Insurance Act19916Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act199111Remittances of Foreign Exchange and Investment in Foreign Exchange Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act199141Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act199142Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act199144Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 199119921Destructive Insects and Pests (Amendment and Validation) Act199212Securities and Exchange Board of India Act199215Cess and Other Taxes on Minerals (Validation) Act199216National Commission for Minorities Act199219Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act199222National Waterway (Kollam-Kottapuram Stretch of West Coast Canal and Champakara and Udyogmandal Canals) Act199225Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act199227Rehabilitation Council of India Act199234Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act199235Central Agricultural University Act199240Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act199241Industrial Finance Corporation (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act199323National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, the National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation Limited and the North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Power Transmission Systems) Act199324Gold Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act199325National Commission for Backward Classes Act199327Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act199328Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings Act Repealed by Act 27 of 2006 (w.e.f. date to be notified)199332Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act199333SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act199336Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Amendment Act199341Central Laws (Extension to Arunachal Pradesh) Act199344Tezpur University Act199345Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act199346Betwa River Board (Amendment) Act199349Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act199351National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act199364Oil and Natural Gas Commission (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act199365Public Records Act199369National Council for Teacher Education Act199373Kalakshetra Foundation Act, 199319946Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993199410Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act199413Manipur Panchayati Raj Act199426Punjab Gram Panchayat, Samities and Zilla Parishad (Chandigarh Repeal) Act199427Transplantation of Human Organs Act199442Manipur Municipalities Act199443New Delhi Municipal Council Act199444Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Act199445Airports Authority of India Act199455Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Power Transmission System) Act199456Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act199457Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Act199458Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act19957National Environment Tribunal Act199527Delhi Rent Act199533Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act199539Wakf Act199543Technology Development Board Act199544Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 199519961Depositories Act199622Arbitration and Conciliation Act199626Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act199627Building and Other Construction Workers' Welfare Cess Act199628Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act[10]199640Maulana Azad National Urdu University Act, 199619972Mahatama Gandhi Antarashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Act, 199619973Industrial Reconstruction Bank (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act19977Lalitkala Akademi (Taking Over of Management) Act199717National Environment Appellate Authority Act199722Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act199724Vice-President's Pension Act199730Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Inapplicability to Major Ports) Act199731National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Act199813Lotteries (Regulation) Act199817Leaders of Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament (Facilities) Act, 199819995Delhi Development Authority (Validation of Disciplinary Powers) Act, 199819996Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act199915Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment and Validation) Act199940Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act199941Foreign Exchange Management Act199942National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act199944Trade Marks Act199947Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act199948Mizoram University Act20008Designs Act200016Direct-Tax Laws (Miscellaneous) Repeal Act200020Information Technology Act200021Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act200028Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act200029Bihar Reorganisation Act200030Chemical Weapons Convention Act200034Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act200037Coal India (Regulation of Transfer and Validation) Act200045Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act200052Central Road Fund Act200054Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act2000562001 – 2010[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 200120019Indian Council of World Affairs Act200129Advocates’ Welfare Fund Act200145Energy Conservation Act200152Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001200153Delimitation Act200233Haj Committee Act200235Foreign Aircraft (Exemption from Taxes and Duties on Fuel and Lubricants) Act200236Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act200239Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act200254Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act200258Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Act200260Consumer Protection (Amendment) Act200262Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platforms on Continental Shelf Act200269Competition Act, 2002200312Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act, 2002200313Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002200315Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 2002200317Biological Diversity Act, 2002200318Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 2003200334Electricity Act, 2003200336Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act200339Central Vigilance Commission Act200345Repatriation of Prisoners Act200349Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act200353Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003200401Customs and Central Excise Laws (Repeal) Act200425Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Act200426National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004200502Parel Investments and Trading Private Limited and Domestic Gas Private Limited (Taking over of Management) Repeal Act200514Weapons of Mass Destruction and Their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act, 2005200521Right to Information Act200522Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act200524University of Allahabad Act200526Bihar Value Added Tax Act200527Special Economic Zones Act200528Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act200529Credit Information Companies (Regulation) Act200530National Rural Employment Guarantee Act200542Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005200543National Tax Tribunal Act200549State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005200550Disaster Management Act200553Manipur University Act200554Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Act,2005200601Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005200604Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act200619Delhi Laws (Special Provisions) Act,2006200622Cess Laws (Repealing and Amending) Act,2006200624Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act,2006200627National Institute of Fashion Technology Act,2006200628Union Duties of Excise (Electricity) Distribution Repeal Act,2006200630Spirituous Preparations (Inter-State Trade And Commerce) Control (Repeal) Act, 2006200632Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006200634Actuaries Act, 2006200635Government Securities Act, 2006200638Cantonments Act, 2006200641Pondicherry (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006200644Produce Cess Laws (Abolition) Act, 2006200646Assam Rifles Act, 2006200647Uttaranchal (Alteration Of Name) Act, 2006200652Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 200620072Dalmia Dadri Cement Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Amendment Act, 200620073Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 200620075Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 200620076English and Foreign Languages University Act, 200620077Rajiv Gandhi University Act, 200620078Tripura University Act, 200620079Sikkim University Act, 2006200710Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing With Prasar Bharati) Act, 2007200711National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007200729Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2007200737Carriage by Road Act, 2007200741Tyre Corporation of India Limited (Disinvestment Of Ownership) Act, 2007200750Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007200751Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Act, 2007200752Sashastra Seema Bal Act, 2007200753Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Act, 2007200754Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry Act, 2008200819Indian Maritime University Act, 2008200822National Waterway (Talcher-Dhamra Stretch Of Rivers, Geonkhali-Charbatia Stretch of East Coast Canal, Charbatia-Dhamra Stretch of Matai River and Mahanadi Delta Rivers) Act, 2008200823National Waterway (Kakinada-Puducherry Stretch of Canals and the Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam-Rajahmundry Stretch of River Godavari And Wazirabad-Vijayawada Stretch of River Krishna) Act, 2008200824Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Of India Act, 2008200827Unorganized Workers Social Security Act, 2008200833Gram Nyayalayas Act, 200820094Limited Liability Partnership Act, 200820096Collection of Statistics Act, 200820097South Asian University Act, 200820098Science and Engineering Research Board Act, 200820099Central Universities Act, 2009200925Prevention and Control Of Infectious And Contagious Diseases In Animals Act, 2009200927Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009200935Metro Railways (Amendment) Act, 20092009Legal Metrology Act, 200920101Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Act, 2010201016National Green Tribunal Act, 2010201019Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010201023Land Ports Authority of India Act, 2010201031Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2010201035Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010201038Nalanda University Act, 2010201039Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 20102010422011 – present[edit]Name of the ActYearAct No.Coinage Act, 2011201111Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011201115Factoring Regulation Act, 2011201212Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act, 2011201213Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012201232Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Act, 2012201235National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore Act, 2012201238Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013201314Companies Act 2013 .201318National Food Security Act, 2013201320National Pension Scheme201323Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013201325Rajiv Gandhi National Aviation University Act, 2013201326Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013201330Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 201320141Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 201420146Street Vendors Act, 201420147Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Act, 2014201410Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 2014201416Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014201427The School of Planning and Architecture Act, 2014201437[11]Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011201417Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2015201536Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015201522Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016201631Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016201649Mental Healthcare Act, 2017201710Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017[12]201712Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017[13]201713Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017[14]201714Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Act, 2017201715Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017201716Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act, 2017201726Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act, 2017201727The Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Act, 2017[15]20183See also[edit]List of amendments of the Constitution of IndiaLawmaking procedure in IndiaReferences[edit]Jump up^ "Text of Central Acts - 1851" (PDF). http://lawmin.nic.in. Ministry of Law. 1851. Retrieved 8 May 2015. External link in |website= (help)Jump up^ "Text of Central Acts - 1852" (PDF). http://lawmin.nic.in. Ministry of Law. 1852. Retrieved 8 May 2015. External link in |website= (help)Jump up^ "Text of Central Acts" (PDF). http://lawmin.nic.in. Ministry of Law. 1853. Retrieved 8 May 2015. External link in |website= (help)Jump up^ "Parliament story". Frontline. January 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2015.Jump up^ http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/Act%2017%20of%202015.pdfJump up^ "The Representation of the Peoples Act, 1950" (PDF). Retrieved 17 December 2014.Jump up^ "Andhra state act 1953". Retrieved 15 October 2013.Jump up^ THE FOOD CORPORATIONS ACT, 1964 Archived 9 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.Jump up^ "Andhra Pradesh And Mysore (Transfer Of Territory) Act, 1968". Retrieved 1 November2013.Jump up^ Ministry of Panchayati Raj-PESA ,Government of IndiaJump up^ http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/SPAact2014.pdfJump up^ "Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September 2017.Jump up^ "Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September 2017.Jump up^ "Union Territory Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 17 September2017.Jump up^ "Extraordinary Gazette entry; The Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Act, 2017. Vishakapatnam, Andra Pradesh" (PDF).External links[edit]List of Central ActsLaw Ministry - Text of Central Acts (1851-2011)India Code Information SystemhidevteIndian legislationConstitution of India (amendments)Indian Penal CodeCode of Criminal Procedure, 1973Acts of the ParliamentOrdinanceIn ForceConsumerReal Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016Consumer Protection Act, 1986Essential Commodities ActEssential Services Maintenance ActCorruptionBenami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011CriminalArmed Forces (Special Powers) ActArmed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007Arms Act, 1959Army Act, 1950Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products ActIndian Evidence ActJuvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015National Security Act (India)Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989EducationIndian Institutes of Management Act, 2017Institutes of Technology Act, 1961National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009University Grants Commission Act, 1956EnvironmentAir (Prevention and Control of Pollution) ActBiological Diversity Act, 2002CAMPA billEnvironment Protection Act, 1986Indian Forest Act, 1927National Green Tribunal ActPrevention of Cruelty to Animals ActProtection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001Wildlife Protection Act, 1972FinancialAadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016Banking Regulation Act, 1949Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities ActDepositories ActThe Electricity Act, 2003Expenditure Tax Act, 1987Finance Act (India)Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010Foreign Exchange Management ActGeographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999Government Securities Act, 2006Indian Contract Act, 1872Indian Stamp Act, 1899Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016Insurance Act, 1938Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002The Competition Act, 2002The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978The Income-tax Act, 1961Transfer of Property Act 1882Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976HealthcareCentral Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010Dentist ActDrugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954Indian Medical Council ActMental Health Act, 1987Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985Mental Health Care Act, 2017LabourBonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976Factories Act,1948, IndiaIndustrial Disputes Act, 1947Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017Minimum Wages Act 1948National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008PersonalHindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)Majority Act (India)Hindu Minority and Guardianship ActHindu Succession Act, 1956Special Marriage Act, 1954The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986SocialRights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) ActIndecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) ActNational Food Security Act, 2013Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006Street Vendors Act, 2014State LawsAnti-Superstition and Black Magic ActThe Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime ActThe Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities ActState ReorganisationAndhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966States Reorganisation Act, 1956Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000TerrorismUnlawful Activities (Prevention) ActTransportAircraft ActMotor Vehicles Act, 1988National Waterways Act, 2016Inland Vessels ActMetro Railways Act, 1978Metro Railway Act, 2002Organisation / BodyChartered Accountants Act, 1949Companies Act 2013Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008Indian Trusts Act, 1882Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934The Indian Partnership Act, 1932Societies Registration Act, 1860The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008RepealRepealing and Amending Act, 2015Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015Repealing and Amending Act, 2016Repealing and Amending Act, 2017Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017OtherAll India Services Act, 1951Delimitation ActEnemy Property Act, 1968Information Technology Act, 2000Nuclear Liability ActOfficial Secrets Act (India)Representation of the People Act, 1951Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013Right to Information Act, 2005State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005The Foreigners Act, 1946RepealedPre-IndependenceAge of Consent Act, 1891Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850Criminal Tribes ActHindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856English Education Act 1835Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907Post-IndependenceAnti-Copying Act, 1992Foreign Exchange Regulation ActGift Tax Act, 1958Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983Interest Tax Act, 1974Maintenance of Internal Security ActPrevention of Terrorism Act, 2002Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) ActThe Gold (Control) Act, 1968Wealth Tax Act, 1957BillsProposedForeign Education Providers Bill, 2013Geospatial Information Regulation BillGujarat Control of Organised Crime ActMarriage Laws Amendment BillRoad Transport and Safety BillUniform civil codeLapsedJudges Assets BillWomen's Reservation BillTo answer your question, at present there are, 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 98 amendments in the Indian Constitution. As compared to when it was written it had, 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of commencement. Although, the others have already answered about the number

Australia.It is quite difficult to sum up the history of an entire country using only 6 images, but I’ll try my best regardless.Attached as follows, are six pictures which I believe to be representative of the most crucial points in my nation’s old, but also young history. Each come with a description of the image itself, in addition to several paragraphs on their context, covering a set of events within the range of the relevant dates for each.With that said, I now present to you the entire history of Australia, in only six pictures:“The Dreamtime”: Pre-colonial Australia (50,000 BC - 1788 AD)Around 40–70,000 years ago, the ancestors of what we now call the Indigenous peoples of Australia arrived in the continent from Maritime Southeast Asia.As time passed, the Aboriginals quickly innovated a hunter-gatherer society, and learned to work with stone. And while they were never able to progress to more complex levels of civilization as seen in Eurasia (ie. kingdoms and empires), academics have noted that given the limited resources available to them, the Aboriginals maintained surprisingly complex economies and societies for their time.There has been evidence for instance, to suggest that some Aboriginal tribes practiced cremation. This is supported by a set of human remains - the earliest known in the world - which was discovered recently at Lake Mungo (1969) in New South Wales. The implication of this find was straightforward: the evidence for religious ritual amongst humans, even when isolated from the rest of the world. Given all the aforementioned, some academics have even gone so far as to argue that the Aboriginal peoples, were the rightful claimants to the title of “world’s oldest continuous culture” - predictably a highly controversial claim.Indigenous Australians on many occasions were also known to have made contact with several non-Aboriginal peoples, foremost amongst whom were the many trepang fisherman, who frequented Australia’s northern coast from the Makassar region of Sulawesi. They traded in particular with the Yolngu Aboriginals, who resided in the Northern Territory.In addition to this, there have also been rumours of a Chinese expedition to Australia around the times of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), although this is a claim yet to be wholly corroborated. According to genetic testing done at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (2012) though, some Indian explorers may have also settled in Australia roughly 4,000 years ago, assimilating into the Indigenous population around 2217 BC.It was the arrival of the Europeans however, which acted to finally change the millennia long status quo in Australia. Based on the concept of “Terra Australis Incognita”, a hypothetical southern landmass which balanced out the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, sailors from the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) foremost amongst whom was Willem Janszoon, managed to chart the entirety of Australia’s northern and western coastlines in 1606 and 1616, giving their recent discovery the title of “New Holland” in 1644.Prompted by subsequent Dutch and Spanish trips to New Holland, the British eventually also arrived in Australia via the privateer William Dampier, who landed on the continent’s northwestern coast in 1688, then again in 1699. But a full, large scale British effort was not to come until 1770 however, when Captain James Cook of the Royal Navy sailed along New Holland’s eastern coast. Cook mapped the continent’s southeast in particular, and named it “New South Wales”, subsequently claiming the coast for the glory of Great Britain.In this way, the path was now open for an inevitable British colonisation of Australia.Image 1: An Aboriginal rock painting from Kimberly, Western Australia.Australian Indigenous art is considered to be the oldest unbroken tradition of fine arts in the world. Similarly, some of the oldest rock paintings in the world also have their origin in Australia. The most commonly cited examples here to that extent, involve several paintings in Western and South Australia at Pilbara region and Olary district respectively, which have been estimated to be around 40,000 years old at least.“Rule, Britannia!”: The European Colonisation of Australia (1788–1901)In 1783, the United States of America emerged victorious in its eight year long war for independence against Great Britain.This was bad news, as the British had previously offloaded their convicts in the “New World”. Robbed of their precious Thirteen Colonies, the British looked elsewhere and quickly decided on Australia instead. And so come 1787, the “First Fleet”, comprised of 1,500 men, women and children, set sail for New South Wales across a total of 11 ships, where they finally arrived the following year between 18–20th of January.Despite coming into contact with the Aboriginal people on arrival, the First Fleet refused to recognise Indigenous rights to the land, and instead proclaimed New Holland as “Terra Nullius” - no man’s land, thereby seizing it for Great Britain instead. Under British law (which was now in full effect), the roughly 750,000 Aboriginals were not viewed as being equal to the Europeans, and so by this logic did not have rights, and therefore could not have a legitimate claim to the land. Several days after on January 26th, 1788, the Union Jack was hoisted over Sydney Cove, thereby marking the start of a new chapter in the continent’s history.Subsequent trips to Australia from Britain were carried out in light of the First Fleet’s successes, and this eventually led to the colonisation of Van Dieman’s Land (Tasmania) in 1803 as well. The following year, an English navigator called Matthew Flinders, proposed that New Holland be reserved only for the continent’s western half, and instead suggested, “Terra Australis” - the Southern Land - as a replacement, which was where the name for Australia originated from.Colonisation of Australia was then furthered, when come 1813 a group of three men, Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth crossed the Blue Mountains west of Sydney, prompting European settlement of the interior to occur. Similarly in 1824, explorer Hamilton Hume and Royal Navy Captain William Hovell, led an expedition to find new grazing land further south, and in so doing discovered the 1,472 km long Darling River. Van Dieman’s Land then became independent of New South Wales in 1825, whilst by the following year, the British had claimed the entirety of the continent for their own.Additional colonies were eventually carved out of New South Wales, including South Australia in 1836 which was founded as the first “free colony” set up for non-convicts. Victoria followed in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. During these troublesome times, efforts at British colonisation were met with fierce resistance from the Indigenous, who often responded violently to Western aggression. Hundreds of Aboriginals and Europeans died from subsequent frontier skirmishes, but thousands more of the former perished due to the introduction of infectious Western diseases against which, they had little natural defence.To make matters worse, a government approved effort at Indigenous assimilation, made possible by the “Aboriginal Protection Act 1869”, then begun a decades long process, which at its peak years later eventually saw to the removal of thousands of Aboriginal children from their families, where they were then given over to the charge of the British authorities instead. Beginning in 1905, this was an infamy which would eventually become known in history as the “Stolen Generations”, and its mission was simple: to breed out the entirety of the Aboriginal peoples and forcibly integrate them into the Anglo-Saxon genepool.From the 1850s to the early 1900s, a gold rush began in Australia, prompted by the en masse discovery of gold in several colonies (1823–50). In response, thousands from all over the world journeyed to Australia from the likes of Europe, the United States and even the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) to seek their fortunes. This was important for two reasons: the first was that it allowed the British colonies of Australia to triple in population, from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871, the second, was that it made the continent truly multicultural for the first time in its history.Inevitably, the colonies began to grow in size and importance leading to rivalry between the settlements. Recognising this, the British administration responded by eventually granting each colony some degree of autonomy, which included the right to self-governance in the political spheres, so long as this did not involve matters pertaining to foreign affairs, defence and international shipping. Ultimately however, this was not enough and soon the colonies found themselves wanting more than just mere autonomy.Image 2: “The Founding of Australia by Captain Arthur Phillip RN Sydney Cove January 26th 1788” - an oil painting by British artist Algernon Tarnage (1939).The nation’s most important holiday, “Australia Day”, is commemorated on the 26th of January each year. It is fairly similar to America’s “Columbus Day” in both role, and therefore controversy. As such, in recent times there have been calls from both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous alike, to shift the national holiday to a different date, in order to avoid what they assert, is in reality the commemoration of European imperialism (“Invasion Day”).“Federation”: Dawn of Nationhood (1901–14)By the times of the late 1880s, Australia had changed dramatically when compared to its earliest days under the First Fleet.The vast majority of colonists - 90% - despite being of either English or Irish ancestry, were native born for instance. Furthermore, a distinct form of Australian art and literature had also emerged by the end of the 19th century, giving rise to legends such as artists Arthur Streeton and Tom Roberts, in addition to writers Henry Lawson, Miles Franklin and Banjo Paterson, the latter of who wrote the much beloved lyrics to the famous Australian patriotic folk-song, “Waltzing Matilda” (1895).Similarly, recent improvements in infrastructure and communication, had also acted to assist in the dismantling of years long intercolonial rivalries - Perth came to be linked by telegraph to Melbourne and Sydney in 1877, whilst each colony begun to construct railways at unprecedented rates. It was therefore on this basis, in addition to calls from Great Britain for the establishment of an intercolonial Australian army, that Henry Parks, Premier of New South Wales first argued in favour of the need for a national, and native run government (1889). Parks succeeded, and by the following year, representatives from the six colonies were already calling for colonial unity.Having consented to a Bill subsequently proposed in 1899, the colonies sent delegates to Britain the following year, in order to convey their new found desire for unity. Received well in the House of Commons, the proposed federation of the colonies was passed on 5 July 1900 in the form of the “Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act”, and was four days thereafter signed into law by Queen Victoria. Thus, after a decade of planning, consultation and voting, the Commonwealth of Australia as we know it, came into being on 1 January 1901 under a Federal administration, where each state - formerly colony - was now governed via two legal systems, as was the case in the United States.Two months after “Federation Day”, Australia’s first national elections were held ultimately resulting in a victory for the Protectionist Party headed by Sir Edmund Barton - the Commonwealth’s first prime minister - who promised to create a high court, a uniform railway gauge between the eastern capitals, a system of age old pensions, in addition to an efficient federal public service. Most importantly however, the Minister also swore to uphold the concept of a “White Australia”, which would ideally be free from the menace of both ethnic Asians as well as Pacific Islanders alike.When Australia’s first Parliament came to be held on May 9th, 1901 therefore, one of the first laws to be passed was the “Immigration Restriction Act 1901”, which is better known today by its informal name: the “White Australia Policy”. Immigrants from the Qing Empire in particular under these discriminating laws, were severely restricted from entering the Commonwealth based on the rationale, of a variety of reasons ranging from economic protection to downright hostility. Exclusion was achieved by way of a dictation test, which per Australian law was required to be held in any Western language, thus naturally prohibiting the Chinese and other non-Europeans from successfully applying.Prompted by the Anglo-Japanese Alliance’s signing in 1902, the Royal Navy eventually withdrew the vast majority of its forces from the Pacific by 1907. In Australia, this was viewed with horror by the Commonwealth, who as a country which was both sparsely populated and virtually located in the middle of nowhere, felt abandoned by Great Britain. The grandeur of the United States Navy, which visited the continent the following year in 1908 however via the “Great White Fleet”, acted to convince the Australian government on the merits of having a strong, modern and capable navy (or really, just a military in general).The Defence Act of 1909 reaffirmed the importance of national defence, whilst in February the following year, the concept of conscription was proposed. In 1911, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) was recognised by King George V, and was quickly supplemented by a series of ships leading with the destroyer Yarra, and headed by battlecruiser Australia come 1913. And here on the eve of the infamous “War to End All Wars” (1914–18), it is estimated that the Commonwealth held in its possession no less than 200,000 men at arms ready to die not just for Australia, but also for the great British Empire (1593–1997).Image 3: “The Big Picture” - a painting by Australian artist Tom Roberts (1903).The subject of the painting was based on the opening of the first Parliament of Australia, which took place on the 9th of May, 1901.It measures 3.05 by 5.09 metres (roughly 10 by 17 feet) in terms of size, and whilst technically part of the Royal Collection of the British Royal Family, has since 1957 been on loan to the Parliament of Australia, where it also presently resides in Canberra, as a treasured Australian relic. The piece has previously been described as “undoubtedly the principal work of art recording Australia's Parliamentary History.”“With Fire and Spirit”: A Young Nation at War (1914–45)On August 14th 1914, Australia followed Britain’s exemplar and declared war on the German Empire (1871–1918), having been obligated to do so per its status then as an Imperial Dominion.Subsequently over the next four years, a total of 416,000 men (estimated as being up to half the eligible male population) volunteered for the war effort, keen to rally to the British cause. This was important in hindsight, as the First World War marked a decisive moment in the history of the Commonwealth, serving as the country’s de facto coming-of-age ritual. First on the itinerary to that extent was the infamous Gallipoli Campaign (1915–16), which pitted France, Britain and all its colonies, against the dying Ottoman Empire (1299–1922). Here, Australia would have an early chance to prove itself, as a nation recently conceived.Come April 25th, 1915, the coalition landed at Gallipoli Peninsular where they were immediately fired upon by the Ottoman army, who had been expecting them. Due to a series of rocky heights (ie. an uphill battle) in addition to the curse of poor planning, allied forces were forced to make comparatively small advances relative to the amount of casualties that they were incurring. Ultimately by the end of the campaign roughly 8 months later, Australia had lost 8,709 men out of an initial 28,150. Britain meanwhile suffered 34,072 dead.Despite its failure, the Gallipoli Campaign is often upheld to this day as the moment in which Australia first truly, became a nation post its “baptism by fire”. Having fought in Turkey, the majority of the Australian Imperial Forces (AIC) were then moved to France to support the war effort on the Western Front, whilst a minority stayed behind in the Middle-East, where they notably contributed to an allied victory at the Battle of Beersheba (October 1917) two years after. By December 1914, the Australia New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) had been formed to support the war effort in Egypt.For the Australians who fought under British command in France however, this was a more unfortunate affair. Take the Battle of the Somme (November 1916) for instance, where 5,533 Australian soldiers were either killed or wounded in under 24 hours. This was however a number which paled in contrast to the Commonwealth’s final casualty count by the end of the First World War, which was tallied at around 60,000 dead and 152,000 wounded (for reference, in 1918 Australia had a population of 5 million). Then with peace now at hand, the Anzacs returned home.A few notable events occurred during the interwar years. Politics took off, with both the National and Communist parties founded in 1920. Industrial disputes characterized the rest of the decade in Australia, while recent developments from the United States including American consumerism, entertainment, culture, and new technologies, quickly made their way south also, albeit with the exception of Prohibition. Immigration begun to pick up, with an additional 300,000 British citizens brought to Australia by various campaigns.The “Westminister Act 1931” was eventually passed by Great Britain, and acted to formally end most constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom (though this was not adopted by Australia until 1942). The Great Depression (1929–39) hit the Commonwealth hard however, leading to a peak unemployment level of 29% nationwide in 1932. Even so, defence spending was still a central focus of Australia during such times, as duly agreed upon by the various administrations of Hughes, Bruce, Scullin, Lyons, Page and Menzies from 1915–41.Then came the outbreak of the Second World War (1939–1945). As with before, a British declaration of war obligated Australia to follow suit, which they did against Nazi Germany (1933–45) on 3 September 1939. The crucial difference this time around however, was that Australia itself was now at risk. Formerly a British ally, the Japanese Empire (1868–1947) had set its sights on the vast southern continent, poised for the kill. It conducted no less than 100 airstrikes on Darwin and Northern Australia to that extent, and even managed to successfully send a number of mini-submarines to Sydney Harbour.Naturally, Australia was forced to fight in both Europe and in Asia alike. From 1940–41, the Commonwealth played prominent roles in the Mediterranean theatre, including but not limited to Operation Compass, the Siege of Tobruk, the Greek Campaign, the Syria-Lebanon Campaign, the Battle of Crete, and the Second Battle of Al-Alamein. Meanwhile back in Asia, Japan was attempting to isolate Australia from the rest of the world, by planning a seabourne invasion of Port Moresby.When the US Navy thwarted their plans at the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942), Japan went forward with a second attempt which was land based. This time, the Australian Army itself prevented the Japanese from fulfilling their ambitions, by way of the famous Kokoda Trail in the highlands of New Guinea - a feat which ultimately came to define Commonwealth involvement in World War Two. During the six years of WWII, 1 million men and women were involved in the war effort, out of a population of 7 million. By its end in 1945, the death toll had risen to 39,700 - 8,000 of which died in Japanese captivity alone.The World Wars were an early test for a nation as young and therefore fragile as Australia, but at last, it was over, and by its end the Commonwealth was still standing strong and defiant. With the past now behind them, Australia looked towards the future instead.Image 4: The Australian Army at Gallipolli during the First World War.In the foreground lies a wounded soldier, as hundreds of other “Diggers” move among the dead and wounded on the beach at Anzac Cove on the day of the landing. In addition to this are the soldiers with Red Cross armbands, who were responsible for tending to the wounded. To be noted are the boxes of equipment stacked among the men, as well as the discarded personal equipment which littered the beach.“Renovatio”: Australia - The Emerging Power (1945–1996)The Post-War era in Australia was defined by several important societal changes.The first being immigration. If World War II had taught Australia one thing, it was that 7 million people could not be expected to defend an entire continent by themselves. Australia to that extent, on the basis of “Populate or Perish”, begun to expand its immigration scheme to the rest of the world. British citizens were still overwhelmingly preferred above all others, but due to lacking quantities the Commonwealth was forced to take in large numbers of Southern and Central Europeans to Australia for the first time.This begun shortly after WWII, but took off in 1958 when a leaflet was published, proclaiming that many unskilled non-British migrants were desperately needed, on projects that would have been deemed “unacceptable” for a British or Australian citizen to take up. Despite such degradation, many Europeans were forced to depart from their respective countries regardless, as the continent had been left in ruins by WWII - a burden which had not extended to Australia by stark contrast.Immigration to Australia was further eased, when the Menzies Administration (1949–66) passed the “Migration Act 1958”, which prohibited the earlier arbitrariness of using any European language in dictation tests, which had up until then been used as a prerequisite for immigration. Instead, the tests were replaced with a new entry permit system, that assessed a potential migrant based on one’s skill and economic value.Further reforms in the 1960s effectively ended the discriminating White Australia policy, and come 1973 the Immigration Restriction Act was removed entirely. This was how it came to be then, that no less than 4.2 million migrants to Australia - amongst which only 40% were British or Irish in origin - came to the Commonwealth from 1945–85, from the likes of the Netherlands, Italy, New Zealand, Malta, Yugoslavia, Greece, Austria, Germany, and eventually Hong Kong, the Philippines, Vietnam, Lebanon, Turkey and India.In part due to the waves of skilled migrants which inundated Australia, the Economy of the Commonwealth subsequently took off from the 1950s to the 1990s. Gains in both living standards and leisure time were made, with car ownership increasing from 130 owners in every 1,000 in 1949 to 271 owners in every 1,000 come 1961. By the early 1960s, Holden, an Australian car company had in its charge between 80,000 to 100,000 workers, of which at least 80% were migrant labourers. Similarly, Sheep numbers grew from 113 million in 1950 to 171 million in 1965. Wool production meanwhile increased from 518,000 to 819,000 tonnes in the same period.Urbanization rates expanded rapidly, and by 1966 only 14% of the Commonwealth lived in rural Australia, down from 31% in 1933. During the 1950s, Australia was blessed with the fortune of “full employment”, and this subsequently led to further gains in living standards in addition to dramatic increases in home ownership, which by the times of the following decade gave the Commonwealth the world’s most equitable distribution of income amongst any and all countries. A survey in the 1960s estimated that 94% of homes had a fridge, 50% a telephone, 55% a television, 60% a washing machine, and 73% a vacuum cleaner.The Post-War era was also a time for change in regards to foreign partners. Whilst Great Britain had traditionally been Australia’s closest economic and military partner, this soon changed when in 1951, the “Australia, New Zealand, and United States Security Treaty” (ANZUS) was signed, thus making each power a formal ally of the other two. Throughout the succeeding years, various Australian administrations would struggle over the issue of which power was more important to Australian interests: Britain or America?By the end of the Menzies Administration however, there came to be a general consensus that Australia would remain a firm supporter of both the British Monarchy in addition to the “Commonwealth of Nations”, whilst remaining a steadfast US ally. In terms of economics, Australia eventually also reached out to its former enemy Japan, and engaged the island nation in a series of trade deals, thus beginning a period of growth whereby Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.Trade with the UK by stark contrast, declined throughout the 1950s and 1960s, reflecting Great Britain’s now diminishing vitality to the Commonwealth of Australia.Similar to its new found ally the United States, another enemy eventually came to Commonwealth shores in the form of Marxism. The Government responded quickly to this “Red Terror” by attempting to ban the Communist Party, first by legislation in 1950 and later by referendum in 1951 but alas to no avail. Foreign intervention with the intention to halt the communist spread on the other hand, here the Commonwealth played a crucial role in. Urged on by America, Australia intervened in the Korean War (1950–53) and deployed 17,000 soldiers to the Korean Peninsular. By the war’s end, 339 Australians had been killed.As Australian vitality to the US increased in the context of anti-communism, additional military treaties were subsequently made including the “Southeast Asia Treaty Organization” (SEATO) which was signed a year after the Korean War’s end. Again prompted by the alliance with America, the Commonwealth then participated afterwards in the infamous Vietnam War (1955–75). Australian contribution to the War begun early in 1962, when advisers were already being sent to South Vietnam (1955–75), to help train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).Despite initial enthusiasm, by 1966 the War was already unpopular in the Commonwealth, drawing mass protests from the Australian public, the largest amongst which was the Melbourne march of 100,000 during the mid-1970s. After the US implementation of “Vietnamization”, Australian forces begun to withdraw, with the last Commonwealth troops pulling out from Vietnam by December 1972. Ultimately, the Australian presence in Vietnam lasted 10 years, saw 500 killed, and $218 million expended between 1962–72. Many Vietnamese refugees then fled to the Commonwealth after the War’s end, seeking sanctuary from the oppression of the new totalitarian communist regime.Domestically, both during and after the course of the Vietnam War, Australian society was making several gains here as well. Throughout the 1970s, Commonwealth cinema begun to take off and many films were subsequently made, centered around Australian themes. Australian history at this time was finally introduced into the school curriculum, whilst the famous Sydney Opera House was finished in 1973, and was followed in the same year by writer Patrick White, who became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize for Literature.Similarly, rights pertaining to the Indigenous were expanded towards the latter half of the 20th century. This begun with the “Commonwealth Electoral Act” (1962), which proclaimed that henceforth all Indigenous peoples would have the right to enrol and vote at Federal elections. It was Queensland (1965) however, that first passed legislation providing Indigenous Australians with the right to vote at the State level.The 1967 Referendum then saw Australians vote by a 90% majority to change the constitution, in order to include all Indigenous in the national census and allow the Federal parliament to legislate on their behalf. And in 1992, the landmark case of “Mabo V Queensland (No 2)” was concluded by the High Court, which ruled that at the time of British arrival, Australia had not been “Terra Nullius” and so thus, traditional Aboriginal claims to the land were still valid despite both European assertions to the contrary, as well as the reception of British law.In 1984, following a plebiscite to choose the state song in 1977, “Advance Australia Fair” was adopted by the Commonwealth as the official national anthem of Australia, thereby replacing “God Save the Queen”, which was then relegated to the status of mere royal anthem instead. Some at the time interpreted this to mean the inevitable end of British influence in Australia. Ultimately, these sentiments proved to be correct and not two years later, the end was nigh for a future British role in the Commonwealth.With the passing of the “Australia Act 1986” therefore, all possibility for British influence in the Commonwealth however symbolic or de facto was removed entirely. Already seldom used, the option of judicial appeals to the Privy Council in London was also repealed. By the time that John Howard had been elected as Australia’s 25th Prime Minister in 1996 therefore, Australia was now a fully independent nation with considerable influence across the entire world - a far flung picture relative to its humble beginnings at the time of the First Fleet’s arrival in what was then New Holland.Image 5: A photograph of Sydney during the 1950s Australian economic boom.Here in particular, the focus is on a series of trams which were operating at the intersection of Barrack Street and George Street.To be noted also is the department store in the background. Named after its owner; a Welsh immigrant, “David Jones” was a private limited company (est. 1838) which specialised in selling upmarket fashion, and is to this day considered to be the oldest continuously operating department store in the world still trading under its original name.“Young and Free”: Modern Australia in the ‘Asian Century’ (1996–Present)Recent years have seen the coming and going of several notable turn of events.The introduction of a nationwide gun control scheme in Australia, being one such development. In response to the infamous Port Arthur Massacre (28–29 April 1996), in which a lone gunman murdered 35 innocent bystanders with the aid of two semi-automatic rifles (an L1A1 SLR and a Colt AR-15), the Howard Administration (1996–2007) resolved to take immediate action, in order to preserve the public safety of the Australian people. Therefore via the assistance of a “gun buy-back” scheme, from 1 October 1996 to 30 September 1997 the government reacquired and destroyed over an estimated 1 million firearms.Two years after in 1999, the Commonwealth held a nationwide referendum on the subject of whether Australia should discard the monarchy in favour of a republic. The result was that 55% of voters and a majority in every state rejected the proposal to become a republic, in which a president would be appointed based on a two-thirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. In the same year, prompted by the political instability of neighbouring East Timor, Australia led a United Nations taskforce into the country, and established both democracy and independence for the new republic, which held its first elections on August 30th, 2001.Following a successful bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia then rose to international acclaim, as 10,651 athletes from 199 countries made their way thousands of kilometres from all over the world to the continent’s largest city, in order to participate in 300 different events, in 28 unique sports. The Opening Ceremony was particularly noteworthy, as it featured a host of iconic Australian imagery and history. Also of similar importance was the Flame Ceremony, which paid special tribute to female athletes, including the freestyle swimmer Dawn Fraser as well as Indigenous Australian, Cathy Freeman, who was given the honour of lighting the Olympic flame.Then came the bombings of the World Trade Center on September 11th, 2001. After the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) council concluded that the terrorist attacks on the United States were an attack on all allied nations that satisfied Article 5 of the NATO charter, John Howard responded by invoking Article IV of the ANZUS treaty which obligated the Commonwealth to come to the defence of their greatest ally. Following this, both Australia and New Zealand provided military units, including special forces and naval ships, in support of the US led “Operation Enduring Freedom” (2001–14) against Taliban insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan.Immigration in general continued to expand under the Howard Administration, but was at the same time also restricted in several areas. A series of strict policies and laws were passed for instance, with the intention to discourage migrants arriving by boat without official authorisation. The “Pacific Solution” (implemented 2001–07) was foremost amongst these many policies, and based on its framework, all asylum seekers who travelled to Australia by sea were then either forced to turn back, or else be subject to the horrors of various detention facilities in Nauru and Papua New Guinea, whilst their refugee status was pending.During the Howard Administration, Australia’s ties to Asia continued to expand dramatically. Where previously Japan had been the continent’s largest trading partner, the newly ascendant People’s Republic of China had now entered into the picture, allowing the Commonwealth to experience an unprecedented period of economic growth and prosperity. It was a shift which ultimately proved to be evident at the primary and secondary educational levels, when various Eastern languages were then introduced into Australian schools. At the same time, Australia continued to maintain and strengthen ties with Great Britain and the United States, thus retaining old friends whilst gaining new ones.After the John Howard, came the election of Kevin Rudd who led Australia from 2007–10. Within the brief three years that he spent in office, Rudd attempted to reconcile White Australia with the Aboriginal peoples, by leading a historic parliamentary apology to the Stolen Generations for the abuses which they had been subjected to, during the early 20th century. In accordance with his center-left views, Rudd also attempted to combat climate change via the ratification of the “Kyoto Protocol”, in addition to the proposal of a controversial carbon tax which he later reneged on. Notably, Rudd also further expanded upon Australia’s ties with Asia, which would ultimately prove to be indispensable shortly after.Case in point, precipitated by chaos within the US subprime mortgage market, an international banking catastrophe resulted, eventually leading to the recent “Global Financial Crisis” (2007–08). All over the world, the Crisis decimated entire nations leading to negative economic growth for several countries in 2009, inclusive to Japan, the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Canada and Russia.By stark contrast, Australia during the same period not only managed to emerged unaffected for the most part, but even witnessed a growth rate of 1.9% in real GDP. This was the fruits of a strong relationship with Asia as such, and in particular with China - the world’s newly emerging economic power, which in stark contrast to the Western world had grown at a rate of 9.2% year on year in terms of real GDP growth, thus allowing Chinese imports of Australian goods and commodities to take off, even during a financial crisis.In addition to this, the Rudd Administration also contributed to the negating of the Global Financial Crisis’ impact on the Commonwealth, by announcing a $42 billion stimulus package in February 2009, which consisted of: an infrastructure program worth $26 billion, tax breaks for small businesses worth $2.7 billion, and $12.7 billion for cash bonuses, including $950 for every Australian taxpayer who earned less than $80,000 during the 2007-8 financial year. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) also pursued an expansionary stance with regards to Australia’s Monetary Policy, when they decreased interest rates from 4.25% to 3.25% - the lowest it had been then since 1964 - in order to spur private consumption expenditure.In 2010, Rudd was ousted by his own party in favour of Julia Gilliard who then became Australia’s first female Prime Minister. Under the Gilliard Administration (2010–13), the Commonwealth recovered from the Global Financial Crisis much better than had been expected. Case in point, in the third quarter of 2011, the Australian Economy grew 2.5% as opposed to the 2.1% which had been predicted. In July 2012, the Government then implemented the highly controversial carbon tax, as first proposed under Kevin Rudd, with the intention to both penalise big polluters as well as meet climate change obligations.Then after months of inner party turmoil, Gilliard was deposed of and Rudd returned as Prime Minister in June 2013.After elections were held in September the same year however, a Coalition government again seized power under Tony Abbott, whose first act in October was to expand on predecessor John Howard’s stance towards illegal maritime immigration, by adopting a new policy which obligated the Australian Navy to redirect incoming refugees to Indonesia. Whilst the Abbott Administration (2013–15) was in power, Australia’s first religiously motivated act of violence came about, when Man Haron Monis took 18 hostages at a Lindt cafe in Sydney, which ended after a 17 hour standoff with the New South Wales police, resulting in the deaths of two hostages as well as that of the perpetrator.As with Gilliard who came before, inner party turmoil then ensued, leading to Abbot’s replacement in September 2015 with Malcolm Turnbull. Under the Turnbull Administration (2015–18), same sex marriage was made legal in December 2017, following a national survey that showed support from 61% of voters. The following year in August 2018 however, Turnbull was forced to step aside after an unsuccessful right-wing challenge to his leadership. He was replaced instead by Finance Minister Scott Morrison, who to this day remains the current Prime Minister of Australia (at least until the next election in 2 weeks time - probably).Image 6: The 2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in Sydney (Sept. 15th)The Opening Ceremony took place at Stadium Australia, a facility designed specifically with the Sydney Olympics in mind. The area of the oval measured in at around 170m x 128m, while the Stadium as a whole costed $690 million to construct. In this particular photo, a crowd of 110,000 was in attendance on the day of the Opening Ceremony in September, 2000. This was however followed up by a record attendance of 115,000 at the Closing Ceremony on 1 October the same year.Political feuds aside, today the Commonwealth of Australia has continued to live up to its title of the “Lucky Country”. It maintains for instance the world’s 14th largest economy, as well as the world’s 10th highest GDP per Capita. Immigration to the Commonwealth also remains strong, with 26% of the population (which is currently 25,034,096 as of 1 May) at any given time being comprised of individuals not born within Australia.Out of the 200 countries which exist today, Australia is currently ranked third in terms of the Human Development Index (HDI) which measures the overall prosperity of a given country (accounting for average life expectancy, average income and average education). The Commonwealth is also the 8th highest ranked liberal democracy worldwide, with a set of civil liberties and political rights that overshadows the vast majority of the international community.Australia also maintains a highly developed, and mostly Free Market economy which is supplemented by a strong and vibrant public sector, especially in terms of Healthcare and Education. It also maintains a highly secular society, where religions from all over coexist together in harmony, and is also highly globalized and interconnected with the rest of the world, as evident from its membership in organisations such as the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, G20, ANZUS, OECD, APEC, and the ASEAN Plus Six.For the foreseeable future therefore, the Commonwealth of Australia will continue to make history as one of the World’s more indispensable nations. Of this fact, one can be certain.