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I could swear I've seen an answer to this before, but I can't find it.Foreign governments seeking diplomatic clearance for state aircraft to transit U.S. territorial airspace or land in the United States must obtain a diplomatic clearance number (DCN) issued in advance by the Office of International Security Operations, Bureau of Political Military Affairs (PM/ISO), Department of State. The DCN authorizes the aircraft to transit or land in the United States and/or its territories, in accordance with the approved itinerary.If a Canadian fighter does enter US airspace, it will most likely be ordered to turn back towards Canadian airspace. At most, some US fighters would intercept it and escort it back. The same does not apply for US fighters entering Canadian airspace.3.2.3 Blanket Diplomatic Clearances to Foreign Military AircraftBy order-in-council, United States, United Kingdom, and New Zealand military aircraft are exempted from the requirement to have a formal diplomatic clearance (see 3.2.1 above) prior to overflying and/or landing in Canada.Military aircraft from North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries other than the United States and the United Kingdom are granted clearances on an annual basis. These clearances do not apply to aircraft carrying armed soldiers, armaments and/or other dangerous goods, nor do they apply to aircraft carrying government personnel.

China is not a so-called dictatorship. Since the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, not one person has been able to make decisions, including during the leadership of Mao Zedong, who did not have the same power as Stalin.Since the Cultural Revolution, it has been even more difficult for one or two people to make any decision in China.The decision-making body in China is more or less as follows.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and its permanent body, the Central Political Bureau, are the highest decision-making organs.The Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), known as the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee or the Central Political Bureau, is elected by the full Central Committee of the CPC and is the central leadership body of the CPC. The Constitution of the Communist Party of China stipulates that the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and its "Standing Committee" shall exercise the powers and functions of the Central Committee in the period between plenary meetings of the Central Committee, which are convened by the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.At the first plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee on 25 October 2017, 25 members of the 19th Central Political Bureau (who are responsible for all aspects of Chinese government affairs) were elected, including seven members of the Standing Committee of the Central Political Bureau.The seven members of the Standing Committee of the Central Politburo are nowXi Jinping, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the CPCLi Keqiang, Premier of the State CouncilLi Zhanshu, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC)Wang Yang, Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceWang Huning, Secretary of the Central Secretariat (in charge of policy research)Zhao Leji, Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China (in charge of political and legal affairs)Vice-Premier of the State Council Han Zheng (to assist the Premier)For details, you can read here中国共产党中央政治局 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书The content is in Chinese and can be translated with the help of Google Translate.Major resolutions must be discussed by the Standing Committee of the Politburo and, when necessary, extended to the Politburo.The formation of a national-level resolution in China goes through roughly this many stages.The first stage is for specific affairs bodies to compile relevant information and report it up the hierarchy.In the second stage, it is handed over to research institutions or specific affairs agencies to carry out research and investigation, come up with a proposal, and report back to the higher bodies according to the size of the matter.At the third stage, the highest level will be reported to a number of Politburo members, who will make a decision if it is an ordinary matter, or to the Politburo Standing Committee if they feel it is more important.At the fourth stage, when the Politburo Standing Committee feels that the matter is important, it will inform the other Standing Committee members and make appointments to meet with the agencies and research institutions concerned with the specific matter for in-depth discussion.At the fifth stage, if the Politburo Standing Committee feels that the matter is ready for a conclusion, they will arrange for an order to be issued.If the Politburo Standing Committee feels that the matter needs to be handled with caution, then arrangements will be made for specific affairs bodies to carry out trial implementation in a number of areas, then take stock and finally report for discussion before deciding whether to extend it.So the Chinese leader will not be like Trump, where one person can pat his head and say what he wants.And like local decisions, major matters need to go through the local standing committee of the party committee before they can be decided, nor can one local leader have the say, he has to join with other standing committees.In China, during the time of Mao Zedong, he had a high level of prestige and many people supported him because of his history. Even then, things such as starting the Cultural Revolution were not started by him alone, but by a group of people such as Lin Biao and Kang Sheng with their support.Of course he personally played a big role too. But not as much as Stalin, who had a free hand to make decisions. Still less like Trump in the US.In fact, China's decision-making institutions are far more democratic than those of the West.The so-called democratic decision-making in the West is not, in the Chinese view, just a matter of arguing openly in parliament and putting on a public show of discussion.It even appears that some good measures cannot be implemented because of partisan interests. An example is the reform of the health care system in the US.In Taiwan, it even happens that MPs from different parties fight on stage and then at night, drink together.Democracy is not an end in itself; democracy is for the better.Elections are not an end in themselves. Electing people who are serious about their work, and then those people are serious about their work, is the result.

Yes, the Arms Export Control Act gives the President the authority to control the export of “defense articles and services.” The guts of this is spelled out at 22 U.S. Code § 2778, which you can access here: 22 U.S. Code § 2778 - Control of arms exports and imports. This is administered by the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, under the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs of the U. S. State Department. The Directorate’s website is at About Us – Directorate of Defense Trade Controls - United States Department of State.