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“How do I improve English grammar skills?”Ideally, you improve your skills in any language by immersing yourself in that language. In the past, this could be difficult if there weren’t many speakers of that language in your community. Nowadays, with so many communication technologies, there are opportunities galore for learning many different languages, even some of the languages spoken by relatively few people.That said, English is probably the most widely spoken language in the world today—at least in terms of being the current lingua franca, the common language of business, international relations, and travel. (In actual numbers of native speakers, Chinese—especially Mandarin—is by far the most spoken language, and Spanish still has more native speakers than English, while Hindi and Arabic aren’t far behind English, though they are often thought of as language families as they have many dialects that are different enough from each other to be considered by some as distinct languages. You can find an interesting chart of the top 10 languages here.)While English is considered a single language, rather than a language family, it does have many different accents and even dialects depending on where it is being spoken. Even within individual countries in which English is the most widely used official language , there are often strong differences regionally or within particular cultural sub-groups. In my country, Canada, for example, people in the province of Newfoundland-Labrador often speak such a distinctive form of English that other Canadians have to listen carefully to understand. Canadians with French as their first language (French and English are both official languages here) often speak French with a strong francophone accent. Many First Nations peoples have a clearly recognizable accent. And being a nation of immigrants, large numbers of Canadians speak with accents that reflect their countries of origin. Even immigrants from different English-speaking countries have accents that quickly identify them as British or Irish or Australian or South African, and so on.So when considering how to improve your English grammar skills, you need to make some decisions. Here are some questions to ask yourself:What is my purpose in developing my English grammar skills?Do I speak a language other than English, but I am moving or emigrating to an English-speaking region and want to learn English so I can fit in and communicate with most people? Do I already speak English, even as my first language, but I am aware that the English spoken in another region where I’d like to move or visit has a different accent, differing vocabulary, and even a different dialect, and I want to be understood easily there?Do I speak another language primarily, but want to be able to communicate on a basic, practical level with English speaking people on the internet or when traveling?Am I improving my English so that I can speak the language more correctly, or so I can read the language more easily, or so I can write more correctly, or so I can understand English speakers better? (Each of these requires different language skills, including grammar skills).Do I want better English grammar skills so I can deal more easily with government officials, or communicate with English-speaking people in my technical (work) field, or so I can attend an English-speaking university and be successful in my written assignments, or so I can travel world-wide and be reasonably understood by English speakers in most countries, or do I want to speak English easily and clearly like the majority of English-speaking people in the area where I live? These all require somewhat different vocabulary, jargon, and even grammar.Am I interested in a particular topic or subject area and want to improve my English grammar so I can really delve into that subject and communicate with other people of like interests?What level of expertise am I seeking? Do I want to be able simply to chat with everyday people, or do I need to develop a strong academic form of English? Do I want to be able to speak and/or write casually or formally or both?Do I perhaps need to focus on technical aspects of English grammar used in particular fields of employment or education that I want to pursue? For example, as a fairly well educated native English speaker who is also an editor, I have a bookshelf full of specialized guides to English style and grammar. Some of them focus on English grammar as it is used in different countries and even regions of countries (yes, there can be big differences). Some of them focus on the rules of writing and publishing in different academic fields. Some of them focus on whether one is writing fiction or non-fiction, or for online magazines and news outlets as opposed to traditional paper-based magazines and news outlets—or for broadcast as opposed to print journalism.Now that you’ve determined your purposes and needs in improving your English grammar, you can make more informed decisions about how you will go about doing that. Here are some suggestions:Immerse yourself as much as possible in the form of English in which you want to develop your grammar skills. Ideally, move to a region where that kind of English is spoken generally—or at least find English speakers locally who speak in that way. This may well involve making many new friendships and relationships and spending a lot of time with those people in multiple situations—at work, in school, out in the community, in the home, in organizations they are involved in. Even get involved in online discussions, online video games with chats, and so on.Choose carefully what TV channels, radio stations, podcasts and other broadcast forms you choose to listen to and interact with. Find ones that use the forms of English you want to develop, and that focus on your personal needs and interests. With the internet streaming content from all over the world 24 hours a day every day and much of it preserved in podcasts or printed formats you can access at any time, you will certainly be able to find stations and sites with English appropriate to your purposes. As far as radio and television go, with more set programming, you may need to adjust your schedule—but it is worth it. Sometimes I wake up at 2 or 3 am local time, and instead of tossing and turning in bed or watching TV, I tune into CBC radio (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) to listen to broadcasts they pick up from the BBC (Britain), NPR (United States), ABC (Australia), as well as English-language broadcasts from Asia, Africa, European countries, South America—broadcasts from all over the world that present widely varying viewpoints on politics, religion, business, and all kinds of subjects, and which have speakers with widely varying accents and dialects. What a wonderful all-round education!For reading, start by using materials that are just a slight challenge to your current English reading ability, and with each new book or blog or whatever format you choose, challenge yourself to read something a bit more difficult or complex, and you’ll soon be developing your grammar skills without a lot of study, but simply by absorbing the language. By the way, be sure to choose a format that fits your purposes—if you want to improve your technical (work or education related) English, choose materials from those areas, such as trade magazines or science journals. Start with materials with general-interest levels and build up to more technical, advanced ones.Do you have a book or story or even textbook or religious text you’ve read many times in your own language and really enjoy and/or know well? If there is an English translation, try reading that. Since you already know the content and the general flow of the text, you’ll be surprised how quickly you’ll learn the English vocabulary and the flow and use of the English grammar. This is a much more natural way of learning English grammar than studying grammar texts. As an example, I was brought up as a Christian and the Bible was very familiar to me. I discovered that I could read a surprising amount of both French and Spanish by reading the Bible in those languages—and learn to understand the spoken language and imitate it by listening to recordings of it in those languages. You could do the same with a favourite novel, reading it in English, watching a variety of film versions, and listening to audio versions.Find “pen-pals” from the region or the technical subject area that features the English grammar you want to develop. Of course in this day and age, you won’t just have to write (though that is usually important, too)—you can easily video-chat with each other in real time through portals such as Skype, often for free, and often in groups. Seeing the person(s) you are speaking with makes a big difference. And if you can, actually travel to and spend time with them.And yes, there is a place for improving your grammar with the use of grammar textbooks, handbooks and grammar classes. But it is not as natural a way of building your grammar skills as the methods already discussed. Still, especially if you have a purpose which requires accurate English grammar such as writing term papers or theses for high school or college assignments, or for writing clearly on your blog or website, or for building respect on the job, grammar and style guides are invaluable. If you’re just starting out, use really basic materials designed for children—both workbooks and handbooks. They are usually colourful, well-illustrated, and easy to understand and use. Then move on to ones designed for upper elementary and secondary students. Finally, depending on your purposes, use ones that are designed for adult speakers in the specific subject or purpose you require. Build your skills in this way—and keep those grammar learning materials handy so you can refer to them whenever needed.And here’s one last suggestion you may not have thought of: If you really want to improve your English grammar, help others with theirs. Find people who are at your level, and work with them to learn together. Find people who are at a lower level and teach them what you know. Share your knowledge with others who ask for your help—and if they ask a question you don’t know the answer for, research and find it out, and you’ll have improved your own skills at the same time. It may seem surprising, but reading and listening to and analyzing English that has “errors” in it is a great way to improve your own skills, and helping others with those kinds of things (just make sure they’re willing to accept your help) will only help you become better at English grammar.If you are interested in how analyzing incorrect grammar can improve your own, you might want to check out a series I’m doing on my normajhill.com blog right now in which I present examples of actual grammar errors from my editing work, and give possible corrections. You can find a list of these posts under the title, “Real Examples of Various Writing Issues,” on this page which lists all my writing and editing posts.Remember, language learning is an ongoing, lifelong adventure and no one, even linguists and language specialists, knows every single rule or is familiar with every possible dialect or technical form. So don’t get discouraged! Keep learning! On with the adventure!

Switzerland is one of the only two countries to have a square flag – the Vatican has the only other square flag in the world. The Swiss flag is a red square with a white cross in the center.Switzerland is prepared for a nuclear war, if there ever was one – there are enough nuclear fallout shelters to accommodate its entire human population, due to laws that require everybody to have access to a shelter in their building or nearby. The Swiss military keeps fully stocked artillery bunkers, disguised as quaint country homes, in the middle of populated villages.Switzerland’s main access points are wired to blow in case of an attack – one of the country’s defense strategies is to demolish every main road, bridge and railway access into Switzerland in case of a foreign invasion, with at least 3,000 locations around the country prepared to blow at a moment’s notice.Coffee in Zurich is the most expensive in the world – costing an average CHF3.65 (USD 3.65) in the Coffee Price Index 2016, with Copenhagen, Basel, Bern, and Geneva rounding out the top five respectively. Switzerland was also the origin of instant coffee when the Nestlé Company, started by Swiss businessman Henri Nestlé in 1867, created Nescafe in 1938.In Switzerland, citizens can challenge any law passed by Parliament – provided they can gather 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If successful, a national vote is held and voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law.Switzerland boasts some of the world’s most famous inventions – they created Velcro, cellophane, the Swiss Army Knife, absinthe, the potato peeler, Helvetica font, LSD, muesli, edible chocolate gold, and milk chocolate to name a few. They were also pioneers in introducing bobsleigh, tobogganing, and luge as a competitive sport to the world. Swiss scientists are also leading research in using LSD to treat mental illness and pain. Switzerland continues to lead the world in innovation, topping the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO) ranking in 2017 for the seventh year in a row, ahead of the US (4th) and UK (5th).Swiss men have the longest life expectancy in the world – in 2015 life expectancy at birth was 81.3 years for Swiss men and 85.3 years for Swiss women, according to World Health Organization (WHO). This puts Switzerland second (after Japan) for the average longest life expectancy. The population is also aging; in 2015, almost one-fifth of the population was 65.Swiss law prohibits owning social pets unless you have two of them – this makes it illegal in Switzerland to keep just one guinea pig, mouse, ferret, fish, canary, pig, or other social creature. With the world’s most stringent animal welfare laws, Switzerland judges isolation for such animals as abuse. This has sparked services such as a lawyer who defends animals and a pet-renting service in case one of a pair dies and the owner wants to avoid a pet-buying cycle to abide by the pairing law.There are Swiss taxes for owning a dog – annual taxes are determined by the dog’s size and weight. Dog owners are also required to take a training course to learn how to properly care for their pets.Switzerland is one of the world’s best places to be born, live, and be happy – according to consistently high rankings in global reports. Switzerland was ranked the world’s happiest country in 2015, and came second in 2016 (after Denmark) out of 156 countries, while Zurich was named the second-best city to live in Mercer’s Quality of Living Report 2016 (after Vienna), and tied with Bern and Helsinki as the second-best city for personal safety, far above London (72) or the US (where no city ranked in the top 50). According to the Economist Intelligence Unit’s (EIU) latest Where to be Born Index (2013), Switzerland was the best country to be born.There are 208 mountains over 3,000m high – with 24 of them over 4,000m. The highest is Monte Rosa (Dufoursptiz) at 4,634m, situated on the Swiss/Italian border.Switzerland’s climate is not all about snowy mountains – cold, snowy winters were historically the norm but freezing temperatures and large snowfalls are less the case today, especially in lowland areas. Many Swiss ski resorts would struggle to survive without artifical snow. During hot summers, temperatures have been known to exceed 30–35°C in some areas. The Alps acts as a climate barrier: northern Switzerland tends to get colder from Atlantic winds, while southern Switzerland has a milder climate influenced by Mediterranean winds.Parents can be overruled on what they call their child – in Switzerland it is prohibited to give a child a name that could damage the child’s interest. This right was exercised when authorities banned Swiss musician Christine Lauterburg from calling her daughter ‘Lexicon’ (an ‘object’, not a name); ‘Djonatan’ (the phonetic spelling of Jonathan) also got the thumbs down, as did ‘J’ as a child’s fourth name based on the potential for it to be misunderstood and pronounced incorrectly in German (as ‘yot’ and not ‘Jay’ as intended).Switzerland is also known as Confoederatio Helvetica – which explains the abbreviation CH. It’s officially named the Swiss Confederation for historical reasons, although modern Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the federal city. The founding of the Swiss Confederation traditionally dates to 1 August 1291 and is celebrated annually as Swiss National Day.Switzerland has a considerable wealth gap between rich and poor – the top 20 percent of the population earn more than four times as much as the bottom 20 percent, according to the OCED.Switzerland has one of the lowest crime rates of industrialized countries despite liberal Swiss gun laws – in 2015 there were only 0.5 gun murders per 100,000 people in Switzerland (around 40 per year), compared to five gun murders per 100,000 people recorded in the US in 2014 (around 30–40 per day). Yet Small Arms Survey estimates Switzerland has around 45.7 guns per 100 residents, the world’s third-highest after the US (88.8) and Yemen (54.8), although Swiss government figures put estimates at one gun per four residents, or around two million guns in a population of 8.3 million. In 2011, Swiss voters rejected stricter gun control including a proposal to ban the purchase of automatic weapons and introduce a firearm licencing system.Military service is still compulsory for male Swiss citizens – Switzerland is one of the last western Europe countries to enforce it, along with Austria. Under the Swiss constitution, male Swiss citizens have to serve in the Swiss army after age 18, while women can opt to volunteer. Military training camps are common across Switzerland as are civilians carrying shotguns over their shoulders. It is also legal to keep personal army-issued guns (semi-automatic rifles) after service, and Switzerland’s high gun ownership is partly due to the Swiss tradition of keeping militia army rifles at home.Albert Einstein developed his famous formula E=MC2 in Switzerland – he developed his theory of relativity while studying and living in Bern, after renouncing his German citizenship to avoid military duty.Swiss politics include an anti-powerpoint presentation party – the party‘s goal is to decrease the use of powerpoint and other presentation software, which it estimates costs Switzerland EUR 2.1 in economic damage.Sundays in Switzerland are protected by a long list of social laws – making it illegal to undertake activities such as mowing, hanging out laundry, washing your car or recycling bottles to ensure peace and beauty is maintained. A peaceful night’s sleep is also guaranteed by building rules that frown upon noisy actions after 10pm, which can include peeing standing up, slamming a car door, flushing a toilet or emptying a bath.Switzerland’s Gotthard tunnel is the longest in the world – measuring 57km in length, located 2.3km under the Alps, it is 7km longer than the Channel tunnel between England and France. It took 17 years to complete and, with a total cost of some EUR 11, it’s also the world’s most expensive tunnel. It cuts 45 minutes off travelling between Zurich and Lugano and boosts the Rhine-Alp corridor that stretches from Rotterdam in the Netherlands, crosses Germany and connects the port of Genoa in Italy.Almost half of marriages in Switzerland ends in divorce – the divorce rate had been gradually decreasing but rose to 41.4 percent in 2015; Neufchâtel (48.6 percent) and Geneva (47.7 percent) recorded the higest rates. People marry relatively late in Switzerland with men at 31.8 years and women at 29.6 years, and the average number of children per woman is around 1.5, just under the EU average of 1.6.Switzerland has the third highest salary and job security out of all OECD countries – Swiss workers earn an average of USD 57,082 per year, ranked after Luxembourg (1) and US (2), and would only lose an average of 1.7 percent of earnings if unemployed. In 2015, some 80 percent of the population aged 15 to 64 had a paid job, the second highest OECD employment rate, and only around 1.7 percent of the labour force has been unemployed for a year or longer, lower than the OECD average of 2.6 percent. Additionally, Switzerland has consistently ranked as a top country for youth employment according to the KOF Youth Labour Market Index.Women did not gain the vote at federal level until 1971 – and they are still underrepresented in political life, despite Switzerland often being praised as a model of direct democracy.Switzerland is not governed by one head of state – instead it has a seven-member executive council that serves as the Swiss collective head of state. A president is elected for one-year in office and is regarded as the primus inter pares, or first among equals, during this time.Switzerland lags behind most western European countries in areas of gender equality – in 2015 only 41.3 percent of women worked full-time compared to 83.6 percent of men, and less than 20 percent of all national decision-taking posts were held by women. Despite a commitment to equal pay for men and women, Switzerland ranks 24 out of 38 OECD countries for gender inequality in salaries, with around a 17 percent diffecence. The 2017 Schilling report, however, reported that women now make up one-fifth of new executive positions, up from 4 percent the previous year, rising in one year as much as the previous 10 years combined.Foreigners account for nearly 25 percent of the population – one of the highest percentages in the world. However, in February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly passed through a controversial anti-immigration initiative. It aims to impose limits on the number of foreigners allowed into Switzerland and may signal an end to the country’s free movement accord with the European Union, although it is currently in EU negotiations. Despite this, the 2017 Schilling reported that the number of foreigners on Swiss executive boards rose to 45 percent, highlighting Switzerland’s ongoing need for executive workers regardless of nationality.Tobacco consumption is widespread – some 28.2 percent of the population were smokers in the last government report (2012), compared to 19 percent of Brits or 16.8 percent of Americans, although it is in decline due to an awareness of health risks and rising prices.Switzerland has one of the highest rates of cannabis use in the world – along with the US and Britain. It’s estimated that some 600,000 users get through 100 tonnes of hash and marijuana each year. Since October 2013, the possession of marijuana has been decriminalised and anyone older than 18 years caught with up to 10g can pay an on-the-spot fine of CHF 100 but there won’t be any formal legal proceedings.Switzerland has four national languages although English is increasingly popular – the four official languages are French, German, Italian and Rhaeto-Romantsch (with Latin roots), although proficiency in another national language is decreasing in favour of English. Around 60 percent of the population are proficient in English and Switzerland ranks 14th in the world in the EF English Proficiency Index for non-native English speakers.Absinthe originated in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel in the late 18th century – when French doctor Pierre Ordinaire crafted an emerald green elixir rumoured to cure all ails, concocted from local herbs and the bitter-tasting herb Artemisia absinthium, or wormwood, which grew abundantly around the small Swiss town of Couvet and the icy Val-de-Travers region of Switzerland. After allegedly sharing his recipe, in 1797 Henri-Louis Pernod, father of the Pernod brand, opened the first absinthe distillery in Couvet. National Absinthe day celebrates in the drink on 5 March each year.The Swiss eat more chocolate than any other nation in the world – they eat a record of around 11kg per year. Chocolate is a major Swiss export; with 18 Swiss chocolate companies, Switzerland exported almost 115,500 tonnes of chocolate in 2015. They have also invented techniques like conching and tempering to perfect the art of chocolate making.More than half of Swiss domestic electricity is produced by 556 hydroelectric power plants – some 19 million gigawatt hours a year, with hydropower the country’s most important renewable energy. Switzerland is home to around 1,500 lakes, of which Lake Geneva is the largest and reportedly holds more than 40 shipwrecks.Switzerland’s Aarau railway station holds Europe’s second largest clock face – measuring 9m in diameter, only the railway station clock in Cergy, France is larger (10m). St Peter’s Church in Zürich also has the largest church clock face in Europe, measuring 8.7m in diameter.Swiss are best mathematicians in Europe – Swiss teenagers ranked first in Europe for maths in the 2015 PISA survey (Programme for International Student Assessment) and eighth in the world. Swiss teachers also receive the highest annual salary, averaging USD 68,000 (EUR 61,430), out of 30 OECD countries, according to The Efficiency Index.Swiss facts: geography, economy and populationSwitzerland has 26 cantons, which are the federal states of the Swiss confederation. They vary greatly in size, population and character: the canton of Geneva comprises just one city; the canton of Uri is entirely mountains and valleys; the population of the Zurich canton is over one million while the people of Appenzell Inner-Rhodes would fit into a football stadium.Switzerland’s economy is based on highly skilled workers, in specialist areas such as microtechnology, hi-tech, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, as well as banking and insurance. Switzerland is widely recognised as an international research centre, with the private and public sector strongly promoting science and technology.Switzerland does not use the euro as its currency. Switzerland uses the Swiss franc (CHF). In June 2016, one Swiss franc was worth around EUR 0.92/USD 1.02/GBP 0.76.Switzerland has a population of 8.3 million; about 5 million of them live in the Swiss Plateau in between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps. All the larger Swiss cities lie on the plateau, including the city of Zurich, which is Switzerland’s largest with a population of 376,990. The canton (federal state) of Zurich is the most densely populated canton in Switzerland, with 1,242,000 inhabitants in total. Regarding family life, on average women in Switzerland have 1.54 children.Most people in Switzerland are Christian, including 42 percent Roman Catholic and 35 percent Protestant, with 11 percent stating no religious affiliation at all.The Swiss are an educated population; in 2015, 88 percent of adults aged 25–64 had the equivalent of a high school diploma. The Swiss government forecasts the number of people aged 25–64 with post-secondary education will rise to almost 60 percent in 2040, although foreigners are expected to contribute some 30 percent of the increase.Weather in SwitzerlandSwitzerland’s climate is not considered as being excessively hot, cold nor humid, although it varies according to region. In the north, the climate is moderate, with cold winters and warm summers; temperatures drop in the mountainous east; the west has a mild climate; while in the south it’s so warm that palm trees line the shore of Lake Lugano. As a guide, expect daytime temperatures from 18–28°C (65–85°F) during July and August, in January and February -2–7°C (28-45°F) and in spring and autumn/fall 8–15°C (46–59°F).Famous Swiss people and buildingsSwitzerland was the birthplace of many famous inventors and pioneers, including World Wide Web creator Tim Berners-Lee, architect Le Corbusier, Red Cross founder Jean Henri Dunant, DNA discoverer Friedrich Miescher, philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and psychologist Carl Jung.Switzerland is also home to CERN (the European Organisation for Nuclear Research), the world’s largest particle physics laboratory based in Geneva and straddling the Swiss/French border. Physicists won the 2013 Nobel prize in physics for their work on the theory of the Higgs boson, one of the building blocks of the universe, which was finally discovered at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider in 2012.Museums in SwitzerlandMuseums also play an integral part in Swiss culture, with Swiss museums attracting more than one million visitors per month, although more than half are received by only 49 institutions. In 2017 the Swiss statistic office released figures that there were 1,111 museums in Switzerland, the majority (367) being regional or local, followed by art (171), technical (140) and historical (126) museums.Art museums were the most popular, attracting 3.3 million visitors. However, while the most popular museums receive more than 50,000 guests annually, almost 75 percent of Swiss museums attract fewer than 5,000 people, with every fourth village statistically having a museum. Most Swiss mueseums are located in German-speaking Switzerland, while Italian-speaking Ticino has the highest museum density. Many Swiss museums are publically financed, with almost half predominately relying on funding. Reportedly, 72 percent of the population visited a museum, gallery or an exhibition in 2014.

Let’s see, the obvious ones:ChocolateHigh-End WatchesUnited NationsNeutralitySpotless albeit very congested FreewaysHighest Living Standard in Europe ( The Swiss earn a lot but can also afford a lot too. Glassdoor says "in Switzerland, the average city-based worker can afford to buy around twice as much as his or her equivalent in New York City.")Some of the best almost free UniversitiesBizarre Laws - Ten of the wackiest Swiss lawsThe Alps we share with France and Austria.Switzerland is one of the only two countries to have a square flag – the Vatican has the only other square flag in the world. The Swiss flag is a red square with a white cross in the center.Switzerland is prepared for a nuclear war, if there ever was one – there are enough nuclear fallout shelters to accommodate its entire human population, due to laws that require everybody to have access to a shelter in their building or nearby. The Swiss military keeps fully stocked artillery bunkers, disguised as quaint country homes, in the middle of populated villages.Switzerland's main access points are wired to blow in case of an attack – one of the country's defense strategies is to demolish every main road, bridge and railway access into Switzerland in case of a foreign invasion, with at least 3,000 locations around the country prepared to blow at a moment’s notice.Coffee in Zurich is the most expensive in the world – costing an average CHF3.65 (USD 3.65) in the Coffee Price Index 2016, with Copenhagen, Basel, Bern, and Geneva rounding out the top five respectively. Switzerland was also the origin of instant coffee when the Nestlé Company, started by Swiss businessman Henri Nestlé in 1867, created Nescafe in 1938.In Switzerland, citizens can challenge any law passed by Parliament – provided they can gather 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If successful, a national vote is held and voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law.Switzerland boasts some of the world's most famous inventions – they created Velcro, cellophane, the Swiss Army Knife, absinthe, the potato peeler, Helvetica font, LSD, muesli, edible chocolate gold, and milk chocolate to name a few. They were also pioneers in introducing bobsleigh, tobogganing, and luge as a competitive sport to the world. Swiss scientists are also leading research in using LSD to treat mental illness and pain.Swiss men have the longest life expectancy in the world – in 2015 life expectancy at birth was 81.3 years for Swiss men and 85.3 years for Swiss women, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This puts Switzerland second (after Japan) for the average longest life expectancy. The population is also aging; in 2015, almost one-fifth of the population was 65.Swiss law prohibits owning 'social' pets unless you have two of them – this makes it illegal in Switzerland to keep just one guinea pig, mouse, ferret, fish, canary, pig or other social creature. With the world's most stringent animal welfare laws, Switzerland judges isolation for such animals as abuse. This has sparked services such as a lawyer who defends animals and a pet-renting service in case one of a pair dies and the owner wants to avoid a pet-buying cycle to abide by the pairing law.There are Swiss taxes for owning a dog – annual taxes are determined by the dog's size and weight. Dog owners are also required to take a training course to learn how to properly care for their pets.Switzerland is one of the world's best places to be born, live and be happy – according to consistently high rankings in global reports. Switzerland was ranked the world's happiest country in 2015, and came second in 2016 (after Denmark) out of 156 countries, while Zurich was named the second best city to live in Mercer's Quality of Living Report 2016 (after Vienna), and tied with Bern and Helsinki as the second best city for personal safety, far above London (72) or the US (where no city ranked in the top 50). According to the Economist Intelligence Unit's (EIU) latest Where to be Born Index (2013), Switzerland was the best country to be born.There are 208 mountains over 3,000m high – with 24 of them over 4,000m. The highest is Monte Rosa (Dufoursptiz) at 4,634m, situated on the Swiss/Italian border.Switzerland's climate is not all about snowy mountains – cold, snowy winters were historically the norm but freezing temperatures and large snowfalls are less the case today, especially in lowland areas. Many Swiss ski resorts would struggle to survive without artificial snow. During hot summers, temperatures have been known to exceed 30–35°C in some areas. The Alps acts as a climate barrier: northern Switzerland tends to get colder from Atlantic winds, while southern Switzerland has a milder climate influenced by Mediterranean winds.Parents can be overruled on what they call their child – in Switzerland, it is prohibited to give a child a name that could damage the child's interest. This right was exercised when authorities banned Swiss musician Christine Lauterburg from calling her daughter 'Lexicon' (an 'object', not a name); 'Djonatan' (the phonetic spelling of Jonathan) also got the thumbs down, as did 'J' as a child's fourth name based on the potential for it to be misunderstood and pronounced incorrectly in German (as 'yot' and not 'Jay' as intended).Switzerland is also known as Confoederatio Helvetica – which explains the abbreviation CH. It's officially named the Swiss Confederation for historical reasons, although modern Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the federal city. The founding of the Swiss Confederation traditionally dates to 1 August 1291 and is celebrated annually as Swiss National Day.Switzerland has a considerable wealth gap between rich and poor – the top 20 percent of the population earn more than four times as much as the bottom 20 percent, according to the OCED.Switzerland has one of the lowest crime rates of industrialized countries despite liberal Swiss gun laws – in 2015 there were only 0.5 gun murders per 100,000 people in Switzerland (around 40 per year), compared to five gun murders per 100,000 people recorded in the US in 2014 (around 30–40 per day). Yet Small Arms Survey estimates Switzerland has around 45.7 guns per 100 residents, the world's third-highest after the US (88.8) and Yemen (54.8), although Swiss government figures put estimates at one gun per four residents, or around two million guns in a population of 8.3 million. In 2011, Swiss voters rejected stricter gun control including a proposal to ban the purchase of automatic weapons and introduce a firearm licencing system.Military service is still compulsory for male Swiss citizens – Switzerland is one of the last western Europe countries to enforce it, along with Austria. Under the Swiss constitution, male Swiss citizens have to serve in the Swiss army after age 18, while women can opt to volunteer. Military training camps are common across Switzerland as are civilians carrying shotguns over their shoulders. It is also legal to keep personal army-issued guns (semi-automatic rifles) after service, and Switzerland's high gun ownership is partly due to the Swiss tradition of keeping militia army rifles at home.Albert Einstein developed his famous formula E=MC2 in Switzerland – he developed his theory of relativity while studying and living in Bern, after renouncing his German citizenship to avoid military duty.Swiss politics include an anti-PowerPoint presentation party – the party's goal is to decrease the use of PowerPoint and other presentation software, which it estimates costs Switzerland EUR 2.1 in economic damage.Sundays in Switzerland are protected by a long list of social laws – making it illegal to undertake activities such as mowing, hanging out laundry, washing your car or recycling bottles to ensure peace and beauty is maintained. A peaceful night's sleep is also guaranteed by building rules that frown upon noisy actions after 10 pm, which can include peeing standing up, slamming a car door, flushing a toilet or emptying a bath.Switzerland's Gotthard tunnel is the longest in the world – measuring 57km in length, located 2.3km under the Alps, it is 7km longer than the Channel tunnel between England and France. It took 17 years to complete and, with a total cost of some EUR 11, it's also the world's most expensive tunnel. It cuts 45 minutes off traveling between Zurich and Lugano and boosts the Rhine-Alp corridor that stretches from Rotterdam in the Netherlands, crosses Germany and connects the port of Genoa in Italy.Almost half of the marriages in Switzerland ends in divorce – the divorce rate had been gradually decreasing but rose to 41.4 percent in 2015; Neuchâtel (48.6 percent) and Geneva (47.7 percent) recorded the highest rates. People marry relatively late in Switzerland with men at 31.8 years and women at 29.6 years, and the average number of children per woman is around 1.5, just under the EU average of 1.6.Switzerland has the third highest salary and job security out of all OECD countries – Swiss workers earn an average of USD 57,082 per year, ranked after Luxembourg (1) and US (2), and would only lose an average of 1.7 percent of earnings if unemployed. In 2015, some 80 percent of the population aged 15 to 64 had a paid job, the second highest OECD employment rate, and only around 1.7 percent of the labor force has been unemployed for a year or longer, lower than the OECD average of 2.6 percent. Additionally, Switzerland has consistently ranked as a top country for youth employment according to the KOF Youth Labor Market Index.Women did not gain the vote at Federal level until 1971 – and they are still underrepresented in political life, despite Switzerland often being praised as a model of direct democracy.Switzerland is not governed by one head of state – instead, it has a seven-member executive council that serves as the Swiss collective head of state. A president is elected for one year in office and is regarded as the primus inter pares, or first among equals, during this time.Switzerland lags behind most western European countries in areas of gender equality – in 2015 only 41.3 percent of women worked full-time compared to 83.6 percent of men, and less than 20 percent of all national decision-taking posts were held by women. Despite a commitment to equal pay for men and women, Switzerland ranks 24 out of 38 OECD countries for gender inequality in salaries, with around a 17 percent difference. The 2017 Schilling report, however, reported that women now make up one-fifth of new executive positions, up from 4 percent the previous year, rising in one year as much as the previous 10 years combined.Foreigners account for nearly 25 percent of the population – one of the highest percentages in the world. However, in February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly passed through a controversial anti-immigration initiative. It aims to impose limits on the number of foreigners allowed into Switzerland and may signal an end to the country’s free movement accord with the European Union, although it is currently in EU negotiations. Despite this, the 2017 Schilling reported that the number of foreigners on Swiss executive boards rose to 45 percent, highlighting Switzerland's ongoing need for executive workers regardless of nationality.Tobacco consumption is widespread – some 28.2 percent of the population were smokers in the last government report (2012), compared to 19 percent of Brits or 16.8 percent of Americans, although it is in decline due to an awareness of health risks and rising prices.Switzerland has one of the highest rates of cannabis use in the world – along with the US and Britain. It's estimated that some 600,000 users get through 100 tonnes of hash and marijuana each year. Since October 2013, the possession of marijuana has been decriminalized and anyone older than 18 years caught with up to 10g can pay an on-the-spot fine of CHF 100 but there won't be any formal legal proceedings.Switzerland has four national languages although English is increasingly popular – the four official languages are French, German, Italian and Rhaeto-Romantsch (with Latin roots), although proficiency in another national language is decreasing in favor of English. Around 60 percent of the population are proficient in English and Switzerland ranks 14th in the world in the EF English Proficiency Index for non-native English speakers.Absinthe originated in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel in the late 18th century – when French doctor Pierre Ordinaire crafted an emerald green elixir rumored to cure all ails, concocted from local herbs and the bitter-tasting herb Artemisia absinthium, or wormwood, which grew abundantly around the small Swiss town of Couvet and the icy Val-de-Travers region of Switzerland. After allegedly sharing his recipe, in 1797 Henri-Louis Pernod, father of the Pernod brand, opened the first absinthe distillery in Couvet. National Absinthe day celebrates in the drink on 5 March each year.The Swiss eat more chocolate than any other nation in the world – they eat a record of around 11kg per year. Chocolate is a major Swiss export; with 18 Swiss chocolate companies, Switzerland exported almost 115,500 tonnes of chocolate in 2015. They have also invented techniques like conching and tempering to perfect the art of chocolate making.More than half of Swiss domestic electricity is produced by 556 hydroelectric power plants – some 19 million gigawatt hours a year, with hydro-power the country's most important renewable energy. Switzerland is home to around 1,500 lakes, of which Lake Geneva is the largest and reportedly holds more than 40 shipwrecks.Switzerland's Aarau railway station holds Europe's second largest clock face – measuring 9m in diameter, only the railway station clock in Cergy, France is larger (10m). St Peter's Church in Zürich also has the largest church clock face in Europe, measuring 8.7m in diameter.Swiss are best mathematicians in Europe – Swiss teenagers ranked first in Europe for maths in the 2015 PISA survey (Programme for International Student Assessment) and eighth in the world. Swiss teachers also receive the highest annual salary, averaging USD 68,000 (EUR 61,430), out of 30 OECD countries, according to The Efficiency Index.Background Swiss factsSwitzerland has 26 cantons, which are the federal states of the Swiss Confederation. They vary greatly in size, population, and character: the canton of Geneva comprises just one city; the canton of Uri is entirely mountains and valleys; the population of the Zurich canton is over one million while the people of Appenzell Inner-Rhodes would fit into a football stadium.Switzerland's economy is based on highly skilled workers, in specialist areas such as microtechnology, hi-tech, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, as well as banking and insurance. Switzerland is widely recognized as an international research center, with the private and public sector strongly promoting science and technology.Switzerland has a population of 8.3 million; about 5 million of them live in the Swiss Plateau in between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss Alps. All the larger Swiss cities lie on the plateau, including the city of Zurich, which is Switzerland's largest with a population of 376,990. The canton (federal state) of Zurich is the most densely populated canton in Switzerland, with 1,242,000 inhabitants in total. Regarding family life, on average women in Switzerland have 1.54 children.Most people in Switzerland are Christian, including 42 percent Roman Catholic and 35 percent Protestant, with 11 percent stating no religious affiliation at all.Switzerland's climate is not considered as being excessively hot, cold or humid, although it varies according to region. In the north, the climate is moderate, with cold winters and warm summers; temperatures drop in the mountainous east; the west has a mild climate; while in the south it's so warm that palm trees line the shore of Lake Lugano. As a guide, expect daytime temperatures from 18–28°C (65–85°F) during July and August, in January and February -2–7°C (28-45°F) and in spring and autumn/fall 8–15°C (46–59°F).The Swiss are an educated population; in 2015, 88 percent of adults aged 25–64 had the equivalent of a high school diploma. The Swiss government forecasts the number of people aged 25–64 with post-secondary education will rise to almost 60 percent in 2040, although foreigners are expected to contribute some 30 percent of the increase.Switzerland does not use the euro as its currency. Switzerland uses the Swiss franc (CHF). In June 2016, one Swiss franc was worth around EUR 0.92/USD 1.02/GBP 0.76.Switzerland is also home to CERN (the European Organisation for Nuclear Research), the world's largest particle physics laboratory based in Geneva and straddling the Swiss/French border. Physicists won the 2013 Nobel prize in physics for their work on the theory of the Higgs boson, one of the building blocks of the universe, which was finally discovered at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in 2012.Switzerland was the birthplace of many famous inventors and pioneers, including World Wide Web creator Tim Berners-Lee, architect Le Corbusier, Red Cross founder Jean Henri Dunant, DNA discoverer Friedrich Miescher, philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and psychologist Carl Jung.Museums also play an integral part in Swiss culture, with Swiss museums attracting more than one million visitors per month, although more than half are received by only 49 institutions. In 2017 the Swiss statistic office released figures that there were 1,111 museums in Switzerland, the majority (367) being regional or local, followed by art (171), technical (140) and historical (126) museums.Art museums were the most popular, attracting 3.3 million visitors. However, while the most popular museums receive more than 50,000 guests annually, almost 75 percent of Swiss museums attract fewer than 5,000 people, with every fourth village statistically having a museum. Most Swiss museums are located in German-speaking Switzerland, while Italian-speaking Ticino has the highest museum density. Many Swiss museums are publicly financed, with almost half predominately relying on funding. Reportedly, 72 percent of the population visited a museum, gallery or an exhibition in 2014.Source: 35 facts about SwitzerlandAnd many, many more too numerous to list.