Islamic (Hijri) Calendar Year Ce. Islamic Calendar: Fill & Download for Free

Looks like the big reason it is so accurate is because it’s tied to the equinox. Here is the article where I found some info on this: Persian Calendar“The Persian Calendar (Solar Hijri Calendar)Officially used in Iran and Afghanistan, the Solar Hijri calendar is one of the world's most accurate calendar systems. It is also known as Persian Calendar, Iranian Calendar, and SH Calendar.Astronomer Omar Khayyam's tomb.©http://bigstockphoto.com/rasoul aliThe Solar Hijri calendar is not to be confused with the Hijri calendar used in many Muslim countries and by Muslims around the world.What's the difference?Tied to the EquinoxThe Solar Hijri calendar is a solar calendar, meaning that its time reckoning is based on the Earth's movements around the Sun.Unlike the Gregorian calendar, which follows a set of predetermined rules to stay in sync with the solar year, the Solar Hijri calendar is based on astronomical observations. The year begins at midnight closest to the vernal equinox in Iran – specifically at the Iran Standard Time meridian at longitude 52.5° east, which runs about 250 miles (400 km) east of Tehran. The first day of the new year is called Nowruz, and it is celebrated around the world by Iranian people.Tying the Solar Hijri calendar so closely to the astronomical seasons makes it much more accurate than the Gregorian calendar, which, even in its modern form, deviates from the solar year by 1 day in 3236 years.How accurate are different calendar systems?Months in the Persian CalendarMonth NamesDaysFarvardin [fæɾvæɾˈdiːn]31Ordibehesht [oɾdiːbeˈheʃt]31Khordad [xoɾˈdɒːd]31Tir [tiːɾ]31Mordad [moɾˈdɒːd]31Shahrivar [ʃæhɾiːˈvæɾ]31Mehr [mehɾ]30Aban [ɒːˈbɒːn]30Azar [ɒːˈzæɾ]30Dey [dei̯]30Bahman [bæhˈmæn]30Esfand [esˈfænd]29/30Calendar StructureA year in the Solar Hijri calendar is divided into 12 months of varying lengths. The first 6 months have 31 days, and months 7 through 11 have 30 days. The last month, Esfand, has 29 days in a common year and 30 days in a leap year.Leap years in the Persian calendarWhen Was Year 1?The Solar Hijri year count starts with the Islamic prophet Mohammed's migration (Hegira or Hijrah) to Medina in 622 CE. Although the Solar Hijri calendar shares this start date with the Islamic calendar (Hijri calendar), the calendar systems are not related otherwise.The Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar. Because of this, the year counts between the Solar Hijri calendar and the Hijri calendar differ substantially. For example, January 1, 2016 fell into year 1394 in the Solar Hijri calendar, which corresponds to year 1437 in the Hijri calendar.Leap Year RulesLike in the Gregorian calendar, a common year in the Solar Hijri calendar has 365 days while a leap year has 366 days. However, because the Solar Hijri calendar is an observational calendar, there are no mathematical rules to determine leap years. Instead, it is the number of days between two vernal equinoxes that determines if Esfand has 29 or 30 days.Common years in the Gregorian calendarLeap years in the Gregorian calendarRule-Based VersionA number of complex mathematical rules have been suggested to determine the distribution of leap years in the Solar Hijri calendar. One of them achieves a degree of accuracy very similar to that of the observational version, requiring about 110,000 years to accumulate an error of 1 day.History and BackgroundThe Solar Hijri calendar has been Iran's official calendar since 1925. In Afghanistan, it was introduced in 1957.The earliest forms of Iranian time reckoning date back as far as the second millennium BCE. A number of different calendar systems were used in Persia through the centuries, including the Zoroastrian calendar and the Islamic calendar. The first version of the modern Solar Hijri calendar, the Jalali calendar, was developed in the 11th century by a group of astronomers including the Persian scientist Omar Khayyam.”I hope this gives you more insight on the Iranian Calendar! Thanks for your question. I hope my answer was helpful.

622 CE is the year according to the Gregorian calendar.61 AH is the year according to Islamic Hijri calendar.Gragorian calender has a fixed 365 days in every year, with a 366th day every 4th year.Hijri calendar’s number of days can range from 348 to 360, because every month has 29 or 30 days depending on the moon’s citation.It means that 33 solar years are roughly equal to 34 hijri years (+/-1, depending on the no. of days in the hijri calendar).So essentially, hijri calendar has lesser no. of days which results in faster passage of hijri years than the gregorian years. It is entirely plausible that 58 gregorian years have passed but according to hijri calendar, it is the 61st year.

To see if Muhammad (570 - 632) did exist as an Historical figure, we shall carry out a research not on the relics attributed to him, rather search for him in the artifacts, inscriptions, manuscripts and coins from his era, confirmed by radio carbon dating, numismatics, and epigraphy.To summarize, yes He did indeed exist, so did his companions like Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali, Abu Talib, Zubair, Abdullah ibn Zubair, Marwan ibn Hakam, Muawiyah, Abu Ubaidah, etc. We have more proof for their existence, more than we have for other historical figures like Alexander the Great or Genghis khan. But I'll focus on the question, and discuss only the prophet Muhammad, and ignore his companions.We shall start with the oldest source. I'll take you back to the battle of trench, March 627 AD – April 627 AD.This battle was fought by the anti islamic forces of Quraish and Ghatanfan against Muslims of Madinah. Muslims were under the lead of Prophet Muhammad. A companion is the prophet, Salman the Persian advised to build a trench around the city North of the mount Sela. During the battle, prophet's cousin, Ali ibn Abu Talib showed great bravery fighting at two fronts. During the battle, Quraizah, a Jewish tribe rebelled against Muslims. The Muslim chieftain of Madinah, a prominent companion of Muhammad, Saad ibn Muad acted as an arbitrator to pronounce judgment upon them.Now in the last century, an rock inscription was discovered in mount Sela containing the names of prophet Muhammad, Ali, Salman, and Saad.In the fourth and fifth line appear the words, “I am Muhammad bin Abdullah” and that is the full name of the prophet Muhammad as his father was Abdullah. In the eighth line is the name, “ I am Salman the (?)”. In the twelfth line is the phrase “I am Sa'd bin Mu'adh”. And Finally on the fifteenth line “I am Ali bin Abu Talib”. As it is known that Saad ibn Muad died in 627, the inscription can not be from a later era. Note: ‘Ibn’ or ‘bin’ are Arabic words meaning 'son of'.The inscription does not bear a date because the islamic hijri calendar was not devised until 639 CE. Based on the writing style, it is most likely from around 625 CE according to Y. H. Safadi.In either case it is a confirmed contemporary mention of the prophet Muhammad and some of his companions.Other inscriptions nearby mention the Shahada and the names of Abu Bakr and Umar ibn Al Khattab. These may be from a later era, about mid 630s.Moving on the next earliest mention of the prophet Muhammad comes in a Quranic manuscript, catalogued as BnF Arabe 328(c) commonly known as the Birmingham Quran Manuscript, now catalogued as Mingana 1572a, contains verses 17–31 of Surah 18 (Al-Kahf), the final eight verses 91–98 of Surah 19 (Maryam) and the first 40 verses of Surah 20 (Ta-Ha). The manuscript was carbon dated Between c. 568 and 645 CE with 95.4% confidence, and can be identified as the first compilation of the Quran by Abu Bakr known as Mushaf al Hafsa. The text of this manuscript is the same as the modern one, with one verse division missing.A lesser known fact to the western world is that Muhammad is known by 99 names, among them is “Ta-ha” which was used by Allah to refer to the prophet Muhammad, and it appears in the folio 1 of the manuscript.Now moving forward, we know that Muslim armies conquered all of Arabia under the first caliph Abu Bakr. Now the great powers, the Sassanids and the Byzantine empires were hearing of Prophet Muhammad. From the Byzantine empire we get the earliest dated mention of the prophet.Teaching of Jacob (13–20 AH / 634–640 CE):“The prophet had appeared” and “What can you tell me about the prophet who has appeared with the Saracens?"This refers to Prophet Muhammad.Next a manuscript known as BL . 14,461 (15-16 AH / 637 CE) mentioned Muhammad in the following words,“Many villages were ruined with killing by [the Arabs of] Muhammad” & “on the twentieth of August in the year n[ine hundred and forty-]seven there gathered in Gabitha [...] the Romans and great many people were ki[lled of] [the R]omans, [s]ome fifty thousand [...]”Here Prophet Muhammad mentioned by name along with the famous battle of Yarmuk / Gabitha(a town to the north of the river Yarmuk). Also gives the date for this battle: 20th August AG 947 = 636 CE / Rajab 15 AH.Next the syriac text preserved on BL Add. 14,643 (7 19 AH / 640 CE)“In the year 945, indiction 7, on Friday 4 February [634 CE / Dhul Qa‘dah 12 AH] at the ninth hour, there was a battle between the Romans and the Arabs of Muhmd (Muhammad)”Prophet Muhammad mentioned by name and recorded as a well-known person in Middle East only a year and half after his traditional death (June 8, 632 CE). This is first dated mention of Prophet Muhammad.Next he is mentioned in a rock inscription from Jerusalem, know as Jerusalem 32 ,(32 AH / 652 CE)It states,L1: “In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.”L4: “the protection of Allah and the guarantee of His Messenger.”L6: “And witnessed it ʿAbd al-Raḥmān bin ʿAwf”L7: “al-Zuhri, and Abū ʿUbaydah bin al-Jarrāḥ”L8: “and its writer - Muʿāwiya....”L9: “the year thirty two (?)”This inscription just does not mention Muhammad as the messenger but also Abd al-Rahman bin Awf, and Abu Ubaydah bin al-Jarrah, both among the ten blessed companions. A certain Muawiyah is mentioned, most likely the future Umayyad caliph Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan who was a companion of Muhammad, and one of the scribes of the holy Quran, here mentioned as the 'writer'.Khuzistan Chronicle (40’s AH / 660’s CE) is another syriac chronicle, mentioned prophet Muhammad in detail,“Then God raised up against them the sons of Ishmael, [numerous] as the sand on the sea shore, whose leader was Mḥmd (Muhammad). Neither walls nor gates, armor or shield, withstood them, and they gained control over the entire land of the Persians. Yazdgird sent against them countless troops, but the Arabs routed them all and even killed Rustam. Yazdgird shut himself up in the walls of Mahoze and finally escaped by flight. He reached the country of the Huzaye and Mrwnaye, where he ended his life. The Arabs gained countrol of Mahoze and all the territory. They also came to Byzantine territory, plundering and ravaging the entire region of Syria. Heraclius, the Byzantine king, sent armies against them, but the Arabs killed more than 100,000 of them.”This text confirmed that prophet Muhammad is a descendant of Ishmael as claimed by Muslims. In summary, concerning Muhammad, the chronicler says that he was the leader of the sons of Ishmael, whom God raised against the Persians.Sebeos, Bishop Of The Bagratunis, in A History of Heraclius, (40’s AH / 660’s CE) also mentioned Muhammad,“At that time a certain man from along those same sons of Ismael, whose name was Mahmet (Muhammad), a merchant, as if by God's command appeared to them as a preacher [and] the path of truth. He taught them to recognize the God of Abraham, especially because he was learnt and informed in the history of Moses. Now because the command was from on high, at a single order they all came together in unity of religion. Abandoning their vain cults, they turned to the living God who had appeared to their father Abraham. So, Mahmet (Muhammad) legislated for them: not to eat carrion, not to drink wine, not to speak falsely, and not to engage in fornication. He said: “With an oath God promised this land to Abraham and his seed after him forever. And he brought about as he promised during that time while he loved Ismael. But now you are the sons of Abraham and God is accomplishing his promise to Abraham and his seed for you. Love sincerely only the God of Abraham, and go and seize the land which God gave to your father Abraham. No one will be able to resist you in battle, because God is with you.””Turns out that Sebeos knew Muhammad's name and that he was a merchant by profession. He hints that his life was suddenly changed by a divinely inspired revelation. He presents a good summary of Muhammad's preaching, belief in one God, Abraham as a common ancestor of Jews and Arabs. He picks out some of the rules of behaviour imposed on the umma; the four prohibitions which are mentioned in the Qur'an. Much of what he says about the origins of Islam conforms to the Muslim tradition.The first mention to Muhammad on coins come from the coin of the Zubayrid governor of Bīshāpūr, ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd Allāh bin ʿĀmir. He was the governor under Abdullah ibn Zubair, a prominent companion of prophet Muhammad.Obverse margin: “bism Allāh / Muḥammad rasūl / Allāh” (In the name of Allah, Muhhammad is the Messenger of Allah).Located in the British Museum, London. This is the earliest occurance of the name "Muḥammad" in a dated Muslim text, a silver drachm that bore the short shahāda.Following this we have too much coming out mentioning Muhammad. So I decided to stop here, as I have covered some of the earliest authentic records, most of which would not be know to most of the readers.Hopefully this answer has been helpful. Any further questions may be questioned in the comments below.