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Junk food is unhealthy food that is high in calories from sugar or fat, with little dietary fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals, or other important forms of nutritional value.[1][2][3]Precise definitions vary by purpose and over time. Some high-protein foods, like meat prepared with saturated fat, may be considered junk food.[4] The term HFSS foods (high in fat, salt and sugar) is used synonymously.[5][6] Fast food and fast food restaurants are often equated with junk food, although fast foods cannot be categorically described as junk food.[7][8][9] Most junk food is highly processed food.Concerns about the negative health effects resulting from a junk food-heavy diet, especially obesity, have resulted in public health awareness campaigns, and restrictions on advertising and sale in several countries.[10][11][12]Junk food is a pejorative dating back at least to the 1950s.[13]Contents1 Origin of the term2 Definitions3 History4 Popularity and appeal5 Health effects6 Anti-junk food measures6.1 Taxation6.2 Restricting advertising to children6.3 Restricting sales to minors7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External linksOrigin of the termThe term junk food dates back at least to the early 1950s, although its coinage has been credited to Michael F. Jacobson of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, in 1972.[3] In 1952, the phrase appeared in a headline in the Lima, Ohio, News, "'Junk Foods' Cause Serious Malnutrition", over a reprint of a 1948 article from the Ogden, Utah, Standard-Examiner, originally titled, "Dr. Brady’s Health Column: More Junk Than Food". In the article, Dr. Brady writes, "What Mrs. H calls 'junk' I call cheat food. That is anything made principally of (1) white flour and or (2) refined white sugar or syrup. For example, white bread, crackers, cake, candy, ice cream soda, chocolate malted, sundaes, sweetened carbonated beverages."[14] The term cheat food can be traced back in newspaper mentions to at least 1916.[15]DefinitionsA homemade vegetarian pizza on whole-grain bread with multiple types of vegetablesWhether foods such as pizza are considered junk food depends upon how they are made.In Andrew F. Smith's Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food, junk food is defined as "those commercial products, including candy, bakery goods, ice cream, salty snacks and soft drinks, which have little or no nutritional value but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. While not all fast foods are junk foods, most are. Fast foods are ready-to-eat foods served promptly after ordering. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in calories and high in nutritional value."[7]Junk food provides empty calories, supplying little or none of the protein, vitamins, or minerals required for a nutritious diet.[16] Many foods, such as hamburgers, pizza, and tacos, can be considered either healthy or junk food, depending on their ingredients and preparation methods.[17] The more highly processed items usually fall under the junk food category,[18] including breakfast cereals that are mostly sugar or high fructose corn syrup and white flour or milled corn.[19]The United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority, the self-regulatory agency for the UK ad industry, uses nutrient profiling to define junk food. Foods are scored for "A" nutrients (energy, saturated fat, total sugar and sodium) and "C" nutrients (fruit, vegetable and nut content, fiber and protein). The difference between A and C scores determines whether a food or beverage is categorized as HFSS (high in fat, salt and sugar; a term synonymous with junk food).[20][5][6]In Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health, the junk food label is described as nutritionally meaningless: food is food, and if there is zero nutritional value, then it isn't a food.[21] Co-editor Vincent Marks explains, "To label a food as 'junk' is just another way of saying, 'I disapprove of it.' There are bad diets - that is, bad mixtures and quantities of food - but there are no 'bad foods' except those that have become bad through contamination or deterioration."[22]HistoryAccording to an article in the New York Times, "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food", "The history of junk food is a largely American tale: It has been around for hundreds of years, in many parts of the world, but no one has done a better job inventing so many varieties of it, branding it, mass-producing it, making people rich off it and, of course, eating it."[23] Cracker Jack, the candy-coated popcorn-and-peanuts confection, is credited as the first popular name-brand junk food; it was created in Chicago, registered in 1896, and became the best-selling candy in the world 20 years later.[24][25]Popularity and appealJunk food in its various forms is extremely popular, and an integral part of modern popular culture. In the US, annual fast food sales are in the area of $160 billion,[26] compared to supermarket sales of $620 billion[27] (a figure which also includes junk food in the form of convenience foods, snack foods, and candy). In 1976, "Junk Food Junkie", a US Top 10 pop song, described a junk food addict who pretends to follow a healthy diet by day, while at night gorges on Hostess Twinkies and Fritos corn chips, McDonald's and KFC.[28] Thirty-six years later, Time placed the Twinkie at #1 in an article titled, "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods": "Not only...a mainstay on our supermarket shelves and in our bellies, they've been a staple in our popular culture and, above all, in our hearts. Often criticized for its lack of any nutritional value whatsoever, the Twinkie has managed to persevere as a cultural and gastronomical icon."[29]America also celebrates an annual National Junk Food Day on July 21. Origins are unclear; it is one of around 175 US food and drink days, most created by "people who want to sell more food", at times aided by elected officials at the request of a trade association or commodity group.[30] "In honor of the day," Time in 2014 published, "5 Crazy Junk Food Combinations". Headlines from other national and local media coverage include: "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?" (MTV);[31] "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll" (Baltimore);[32] "Celebrities' favorite junk food" (Los Angeles);[33] "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day" with "Rules for Splurging" (Huffington Post);[34] and "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?" (Kansas City).[35]As for the source of junk food's appeal, there is no definitive scientific answer, both physiological and psychological factors are cited. Food manufacturers spend billions of dollars on research and development to create flavor profiles that trigger the human affinity for sugar, salt, and fat. Consumption results in pleasurable, likely addictive, effects in the brain. At the same time, massive marketing efforts are deployed, creating powerful brand loyalties that studies have shown can trump taste.[36]It is well-established that the poor eat more junk food overall than the more affluent, but the reasons for this are not clear.[37] Few studies have focused on variations in food perception according to socio-economic status (SES); some studies that have differentiated based on SES suggest that the economically challenged don't perceive healthy food much differently than any other segment of the population.[38] Recent research into scarcity, combining behavioral science and economics, suggests that, faced with extreme economic uncertainty, where even the next meal may not be a sure thing, judgment is impaired and the drive is to the instant gratification of junk food, rather than to making the necessary investment in the longer-term benefits of a healthier diet.[39][40]Health effectsWhen junk food is consumed very often, the excess fat, simple carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and many other chronic health conditions.[41] A case study on consumption of fast foods in Ghana suggested a direct correlation between consumption of junk food and obesity rates. The report asserts that obesity resulted in related complex health concerns such as an upsurge in the rate of heart attacks.[42] Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could begin clogging and lay the groundwork for future heart attacks.[43] Consumers also tend to eat too much in one sitting,[44] and those who have satisfied their appetite with junk food are less likely to eat healthy foods like fruit or vegetables.[45]Testing on rats has indicated negative effects of junk food that may manifest likewise in people. A Scripps Research Institute study in 2008 suggested that junk food consumption alters brain activity in a manner similar to addictive drugs like cocaine and heroin. After many weeks with unlimited access to junk food, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure; after the junk food was taken away and replaced with a healthy diet, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare.[46][47] A 2007 study in the British Journal of Nutrition found that female rats who eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their offspring.[48]Other research has been done on the impact of sugary foods on emotional health in humans, and has suggested that consumption of junk food can negatively impact energy levels and emotional well-being.[49]In a study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the frequency of consumption of 57 foods/drinks of 4000 children at the age of four and a half were collected by maternal report. At age seven, the 4000 children were given the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), with five scales: hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems, emotional symptoms and pro-social behavior. A one standard deviation increase in junk food was then linked to excessive hyperactivity in 33% of the subjects, leading to the conclusion that children consuming excess junk food at the age of seven are more likely to be in the top third of the hyperactivity scale. There was no significant correlation between junk food and the other scales.[50]Anti-junk food measuresA number of countries have taken, or are considering, various forms of legislative action to curb junk food consumption. In 2014, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Anand Grover, released his report, "Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health", and called for governments to "take measures, such as developing food and nutrition guidelines for healthy diets, regulating marketing and advertising of junk food, adopting consumer-friendly labeling of food products, and establishing accountability mechanisms for violations of the right to health."[51]An early, high-profile and controversial attempt to identify and curb junk food in the American diet was undertaken by the McGovern Committee (United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, chaired by Senator George McGovern) between 1968 and 1977. Initially formed to investigate malnutrition and hunger in the US, the committee's scope progressively expanded to include environmental conditions that affected eating habits, such as urban decay,[52] then focused on the diet and nutritional habits of the American public. The committee took issue with the use of salt, sugar and fat in processed foods, noted problems with overeating and the high percentage of ads for junk food on TV, and stated that bad eating habits could be as deadly as smoking. The findings were heavily criticized and rebutted from many directions, including the food industry, the American Medical Association, and within the committee itself. In 1977, the committee issued public guidelines under the title, Dietary Goals for the United States, which became the predecessor to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published every five years beginning in 1980 by the US Department of Health and Human Services.[53][54]TaxationSee also: Fat tax and Soda taxIn an attempt to reduce junk food consumption through price control, sin taxes have been implemented. Targeting saturated fat consumption, Denmark introduced the world's first fat-food tax in October, 2011, by imposing a surcharge on all foods, including those made from natural ingredients, that contain more than 2.3 percent saturated fat, an unpopular measure that lasted a little over a year.[55][56][57] Hungary has imposed taxes on foods and beverages high in added sugar, fat, and salt.[58] Norway taxes refined sugar, and Mexico has various excises on unhealthy food.[59] On April 1, 2015, the first fat tax in the US, the Navajo Nation's Healthy Diné Nation Act of 2014, mandating a 2% junk food tax, came into effect, covering the 27,000 sq mi (70,000 km2) Navajo reservation; the Act targeted problems with obesity and diabetes among the Navajo population.[60]Restricting advertising to childrenJunk food lines both sides of tall shelves at a grocery storeSome governments have considered taxes and limits on advertising or displaying junk food for sale.Junk food that is targeted at children is a contentious issue. In "The Impact of Advertising on Childhood obesity", the American Psychological Association reports: "Research has found strong associations between increases in advertising for non-nutritious foods and rates of childhood obesity."[61] The World Health Organization recommends that governments take action to limit children's exposure to food marketing, stating, "Many advertisements promote foods high in fats, sugar and salt, consumption of which should be limited as part of a healthy diet. ... Food advertising and other forms of marketing have been shown to influence children’s food preferences, purchasing behaviour and overall dietary behaviour. Marketing has also been associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity in children. The habits children develop early in life may encourage them to adopt unhealthy dietary practices which persist into adulthood, increasing the likelihood of overweight, obesity and associated health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases."[10]In the UK, efforts to increasingly limit or eliminate advertising of foods high in sugar, salt or fat at any time when children may be viewing are ongoing.[62] The UK government has been criticized for failing to do enough to stop advertising and promotion of junk food aimed at children.[63] A UK parliamentary select committee recommended that cartoon characters advertising unhealthy food to children should be banned, supermarkets should have to remove unhealthy sweets and snacks from ends of aisles and checkout areas, local authorities should be able to limit the number of fast food outlets in their area, brands associated with unhealthy foods should be banned from sponsoring sports clubs, youth leagues and tournaments, and social media like Facebook should cut down junk food advertising to children—all are currently just recommendations.[64]In Australia, a Wollongong University study in 2015 showed that junk food sponsors were mentioned over 1,000 times in a single Australian cricket match broadcast, which included ads, and branding worn on players' uniforms and on the scoreboard and pitch. A coalition of Australian obesity, cancer and diabetes organizations called on Cricket Australia, the sport's governing body, to "phase out sponsorships with unhealthy brands", emphasizing that cricket is a "healthy, family-oriented sport" with children in the audience.[65]Restricting sales to minorsSeveral states in Mexico banned sales of junk food to minors, starting in August 2020.[66]See alsoicon Food portalObesityComfort foodDude foodGlutamic acid (flavor), common flavoring compounds and their synthetic versions, which may be added to some processed foods, to boost their savorinessHealth food, foods that tend to be nutrient rich, and may be eaten for their potential benefits to healthList of food additivesNutrient profilingUltra-processed foodReferences"junk food". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 13 March 2015."junk food". Macmillan Dictionary. Retrieved 13 March 2015.O'Neill, Brendon (November 30, 2006). "Is this what you call junk food?". BBC News. Retrieved June 29, 2010.Scott, Caitlin (May 2018). "Sustainably Sourced Junk Food? Big Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Diets". Global Environmental Politics. 18 (2): 93–113. doi:10.1162/glep_a_00458. ISSN 1526-3800. S2CID 57559050.Parks, Troy (16 Dec 2016). "WHO warns on kids' digital exposure to junk-food ads". American Medical Association.Snowdon, Christopher (6 Jun 2018). "The proposed 'junk food' advertising ban is aimed at you, not your children". The Spectator.Smith, Andrew F. (5 September 2000). Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food. Greenwood Press. p. x. ISBN 978-0313335273.Specter, Michael (2 November 2015). "Freedom from Fries". New Yorker. Retrieved 2019-01-01.Smith, Rene. "Fast Food Facts". Science Kids. Retrieved 2019-01-01."Food Marketing to Kids". Public Health Law Center (William Mitchell College of Law). 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2015."Protecting children from the harmful effects of food and drink marketing". World Health Organization. September 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015."Food Marketing in Other Countries" (PDF).Zimmer, Ben (30 Dec 2010). "On Language: Junk". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2015.Popik, Barry (26 December 2008). "Junk Food". Barry Popik. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015. "Barry Popik is a contributor to the Oxford English Dictionary, Dictionary of American Regional English, Historical Dictionary of American Slang, Yale Book of Quotations and Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. Since 1990 he has also been a regular contributor to Gerald Cohen's Comments on Etymology. He is recognized as an expert on the origins of the terms Big Apple, Windy City, hot dog, hamburger and many other food terms, and he is an editor of the Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink." - The Big Apple: AboutO’Conner, Patricia T. and Stewart Kellerman (15 February 2011). "Don't touch my junk food". Grammaphobia. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.Larsen, Joanne. "Can you give me a list of junk foods?". Ask the Dietitian. Retrieved 2019-02-12.University of Glasgow (31 October 2013). "Pizza perfect! A nutritional overhaul of 'junk food,' ready-meals is possible". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 14 November 2014."What Makes a Food Junk?". Huffington Post. 4 August 2010.Magee, Elaine. "Junk-Food Facts". WebMD."Food: HFSS Nutrient Profiling". ASA. 29 Jun 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-10.Feldman, Stanely; Vincent Marks (2005). Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health. London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 9781844541225.O'Neill, Brendan (3 October 2005). "Is junk food a myth?". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved 10 February 2015. Vincent Marks is an Emeritus Professor of Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Surrey.Frenandez, Manny (7 Aug 2010). "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 2018-12-31.Petri, Alexandra E. (February 17, 2015). "Where Did Junk Food Come From?". The Daily Meal. Retrieved 2019-04-23.Parsons, Russ (Jun 4, 2013). "Cracker Jack: 120-year-old junk food gets new flavors, 'enhanced' prizes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-04-23.Sena, Matt. "Fast Food Industry Analysis 2015 - Cost & Trends". FranchiseHelp. Retrieved 27 March 2015."Supermarket Facts". Food Marketing Institute. Retrieved 27 March 2015."Larry Groce "Junk Food Junkie"". K-tel International. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Grossman, Samantha (16 Nov 2012). "Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods". Time. Retrieved 28 March 2015.Severson, Kim (30 May 2007). "Having a Snack? Make It a Holiday". New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2015.Valia, Anu (21 July 2014). "Celebrate National Junk Food Day With… Beer-Flavored Oreos?". MTV (Viacom). Retrieved 8 April 2015.Pfahler, Eric (21 July 2014). "National Junk Food Day: Pick your favorite unhealthy treats in this poll". WMAR-TV ABC 2 News (Scripps TV Station Group). Retrieved 8 April 2015."Celebrities' favorite junk food". ABC Inc., KABC-TV. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2015.Reinagel, Monica (21 July 2014). "A Nutritionist's Guide to National Junk Food Day". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 April 2015.Thompson, Jadiann (21 July 2014). "It's National Junk Food Day: Got snacks?". KSHB (Scripps TV Station Group). Retrieved 8 April 2015.Ault, Alicia (26 Mar 2015). "Ask Smithsonian: Why Do We Love Junk Food So Much?". http://Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 2018-12-30.Darmon, Nicole; Adam Drewnowski (May 2008). "Does social class predict diet quality?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 87 (5): 1107–1117. doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1107. PMID 18469226. "A large body of epidemiologic data show that diet quality follows a socioeconomic gradient. Whereas higher-quality diets are associated with greater affluence, energy-dense diets that are nutrient-poor are preferentially consumed by persons of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and of more limited economic means. ... However, a convincing causal relation between SES indicators and diet quality still remains to be established."Paquette, Marie-Claude (July–August 2005). "Perceptions of healthy eating: state of knowledge and research gaps". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 96 (Supplement 3): S15-9, S16-21. PMID 16042159. "This article’s aim is to review and summarize the literature on the perceptions of healthy eating ... Databases, the worldwide web, selected journals and reference lists were searched for relevant papers from the last 20 years. Reviewed articles suggest relative homogeneity in the perceptions of healthy eating despite the studies being conducted in different countries and involving different age groups, sexes and socio-economic status." Also, "...the small number of studies that focused on variations in perceptions according to socio-economic status..."Adams, Tim (7 September 2013). "Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media). Retrieved 3 April 2015.McWilliams, James (4 Aug 2014). "Why Are So Many Low-Income People So Overweight?". Pacific Standard (Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy). Retrieved 3 April 2015.Roizman, Tracey. "Reasons Eating Junk Food Is Not Good". SFGate (Demand Media). Retrieved 29 March 2015.Searcey, Dionne; Richtel, Matt (2017-10-02). "Obesity Was Rising as Ghana Embraced Fast Food. Then Came KFC". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-19."effects of junk food & Beverages on Adolescent's health-A review article".Hall, Kevin D.; Ayuketah, Alexis; Brychta, Robert; Cai, Hongyi; Cassimatis, Thomas; Chen, Kong Y.; Chung, Stephanie T.; Costa, Elise; Courville, Amber; Darcey, Valerie; Fletcher, Laura A. (2019-07-02). "Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake". Cell Metabolism. 30 (1): 67–77.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008. ISSN 1932-7420. PMC 7946062. PMID 31105044.Junk-Food FactsJohnson, Paul M.; Kenny, Paul J. (2010). "Addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats: Role for dopamine D2 receptors". Nature Neuroscience. 13 (5): 635–41. doi:10.1038/nn.2519. PMC 2947358. PMID 20348917.Goodwin, Jennifer (March 29, 2010). "Junk Food 'Addiction' May Be Real". Bloomberg Business Week. BLOOMBERG L.P. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012.Craving for junk food 'inherited' Mothers who eat junk food during pregnancy may be condemning their children to crave the same diet, according to animal tests. BBC News. 14 August 2007. Study title: "A maternal ‘junk food’ diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for ‘junk food’ and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring."Bullen, James (2017-06-10). "The foods making you feel sad, mad or 'high on life'". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-10-19.Wiles, N. J.; Northstone, K.; Emmett, P.; Lewis, G. (2007-12-05). "'Junk food' diet and childhood behavioural problems: results from the ALSPAC cohort". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63 (4): 491–498. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602967. ISSN 0954-3007. PMC 2664919. PMID 18059416.Saez, Catherine (11 June 2014). "UN Advisor Denounces Junk Food As 'Culprit' In Rising NCDs, Calls For Change". Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Anson, Robert Sam (1972). McGovern: A Biography. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 218–242. ISBN 978-0-03-091345-7.Warren Belasco (1989) Appetite for Change: how the counterculture took on the food industry 1966 — 1988, page 148-153, Pantheon Books ISBN 0394543998"History of Dietary Guidelines for Americans". US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 5 April 2015."Denmark scraps its infamous fat tax after only one year". EurActiv. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Kliff, Sarah (13 November 2012). "Denmark scraps world's first fat tax". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Bomsdorf, Clemens. "Denmark Scraps Much-Maligned 'Fat Tax' After a Year". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-11-14.Wright, Alexandra (19 Jun 2017). "Policy lessons from health taxes: a systematic review of empirical studies". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 583. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4497-z. PMC 5477308. PMID 28629470.Figueroa-Alcantara, Héctor (28 October 2013). "Mexican Senate approves tax scheme for 2014, (in Spanish)". Excelsior. Retrieved 31 October 2013.Toppa, Sabrina (30 March 2015). "This Place Just Became the First Part of the U.S. to Impose a Tax on Junk Food". TIME. Retrieved 6 April 2015."The Impact of Advertising on Childhood Obesity". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 17 March 2015.Campbell, Denis (21 March 2014). "Children are being 'bombarded' by junk food ads, research has found". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2015.Supermarkets must stop discounting unhealthy foods to tackle child obesity, say MPs The Guardian'Ban cartoon characters' on unhealthy food, MPs say BBCHagan, Kate (27 January 2015). "Junk food ads saturate cricket". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 27 January 2015."'We Had To Take Action': States In Mexico Move To Ban Junk Food Sales To Minors". 14 September 2020.Further readingAnsel, Karen. "30 Surprisingly Healthy Fast Foods". Fitness Magazine (Meredith Corporation). Retrieved 20 March 2015.Anthony, Mark (1 Apr 2014). "Understanding Satiation and Satiety". Food Processing. Retrieved 5 April 2015."Junk food is more expensive than healthy food: study, says Dept. of Agriculture study". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 16, 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2015.Center for Public Health Nutrition (University of Washington). "Nutrient Profiling". Center for Public Health Nutrition (University of Washington). Retrieved 24 March 2015.Fernandez, Manny (7 August 2010). "Let Us Now Praise the Great Men of Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Freedman, David H. (19 Jun 2013). "How Junk Food Can End Obesity". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Lehman, Shereen (1 November 2014). "Why Is Junk Food So Popular? Here Are Three Reasons". http://About.com. Retrieved 27 March 2015.Moss, Michael (20 Feb 2013). "The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food". New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Parker-Pope, Tara (5 Dec 2007). "A High Price for Healthy Food". New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2015.Poti, Jennifer M; Kiyah J Duffey; Barry M Popkin (23 Oct 2013). "The association of fast food consumption with poor dietary outcomes and obesity among children: is it the fast food or the remainder of the diet?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Retrieved 20 March 2015.Saez, Catherine (11 June 2014). "UN Advisor Denounces Junk Food As 'Culprit' In Rising NCDs, Calls For Change". Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved 24 August 2014.ScienceDaily (15 January 2014). "Fast food not the major cause of rising childhood obesity rates, study finds". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 20 March 2015."Empty Calories: What are empty calories?". EnergyFirst. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

Has evolution been experimentally observed? If not, (how) could it be experimentally verified?Thanks for the A2A, I hope my answer helps. Feel free to click on any or all of the links below.Below, please find all of the evidence for creationism and (a small amount of) the evidence for evolution. From here, you can decide for yourself which is more compelling, is better proven and makes more sense to you…First here is all of the evidence that can be found for Creationism:A small amount of the evidence available for the Science of Evolution:Mount, D.M. (2004). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY. ISBN 978-0-87969-608-5.Penny, David; Foulds, L. R.; Hendy, M. D. (1982). "Testing the theory of evolution by comparing phylogenetic trees constructed from five different protein sequences". Nature. 297 (5863): 197–200. Bibcode:1982Natur.297..197P. doi:10.1038/297197a0. PMID 7078635."Eukaryotes". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 23 June 2018.Max, Edward (5 May 2003). "Plagiarized Errors and Molecular Genetics". The Talk Origins Archive. Retrieved 4 May 2018.Futuyma, Douglas J. (1998). Evolutionary Biology (3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-0-87893-189-7.Haszprunar (1995). "The mollusca: Coelomate turbellarians or mesenchymate annelids?". In Taylor (ed.). Origin and evolutionary radiation of the Mollusca : centenary symposium of the Malacological Society of London. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854980-2.Kozmik, Z.; Daube, M.; Frei, E.; Norman, B.; Kos, L.; Dishaw, L.J.; Noll, M.; Piatigorsky, J. (2003). "Role of Pax genes in eye evolution: A cnidarian PaxB gene uniting Pax2 and Pax6 functions" (PDF). Developmental Cell. 5 (5): 773–785. doi:10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00325-3. PMID 14602077.Land, M.F. and Nilsson, D.-E., Animal Eyes, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002) ISBN 0-19-850968-5.Chen, F.C.; Li, W.H. (2001). "Genomic Divergences between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees". American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 444–56. doi:10.1086/318206. PMC 1235277. PMID 11170892.Cooper, G.M.; Brudno, M.; Green, E.D.; Batzoglou, S.; Sidow, A. (2003). "Quantitative Estimates of Sequence Divergence for Comparative Analyses of Mammalian Genomes". Genome Res. 13 (5): 813–20. doi:10.1101/gr.1064503. PMC 430923. PMID 12727901.The picture labeled "Human Chromosome 2 and its analogs in the apes" in the article Comparison of the Human and Great Ape Chromosomes as Evidence for Common Ancestry Archived 2011-08-20 at WebCite is literally a picture of a link in humans that links two separate chromosomes in the nonhuman apes creating a single chromosome in humans. 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Arab Americans (Arabic: عَرَبٌ أَمْرِيكِيُّونَ‎ or أمريكيون عرب) are Americans of either Arab ethnic or cultural and linguistic heritage or identity, who identify themselves as Arab. Arab Americans trace ancestry to any of the various waves of immigrants of the countries comprising the Arab World.According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), countries of origin for Arab Americans include Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.[3]According to the 2010 U.S. Census, there are 1,698,570 Arab Americans in the United States.[4] 290,893 persons defined themselves as simply Arab, and a further 224,241 as Other Arab. Other groups on the 2010 Census are listed by nation of origin, and some may or may not be Arabs, or regard themselves as Arabs. The largest subgroup is by far the Lebanese Americans, with 501,907,[1] followed by; Egyptian Americans with 190,078, Syrian Americans with 148,214, Iraqi Americans with 105,981, Moroccan Americans with 101,211, Palestinian Americans with 85,186, and Jordanian Americans with 61,664. Approximately 1/4 of all Arab Americans claimed two ancestries.A number of peoples that may have lived in Arab countries and are now resident in the United States are not classified as Arabs, including Assyrians (aka Chaldo-Assyrians), Jews, Kurds, Iraqi Turkmens, Azeris, Mandeans, Circassians, Shabaki, Armenians, Turks, Georgians, Yazidis, Balochs, Iranians and Kawliya/Romani.Contents1 Population1.1 Arab American´s ethnic groups1.2 Arab Population by State2 Religious background3 Arab-American identity4 Politics5 Non-Arab Americans from Arab countries6 Arab American Heritage Month7 Festivals8 Notable people9 See also10 Notes11 References12 Further reading13 External links13.1 Festivals13.2 Arab American organizationsPopulationSee also: Arab immigration to the United States and List of Arabic neighborhoodsCensus Bureau 2000, Arabs in the United States.pngArab ancestryThe majority of Arab Americans, around 62%, originate from the region of the Levant, which includes Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan, although overwhelmingly from Lebanon. The remainder are made up of those from Egypt, Morocco, Iraq, Libya, the GCC and other Arab nations.There are nearly 3.5 million Arab Americans in the United States according to The Arab American Institute. Arab-Americans live in all 50 states and in Washington, D.C., and 94% reside in the metropolitan areas of major cities. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city with the largest percentage of Arab Americans is Dearborn, Michigan, a southwestern suburb of Detroit, at nearly 40%. The Detroit metropolitan area is home to the largest concentration of Arab Americans (403,445), followed by the New York City Combined Statistical Area (371,233), Los Angeles (308,295), San Francisco Bay Area (250,000), Chicago (176,208), and the Washington D.C area. (168,208).[5](Note: This information is reportedly based upon survey findings but is contradicted by information posted on the Arab American Institute website itself, which states that California as a whole only has 272,485, and Michigan as a whole only 191,607. The 2010 American Community Survey information, from the American Factfinder website, gives a figure of about 168,000 for Michigan.)Sorting by American states, according to the 2000 U.S. Census, 48% of the Arab-American population, 576,000, reside in California, Michigan, New York, Florida, and New Jersey, respectively; these 5 states collectively have 31% of the net U.S. population. Five other states - Illinois, Texas, Ohio, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania - report Arab-American populations of more than 40,000 each. Also, the counties which contained the greatest proportions of Arab-Americans were in California, Michigan, New York, Florida, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.The cities with 100,000 or more in population with the highest percentages of Arabs are Sterling Heights, Michigan 3.69%; Jersey City, New Jersey 2.81%; Warren, Michigan 2.51%; Allentown, Pennsylvania 2.45%; Burbank, California 2.39% and nearby Glendale, California 2.07%; Livonia, Michigan 1.94%; Arlington, Virginia 1.77%; Paterson, New Jersey 1.77%; and Daly City, California 1.69%.[6] Bayonne, New Jersey, a city of 63,000, reported an Arab-American population of 5.0% in the 2010 US Census.[7]Arab American´s ethnic groupsArab Americans in the 2000[8] - 2010 U.S. Census[9][note 1]Ancestry 2000 2000 (% of US population) 2010 2010 (% of US population)Lebanese 440,279 0.2% 501,988 %Syrian 142,897 0.1% 148,214 %Egyptian 142,832 0.1% 190,078 %Palestinian 72,096 0.04% 93,438 %Jordanian 39,734 0.03% 61,664 %Moroccan 38,923 0.03% 82,073 %Iraqi 37,714 0.01% 105,981 %Yemeni 11,654 0.005% 29,358[10] %Algerian 8,752 % 14,716 %Saudi 7,419 % %Tunisian 4,735 % %Kuwaiti 3,162 % %Libyan 2,979 % %Emirati 459 % %Omani 351 % %"North African" 3,217 % %"Arabs" 85,151 % 290,893 %"Arabic" 120,665 % %Other Arabs % 224,241 %Total 1,160,729 0.4% 1,697,570 0.6%Arab Population by StateArab population by state in the United States in 2010.State/territory 2010 American Census[11] Percentage Arab American Institute (AAI) PercentageAlabama 9,057 0.189 34,308[12] No dataAlaska 1,356 0.191 4,464[13] No dataArizona 29,474 0.461 95,427[14] No dataArkansas 5,019 0.172 14,472[15] No dataCalifornia 269,917 0.616 817,455[16] No dataColorado 27,526 0.074 51,149[17] No dataConnecticut 17,917 0.501 57,747[18] No dataDelaware 1,092 0.122 9,000[19] No dataDistrict of Columbia 4,810 0.799 10,821[20] No dataFlorida 114,791 0.610 301,881[21] No dataGeorgia 25,504 0.263 81,171[22] No dataHawaii 1,661 0.122 4,983[23] No dataIdaho 1,200 0.077 7,617[24] No dataIllinois 87,936 0.685 256,395[25] No dataIndiana 19,049 0.294 46,122[26] No dataIowa 6,426 0.211 17,436[27] No dataKansas 8,099 0.281 23,868[28] No dataKentucky 10,199 0.235 28,542[29] No dataLouisiana 11,996 0.265 50,031[30] No dataMaine 3,103 0.234 13,224[31] No dataMaryland 28,623 0.496 76,446[32] No dataMassachusetts 67,643 1.033 195,450[33] No dataMichigan 153,713 1.555 500,000[34] No dataMinnesota 22,478 0.424 60,663[35] No dataMississippi 6,823 0.230 20,469[36] No dataMissouri 18,198 0.304 51,869[37] No dataMontana 1,771 0.179 5,313[38] No dataNebraska 6,093 0.334 25,227[39] No dataNevada 10,920 0.404 37,554[40] No dataNew Hampshire 6,958 0.529 25,068[41] No dataNew Jersey 84,558 0.962 257,868[42] No dataNew Mexico 7,716 0.375 13,632[43] No dataNew York 160,848 0.830 449,187[44] No dataNorth Carolina 33,230 0.348 91,788[45] No dataNorth Dakota 1,470 0.186 4,410[46] No dataOhio 65,011 0.564 197,439[47] No dataOklahoma 9,342 0.249 No data No dataOregon 13,055 0.341 41,613[48] No dataPennsylvania 63,288 0.498 182,610[49] No dataRhode Island 7,566 0.719 26,541[50] No dataSouth Carolina 9,106 0.197 32,223[51] No dataSouth Dakota 2,034 0.250 6,102[52] No dataTennessee 24,447 0.385 71,025[53] No dataTexas 102,367 0.407 274,701[54] No dataUtah 5,539 0.200 17,556[55] No dataVermont 2,583 0.413 7,749[56] No dataVirginia 59,348 0.742 169,587[57] No dataWashington 26,666 0.397 8,850[58] No dataWest Virginia 6,329 0.342 16,581[59] No dataWisconsin 11,138 0.196 32,406[60] No dataWyoming 397 0.070 1,191[61] No dataUSA 1,646,371 0.533 3,700,000 [62] No dataReligious backgroundThe religious affiliations of Arab AmericansWhile the majority of the population of the Arab world is Muslim, most Arab Americans, in contrast, are Christian.[63]According to the Arab American Institute, the breakdown of religious affiliation among persons originating from Arab countries is as follows:63% Christian35% Catholic (Roman Rite Catholics and Eastern Catholics — Maronites and Melkites)18% Orthodox (Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox)10% Protestant24% Muslim13% Other; no affiliation[63]The percentage of Arab Americans who are Muslim has increased in recent years because most new Arab immigrants tend to be Muslim. In the past 10 years, most Arab immigrants were Muslim as composed to 15 to 30 years were they were mostly Christian This stands in contrast to the first wave of Arab immigration to the United States between the late 19th and early 20th centuries when almost all immigrants were Christians. Most Maronites tend to be of Lebanese or Syrian; those Palestinians often Eastern Orthodox, otherwise Roman Catholic and a few Episcopalians. A small number are Protestant adherents, either having joined a Protestant denomination after immigrating to the U.S. or being from a family that converted to Protestantism while still living in the Middle East (European and American Protestant missionaries were fairly commonplace in the Levant in the late 19th and early 20th centuries).Arab Christians, especially from Lebanon, Iraq, Syria, and Egypt, continue to immigrate into the U.S. in the 2000s and continue to form new enclaves and communities across the country.[64]Arab-American identityThe Arab American National Museum in Dearborn, Michigan celebrates the history of Arab Americans.Paterson, New Jersey has been nicknamed Little Ramallah and contains a neighborhood with the same name, with an Arab American population estimated as high as 20,000 in 2015.[65]The United States Census Bureau is presently[when?] finalizing the ethnic classification of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) populations. This process does not pertain to Jewish, Muslim, Christian, Sikh and other religious adherents, whom the bureau tabulates as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group.[66] In 2012, prompted in part by post-9/11 discrimination, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee petitioned the Department of Commerce's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority/disadvantaged community.[67] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups, including some Jewish organizations, felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[68][69]As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Turkish, Sudanese, Djiboutian, Somali, Mauritanian, Armenian, Cypriot, Afghan, Iranian, Azerbaijani and Georgian groups.[70]The Arab American Institute and other groups have noted that there was a rise in hate crimes targeting the Arab American community as well as people perceived as Arab/Muslim after the September 11 attacks and the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq.[71]A new Zogby Poll International found that there are 3.5 million Americans who were identified as "Arab-Americans", or Americans of ancestry belonging to one of the 23 UN member countries of the Arab World (these are not necessarily therefore Arabs). Poll finds that, overall, a majority of those identifying as Arab Americans are Lebanese Americans (largely as a result of being the most numerous group). The Paterson, New Jersey-based Arab American Civic Association runs an Arabic language program in the Paterson school district.[72] Paterson, New Jersey has been nicknamed Little Ramallah and contains a neighborhood with the same name, with an Arab American population estimated as high as 20,000 in 2015.[65] Neighboring Clifton, New Jersey is following in Paterson's footsteps, with rapidly growing Arab, Muslim, and Palestinian American populations.[73]PoliticsIn a 2007 Zogby poll, 62% of Arab Americans vote Democratic, while only 25% vote Republican.[74] The percentage of Arabs voting Democratic increased sharply during the Iraq War. However, a number of prominent Arab American politicians are Republicans, including former Oregon Governor Victor Atiyeh, former New Hampshire Senator John E. Sununu, and California Congressman Darrell Issa, who was the driving force behind the state's 2003 recall election that removed Democratic Governor Gray Davis from office. The first woman Supreme Court Chief Justice in Florida, Rosemary Barkett, who is of Syrian descent, is known for her dedication to progressive values.Arab Americans gave George W. Bush a majority of their votes in 2000. However, they backed John Kerry in 2004 and Barack Obama in both 2008 and 2012. They also backed Hillary Clinton in 2016.According to a 2000 Zogby poll, 52% of Arab Americans are pro-life, 74% support the death penalty, 76% are in favor of stricter gun control, and 86% want to see an independent Palestinian state.[75]In a study, Arab Americans living in Detroit were found to have values more similar to that of the Arab world than those of the general population living in Detroit, on average, being more closely aligned to the strong traditional values and survival values. This was less the case when participants were secular or belonged to second and subsequent generations.[76]Non-Arab Americans from Arab countriesThere are many U.S. immigrants from the Arab world who are not classified as Arabs. Among these are Armenian Americans, Kurdish Americans and Jewish Americans of Mizrahi origin. Some of these groups such as Assyrians and Chaldeans are Semites, while the vast majority of the rest are not Semites. It is very difficult to estimate the size of these communities. For example, some Armenians immigrated to the U.S. from Lebanon, Syria, or Iraq. Estimates place these communities at least in the tens of thousands.[77][78][79] Other smaller communities include Assyrians (a.k.a. Chaldo-Assyrians), Berbers, Turkmen people, Mandeans, Circassians, Shabaki, Turks, Mhallami, Georgians, Yazidis, Balochs, Iranians, Azerbaijans and Kawliya/Roma.Most of these ethnic groups speak their own native languages (usually another Semitic language related to Arabic) and have their own customs, along with the Arabic dialect from the Arab country they originate from. Aviva Uri, in her study of Mizrahi Jews in America, writes that "activists and writers in the United States, both gentile Arab and Jewish, are legitimizing through their various activities and publications the identity of Mizrahim as Arab Jews."[80]Arab American Heritage MonthIn 2014, Montgomery County, Maryland designated April as Arab American Heritage Month in recognition of the contributions that Arab Americans have made to the nation.[81] The first documentary on Arab Americans premiered on PBS in August 2017, The Arab Americans features the Arab American immigrant story as told through the lens of American History and the stories of prominent Arab Americans such as actor Jamie Farr, Ralph Nader, Senator George Mitchell, White House Reporter Helen Thomas, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Anthony Shadid, Danny Thomas actor and Founder of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, pollster and author John Zogby, Congressman Nick Rahall, racing legend Bobby Rahal. The documentary is produced and directed by Abe Kasbo.FestivalsWhile the spectrum of Arab heritage includes 22 countries, their combined heritage is often celebrated in cultural festivals around the United States.New York CityThe Annual Arab-American & North African Street Festival was founded in 2002 by the Network of Arab-American Professionals of NY (NAAP-NY).[82] Located in downtown Manhattan, on Great Jones Street between Lafayette & Broadway, the Festival attracts an estimated 15,000 people, in addition to over 30 Arab and North African vendors along with an all-day live cultural performance program representing performers from across the Arab world.The New York Arab-American Comedy Festival was founded in 2003 by comedian Dean Obeidallah and comedian Maysoon Zayid. Held annually each fall, the festival showcases the talents of Arab-American actors, comics, playwrights and filmmakers, and challenges as well as inspires fellow Arab-Americans to create outstanding works of comedy. Participants include actors, directors, writers and comedians.[83]SeattleOf particular note is ArabFest in Seattle, begun in 1999. The festival includes all 22 of the Arab countries, with a souk marketplace, traditional and modern music, an authentic Arab coffeehouse, an Arabic spelling bee, and a fashion show. Lectures and workshops explore the rich culture and history of the Arab peoples, one of the world's oldest civilizations. Also of new interest is the Arabic rap concert, including the NW group Sons of Hagar, showcasing the political and creative struggle of Arabic youth.[84]Arab American Festival – ArizonaPhoenixIn 2008, the first annual Arab American Festival in Arizona was held on 1 and 2 November in Glendale, Arizona. There were more than 40,000 attendees over the two-day event; more than 35 international singers, dancers, and musicians from all over the Arab World performed 20 hours of live entertainment on stage. Activities included folklore shows, an international food court, hookah lounge, kids rides and booth vendors, open to the public, and admission was free.[85]CaliforniaThe Annual Arab American Day Festival is a three-day cultural and entertainment event held in Orange County. Activities include book and folk art exhibitions, speeches from community leaders in the county, as well as music and poetry, dancing singing, traditional food, hookah and much more.[86]WisconsinSince 1996, Milwaukee's Arab World Fest has been part of the summer festival season. It is held on the second weekend of August. This three-day event hosts music, culture, and food celebrating the 22 Arab countries. The festival features live entertainment, belly dancing, hookah rental, camel rides, cooking demonstrations, a children's area and great Arab cuisine. It is a family-friendly festival on Milwaukee's lakefront.[87]Notable peopleFor a more comprehensive list, see List of Arab Americans.Here are a few examples of famous Arab Americans and Americans with partial Arab ancestry in a variety of fields.See alsoflag United States portalAmerican-Arab Anti-Discrimination CommitteeList of Arabic neighborhoodsArab American InstituteArab American Political Action CommitteeArab Community Center for Economic and Social ServicesArab diasporaArab immigration to the United StatesArab lobby in the United StatesArabs in EuropeDiaspora politics in the United StatesHistory of the Middle Eastern people in Metro DetroitHyphenated AmericanIraqi diasporaIslam in EuropeList of American MuslimsRefugees of IraqNotesIn this list are not included Sudanese since, in 2000 and 2010, Sudan and South Sudan were yet one country and yet we only have quantitative data from these groups together. Only the people of Northern Sudan are Arabs, but most Sudanese Americans hailed from the South Sudan. The 2000 - 2010 US Census indicate not the number of Americans of Sudanese (excluding South Sudanese) origin or descent.References"B04003. Total Ancestry Reported". United States Census Bureau. 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. Retrieved 17 July 2016."Demographics - Arab American Institute". Arab American Institute."Texas" (PDF). Arab American Institute. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012.Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". Retrieved 18 March 2015."Arab American Population Highlights" (PDF). Arab American Institute Foundation. Washington, DC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Angela Brittingham (December 2003). "The Arab Population: 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 October 2016."American FactFinder - Results". US Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 18 March 2015.[dead link]"Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2 December 2010."Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 November 2012."CITIZENSHIP STATUS IN THE UNITED STATES: Total population in the United States. 2006-2010 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 December 2013."2010 American Census"."Arab American Institute: Alabama" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Alaska" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Arizona" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Arkansas" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: California" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Colorado" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Connecticut" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Delaware" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: District of Columbia" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Florida" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Georgia" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Hawaii" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Idaho" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Illinois" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Indiana" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Iowa" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Kansas" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Kentucky" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Louisiana" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Maine" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Maryland" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Massachusetts" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Michigan" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Minnesota" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Mississippi" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Missouri" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Montana" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Nebraska" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Nevada" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: New Hampshire" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: New Jersey" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: New Mexico" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: New York" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: North Carolina" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: North Dakota" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Ohio" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Oregon" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Pennsylvania" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Rhode Island" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: South Carolina" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: South Dakota" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Tennessee" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Texas" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Utah" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Vermont" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Virginia" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Washington" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: West Virginia" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Wisconsin" (PDF)."Arab American Institute: Wyoming" (PDF)."Arab American Institute"."Arab Americans: Demographics". Arab American Institute. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2015."Arab Christians, minorities, reshaping US enclaves". Yahoo News. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2015.Deena Yellin (3 May 2015). "Palestinian flag-raising is highlight of heritage week in Paterson". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 4 May 2015."2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 33–34. Retrieved 13 December 2015. The Census Bureau is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.)."Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census" Wiltz, Teresea. USA Today. Published 7 October 2014. Accessed 14 December 2015."Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau; Department of Commerce. Retrieved 13 December 2015.Cohen, Debra Nussbaum. "New U.S. Census Category to Include Israeli' Option". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 December 2015."2015 National Content Test" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 60. Retrieved 13 December 2015.Paulson, Amanda. "Rise in Hate Crimes Worries Arab-Americans" (Christian Science Monitor, 10 April 2003). [1]"Paterson school district restarts Arab language program for city youths". Paterson Press, North Jersey Media Group. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.Andrew Wyrich (17 April 2016). "Hundreds in Clifton cheer raising of Palestinian flag". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved 17 April 2016."US elections through Arab American eyes by Ghassan Rubeiz - Common Ground News Service". Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015."Arab american Demographics". Retrieved 18 March 2015.Detroit Arab American Study Group (2 July 2009). Citizenship and Crisis: Arab Detroit After 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-61044-613-6."Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 December 2012."2006–2010 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables". Government of the United States of America. Government of the United States of America. Retrieved 5 August 2013.Ben-Ur, Aviva (2009). Sephardic Jews in America: A Diasporic History. New York: NYU Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780814786321.Ben-Ur, Aviva (2009). Sephardic Jews in America: A Disasporic History. New York: NYU Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780814786321."April is Arab American Heritage Month". Montgomery College. Retrieved 26 December 2014.Network of Arab-American Professionals of NY (NAAP-NY)"Arab-American & North African Cultural Street Festival 2017 in New York, NY | Everfest". http://Everfest.com."Live At Seattle Center". Seattle Center."Arab American Festival - المهرجان العربي الأمريكي". Retrieved 18 March 2015.Arab American Festival"Welcome Welcome - Best Web Hosting 2020". Retrieved 18 March 2015.Further readingAbraham, Nabeel. "Arab Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, ed. by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 125-140. onlineAbraham, Nabeel, and Andrew Shryock, eds. Arab Detroit: From Margin to Mainstream (Wayne State UP, 2000).Ameri, Anan, and Holly Arida. Daily Life of Arab Americans in the 21st Century (Greenwood, 2012).Alsultany, Evelyn. Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation after 9/11 (New York University Press, 2012).Cainkar, Louis A. Homeland insecurity: the Arab American and Muslim American experience after 9/11 (Russell Sage Foundation, 2009).Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck. Becoming American?: The Forging of Arab Muslim Identity in Pluralist America (Baylor University Press, 2011).Köszegi, Michael A., and J. Gordon Melton, eds. Islam in North America: A Sourcebook (2 vol. 1992).McCarus, Ernest, ed. The Development of Arab-American Identity (U of Michigan Press, 1994).Naff, Alixa. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience (Southern Illinois University Press, 1985).Naber, Nadine. Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics, and Activism (New York UP, 2012).Odeh, Rasmea. "Empowering Arab Immigrant Women in Chicago: The Arab Women’s Committee." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 15.1 (2019): 117-124.Pennock, Pamela E. The Rise of the Arab American Left: Activists, Allies, and Their Fight against Imperialism and Racism, 1960s–1980s (U of North Carolina Press, 2017). xii, 316 ppShahin, Saif. "Unveiling the American-Muslim press: News agendas, frames, and functions." Journalism (2014) 16#7 884-903 Unveiling the American-Muslim press: News agendas, frames, and functions - Saif Shahin, 2015Waleed, F. Mahdi. Arab Americans In Film: From Hollywood And Egyptian Stereotypes To Self-Representation (Syracuse University Press, 2020).Wills, Emily Regan. Arab New York: Politics and Community in the Everyday Lives of Arab Americans (NYU Press, 2019).External links2000 U.S. Census Report on the Arab-American populationLearn more at the Arab American Museum located in Dearborn, MichiganA full definition of Arab Americans at the Arab American InstituteUs4Arabs - Arab American Social NetworkFestivalsArab American FestivalNew York Arab American Comedy FestivalSeattle ArabFestConcert of Colors: Metro Detroit's Diversity Festival (ACCESS/AANM)Arab-American and North African Cultural FestivalArab American organizationsArab Center of WashingtonArab American AssociationList of Arab American organizationsAmerican-Arab Anti-Discrimination CommitteeAssociation of Patriotic Arab Americans in MilitaryThe Arab American Council of TradeLevantine Cultural CenterNetwork of Arab-American Professionals (NAAP)Arab American Civic CouncilTunisian Community Center