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Many companies have used Haskell for a range of projects, including:ABN AMRO Amsterdam, The NetherlandsABN AMRO is an international bank headquartered in Amsterdam. For its investment banking activities it needs to measure the counterparty risk on portfolios of financial derivatives.ABN AMRO's CUFP talk.Aetion Technologies LLC, Columbus, OhioAetion was a defense contractor in operation from 1999 to 2011, whose applications use artificial intelligence. Rapidly changing priorities make it important to minimize the code impact of changes, which suits Haskell well. Aetion developed three main projects in Haskell, all successful. Haskell's concise code was perhaps most important for rewriting: it made it practicable to throw away old code occasionally. DSELs allowed the AI to be specified very declaratively.Aetion's CUFP talk.Alcatel-LucentA consortium of groups, including Alcatel-Lucent, have used Haskell to prototype narrowband software radio systems, running in (soft) real-time.Alcatel-Lucent's CUFP talkAllston TradingHeadquartered in Chicago, Illinois, Allston Trading, LLC is a premier high frequency market maker in over 40 financial exchanges, in 20 countries, and in nearly every conceivable product class. Allston makes some use of Haskell for their trading infrastructure.Alpha Heavy IndustriesAlpha Heavy Industries is an alternative asset manager dedicated to producing superior returns through quantitative methods. They use Haskell as their primary implementation language.Amgen Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaAmgen is a human therapeutics company in the biotechnology industry. Amgen pioneered the development of novel products based on advances in recombinant DNA and molecular biology and launched the biotechnology industry’s first blockbuster medicines. Amgen uses Haskell;To rapidly build software to implement mathematical models and other complex, mathematically oriented applicationsProvide a more mathematically rigorous validation of softwareTo break developers out of their software development rut by giving them a new way to think about software.Amgen's CUFP talk.Ansemond LLC"Find It! Keep It! is a Mac Web Browser that lets you keep the pages you visit in a database. A list of these pages is shown in the 'database view'. "Antiope Fair Haven, New JerseyAntiope Associates provides custom solutions for wireless communication and networking problems. Our team has expertise in all aspects of wireless system design, from the physical and protocol layers to complex networked applications. Antiope Associates relies on a number of advanced techniques to ensure that the communication systems we design are reliable and free from error. We use custom simulation tools developed in Haskell, to model our hardware designs..Antiope's CUFP talk.AT&THaskell is being used in the Network Security division to automate processing of internet abuse complaints. Haskell has allowed us to easily meet very tight deadlines with reliable results.Bank of America Merril LynchHaskell is being used for backend data transformation and loading.Barclays Capital Quantitative Analytics GroupBarclays Capital's Quantitative Analytics group is using Haskell to develop an embedded domain-specific functional language (called FPF) which is used to specify exotic equity derivatives. These derivatives, which are naturally best described in terms of mathematical functions, and constructed compositionally, map well to being expressed in an embedded functional language. This language is now regularly being used by people who had no previous functional language experience.Simon Frankau et al's JFP paper on their use of HaskellRead their 2013 job advertisementBAE SystemsAs part of the SAFE project, BAE has built a collection of compilers, interpreters, simulators, and EDSLs almost entirely in Haskell.CUFP 2013 talkBazQux ReaderBazQux Reader is a commercial RSS reader. Its feeds and comments crawler and a part of web-server are implemented in Haskell.BetterBetter, formerly known as Erudify, is a learning company built around the mission of making people better. We are an unusual mix of a software company, a consulting firm, and a creative agency. This tight integration enables us to deliver innovative, high-quality courses to our customers. Founded in 2012, Better is based in Zurich, Switzerland and New York, USA. Better is fully invested in Haskell; Most parts of our back-end system (web-servers and learning logic) are written in Haskell. Haskell is also used in most parts of our front-end system.bCODE Pty Ltd Sydney AustraliabCode Pty Ltd is a small venture capital-funded startup using Ocaml and a bit of Haskell in Sydney Australia.Bdellium Hawaii, United StatesBdellium develops software systems that enable companies in the financial industry to deliver new customer services that grow their business. Bdellium uses Haskell for heavy lifting analysis in back end infrastructure.Bluespec, Inc. Waltham, MassachusettsDeveloping a modern integrated circuit (ASIC or FPGA) is an enormously expensive process involving specification, modeling (to choose and fix the architecture), design (to describe what will become silicon) and verification (to ensure that it meets the specs), all before actually committing anything to silicon (where the cost of a failure can be tens of millions of dollars). Bluespec, Inc. is a three year-old company that provides language facilities, methodologies, and tools for this purpose, within the framework of the IEEE standard languages SystemVerilog and SystemC, but borrowing ideas heavily from Term Rewriting Systems and functional programming languages like Haskell. In this talk, after a brief technical overview to set the context, we will describe our tactics and strategies, and the challenges we face, in introducing declarative programming ideas into this field, both externally (convincing customers about the value of these ideas) and internally (using Haskell for our tool implementation).Bluespec's CUFP talk.BumpBump use a Haskell-based server, Angel, for process supervisor for all their backend systems, and for other infrastructure tasks.Haskell at BumpCapital IQWe have been using functional programming here at S&P Capital IQ in Scala, Haskell, and our homegrown reporting language Ermine, since 2008 for financial analytics.Capital IQ's CUFP 2013 talkChordifyChordify is a free online music service that transforms music, from YouTube, Deezer, SoundCloud or uploaded files, into chords. There's an ICFP experience report explaining how Haskell is used for this: José Pedro Magalhães and W. Bas de Haas. Functional Modelling of Musical Harmony: an Experience Report. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP'11), pp. 156–162, ACM, 2011.Circos Brand Karma SingaporeBrand Karma provides services to brand owners to measure online sentiments towards their brands. Haskell is used in building parts of the product, specifically for back-end job scheduling and brand matching.CircuitHubCircuitHub aims to be the AWS for manufacturing, enabling hardware companies and makers to instantly quote designs and scale from prototype to production. We are also proud to host a large collection of open hardware designs. CircuitHub uses Haskell for our core services and algorithms.Credit Suisse Global Modeling and Analytics Group London, UK; New York City, New YorkGMAG, the quantitative modeling group at Credit Suisse, has been using Haskell for various projects since the beginning of 2006, with the twin aims of improving the productivity of modelers and making it easier for other people within the bank to use GMAG models. Current projects include: Further work on tools for checking, manipulating and transforming spreadsheets; a domain-specific language embedded in Haskell for implementing reusable components that can be compiled into various target forms (see the video presentation: Paradise, a DSEL for Derivatives Pricing).Credit Suisse's CUFP talk.DetexifyDetexify is an online handwriting recognition system, whose backend is written in Haskell.FynderFynder is an online booking platform. We use Haskell and clojurescript, all stitched together with nixosSee more in their original job posting.Deutsche Bank Equity Proprietary Trading, Directional Credit TradingThe Directional Credit Trading group uses Haskell as the primary implementation language for all its software infrastructure.Deutsche Bank's CUFP talk.Eaton Cleveland, OhioDesign and verification of hydraulic hybrid vehicle systemsEaton's CUFP talkEaton's experiences using a Haskell DSL[Ericsson AB]Ericsson uses Haskell for the implementation of Feldspar, an EDSL for digital signal processing algorithms.Ericsson's Feldspar compilerextensiblNew Zealand-based company. Provides a variety of software development, consulting, operational support services worldwide. Both Haskell and Ur/Web are actively used for commercial projects.FacebookFacebook uses some Haskell internally for tools. lex-pass is a tool for programmatically manipulating a PHP code base via Haskell.Facebook's CUFP talkFacebook's HaXL system is open sourceFactis ResearchFactis research, located in Freiburg, Germany, develops reliable and user-friendly mobile solutions. Our client software runs under J2ME, Symbian, iPhone OS, Android, and Blackberry. The server components are implemented in Python and Haskell. We are actively using Haskell for a number of projects, most of which are released under an open-source license.Factis' HCAR submissionfortytools gmbhLocated in Hamburg, Germany, we are developing web-based productivity tools for invoicing, customer management, resource scheduling and time tracking. While using Javascript for building rich frontend application in the browser, we use Haskell to implement the REST backends. Additionally, we do occasional project/client work as well.Oh, and of course we develop and maintain Hayoo! :)Functor AB, Stockholm, SwedenFunctor AB offers new tools for ground-breaking static analysis with pre-test case generation of programs to eliminate defects and bugs in software very early in development. Functor collaborates with the JET fusion reactor run by EFDA CCFE. JET is currently the largest reactor in the world of its kind. At Functor, almost all development is done in Haskell but also to some extent also C and Scala.See more in the Functor AB job advertisementFunktionale Programmierung Dr. Heinrich Hördegen, Munich, GermanyWe develop software prototypes according to the Pareto principle: After spending only 20 percent of budget, we aim to provide already 80 percent of the software's functionality. We can realize this by constructing a 2080-software-prototype that we can further develop into a full-fledged solution...Galois, Inc Portland, OregonGalois designs and develops high confidence software for critical applications. Our innovative approach to software development provides high levels of assurance, yet its scalability enables us to address the most complex problems. We have successfully engineered projects under contract for corporations and government clients in the demanding application areas of security, information assurance and cryptography.Galois' 2007 CUFP talkGalois' 2011 CUFP talkGalois' retrospective on 10 years of industrial Haskell useGoogleHaskell is used on a small number of internal projects in Google, for internal IT infrastructure support, and the open-source Ganeti project. Ganeti is a tool for managing clusters of virtual servers built on top of Xen and KVM.Google's ICFP 2010 experience report on HaskellVideo from ICFP Project Ganeti at GoogleGlydeGlyde uses OCaml and Haskell for a few projects. Glyde uses Haskell for our client-side template source-to-source translator, which converts HAML-like view templates into JS code.Group CommerceGroup Commerce uses Haskell to drive the main component of their advertising infrastructure: a Snap Framework based web server. Haskell enabled quicker development, higher reliability, and better maintainability than other languages, without having to sacrifice performance.HasuraHasura is a BaaS/PaaS focussed on keeping things DRY and letting you write custom code with the tools you love. We're building a micro-service platform christened Instant APIs for web & mobile apps (alpha release scheduled in summer 2015), and we used Haskell as the core programming language to build it.Humane SoftwareWe develop enterprise systems with de-coupled, asynchronous Haskell backends and Javascript UIs.For our current customer, an Internet connectivity provider, we wrote a solution for monitoring multiple remote machines and analyzing gigabytes of traffic samples. Haskell proved an excellent tool for the job. We were able to replace legacy systems in a granular, piece-by-piece manner, while delivering new features.Hustler Turf Equipment Hesston, KansasDesigns, builds, and sells lawn mowers. We use quite a bit of Haskell, especially as a "glue language" for tying together data from different manufacturing-related systems. We also use it for some web apps that are deployed to our dealer network. There are also some uses for it doing sysadmin automation, such as adding/removing people from LDAP servers and the likeiba Consulting Gesellschaft - Intelligent business architecture for you. Leipzig, Germanyiba CG develops software for large companies:risk analysis and reporting solution for power supply company;contract management, assert management, booking and budgeting software for one of the worldwide leading accounting firm.IMVU, IncIMVU, Inc. is a social entertainment company connecting users through 3D avatar-based experiences. See the blog article What it's like to use HaskellInformatik Consulting Systems AGICS AG developed a simulation and testing tool which based on a DSL (Domain Specific Language). The DSL is used for the description of architecture and behavior of distributed system components (event/message based, reactive). The compiler was written in Haskell (with target language Ada). The test system is used in some industrial projects.IntelIntel has developed a Haskell compiler as part of their research on multicore parallelism at scale.Read the Intel Research paper on compilerIVU Traffic Technologies AGThe rostering group at IVU Traffic Technologies AG has been using Haskell to check rosters for compliance with EC regulations. Our implementation is based on an embedded DSL to combine the regulation’s single rules into a solver that not only decides on instances but, in the case of a faulty roster, finds an interpretation of the roster that is “favorable” in the sense that the error messages it entails are “helpful” in leading the dispatcher to the resolution of the issue at hand. The solver is both reliable (due to strong static typing and referential transparency — we have not experienced a failure in three years) and efficient (due to constraint propagation, a custom search strategy, and lazy evaluation). Our EC 561/2006 component is part of the IVU.crew software suite and as such is in wide-spread use all over Europe, both in planning and dispatch. So the next time you enter a regional bus, chances are that the driver’s roster was checked by Haskell.JanRainJanRain uses Haskell for network and web software. Read more about Haskell at JanRain and in theirtech talk at Galois. JanRain's "Capture" user API product is built on Haskell's Snap webframework.See Janrain's technical talk about their use of SnapJoyride LaboratoriesJoyride Laboratories is an independent game development studio, founded in 2009 by Florian Hofer and Sönke Hahn. Their first game, "Nikki and the Robots" was released in 2011.Keera StudiosKeera Studios Ltd is a European game development studio that develops mobile, desktop and web apps.Games: The Android game Magic Cookies! was written in Haskell and released in 2015. Other games include Haskanoid, now being developed for Android, and a multi-platform Graphic Adventure library and engine with Android support and an IDE.Reactive Programming and GUIs: Keera Studios is also the maintainer of Keera Hails, an Open-Source reactive rapid application development framework, which has been used in Gale IDE and other desktop applications. Backends exist for Gtk+, Qt, Wx, Android's native GUI toolkit and Web DOM via GHCJS. Keera Posture is an open-source posture monitor written in Haskell using Keera Hails and Gtk+.Web: Keera Studios also develops web applications in Yesod.See the Facebook page for details on Android games and ongoing development.LinkqloLinkqlo Inc is a Palo Alto-based technology startup that is building a pioneering mobile community to connect people with better fitting clothes. We’re solving an industry-wide pain point for both consumers and fashion brands in retail shopping, sizing and fitting, just like Paypal took on the online payment challenge in 1999. We started deploying Haskell as the backend language recently in August 2015, in an effort to eventually replace all PHP endpoint APIs with Haskell ones.Linkqlo's iOS app from App StoreLinspireLinspire, Inc. has used functional programming since its inception in 2001, beginning with extensive use of O'Caml, with a steady shift to Haskell as its implementations and libraries have matured. Hardware detection, software packaging and CGI web page generation are all areas where we have used functional programming extensively. Haskell's feature set lets us replace much of our use of little languages (e.g., bash or awk) and two-level languages (C or C++ bound to an interpreted language), allowing for faster development, better code sharing and ultimately faster implementations. Above all, we value static type checking for minimizing runtime errors in applications that run in unknown environments and for wrapping legacy programs in strongly typed functions to ensure that we pass valid arguments.Linspire's CUFP talkLinspire's experience report on using functional programming to manage a Linux distributionLumiGuideLumiGuide is an innovative software company which specialises in smart parking and guidance systems for both bicycles and cars. LumiGuide developed and installed the P-route Bicycle system for the City of Utrecht in 2015. This system guides cyclists via digital, street-level displays to available parking space in a number of parking facilities in the city centre. Utrecht is the first city in the world that has a system like this. The detection technology is based on optical sensors which are independent of the bicycle stands. The sensors are mounted to the ceiling in indoor facilities and mounted to poles in outdoor facilities. Every minute, one sensor detects 40 to 60 parking places at the same time in either single- or two-tier bicycle stands as well as (stand-less) free parking places. Bicycles that exceed the maximum parking duration ('orphaned' bicycles) are also detected and the system will automatically keep a log of pictures of the orphaned bicycle which can be used as evidence when the orphaned bicycle is removed by a facility operator. The usage of the facility can be monitored with web-based control software. LumiGuide also develops the indoor and outdoor digital displays which can be controlled using the web-based control software. We are extensively using Haskell and NixOS.MicrosoftMicrosoft uses Haskell for its production serialization system, Bond. Bond is broadly used at Microsoft in high scale services. Microsoft Research has, separately, been a key sponsor of Haskell development since the late 1990s.MITREMITRE uses Haskell for, amongst other things, the analysis of cryptographic protocols.The New York TimesA team at the New York Times used Haskell's parallel array library to process images from 2013 New York Fashion Week. Haskell was chosen based on its fast numerical arrays packages, and ease of parallelization.Model analysisHaskell in the NewsroomNICTANICTA has used Haskell as part of a project to verify the L4 microkernel.Read the Dr. Dobbs article on using Haskell and formal methods to verify a kernelNRAONRAO has used Haskell to implement the core science algorithms for the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) Dynamic Scheduling System (DSS).Source code available on GitHub.NS Solutions(NSSOL) Tokyo, JapanNS Solutions has employed Haskell since 2008 to develop its software packages including "BancMeasure", a mark-to-market accounting software package for financial institutions, "BancMeasure for IFRS" and "Mamecif", a data analysis package. "BancMeasure" and "Mamecif" are registered trademarks of NS Solutions Corporation in JAPAN.NVIDIAAt NVIDIA, we have a handful of in-house tools that are written in HaskellOpenomyOpenomy's API v2.0 is developed in Haskell, using the HAppS web platform.OblomovOblomov Systems is a one-person software company based in Utrecht, The Netherlands. Founded in 2009, Oblomov has since then been working on a number of Haskell-related projects. The main focus lies on web-applications and (web-based) editors. Haskell has turned out to be extremely useful for implementing web servers that communicate with JavaScript clients or iPhone apps.Oblomov's HCAR submission.Patch-Tag: hosting for DarcsNeed somewhere to put your Darcs code? Try us. Patch-Tag is built with happstack, the continuation of the project formerly known as HAppS.Peerium, Inc Cambridge, MassachusettsAt Peerium, we're striving to bring a new level of quality and efficiency to online communication and collaboration within virtual communities, social networks, and business environments. We believe that a new environment that supports the effortless sharing of both information and software will enable a level of online cooperation far beyond current Web-based technologies -- modern programming techniques will enable the creation of more robust and more powerful programs within these environments. To this end, we're building a new software platform for direct, real-time communication and collaboration within graphically rich environments. Peerium is located in the heart of Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts.PlanIt9PlanIt9 is a Yesod-based web application for defining, planning, scheduling and tracking tasks. It's designed to be fast, simple, collaborative and cost effective. We're currently signing up users for our beta program.PlumlifePlum is replacing light switches with Lightpads; a capacitive touch dimmer that is internet connected, clusters with other Lightpads in the home for group control... Haskell composes our cloud services and Erlang is used for the embedded software in the Lightpads (hot-code reloading, easy node clustering, etc...). ... We use Haskell extensively for all of our cloud services software at Plumlife ... Amazing language and ecosystem.Qualcomm, IncQualcomm uses Haskell to generate Lua bindings to the BREW platformSQreamAt SQream, we use Haskell for a large part of our code. We use Haskell for the compiler, which takes SQL statements and turns them into low level instructions for the high performance CUDA runtime. We also use Haskell for rapid prototyping and for many auxiliary utilities.Parallel Scientific, Boulder, Colorado.We are using Haskell to develop an ultra-scalable high-availability resource management system for big clusters (millions of nodes). A key element of the design is to provide scalable and reliable mechanisms for communicating failures and coordinating recovery transitions.See Parallel Scientific's CUFP talkRenaissaince Computing Institute, Chapel Hill, North CarolinaThe Renaissance Computing Institute (RENCI), a multi-institutional organization, brings together multidisciplinary experts and advanced technological capabilities to address pressing research issues and to find solutions to complex problems that affect the quality of life in North Carolina, our nation and the world. Research scientists at RENCI have used Haskell for a number of projects, including The Big Board.RENCI's CUFP talk.SamplecountSamplecount develops mobile, location-aware sound and music applications. They are currently using Haskell for prototyping their server-side soundscape streaming components and as a cross-platform build tool for their mobile applications and frameworks.Sankel Software Albuquerque, New MexicoSankel Software has been using Haskell since 2002 for both prototyping and deployment for technologies ranging from CAD/CAM to gaming and computer animation. We specialize in the development of user-friendly, large, long-term applications that solve difficult and conceptually intricate problems.ScriveScrive is a service for e-signing tenders, contracts, and other documents. We help our clients close deals faster, decrease their administrative burden, and improve their customers’ experience.Siemens Convergence Creators GmbH AustriaSiemens CVC uses Haskell since a few years in the space domain. Starting with small tools like data conversion and automation of scripting tasks over installers we use Haskell currently for Space Protocol Proxies to allow connect different space systems (e.g. Cortex to NCTRS or SLE to NCTRS with COP-1 handling). The main use is currently a Simulator implemented in Haskell which handles parts of NCTRS (or SSB), the ground station and parts of the satellite to be able to make closed-loop tests for the SCOS-2000 based Mission Control System. It is in use for testing and debugging of the Mission Control System and for checking implementation of new features. It has served for various, currently active missions and also is in use for some missions to come.Signali Portland, OregonSignali Corp is a new custom hardware design company. Our chief products are custom IP cores targeted for embedded DSP and cryptographic applications. Our specialty is the design and implementation of computationally intensive, complex algorithms. The interfaces to each core are modular and can be very efficiently modified for your specific application. System-level integration and validation is crucial and is the majority of investment in a product.Soostone New York, NYSoostone is an advanced analytics technology provider specializing in algorithmic optimization opportunities in marketing, pricing, advertising, sales and product management. As the preferred language, Haskell is used intensively at Soostone in numerous applications including customized machine learning algorithms, models/simulations, real-time decision-making engines, DSL/EDSLs, web applications and high volume APIs.Standard CharteredStandard Chartered has a large group using Haskell for all aspects of its wholesale banking business.Starling Software Tokyo, JapanStarling Software are developing a commercial automated options trading system in Haskell, and are migrating other parts of their software suite to Haskell.Starling Software's experience building real time trading systems in HaskellSensor Sense Nijmegen, The NetherlandsSensor Sense is offering high technology systems for gas measurements in the ppbv down to pptvrange. We use Haskell for the embedded control software of our trace gas detectors.For more information see Senor Sense's position advertisementSilk Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSilk investigates and develops new ways of creating and consuming online content. Their Silkapplication makes it easy to filter and visualize large amounts of information.Silk's blog on why they use HaskellA review of SilkSkedge Meskedge.me is an online scheduling platform that allows businesses to completely automate the process of making appointments, such as customer visits, job interviews, and tutoring sessions.See more in their CUFP talkSee their 2014 job advertisementSuite SolutionsSuite Solutions provides products and solutions in support of large sets of technical documentation based on DITA for general technical documentation, and other more specialized XML and SGML formats for specific industries such as the aerospace industry. Many of Suite Solutions' products and solutions, such as the featured products SuiteHelp and SuiteShare, are written in Haskell.SumAll New York, New YorkSumAll aggregates various public streams of data such as various social network data into useful analytics, reports and insights. We are in process of rewriting our entire data-processing backend in Haskell. What attracted us to the language is its disciplined and uncompromising approach to solving hard problems and managing complexity. We truly believe that the language and ecosystem is ready for prime time and will give us competitive advantage in the industry.Tabula.comTabula is a privately held fabless semiconductor company developing 3-D Programmable Logic Devices. Haskell is used for internal compiler toolchains related to hardware design.Tsuru Capital Tokyo, JapanTsuru Capital is operating an automated options trading system written in Haskell.Tsuru Capital's HCAR submissionTupil Utrecht, The NetherlandsTupil is a Dutch company that built software for clients, written in Haskell. Tupil used Haskell for the speed in development and resulting software quality. The company is founded by Chris Eidhof and Eelco Lempsink. Currently they build iPhone/iPad applications in Objective-C.Tupil's experience building commercial web apps in HaskellWagon San Francisco, CaliforniaWagon is a modern SQL editor: a better way for analysts and engineers to write queries, visualize results, and share data & charts.We’re a team of functional programmers writing apps and services in Haskell (and Javascript). We love to teach and learn functional programming; our team is humble, hard working, and fun. Read our engineering blog to learn more about our stack, how we combine Haskell, React, and Electron, and what it’s like working at a Haskell-powered startup.We're hiring Haskell engineers based in San Francisco, learn more about the roles and our team!WeedreporterPage on weedreporter.com is a news site in the up and coming cannabis industry, featuring news stories from around the world and USA. This includes news stories about legalization and medical Marijuana. The site is built using Haskell and Postgres. Haskell has allowed us to build a site with fast load times.

Yes, because more trees are good for us and the environment and cutting emissions is useless and harmful to the environment when the science of human caused global warming is not settled and shoddy.Ask yourself what is the greatest environmental problem causing the most immediate harm to mankind? If you said global warming or climate change you are wrong. Think about the Medieval Warm period when civilizations prospered in every way because of the warming.How Global Warming Made Civilization PossibleNow if you said the greatest environmental disaster killing more than 4 million annually is HOUSEHOLD AIR POLLUTION. You are right.The major environmental harm from climate change theory and alarmism is the broad hindering of the use of cheap fossil fuels like coal to reduce the horrible death rate of more than 4 million annually from Home Air Pollution. The victims need to be on the electric grid and stop harmful outdoor cooking with solid fuels, but the false theory that carbon dioxide has a climate effect and the Paris Accord have demonized coal when this is the best path and essential to bring grid power to Africa, India and China etc.HOW COOKING OFF GRID KILLSCookstove Smoke is “Largest Environmental Threat,” Global Health Study FindsPosted by Marianne Lavelle of The Daily Climate on December 13, 2012 (3)http://energyblog.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/13/cookstove-smoke-is- largest-environmental-threat-global-health-study-finds/A woman bends over an improved cookstove in Cameroon. Photo courtesy of Trees for the Future/Flickr.In a finding that confirms the devastating health impact of energy poverty, the landmark Global Burden of Disease study published today tallied 3.5 million annual deaths from respiratory illness due to burning of wood, brush, dung, and other biomass for fuel.The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is the most comprehensive worldwide observational epidemiological study to date. It describes mortality and morbidity from major diseases, injuries and risk factors to health at global, national and regional levels. Examining trends from 1990 to the present and making comparisons across populations enables understanding of the changing health challenges facing people across the world in the 21st century.]Cooking on traditional cookstoves is a far greater risk factor than poor water and sanitation, lead or radon pollution, or smog (ozone) and outdoor soot, according to the study in today’s Lancet, the largest ever systematic effort to describe the global distribution and causes of mortality. The data indicate that respiratory illness from breathing the emissions from inefficient cookstoves causes more than double the annual deaths attributed either to malaria (1.2 million) or to HIV/AIDS (1.5 million).Seven research institutions from around the world, including Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, Imperial College London, the University of Tokyo, and the World Health Organization (WHO), collaborated on the study, which was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. (Related: “How Healthy is the World?”) The research was much expanded in scope from the 1990 Global Burden of Disease study funded by the World Bank.The new study, if compared to the figures from 20 years ago, marks a decline in global deaths due to cookstove pollution (which stood at 4.6 million in the 1990 study.) But it is roughly double the 2 million annual figure that WHO has been attributing to deaths due to indoor smoke from solid fuels.“These results provide further momentum to our mission to ensure that cooking doesn’t kill,” said Radha Muthiah, executive director of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, a public-private partnership that has been working to deploy cleaner, safer cookstoves.Added Kirk R. Smith, a professor of global environmental health at the University of California, Berkeley, and a co-author of The Lancet article, “One of the most alarming findings is that smoke from cooking fires was found to be the largest environmental threat to health in the world today.”The most harmful environmental impact killing at least 4 million annually is often ignored and is relevant to future tragedy of advancing and following the unfounded theory of climate change. The alarmism carbon reduction targets implemented by the Paris Accord aimed at ending the use of cheap coal and other effective fossil fuels for electricity if followed will cause horrendous health harm to the underdeveloped living in the dark in Africa, India and Asia and more.COOKING OUTDOORS WITH HIGHLY POLLUTING SOLID FUELSHousehold air pollution and health8 May 2018Cookstove Smoke is “Largest Environmental Threat,” Global Health Study FindsPosted by Marianne Lavelle of The Daily Climate on December 13, 2012 (3)http://energyblog.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/13/cookstove-smoke-is- largest-environmental-threat-global-health-study-finds/A woman bends over an improved cookstove in Cameroon. Photo courtesy of Trees for the Future/Flickr.In a finding that confirms the devastating health impact of energy poverty, the landmark Global Burden of Disease study published today tallied 3.5 million annual deaths from respiratory illness due to burning of wood, brush, dung, and other biomass for fuel.The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is the most comprehensive worldwide observational epidemiological study to date. It describes mortality and morbidity from major diseases, injuries and risk factors to health at global, national and regional levels. Examining trends from 1990 to the present and making comparisons across populations enables understanding of the changing health challenges facing people across the world in the 21st century.]Cooking on traditional cookstoves is a far greater risk factor than poor water and sanitation, lead or radon pollution, or smog (ozone) and outdoor soot, according to the study in today’s Lancet, the largest ever systematic effort to describe the global distribution and causes of mortality. The data indicate that respiratory illness from breathing the emissions from inefficient cookstoves causes more than double the annual deaths attributed either to malaria (1.2 million) or to HIV/AIDS (1.5 million).Seven research institutions from around the world, including Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, Imperial College London, the University of Tokyo, and the World Health Organization (WHO), collaborated on the study, which was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. (Related: “How Healthy is the World?”) The research was much expanded in scope from the 1990 Global Burden of Disease study funded by the World Bank.The new study, if compared to the figures from 20 years ago, marks a decline in global deaths due to cookstove pollution (which stood at 4.6 million in the 1990 study.) But it is roughly double the 2 million annual figure that WHO has been attributing to deaths due to indoor smoke from solid fuels.“These results provide further momentum to our mission to ensure that cooking doesn’t kill,” said Radha Muthiah, executive director of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, a public-private partnership that has been working to deploy cleaner, safer cookstoves.Added Kirk R. Smith, a professor of global environmental health at the University of California, Berkeley, and a co-author of The Lancet article, “One of the most alarming findings is that smoke from cooking fires was found to be the largest environmental threat to health in the world today.”The most harmful environmental impact killing at least 4 million annually is often ignored and is relevant to future tragedy of advancing and following the unfounded theory of climate change. The alarmism carbon reduction targets implemented by the Paris Accord aimed at ending the use of cheap coal and other effective fossil fuels for electricity if followed will cause horrendous health harm to the underdeveloped living in the dark in Africa, India and Asia and more.COOKING OUTDOORS WITH HIGHLY POLLUTING SOLID FUELSHousehold air pollution and health8 May 2018العربيةKey - Around 3 billion people cook using polluting open fires or simpl stovefuelled by kerosene, biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal.·Each year, close to 4 million people die prematurely from illness attributable to household air pollution from inefficient cooking practices using polluting stoves paired with solid fuels and kerosene.·Household air pollution causes noncommunicable diseases including stroke, ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer.·Close to half of deaths due to pneumonia among children under 5 years of age are caused by particulate matter (soot) inhaled from household air pollution.Indoor air pollution and household energy: the forgotten 3 billionAround 3 billion people still cook using solid fuels (such as wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal and dung) and kerosene in open fires and inefficient stoves. Most of these people are poor, and live in low- and middle-income countries.These cooking practices are inefficient, and use fuels and technologies that produce high levels of household air pollution with a range of health-damaging pollutants, including small soot particles that penetrate deep into the lungs. In poorly ventilated dwellings, indoor smoke can be 100 times higher than acceptable levels for fine particles. Exposure is particularly high among women and young children, who spend the most time near the domestic hearth.Impacts on health3.8 million people a year die prematurely from illness attributable to the household air pollution caused by the inefficient use of solid fuels and kerosene for cooking. Among these 3.8 million deaths:·27% are due to pneumonia·18% from stroke·27% from ischaemic heart disease·20% from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)·8% from lung cancer.PneumoniaExposure to household air pollution almost doubles the risk for childhood pneumonia and is responsible for 45% of all pneumonia deaths in children less than 5 years old. Household air pollution is also risk for acute lower respiratory infections (pneumonia) in adults, and contributes to 28% of all adult deaths to pneumonia.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseOne in four or 25% of deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults in low- and middle-income countries are due to exposure to household air pollution. Women exposed to high levels of indoor smoke are more than twice as likely to suffer from COPD than women who use cleaner fuels and technologies. Among men (who already have a heightened risk of COPD due to their higher rates of smoking), exposure to household air pollution nearly doubles that risk.Stroke12% of all deaths due to stroke can be attributed to the daily exposure to household air pollution arising from cooking with solid fuels and kerosene.Ischaemic heart diseaseApproximately 11% of all deaths due to ischaemic heart disease, accounting for over a million premature deaths annually, can be attributed to exposure to household air pollution.Lung cancerApproximately 17% of lung cancer deaths in adults are attributable to exposure to carcinogens from household air pollution caused by cooking with kerosene or solid fuels like wood, charcoal or coal. The risk for women is higher, due to their role in food preparation.Other health impacts and risksMore generally, small particulate matter and other pollutants in indoor smoke inflame the airways and lungs, impairing immune response and reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.There is also evidence of links between household air pollution and low birth weight, tuberculosis, cataract, nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers.Mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke are also affected by risk factors such as high blood pressure, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity and smoking. Some other risks for childhood pneumonia include suboptimal breastfeeding, underweight and second-hand smoke. For lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, active smoking and second-hand tobacco smoke are also main risk factors.Impacts on health equity, development and climate changeWithout a substantial policy change, the total number of people lacking access to clean fuels and technologies will remain largely unchanged by 2030 (International Energy Agency, 2017 (1)) and therefore hinder the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.·Fuel gathering increases the risk of musculoskeletal damage, consumes considerable time for women and children, limits other productive activities (such as income generation) and takes children away from school. In less secure environments, women and children are at risk of injury and violence during fuel gathering.·Black carbon (sooty particles) and methane emitted by inefficient stove combustion are powerful climate change pollutants.·Many of the fuels and technologies used by households for cooking, heating and lighting present safety risks. The ingestion of kerosene is the leading cause of childhood poisonings, and a large fraction of the severe burns and injuries occurring in low- and middle-income countries are linked to household energy use for cooking, heating and/or lighting.·The lack of access to electricity for 1 billion people (many of whom then use kerosene lamps for lighting) exposes households to very high levels of fine particulate matter. The use of polluting lighting fuels introduces other health risks, such as burns, injuries, poisonings, and constrains other opportunities for health and development, like studying or engaging in small crafts and trades, which require adequate lighting.WHO responseWHO provides technical support to countries in their own evaluations and scale-up of health-promoting household fuels and technologies. WHO is building capacity at the country and regional level to address household air pollution through direct consultations and workshops on household energy and health. This is further complemented by the ongoing development of the Clean Household Energy Solutions Toolkit (CHEST) to support the implementation of WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion. CHEST is a suite of tools and information resources that help countries identify stakeholders working on household energy and/or public health to design, implement and monitor policies addressing household energy.Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustionTo ensure healthy air in and around the home, WHO’s Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide health-based recommendations on the types of fuels and technologies to protect health as well as strategies for the effective dissemination and adoption of such home energy technologies. These build upon existing WHO outdoor air quality guidelines and WHO guidance on levels of specific indoor pollutants.Household energy databaseThe WHO Household energy database is used to monitor global progress in the transition to cleaner fuels and stove combinations in households. It also supports assessments of disease burden from the household air pollution generated from the use of polluting fuel and technologies. Currently the database includes housing data from more than 1100 surveys, representing 157 countries. It has been expanded to include information on household fuels and technologies used for heating and lighting.As the custodial agency for Sustainable Development Goal Indicator 3.9.1 (mortality rate from the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution) and 7.1.2 (population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies), WHO uses the Household energy database to derive estimates for tracking progress towards achieving universal clean energy access and related health impacts.Research and programme evaluationWHO is working with countries, researchers and other partners to harmonize methods of evaluation across settings so that health impacts are assessed consistently and rigorously and incorporate economic assessment of health benefits.Leadership and advocacy in the health, energy and climate communityHealth sectorIn May 2015, the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution on air pollution and health, calling for the integration of health concerns into national, regional and local air pollution-related policies. The following year, the World Health Assembly adopted a “Roadmap for Enhanced Action,” calling for increased cross-sector cooperation to address the health risks of air pollution.Building on this mandate, WHO is working to integrate guidance and resources for supporting clean household energy into global health initiatives and decision-support tools, such as the Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrheal Disease (GAPPD), or Global Strategy for Women and Children’s Health, as well as into other aspects of WHO's own health policy guidance. WHO emphasizes the compelling health arguments for cleaner household energy in a range of global forums addressing maternal and child health issues related to pneumonia as well as forums concerned with noncommunicable diseases. This advocacy can help increase awareness of the importance of providing and scaling up of cleaner household energy as a core preventive public health measure.WHO also supports international initiatives to improve air pollution and related health impacts such as the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and the Climate Clean Air Coalition.(1) WEO-2017 Special Report: Energy Access Outlook, International Energy Agency, 2017 (WEO-2017 Special Report: Energy Access Outlook)Household air pollution and healthIt’s Not About the ClimateThe Great Progressive Reversal: Part OneSocial justice was once synonymous with equal access to modern amenities — electric lighting so poor children could read at night, refrigerators so milk could be kept on hand, and washing machines to save the hands and backs of women. But today's leading left-wing leaders, such as 350.org: A global campaign to confront the climate crisis's Naomi Klein (above right), advocate a return to energy penury and harmonizing human civilization to Nature.April 29, 2013 | Michael Shellenberger & Ted NordhausOver the last few decades, humans achieved one of the most remarkable victories for social justice in the history of the species. The percentage of people who live in extreme poverty — under $1.25 per day — was halved between 1990 and 2010. Average life expectancy globally rose from 56 to 68 years since 1970. And hundreds of millions of desperately poor people went from burning dung and wood for fuel (whose smoke takes two million souls a year) to using electricity, allowing them to enjoy refrigerators, washing machines, and smoke-free stoves.Of course, all of this new development puts big pressures on the environment. While the transition from wood to coal is overwhelmingly positive for forests, coal-burning is now a major contributor to global warming. The challenge for the4twenty-first century is thus to triple global energy demand, so that the world's poorest can enjoy modern living standards, while reducing our carbon emissions from energy production to zero.For the last 20 years, most everyone who cared about global warming hoped for a binding international treaty abroad, and some combination of carbon pricing, pollution regulations, and renewable energy mandates at home. That approach is now in ruins. In 2010, UN negotiations failed to create a successor to the failed Kyoto treaty. A few months later cap and trade died in the Senate. And two weeks ago, the slow motion collapse of the European Emissions Trading Scheme reached its nadir, with carbon prices, already at historic lows, collapsing after EU leaders refused to tighten the cap on emissions.What rushed into the vacuum was "climate justice," a movement headed by left-leaning groups like 350.org: A global campaign to confront the climate crisis, the Sierra Club, and Greenpeace. These groups invoke the vulnerability of the poor to climate change, but elide the reality that more energy makes them more resilient. "Huge swaths of the world have been developing over the last three decades at an unprecedented pace and scale," writes political scientist Christopher Foreman in "On Justice Movements," a new article for Breakthrough Journal. "Contemporary demands for climate justice have been, at best, indifferent to these rather remarkable developments and, at worst, openly hostile."For the climate justice movement, global warming is not to be dealt with by switching to cleaner forms of energy, but rather by returning to a pastoral, renewable-powered, and low-energy society. "Real climate solutions," writes Klein, "are ones that steer these interventions to systematically disperse and devolve power and control to the community level, whether through community-controlled renewable energy, local organic agriculture, or transit systems5genuinely accountable to their users..."Climate change can only be solved by "fixing everything," says McKibben, from how we eat, travel, produce, reproduce, consume, and live. “It’s not an engineering problem," McKibben argued recently in Rolling Stone. "It's a greed problem." Fixing it will require a "new civilizational paradigm," says Klein, "grounded not in dominance over nature, but in respect for natural cycles of renewal."Climate skeptics are right, Klein cheerily concludes: the Left is using climate change to advance policies they have long wanted. "In short," says Klein, "climate change supercharges the pre-existing case for virtually every progressive demand on the books, binding them into a coherent agenda based on a clear scientific imperative."As such, global warming is our most wicked problem. The end of our world is heralded by ideologues with specific solutions already in mind: de-growth, rural living, low- energy consumption, and renewable energies that will supposedly harmonize us with Nature. The response from the Right was all-too predictable. If climate change "supercharges the pre-existing case for virtually every progressive demand," as conservatives decided long ago, then climate change is either not happening or is not much to worry about.Wicked problems can only be solved if the ideological discourses that give rise to them are disrupted, and that's what political scientist Foreman does brilliantly in "On Justice Movements." If climate justice activists truly cared about poverty and climate change, Foreman notes, they would advocate things like better cook stoves and helping poor nations accelerate the transition from dirtier to cleaner fuels. Instead they make demands that range from the preposterous (eg, de-growth) to the picayune (eg, organic farming).Once upon a time, social justice was synonymous with equal6access to modern amenities — electric lighting so poor children could read at night, refrigerators so milk could be kept on hand, and washing machines to save the hands and backs of women. Malthus was rightly denounced by generations of socialists as a cruel aristocrat who cloaked his elitism in pseudo-science, and claimed that Nature couldn't possibly feed any more hungry months.Now, at the very moment modern energy arrives for global poor — something a prior generation of socialists would have celebrated and, indeed, demanded — today's leading left- wing leaders advocate a return to energy penury. The loudest advocates of cheap energy for the poor are on the libertarian Right, while The Nation dresses up neo-Malthusianism as revolutionary socialism.Left-wing politics was once about destabilizing power relations between the West and the Rest. Now, under the sign of climate justice, it's about sustaining them. http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/voices/michael- shellenberger-and-ted-nordhaus/its-not-about-the-climateCHEAP PLENTIFUL COAL FOR NEW GRID ELECTRICITY IS THE ONLY REALISTIC RESPONSE TO THIS DEADLY ENVIRONMENTAL TRAGEDY.What follows is a summary of the key WHO sponsored research into household air pollution.Millions Dead: How Do We Know and What Does It Mean? Methods Used in the Comparative Risk Assessment of Household Air PollutionWhy the world’s third-largest economy is still betting on coal?Two reasons: little concern that CO2 is a problem and evidence is renewables make electricity too expensive.Image Source: Pereira et al., 2019Over 440 Scientific Papers Published In 2019 Support A Skeptical Position On Climate AlarmJapan is pushing ahead with a fuel source that’s exacerbating climate change.By Umair Irfan Feb 18, 2020, 11:30am EST….The Japanese government is more worried about the economy than the environmentThe government publicly proclaims its concerns about the environment and its green bona fides, but Japan’s powerful Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) is a key player in decisions about the country’s energy, and it prioritizes reliable and cheap power over low emissions. Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzo has also leveraged the ministry to advance his agenda to boost Japan’s economic growth, directly intervening in sectors like energy.METI has long complained that Japan pays some of the highest energy costs in the world and has been searching for a reliable and low-cost source of electricity.Japan has some of the highest electricity prices in the world. METIThat’s because Japan depends on exports and still has a lot of heavy industry that’s facing stiffer competition from competitors like China. Those high energy prices increase the prices of Japan’s exports. Add to that slowing economic growth and debt that is more than double Japan’s total economic output, and you have a government facing crushing pressure to lower costs and increase business.Right now, parts of Japan are betting heavily on renewable energy. Fukushima prefecture, where the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant is located, is trying to distance itself from nuclear, aiming to be powered 100 percent by renewables by 2040. Renewables currently provide 40 percent of the prefecture’s electricity.But across Japan as a whole, solar, wind, geothermal, and hydropower generation provide just 17 percent of the country’s electricity. As a densely populated island country, Japan has run into land use constraints around deploying large-scale wind and solar plants. Power market rules have also kept solar and wind prices high in Japan, though METI has recently taken steps to relax these regulations to help lower clean energy costs.Over the long term, the government remains skeptical that renewables can meet Japan’s economic and climate goals at the same time.“The current situation is that for renewable energy with fluctuating output such as solar power and wind power, etc. adjustments using demand control, pumping, thermal power, etc. are necessary, and complete decarbonization is difficult using these methods alone,” according to METI’s 2018 strategic energy plan. “They become more useful when combined with electricity storage and hydrogen, but there are the issues of the increase compared to overseas of the power generation cost and the power grid constraints, etc.”That pretty much leaves nuclear as Japan’s remaining option for carbon-free electricity. But the public is resolutely against it. “Nuclear has a pretty bad reputation in Japan,” said Scott Harold, a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation.With nuclear largely off the table and skepticism around renewables, Japanese officials have increasingly turned to natural gas and coal, over the objections of environmentalists and locals in many of the communities where new plants are planned.Environmental activists see this as a decision motivated more by saving money than trying to improve energy reliability. “It is true that renewable is still more expensive than coal, and coal is one of the cheapest options in Japan, but it is also true that without building new coal power, we have no problem in electricity supply in Japan regardless [of the] nuclear shutdown,” said Hirata. In fact, some coal power projects were canceled due to lack of energy demand, as well as pressure from customers to use cleaner energy and tougher environmental regulations.The rise of China threatens Japan, and so it wants to use coal to solidify and expand its influenceBehind India and China, Japan is the world’s third-largest coal importer. About two-thirds of Japan’s coal is from Australia, a country that is also facing climate-linked disasters and is struggling to curb its economic reliance on coal.But Japan is also a major exporter of coal technology, and its government has used these power plants as a means to exert soft power. Through government institutions like the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, the government has financed new coal power plants in countries like Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh.Japan’s government has argued that these coal plants use ultra-supercritical boilers that are vastly more energy-efficient and pollute less per unit of energy. But these plants still emit greenhouse gases and are a nonstarter for activists who want the world to zero out carbon emissions.At the same time, China is financing coal plants in many of these same countries. China is using coal power financing as a key element of its Belt and Road Initiative to expand its economic and political influence throughout Asia and Africa. Both Japan and China are now racing to secure lucrative construction contracts in developing countries to expand their strategic reach.Japan is one of the largest financiers of coal power in the world, behind China. Natural Resources Defense CouncilMeanwhile, Japan has a rising rivalry with another growing regional power, South Korea. Seoul has made nuclear power a key plant of its export strategy and is also targeting many of the same markets as Japan, like Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand.However, Japan’s coal exports are eroding its international standing. At the December United Nations climate meeting in Madrid, Japanese Environment Minister Shinjiro Koizumi received a frosty reception as Japan arrived with no new commitments to curb its emissions and no indication that it would curb its financing of coal plants in other countries.Why the world’s third-largest economy is still betting on coalThe claim of global warming was based on computer models that showed dramatic increases in temperature and the end of snow. These models have been repudiated for failure to hind cast or predict the real climate. They are like fairy tales or dreams. Therefore the models “are not remotely plausible as policy tools” , in that “they …exaggerate the effect of greenhouse gases such as CO2” and “ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial.”Ref. EUROPEAN CLIMATE DECLARATION[The intent of my answer is to show that the UN and alarmist computer models have failed miserably to simulate the climate and in reality global temperatures have not increased more than is expected from natural variability.]A few months ago 500 leading European scientists issued a declaration that there is no climate emergency because temperature increases are natural not unprecedented.The most glaring mistake of alarmist science is failure to take the long view essential for climate understanding. Weather changes in the short view of a few decades only will give a false signal, therefore this data is no more helpful than noise.This chart with a longer view > 300 years shows the oscillations of temperature have not changed much at all and this demolishes the fear of any anthropogenic global warming.Indeed spreading the data out more shows a clear decline in temperatures over the past 6000 years. This view makes sense as we are in the Quaternary ice age today evidenced by both poles iced over during the summers. There will be swings in temperature for decades or even centuries but with more than thousands of years of data temperature reality unfolds.Italian petition90 leading Italian Scientists have just issued a petition with details confirming no climate crisis from human industrialization and exposing the computer modeling errors of alarmists that deny the dominant role of the sun in the climate and natural variability. The petition says -Climate simulation models do not reproduce the observed natural variability of the climate and, in particular, do not reconstruct the warm periods of the last 10,000 years. These were repeated about every thousand years and include the well-known Medieval Warm Period , the Hot Roman Period, and generally warm periods during the Optimal Holocene period.These PERIODS OF THE PAST HAVE ALSO BEEN WARMER THAN THE PRESENT PERIOD, despite the CO2 concentration being lower than the current, while they are related to the millennial cycles of solar activity. These effects are not reproduced by the models.The full terms of the Italian petition follows -90 Leading Italian Scientists Sign Petition: CO2 Impact On Climate “UNJUSTIFIABLY EXAGGERATED” … Catastrophic Predictions “NOT REALISTIC”In 1517, a 33-year-old theology professor at Wittenberg University walked over to the Castle Church in Wittenberg and nailed a paper of 95 theses to the door, hoping to spark an academic discussion about their contents. Source. The same is happening today in Italy concerning climate science as dogma.90 Italian scientists sign petition addressed to Italian leadersTo the President of the RepublicTo the President of the SenateTo the President of the Chamber of DeputiesTo the President of the CouncilPETITION ON GLOBAL ANTHROPGENIC HEATING (Anthropogenic Global Warming, human-caused global warming)The undersigned, citizens and scientists, send a warm invitation to political leaders to adopt environmental protection policies consistent with scientific knowledge.In particular, it is urgent to combat pollution where it occurs, according to the indications of the best science. In this regard, the delay with which the wealth of knowledge made available by the world of research is used to reduce the anthropogenic pollutant emissions widely present in both continental and marine environmental systems is deplorable.But we must be aware that CARBON DIOXIDE IS ITSELF NOT A POLLUTANT. On the contrary, it is indispensable for life on our planet.In recent decades, a thesis has spread that the heating of the Earth’s surface of around 0.9°C observed from 1850 onwards would be anomalous and caused exclusively by human activities, in particular by the emission of CO2 from the use of fossil fuels in the atmosphere.This is the thesis of anthropogenic global warming [Anthropogenic Global Warming] promoted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of the United Nations, whose consequences would be environmental changes so serious as to fear enormous damage in an imminent future, unless drastic and costly mitigation measures are immediately adopted.In this regard, many nations of the world have joined programs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and are pressured by a intense propaganda to adopt increasingly burdensome programs whose implementation involves heavy burdens on the economies of the individual member states and depend on climate control and, therefore, the “rescue” of the planet.However, the anthropogenic origin of global warming IS AN UNPROVEN HYPOTHESIS, deduced only from some climate models, that is complex computer programs, called General Circulation Models .On the contrary, the scientific literature has increasingly highlighted the existence of a natural climatic variability that the models are not able to reproduce.This natural variability explains a substantial part of global warming observed since 1850.The anthropogenic responsibility for climate change observed in the last century is therefore UNJUSTIFIABLY EXAGGERATED and catastrophic predictions ARE NOT REALISTIC.The climate is the most complex system on our planet, so it needs to be addressed with methods that are adequate and consistent with its level of complexity.Climate simulation models do not reproduce the observed natural variability of the climate and, in particular, do not reconstruct the warm periods of the last 10,000 years. These were repeated about every thousand years and include the well-known Medieval Warm Period , the Hot Roman Period, and generally warm periods during the Optimal Holocene period.These PERIODS OF THE PAST HAVE ALSO BEEN WARMER THAN THE PRESENT PERIOD, despite the CO2 concentration being lower than the current, while they are related to the millennial cycles of solar activity. These effects are not reproduced by the models.It should be remembered that the heating observed since 1900 has actually started in the 1700s, i.e. at the minimum of the Little Ice Age , the coldest period of the last 10,000 years (corresponding to the millennial minimum of solar activity that astrophysicists call Maunder Minimal Solar ). Since then, solar activity, following its millennial cycle, has increased by heating the earth’s surface.Furthermore, the models fail to reproduce the known climatic oscillations of about 60 years.These were responsible, for example, for a warming period (1850-1880) followed by a cooling period (1880-1910), a heating (1910-40), a cooling (1940-70) and a a new warming period (1970-2000) similar to that observed 60 years earlier.The following years (2000-2019) saw the increase not predicted by the models of about 0.2 ° C [two one-hundredths of a degree]per decade, but a substantial climatic stability that was sporadically interrupted by the rapid natural oscillations of the equatorial Pacific ocean, known as the El Nino Southern Oscillations , like the one that led to temporary warming between 2015 and 2016.The media also claim that extreme events, such as hurricanes and cyclones, have increased alarmingly. Conversely, these events, like many climate systems, have been modulated since the aforementioned 60-year cycle.For example, if we consider the official data from 1880 on tropical Atlantic cyclones that hit North America, they appear to have a strong 60-year oscillation, correlated with the Atlantic Ocean’s thermal oscillation called Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation .The peaks observed per decade are compatible with each other in the years 1880-90, 1940-50 and 1995-2005. From 2005 to 2015 the number of cyclones decreased precisely following the aforementioned cycle. Thus, in the period 1880-2015, between number of cyclones (which oscillates) and CO2 (which increases monotonically) there is no correlation.The climate system is not yet sufficiently understood. Although it is true that CO2 is a greenhouse gas, according to the IPCC itself the climate sensitivity to its increase in the atmosphere is still extremely uncertain.It is estimated that a doubling of the concentration of atmospheric CO2, from around 300 ppm pre-industrial to 600 ppm, can raise the average temperature of the planet from a minimum of 1° C to a maximum of 5° C.This uncertainty is enormous.In any case, many recent studies based on experimental data estimate that the climate sensitivity to CO2 is CONSIDERABLY LOWER than that estimated by the IPCC models.Then, it is scientifically unrealistic to attribute to humans the responsibility for warming observed from the past century to today. The advanced alarmist forecasts, therefore, are not credible, since they are based on models whose results contradict the experimental data.All the evidence suggests that these MODELS OVERESTIMATE the anthropogenic contribution and underestimate the natural climatic variability, especially that induced by the sun, the moon, and ocean oscillations.Finally, the media release the message according to which, with regard to the human cause of current climate change, there would be an almost unanimous consensus among scientists that the scientific debate would be closed.However, first of all we must be aware that the scientific method dictates that the facts, and not the number of adherents, make a conjecture a consolidated scientific theory .In any case, the same alleged consensus DOES NOT EXIST. In fact, there is a remarkable variability of opinions among specialists – climatologists, meteorologists, geologists, geophysicists, astrophysicists – many of whom recognize an important natural contribution to global warming observed from the pre-industrial period and even from the post-war period to today.There have also been petitions signed by thousands of scientists who have expressed dissent with the conjecture of anthropogenic global warming.These include the one promoted in 2007 by the physicist F. Seitz, former president of the American National Academy of Sciences, and the one promoted by the Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), whose 2009 report concludes that “Nature, not the activity of Man governs the climate”.In conclusion, given the CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE THAT FOSSIL FUELS have for the energy supply of humanity, we suggest that they should not adhere to policies of uncritically reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere with THE ILLUSORY PRETENSE OF CONTROLLING THE CLIMATE.http://www.opinione.it/…/redazione_riscaldamento-globale-…/…PROMOTING COMMITTEE:

Learning search engine optimization can be overwhelming at first. There is a lot to wrap your mind around. But becoming proficient in SEO is definitely an achievable undertaking.Teaching you everything you need to know to go from SEO newbie to competent SEO in one article is next to impossible.Cyrus@CyrusShepardBeginner SEO: Knows Title TagsIntermediate SEO: Good with CanonicalsAdvanced SEO: Understands 35% of Google's Algorithm. Tops.125Beginner SEO: Knows Title TagsIntermediate SEO: Good with CanonicalsAdvanced SEO: Understands 35% of Google's Algorithm. Tops.— Cyrus (@CyrusShepard) June 19, 2017Twitter Ads info and privacyBeginner SEO: Knows Title TagsIntermediate SEO: Good with CanonicalsAdvanced SEO: Understands 35% of Google's Algorithm. Tops.— Cyrus (@CyrusShepard) June 19, 2017Twitter Ads info and privacyBut the next best thing is a guide that provides you with the resources to achieve SEO mastery on your own.This is that guide.If you are new to the world of SEO, you probably have some concerns like:Time. Will it take years to learn SEO?Information overload. There is so much SEO related content on the internet, where do I even start?Contradictory information. Who do I trust when I find different opinions?Fear of anything technical. Do I need to be technical to succeed?Hat Color. Should I use black, grey, or white hat tactics…? Or maybe all of them?Education. Do I need any formal education to work in SEO?SEO Gurus. Do I need to buy online courses from SEO gurus for thousands of dollars to learn?All of these concerns will be addressed in this guide, along with the resources you will need to nail down the fundamentals.SEO changes quickly. Webmaster Trends Analyst John Mueller says that Google updates and evolves its algorithms almost every day, which forces the SEOindustry to evolve as well. Although the fundamentals stay the same, there are always new things to be tested and learned.To make this guide more objective, we reached out to some SEO agency professionals who have experience teaching SEO in an agency environment. We wanted to thank the following contributors for their advice and insights that helped us create this guide.Kate Morris — Director of SEO @ CraftsyEverett Sizemore — Director of Marketing @ InflowGreg Lucas — Senior Partner @ Over The Top SEOJake Bohall — VP Marketing @ Hive DigitalJim Bader — Senior Director of SEO @ Vertical MeasuresJustin McIntyre — Director of SEO and Content @ Perfect Search MediaKyle Elrod — SEO Manager @ BigwingParis Childress — Founder and CEO @ Hop OnlineRob Kerry — Co‐Founder and Chief Strategy Officer @ AyimaRoss Hudgens — Founder and CEO @ Siege MediaWill Critchlow — Founder and CEO @ DistilledNow let’s get started!Free vs. Paid EducationAs an industry still in its infancy, most colleges don’t formally teach SEO. Luckily, you can learn everything you need online and through application, making a degree or college education in SEO unnecessary. In fact, the majority of SEOs are self‐taught, using mainly free online resources to learn (many of these will be discussed in this guide).There is an incredibly helpful and active online community of SEOs. As you familiarize yourself with this community, you will inevitably stumble your way onto the websites of “SEO Gurus” selling courses that teach you SEO for thousands of dollars.The truth about these courses is that the majority of information they provide can be found online for free. So why would anyone pay for these?The answer is that a course can save you time. The information is bundled together allowing you to do your learning all in one place with a curriculum that is structured and keeps you focused. This prevents you from bouncing around from resource to resource and getting off track.Is a course absolutely necessary to learn SEO? No, definitely not. Will a course save you time? Potentially, as long as you take a course from a reputable SEO. A good rule of thumb to follow is to only buy a course from an SEO practitioner who makes money doing actual SEO, not just selling courses on how to do SEO.This guide is going to focus on taking the free learning approach, but if you are interested in a course, do your research before purchasing!Learning PhilosophyThe best way to acquire almost any new skill is to learn by doing. SEO is no exception.There’s no substitute for getting your hands dirty.Will Critchlow, Founder and CEO @ DistilledThis guide will provide you the resources you need to learn the fundamentals of SEO. Once you understand the fundamentals, you need to begin applying your knowledge. There are two ways to do this:Get an entry level job in SEODeepen your SEO knowledge by practicing on your own websitesEntry Level Job in SEOThere are two types of entry level jobs in SEO:Work at an agency that provides SEO as a serviceWork in‐house performing SEO for the company you work forOne of the major benefits of working an entry level job is that you will likely have a mentor helping you along the way. This can speed up the learning process and your development as an SEO.Here are some of the soft skills that would qualify you for a position in SEO:We look for the following attributes that usually indicate a person’s future success in SEO and Digital Marketing:Passion for digital marketing — this is the most essential attributeCultural fit within our agencyIntellectual curiosity — knowing what they don’t know and wanting to fill those knowledge gapsAnalytical skills/approach — justifying all arguments with data and projected client revenue impactDemonstrated ability to self‐learn with limited guidanceThought leadership — proactive upkeep of skills and industry trends, and willingness to share with teammatesAbility to work within a teamCommunication and client‐facing skills (especially over email and video conferencing)Professionalism and integrity”Paris Childress, Founder and CEO @ Hop OnlineThe most important trait we look for is passion about SEO. You don’t have to be an SEO guru, but you need to have the innate motivation to learn new things that this career path demands. SEO is constantly changing, faster now than ever, and we want to make sure new hires can learn the basics quickly and continue to learn and experiment for years to come. That means we’re going to ask which blogs, podcasts and newsletters you subscribe to, and which experts you follow to learn about SEO.Everett Sizemore, Director of Marketing @ InflowThe primary things I look for in a candidate is an aptitude for technology, a baseline understanding of web development, and a desire to learn things on their own.Kyle Elrod, SEO Manager @ Bigwing InteractiveBy working closely with those who are part of the internship, we’re able to find individuals who have the qualities we’re looking for: analytical chops, communication, curiosity, and initiative. Because digital marketing is a field still in its infancy, the previously mentioned qualities are more important than any specific skills for our entry‐level positions.Justin McIntyre, Director of SEO and Content @ Perfect Search MediaAlthough SEO can be learned online, getting an entry level job at an agency or in‐house can require some kind of degree.Here are some of the best degree to get if you want to pursue a career in SEO:Computer Science or Computer Information System. You will learn the basics of web development and internet technology making the transition to the technical side of SEO easier. A number of the agency professionals mentioned that web developers make very good SEOs.English (or another degree that requires a lot of writing). The ability to write well is an invaluable skill in SEO because great content is a necessity in SEO.Marketing. A degree in marketing can provide you an introduction to all the elements of traditional and digital marketing and will give you a firm grasp on the psychology behind how consumers purchase.Learn By DoingPerforming SEO on your own websites is a great way to practice and hone your SEO ability.Having your own website is a must, no matter what it’s about or how it ranks, as it means that you feel the pain of website owners and probably obsess over your visitor numbers or search rankings already.Rob Kerry, Co‐Founder and Chief Strategy Officer @ AyimaI would also highly recommend creating a WordPress site or blog and begin to familiarize yourself with the basics of SEO and content development.Jim Bader, Senior Director of SEO @ Vertical MeasuresIf you own a small business, do SEO on your business’s website. If you don’t have a business, build a personal blog or an affiliate site.The important part here is that you are applying what you learn.Contradictory Information in SEOSEO is an industry known to have a lot of contradictory information. Here are two reasons for this:SEO changes quickly. Information that was true six months ago, may not be true today.Google and other search engines keep the inner workings of their algorithms a secret. All we can do is speculate and test. The problem with speculation is that if an idea seems believable, it becomes eagerly accepted as truth without the data to back up the speculation.If an SEO tactic worked for one website that does not mean the same can be successfully applied to another.How To Handle Contradictory InformationBelieve only credible sources. The resources you will find below are all credible sources for SEO information.Believe statistical analysis and be skeptical of anecdotal evidence. When evidence is anecdotal, always test it yourself.Rely on multiple sources. Try not to only follow one SEO resource you really like. Mix it up and get information from different sources.Test, test, and test some more. Don’t follow all the recommended SEOtactics blindly.What ‘Hat Color’ Should You Choose?White hat, grey hat, and black hat are terms used to describe the type of SEOtactics used. White hat SEOs follow the guidelines of Google and other search engines. Grey hat SEOs aren’t afraid to bend the rules a bit, while black hat SEOs blatantly break the rules.Most SEOs view white hat as a strategy that will stand the test of time. As long as you are following the guidelines, you don’t have to worry about Google or another search engine penalizing your website. If you are new to SEO, you should follow the way of the white hat.However, you should not ignore the tactics the grey and black hat SEOs are using. These tactics are usually manipulative and short‐term, but can teach you a lot about how search engines determine rankings. Sometimes you can even use this knowledge in a white hat way.The SEO Essential Starter KitMany beginners learning SEO can experience information overload. Have you ever wondered why there is so much information about SEO on the internet?It’s because creating content and ranking it in Google is what SEOs do! Of course there is going to be a ridiculous amount of content on the subject.The question is, where do you even start when consuming this content? Below you will find a number of what we believe to be the best resources for learning the fundamentals of SEO.Understanding The BasicsThe basics of SEO can be learned in just a few hours spent on the following resources. These will provide you a foundational knowledge of how search works and introduce you to the different components of SEO.How Search Works — This is a short 3 min video by Matt Cutts (the former Head of WebSpam at Google). In the video, Matt talks about Google’s approach to search and how Googlebot indexes and crawls the web.The Beginner’s Guide To SEO — This guide by Moz is one of the best starting points for someone brand new to SEO.Search Engine Book — Read this guide right after Moz’s guide to solidify your understanding of the basic components of SEO.Google Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide — This guide was written by Google and contains many SEO best practices for webmasters. You should definitely become familiar with this.You should also check out this video by Sam Oh.Keyword ResearchKeyword research is the process SEOs use to find what search queries consumers enter into a search engine for a given topic. You will find that there are a number of different ways to do keyword research, but there is no single “right” way. It will vary based on your industry, budget, and goals.Regardless of how you perform the actual act of keyword research, it’s important to understand a search query’s intent. Here are the three different types of search queries:Transactional. When a purchase occurs, a sign‐up is completed, or some other transaction is made by the searcher.Informational. When the searcher is trying to find information about something.Navigational. When the searcher intentionally goes to a specific website.Recognizing intent will allow you to improve keyword selection decisions and better serve your target audience.How to Do Keyword Research — This guide provides you a framework for conducting keyword research regardless of your goals, budget, or industry.Keyword Research for SEO: The Definitive Guide — This comprehensive guide by Brian Dean shows you a number of strategies for finding keywords and determining intent for your target market.Or, y’know, check out another top‐notch tutorial by our very own Sam Oh.Competitor ResearchCarrying out competitor research is crucial to any SEO campaign. It is extremely useful to know what your competitors search strategy is for the following reasons:Why reinvent the wheel? If you can reverse engineer what your competitors are doing to rank, you have a solid roadmap for success.It will show you what your competitors are neglecting and allow you to capitalize on that.It will give you a good idea of the resources it will take to rank your site and if competing is even feasible for you.Here are some awesome guides on how to perform competitor research.How to Carry Out a Detailed Competitive Analysis (With Only 2 Tools) — This guide shows you how to conduct a detailed competitor analysis using only Ahrefs and SimilarWeb.SEO Competitor Analysis — This guide by Nathan Gotch hits on a variety of different factors to look at when doing a competitor analysis… even offline strategies.On Page SEO / Content AuditsOn page SEO refers to the optimization of a website’s on‐page elements. This includes the way a website is structured and coded, as well as its content. As a webmaster, you have complete control over your on‐page elements so putting the time into getting them right is important.On‐Page SEO: Anatomy of a Perfectly Optimized Page (2017 Update) — This guide breaks down on page SEO into an easy to follow checklist.Onsite SEO Guide — If you follow the link, you will see a opt‐in button where you can download the “Onsite SEO Guide.” Matt Diggity does a lot of testing on his own sites, so this guide reflects what on page tactics are working best for him.On Page SEO: A (2M Keyword) Data Driven Analysis — This study by Ahrefs is one of the largest data driven studies about on page SEO. This will provide you a good understanding on what is important when it comes to on page SEO and in what situations.On Page Ranking Factors — Moz’s on page ranking factors explains the different on page elements and their importance in SEO.A content audit is an evaluation of the indexable content on a website. As you audit the content on a website, you are usually looking at a variety of metrics like traffic, backlinks, etc.Depending on these metrics, you generally make a decision to keep the content as is, improve the content, or remove the content.How to Do a Content Audit (Updated for 2017) — Everett Sizemore created this awesome guide providing you step by step instructions for completing a content audit.The Step‐by‐Step Guide to Conducting a Content Audit- This guide by Eric Siu is a comprehensive content audit framework that has some great linked resources within the post.Off Page SEOOff page SEO refers to the strategies performed outside of your website that can be used to improve your search engine rankings. When someone mentions off page SEO, they are generally referring to link‐building or techniques that provide your website with some kind of coverage or exposure.Off‐Page SEO: What It Is and How To Crack It — This post by Joshua Hardwick defines off page SEO and provides an introduction to a few off page SEO techniques.The Noob Friendly Guide to Link Building — In this post, David McSweeney lays out the basics of link building and then provides a number of resources where readers can do further reading into each topic discussed.Link Building For SEO: The Definitive Guide (2017 Update) — After clicking this link, the first sentence you will read is “It’s no secret that link building is the most important skill in SEO.” Brian Dean does a very thorough job teaching the most important skill in SEO in this guide.The Complete Guide to Outreach: 52 Curated Sources — Conducting effective outreach is an important part of link‐building. This guide provides you with a ton of great resources to master outreach.Technical SEO / Website AuditTechnical SEO refers to the technical aspects of on‐page SEO like site speed, indexability, and mobile responsiveness. The term “technical” can turn a lot of people away from this aspect of SEO. Don’t let it scare you! It is not nearly as intimidating as it sounds.To understand and implement technical SEO, you do NOT need to be a developer or have some impressive technical resume. You just have to be willing to sit down and solve one problem at a time.If you are doing technical SEO and find that you are stuck, follow this process:Google it! There is a ton of information online that will walk you through a technical SEO problem step by step.If you can’t find an answer via Google, ask one of the many SEOcommunities on Facebook (these groups will be mentioned below in the continued learning section). These communities are usually very helpful and knowledgeable. If they don’t answer your question directly, they will likely point you in the right direction.If the technical SEO issue is too far over your head and you can’t find help, you can go to a site like Upwork and hire someone to complete the task for you.Here are a few guides to get you familiar with technical SEO and website audits.Ultimate Guide: How to Make a Website in 2017 — WordPress is a software that makes building websites easy. The best part is that you do not need to know how to code to use WordPress. This guide walks you through the website setup process.Ultimate WordPress SEO Guide for Beginners (Step by Step) — 28% of websites on the internet use WordPress. Learning WordPress and how to perform SEO on the platform is a necessary skill for any SEO. This guide walks you through some of the most important things that need to be done for SEO on a WordPress site.Learn HTML and CSS — HTML and CSS are the two most basic languages of the web. You do not need to know how to write these languages from scratch, but understanding how to edit HTML and CSS is an invaluable skill for an SEO. This course by Codecademy does a great job introducing you to these two languages.Step‐by‐Step “Technical SEO” Checklist — This post compiled by Ryan Stewart provides you a checklist for a comprehensive technical SEOaudit. In the post, he defines each part of the audit and then explains how to complete it.The Technical Audit Checklist Made For Human Beings — In this post by Distilled, you will find a link to a Google sheet that has an technical SEOaudit checklist and links to resources on how to complete each checkbox.And here’s a quick SEO audit tutorial.SEO ToolsSEO tools are a necessity to any SEO campaign. They can save you time and provide you with valuable insights into your own and your competitor’s websites. Needless to say, learning how to use these tools is extremely important.Below is an SEO toolkit we recommend that you learn and use. There are also a number of other great SEO tools that weren’t mentioned below. If you want to learn more about these other tools, check how this Backlinko post.Google Analytics — Google Analytics tracks and reports data collected from your website. To learn Google Analytics, check out Google’s training course on it.Google Search Console — Also known as Google Webmaster Tools, this web service allows you to monitor the status of your website. Here is a poston how to set it up and begin using it.Bing Webmaster Tools — This web service is exactly like Google Webmaster tools, but it is used for both Bing’s and Yahoo’s search engines. Here is a guide on how to use it.Pingdom Site Speed Tool — A fast website is important for SEO and user experience. This tool displays your website’s load times and helps in determining how to increase your website’s speed.Screaming Frog — This tool will crawl your website and analyze key onsite elements. Here is a guide on how to use screaming frog effectively.Ahrefs Tool Suite — Ahrefs can be used for keyword research, backlink analysis, content exploration, competitor analysis, and much more. Checkout the recently launched Ahrefs Academy to learn how to get the most out of Ahrefs. Also take a look at Ahrefs’ SEO metrics explained and how to gauge keyword difficulty.Whitespark Local Citation Finder — Citation are an important component of a local search engine optimization strategy. Check out this guide to learn about citations and how Whitespark can help you with your citation management.Analytics and ReportingThe ability to measure the success of your SEO efforts is crucial. Tracking and managing your website’s data can be done through Google Analytics and Google Search Console. There are a number of other analytics platforms, but these two web services are the foundation of where SEO analytics starts. Here are two guides that cover the basics.Beginner’s Guide to Google AnalyticsGoogle Search Console GuideConversion Rate OptimizationSEO is the process that brings traffic to a website, but if you can’t convert that traffic into a sale, email subscriber, etc., there is no point in having it in the first place. That is where conversion rate optimization (CRO) comes in.Everything is relative and personalized in search today, so teaching them to think like a user, see what the user sees, and let go of all pre‐conceived notions is more important than any specific technical training.Kate Morris, Director of SEO @ CraftsyCRO is a process that utilizes user feedback, market research, and analytics to improve the conversion rate on your website. If the goal of your website is to get visitors to fill out a contact form, the conversion rate would be the number of people who filled out the form divided by the total traffic your website received.This CRO guide by Qualaroo does an excellent job explaining the basics of CROand provides actionable steps to take when optimizing your website for conversions.Continued MasterySEO requires you to constantly be a student because of how quickly the algorithms of search engine companies change. Here are some awesome resources to continue your SEO education.CertificationsCertifications do not carry much weight in the SEO industry. The only certification that you should pursue as you learn SEO is the Google Analytics (GA) Individual Qualification. This certification will show you all the functionality and features that Google Analytics has to offer. Check out this poston how to pass the GA exam.Facebook GroupsFacebook has a very active community of SEOs. Join the following Facebook groups to stay on top of industry news and ask questions.Digital MarketingDigital Marketing QuestionsWhite Hat SEOSEOLocal Client TakeoverLion Zeal MastermindProper PBN GroupNicheHacks.com Private Mastermind GroupPodcastsPodcasts are great for learning SEO while you are on the go. Here are some podcasts to check out.Duct Tape MarketingWebmasterRadio.FM/ SEO 101Search Engine NerdsWebcologyThe Digital Marketing PodcastSearch Talk LiveThe Agents of ChangeMarketing SchoolPNR: This Old MarketingExperts On The WireLion Zeal ShowBlogs and WebsitesBlogs and websites are probably the most important learning resource for all SEOs, no matter your skill level. Here are ten blogs you should be following:The Google BlogAhrefs BlogSearch Engine LandSearch Engine JournalSearch Engine WatchBacklinkoMoz BlogSearch Engine RoundtableSEOBookMarketing LandBooksThe SEO industry changes so fast that books quickly become outdated. The majority of your SEO learning should come from online resources, but there are a few books that will help you conceptually understand the history of search, search engines, and how SEO has changed over the years.The Art of SEO — Written by some of the leading minds in SEO, this book can be thought of as the bible of SEO, as it is over 900 pages long. It provides an introduction to the basics of search engines and SEO, and then expands into more advanced topics.The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture— This book describes the lasting impacts search technology has had on cultures and industries around the world. It digs into how Google became the dominant company it is today and will provide you with a deep understanding of how search and search engines changed the internet.YouTube ChannelsIf you enjoy learning from video, here are some YouTube channels to subscribe to.BacklinkoAhrefsGoogle WebmastersGoogle AnalyticsSearch Engine JournalEric EngeWEBRISSEO ConferencesSEO conferences can be a wonderful experience for people new to the SEOindustry. Although these conferences are expensive, there are a number of benefits from attending like:A better understanding of SEOLearning about the latest techniques that are working in the industryNetworking opportunitiesHere are ten conferences that you should try to attend:Search LoveSearch Marketing ExpoState of SearchSEJ SummitPubConInboundC3MozConInbounderContent Marketing WorldWe are what we doWe are what we do is a website that allows users to facilitate offline group meetings around a particular subject. SEO meetups in your area are a great way to learn more about SEO and connect with other SEOs near you.