Concrete Aggregate Combined Gradation Example: Fill & Download for Free

Aggregates of rock, sand, and other constituents are combined with cement to create a concrete mix design. The strength of the concrete is dependent on a multitude of factors, including the water to cement ratio and the gradation of the rock. The more the fractured faces of the stone can lock together, the stronger the concrete will be. The trend right now is to use a combined aggregate that doesn't have too much large rock or too much small rock, but a balanced mixture that will help fill the voids. The cement binds the rock and sand and water together. For most curbs, we want a concrete strength of about 30 to 40 psi. For bridges, we want a strength of at least 45 pounds per square inch. Concrete pavement is generally reinforced and uses a 40 psi mix design.Aggregate, asphalt and asphalt binders combine to form an asphalt mix. Aggregate gradation, or the varying sizes, is an important part of the mix design. A major part of the asphalt mix design is the type of oil used. Oil needs to be suited to the environment that it is to be placed. For example, the seasonal temperature variance in Hawaii is much smaller than the temperature variance in Montana. Also, the day to day temperature variance is likely to be higher in Montana. For this reason, an oil that is designed for this temperature variance should be used to avoid cracking of the asphalt. We used to use what is called PG (performance grade) oil with the high and the low temperature in the name, for example PG 58-28. The asphalt mix model has evolved through the years and they are now using what is called a Superpave (SP) specification. This considers not only the temperature ranges, but also the secondaary compaction loading due to vehicular traffic. An SP-2 is for areas with low traffic. An SP-5 is for higher volumes of traffic.The size of the rock used in the asphalt mix design is also an important factor that is dependent on both whether or not it is the riding surface and how thick they are placing the asphalt, assuming a minimum and maximum lift thickness. The rock can't be so large that it accounts for most of the lift thickness. If this were the case, you cannot expect good compaction. Rock that is too small may not make a good wearing, or riding pavement surface.There is a whole lot of science that goes into asphalt and concrete. I hope that gives you a good introduction.

The need for innovation in the construction industry has long been stressed from both within and outside the industry. Changes in global markets, increased customer expectations, and government pressure have all led to innovation becoming a key focus for the construction sector. There is increasing pressure on the construction industry to become more environ-mentally sustainable. As the construction industry is a major energy user as well as contributer to the greenhouse gas emissions and waste levels, the government is pushing hard to the construction sector to come up with more and more innovative technologies in concrete since concrete is the mother constituent of any construction.Developing and maintaining world’s infrastructure to meet the future demands of industrialized and developing countries has become necessary to economically grow and improve the quality of life. The quality and performance of concrete plays a key role for most of the infrastructure including commercial, industrial, residential and military structures, dams, power plants and transportation systems. Concrete is the single largest manufactured material in the world and accounts for more than 6 billion metric tons of materials annually. In United States, federal, state, and local governments have nearly $1.5 trillion dollars in investment in the U.S. civil infrastructure. The worldwide use of concrete materials accounts for nearly $780 billion in annual spending. The industrialized and developing world is facing the issues related to new construction as well as repair and rehabilitation of existing facilities. Rapid construction and long term durability are requirements on most projects. Initial and life-cycle costs play a major role in today’s infrastructure development. There have been number of notable advancements made in concrete technology in the last fifty years. Some of these advances have been incorporated in routine practices. But, in general, the state-of-practice has lagged far behind the state-of-art. This is particularly true for public sector projects. There is an increasing concern in most parts of the world that it takes unduly long time for successful concrete research products to be utilized in practice. Even though some advances have been made in quick implementation of new concrete technology, significant barriers to innovation and implementation remain. Continued coordination of ongoing inter- national research and educational pro-grams is needed.Numerous advances have been made in all areas of concrete technology including materials, mixture proportioning, recycling, structural design, durability requirements, testing and specifications. Throughout the world some progress has been achieved in utilizing these innovations but largely these re-main outside routine practice. The high performance concrete (HPC) for transportation structures, e.g., bridges and pavements, are gaining wider acceptability in routine practice. HPC provides enhanced strength and durability properties and contributes towards long lasting structures and pavements. The constructability can also be enhanced by proper mixture proportioning and testing. Most HPC mixture include re-cycled materials e.g. fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), Metakaolin (MK) or silica fume. The use of recycled materials in construction is an issue of great importance in this century. Utilization of fly ash and GGBFS in concrete addresses this issue. The replacement of Portland cement by fly ash or GGBFS reduces the volumes of Portland cement used is a major benefit. The reduction of Portland cement production will reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, reduce energy consumption and reduce the rate of global warming. Utilization of fly ash and GGBFS usually provides cost savings as well as improved concrete properties. The case histories discussed demonstrate the practical uses of supplementary cementitious materials. fly ash, GGBFS and silica fume for various types of bridges and pavements in wide ranging environ- mental conditions. The successful utilization of supplementary cementitious materials requires proper mixture pro-portioning, testing, placement and curing. Lack of widespread transfer of developed and available new concrete technology is a major problem in most countries. The practicing engineer’s (user) involvement through re-search, development and technology transfer stages is a key to successful application of new concrete technology in routine design and practice. The past experience has shown that successful technology transfer occurs when there is a pressing national need, champions of technology are created, champion and organizations involved persist, practical demonstrations of technology are conducted to demonstrate benefits, and regulatory requirements are implemented. The new concrete technology must fulfill a need to be successful. The user’s (owner/designer/construction engineer) involvement is vital to success. The user starts and ends the techno-logy process. Examples of successful concrete technology transfer efforts are discussed.Some Emerging Trends and Innovations in Concrete1. Green Cements2. Blended Cements3. High Performance Concrete (HPC)4. Smart Concrete5. Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)6. Use of Recycled Tire Rubber in Concrete7. Smog Eating Concrete8. Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)9. Translucent Concrete10. Pervious Concrete11. Low Temp. Concrete Admixture12. Prepacked Shotcrete Admixture13. Steel-Free Concrete Bridge Deck14. Pavemend – Rapid Repair Products15. Suntreat – Concrete Restoration & Protection System16. Precast Inverted T Beam17. Conductive Concrete18. Corrosion Inhibitors for Reinforced Concrete19. Shrinkage Reducing Admixture for Concrete20. Mellose non-dispersible Under-water Concrete AdmixtureGreen CementsResearch has been carried out to develop non-clinker “green” cement using two industry wastes: cement kiln dust (CKD) and fly ash (FA). CKD contains partially calcined materials with some hydraulic and cementitious properties. It also has high alkali, chloride, and sulfate content, which may cause problems in cement performance.Blended CementsAn important concept of concrete technology innovation is blended cements. It makes use of industry by pro-ducts like fly ash and blast furnace slag, which otherwise would have required land for its disposal. The concept also gives lesser natural lime stone and lesser emission of CO2 to atmosphere. Common ternary blends includes, 50% Portland cement + 30% slag cement + 20% fly ash, to improve concrete performance, qualify for tax credits with re-cycled content.High Performance Concrete (HPC)Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) is heavy and lacks the required work-ability in some large concrete structures, such as high-rise buildings, bridges, and structures under severe exposure conditions. By increasing concrete strength and performance, the required thickness of concrete members and the cost of concrete structures can both be reduced. In the U.S., a major move to-ward HPC is underway, especially in the manufacturing environment of precast concrete. A major demonstration precast concrete bridge is under construction in Texas. High Performance Concrete (HPC) is the latest development in concrete. It is not just High-Strength Concrete (HSC) and has replaced HSC developed in the early 1980’s. HPC can be defined as a concrete made with appropriate materials (superplasticizer, retarder, fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume) combined according to a selected mix design and properly mixed, transported, placed, consolidated, and cured to give excellent performance in some properties of concrete, such as high compressive strength, high density, low permeability and good resistance to certain forms of attack.Smart ConcreteConcrete has been widely used for many years as a composite material for various types of structures. One of the weaknesses of concrete is that it cannot withstand tension which can cause cracks easily. There has been a huge demand to monitor concrete structures cracking and preventing them from propagating further. These efforts are important for timely repair, safety and long-term durability of critical structures. Non-destructive evaluations, such as attaching or embedding sensors into structures, have been used in many ways to accommodate the demand, yet the tests are considered expensive. Smart concrete was developed by Dr. Deborah D.L. Chung from State University of New York at Buffalo. Smart concrete is reinforced by carbon fiber as much as 0.2% to 0.5% of volume to increase its sense ability to strain or stress while still has good mechanical properties. By adding small amount of short carbon fiber into concrete with a conventional concrete mixer, the electrical resistance of concrete increases in response to strain or stress. As the concrete is deformed or stressed, the contact between the fiber and cement matrix is affected, thereby affecting the volume electrical resistivity of the concrete. Strain is detected through measurement of the electrical resistance. So, the smart concrete has the ability to sense tiny structural flaws before they become significant, which could be used in monitoring the internal condition of structures and following an earthquake.Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)It has brought about “Revolution” in the precast industry. No compaction required in SCC still it results in no segregation and shows excellent flow-ability. It eliminates vibration and yields smooth surface finish with no voids.Use of Recycled Tire Rubber in ConcreteMore than 250 million scrap tires weighing more than 3 million tons are generated each year in the United States (Naik and Siddique 2002). This is considered as one of the major environ-mental challenges facing municipalities around the world because waste rubber is not easily biodegradable even after a long period of landfill treatment. One of the solutions suggested is the use of tire rubber particles as additives in cement-based materials.Smog Eating ConcreteCement treated with titanium oxide. Photocatalytic reaction with UV light takes place, it accelerates natural oxidation process and decomposes pollutants to clear air. The reaction prevents bacteria and dirt from accumulating on a surface. It is easily removed with water or rain and keep concrete clean and white.Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)Reactive Powder Concrete is an ultra high-strength and high ductility composite material with advanced mechanical properties. Developed in the 1990s by Bouygues’ Laboratory in France. It consists of a special concrete where its micro structure is optimized by precise gradation of all particles in the mix to yield maximum density. It uses extensively the pozzolanic properties of highly refined silica fume and optimization of the Portland cement chemistry to produce the highest strength hydrates. RPC represents a new class of Portland cement-based material with compressive strengths in excess of 200 MPa range. By introducing fine steel fibers, RPC can achieve remarkable flexural strength up to 50 MPa. The material exhibits high ductility with typical values for energy absorption approaching those reserved for metals.Translucent ConcreteIt changes the perception of concrete’s opaque mass, it is prepared with optical glass fibers.Previous ConcreteIt possesses little or no sands and has open pore structure. It Reduces storm water run-off.Low Temperature Concrete AdmixturePerforming construction processes under the cold weather condition requires construction engineers to plan operations considering low temperature condition. Especially, since the quality of concrete is sensitive to temperature, costly cold weather protection has been required to prevent damage due to in-appropriate weather environment. Concrete admixtures, mostly chemically, interact with the constituents of concrete and affect the properties and characteristics of the fresh and hardened concrete and its durability. The purposes of the admixtures include water reduction, high strength, corrosion protection, crack control, finish enhancement, flowability, etc. One of the interesting and useful purposes is protection against freeze. Accelerating admixture is to increase the rate of early strengthdevelopment or to shorten the time of setting, or both. Some of these accelerating materials have properties effective to avoid free-zing. Pozzutec® 20+ developed by Master Builders, Inc. is a multicomponent, non-chloride, water reducing and accelerating admixture formulated to accelerate concrete setting time and increase early and ultimate strengths across a wide range of ambient temperatures.Prepacked Shotcrete AdmixtureOver the past 10 years, the wet shotcrete method has become increasingly used in the repair of vertical and over-head concrete surfaces. This is due, in part, to advances inmaterials such as the introduction of silica fume (microsilica), fibers and super-plasticizers, which not only make shotcrete easier to place, but also improve its durability. Batching all these materials in the right proportions with sand and cement can be difficult, so many manufacturers have developed pre-packed shotcrete repair mortars to which con-tractors add only water. The prepacked materials simplify batching and provide more consistent quality. But packaging all the dry materials increases their cost. Gemite Products Inc. Amherst, NY developed prepacked products (called “concentrates”), which include all the admixtures but require contractors to provide their own sand and cement. The material costs of concentrates mixed with sand and cement are considerably lower when compared with complete packaged systems, while maintaining the same quality.Steel-Free Concrete Bridge DeckSteel-free concrete replaces rein-forced concrete in bridge decks and similar structures in marine environments and in northern climates having snow and ice. It is to eliminate the source of deterioration, the steel reinforcing bars in slabs exposed to deicing salts. Eliminating corrosion makes concrete deck slabs virtually maintenance free, which makes life cycle costs of steel-free concrete decks much lower than reinforced concrete decks. Shear connectors make the steelfree concrete deck composite with the steel girders that support it. Top flanges of girders attempt to displace outward when a truck drives across the deck. External transverse steel straps below the bridge deck and between the bridge girders prevent this outward displacement by providing a lateral restraining force to the girder and concrete deck. In res-ponse, compressive membrane forces develop in the concrete deck. Ultimate load can be greater than the load at which the same deck would fail if it were reinforced conventionally. In fact, the tension capacity of the steel straps in the steel-free deck replaces conventional reinforcing steel. The external steel straps can be inspected and maintained in a similar fashion to steel girders.Status:Two versions are available:1. The cast-in-place version2. The pre-cast Arch Panel version.The cast-in-place deck slab is now in the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC), currently in the press. Japan is reviewing the technology. Meet- ing with American Association State High- way Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Code Committee is in progress.Pavement – Rapid Repair ProductsRepair of concrete continues to be a major maintenance item in the budget of many agencies. There are many circumstances in which a rapid repair is highly desirable. Ceracrete Technologies, Inc. (CTI) is a Richmond, Virginia-based small business. CTI focuses on the manufacture of commercial products for construction applications using non- hazardous inorganic recovered raw materials to replace conventional virgin raw materials. Ceracrete technology is a chemical bonding process that uses very high percentages of coal ash, municipal solid waste ash, foundry sand residue, dredge material, flue gas desulferization by-products, etc. to create rapid concrete repair products. The initial Ceracrete rapid concrete repair product, PaveMend, reaches 3670 psi at one hour and 4400 psi at three hours, easily qualifying it as a very rapid pavement repair material. The twenty eight day comprehensive strength levels operate at around 6,000psi. This ge-nerally means that field users can mix, pour/place and open the area to traffic quickly without special curing or protection measures.Suntreat – Concrete Restoration & Protection SystemReinforcing steel corrosion is the most common cause of failure of concrete structures. Once started, rebar corrosion cannot be stopped by simply waterproofing the surface of the concrete. The corrosion process is influenced and promoted by penetration of air, water, chloride and an acid environment. Surtreat can be used to prevent contamination and decomposition of concrete surfaces in hostile, chloride and acid containing environments. Surtreat is a proprietary concrete restoration and protection system. The system includes sequential application of chemical treatments to improve the properties of the deteriorating concrete and protect new structures. Surtreat proprietary chemical formulations penetrate into the concrete microstructure in liquid and vapor state to combine with the cement phase of concrete and deposit on steel components. Surtreat increases the ability of concrete to resist deterioration by in-creasing compressive strength, reducing permeability, inhibiting corrosion of the reinforcing steel components and improving concrete’s resistance to acid attack. Surtreat is used in the widest variety of applications and every owner /manager/operator of structures that include concrete components can benefit from the installation of Surtreat. All tests were conducted at the NASA Kennedy Space Center laboratories and in compliance with applicable ASTM Standard Test Methods. The evaluation methods employed by NASA specialists included measurement of halfcell potential, corrosion current and polarization resistance. The most direct measure of the corrosion rate, polarization resistance was increased by 300% after application of Surtreat. Halfcell potential and corrosion current measurements also reflect a significant decline in corrosion rates after application of surtreat corrosion inhibitors.Precast Inverted T Beam:Current systems are either costly or time consuming to erect and have limitations. Cast-in-place slabs have become too expensive and time-consuming due to extensive field formwork. Precast solid slabs aren’t economical for spans longer than 9 meters. I-girders with concrete deck slab topping can span longer than other systems, but require field formwork and significantly higher clearance. The new precast concrete product for short to medium span bridges was developed by the University of Nebraska. The Nebraska Inverted Tee (IT) can span up to 26 meters with a total structural depth of 725 mm. Most U.S. highway bridges have short to medium span lengths. And most bridges needing rehabilitation or replacement are short-span. A recently developed type of pre-stressed concrete beam is helping slash 20% off the weight of a bridge being built in Florida between the cities of Boynton Beach and Ocean Ridge.Conductive Concrete:Concrete has been used for many years as a composite material that has excellent mechanical properties and durability for construction. However, concrete is a poor electrical conductor, especially under dry conditions. Concrete that is excellent in both mechanical and electrical conductivity properties may have important applications in the electrical, electronic, military and construction industry (e.g. for deicing road from snow). Traditional methods can warm roads, but installation cost is high and the procedure is complicated. The principle behind it is the use of cement to bind together electrically conductive materials such as carbon fiber, graphite and ‘coke breeze’ – a cheap by-product of steel production – to make a continuous network of conducting path- way. The design formulation is based on the ‘electrical percolation’ principle by which the composite conductivity increases dramatically by several orders of magnitude when the content of the conductive phase reaches a critical ‘threshold’ value. Further increases in the conductive phase content boost composite conductivity only slightly. The design specifies an amount just over the threshold content, assuring high conductivity and mechanical strength as well as good mixing conditions.Corrosion Inhibitors for Reinforced ConcreteSteel corrosion in reinforced concrete structures has been a major problem across World today. Steel-rein-forced concrete structures are continually subject to attack by corrosion brought on by naturally occurring environmental conditions such as carbonation and the introduction of chlorides from sources such as salt water, deicing salts, and accelerating admixtures. Corrosion inhibitors available in the market can be mixed with ready mixed concrete or applied over the old concrete greatly reduces the overall corrosion activity (up to 65% reduction). Such products normally do not affect the properties of hardened concrete, such as compressive strengths, permeability, etc. One demerit of such pro-ducts are that it reduces corrosion but cannot stop it. A combination of this product with other protective systems is required if the level of durability of the concrete structure needs to more than double.Shrinkage Reducing Admixture for ConcreteConcrete shrinkage cracking is a common problem in all types of concrete structures, especially for structures and environments where the cracks are prevalent and the repercussions are most severe. Examples of these are bridge decks, parking garages, marine structures, containment structures, and high performance floors. A liquid shrinkage reducing admixture for concrete, developed by Grace Construction Products and Arco Chemical Company, that reduces significantly the shrinkage during concrete drying and potentially reduces overall cracking over time. The product can be easily dissolved in concrete mix water or dispersed in concrete during mixing. The admixture works by reducing the surface tension of the water, decreasing the force pulling in on the walls of the pores, resulting in a reduction of the shrinkage strain.Mellose Non-dispersible Underwater Concrete AdmixtureMany under-water civil engineering structures are affected not only by the presence of water or salt but also by water pressure; flow of water, and by the different material’s density. These factors could cause cracks, corrosion, and dispersion of concrete particles. Mellose is a viscose agent based on under water Cellulose (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose). It is commonly referred to as a self-leveling agent that increases viscosity when is dissolved in water. It can be also described as an anti-wash-out concrete or non-dispersible concrete mixture. When Mellose is added, it prevents the loss of cement in the mortar and the separation of the concrete particles due to its increased viscosity. It combines first with the water than with the cement and the other concrete particles.Benefits include: Mellose increases the viscosity of suspended concrete but decreases the viscosity of flowing con-crete. Therefore, it increases the work-ability of the concrete, while there is no separation of its aggregates. It prevents the segregation of aggregates as well as the bleeding when used for under water construction. The product comes in the form of a powder that is added as a concrete admixture.Barriers are: Mellosecan not be used with Naphtalene Sulphonate because of chemical reactions.ConclusionThe cement and concrete industry has some inherent problems that re-strict the rate of adoption of new technologies to meet these challenges. These include:– Expensive manufacturing infra-structure– Low margin product– Proliferation of formula based technical standards– Industry culture tied to the orthodox belief that “it has always been done this way”These excuses will not impress an institutional investor that has a myriad of investing opportunities to choose from and is ready to move millions of dollars of capital to anywhere in the world at the press of a button. Neither is a user trying to overcome a problem such as cement shrinkage or corrosion or a politician who is being pressured by community concern over environ-mental degradation going to be Interested in the problems of the industry. Cement manufacturers need to ask themselves the same questions.Cements and concretes are changing to better meet the needs of customers ahead of the competition. The construction industry is conservative and the changes have been slow, such as the increase in thealite/belite ratio over the last twenty years and the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials and various fibres. Cements and concretes probably need to change much more quickly to meet the challenges of the future. Challenging the traditional construction paradigm is robotics. In the USA and elsewhere in the world researchers are looking at using robots to literally print buildings. It is all quite simple from a software, computer hardware and mechanical engineering point of view. The difficulty is in developing new construction materials with the right Bingham plastic rheology so they can be squeezed out like tooth-paste; yet retain their shape until hardened. The main inhibiters to evolution in the industry are the formula-based app-roach to standards which grew out of the industrial environment of the early twentieth century. Standards are important for society’s protection, but to allow creativity and innovation, standards would be a much better servant to society if they were performance-based rather than formula-based.Source - Masterbuilder

Engineering MechanicsConcept of measurement of mass, force, time and space, system of units, Fundamental & Derived units, conversion of units, required accuracy of resultsGeneral Principles of static’s, Vector addition, subtraction and products,Resultant of distributed (linear & non linear) force systems,General conditions of equilibrium of co-planer forces, Laws of triangle, parallelogram and polygon of forces,Types of Beams, supports and loads, simple cases of axial forces, shear forces and bending moment diagrams,Problem involving friction on flat surfacesGeometrical properties of plane areasWork, energy, power, impulse, momentum, conservation of momentum and energyRectilinear and curvilinear motions, Tangential and normal components of Acceleration, Simple harmonic motionEngineering Mechanics LabRoof TrussTo find the various forces in various parts of wall craneTo verify the line of polygon on various forcesTo find coefficient of friction between various materials on inclined planTo verify the principle of moment in the disc apparatusHelical blockTo draw a load efficiency curve for a screw jackBooks RecommendedEngineering Mechanics4th edition by Irving H. shames, Prentice HallAsk a Question about Engineering MechanicsEngineering Mechanics Questions AnswersView LecturesLectures Notes of Engineering Mechanics - Coming SoonEngineering DrawingIntroduction:Drawing Instrument & their use.Types of lines & letters.ScalesDimensions & their Types.Planning of a Sheet.Types of Engineering Drawings.Geometric Constructions & Engineering Curves, Parabola, Ellipse & Hyperbola.Projections:Concept of Projection.Types of Projections, Orthographic Projection.1st Angle & 3rd Angle ProjectionOrthographic Projection of Points, Simple lines, simple planes & simple solids.Three Views of an object.Sectional Views.Isometric Views from given orthographic Views.Free Sketches. Of solid objects & building drawings.Building Drawings.Building symbols.Types of building drawings, proposed drawing, submission drawing, Working drawing & completion drawing.Introduction to Bridge Drawings.Engineering DrawingDrawing Exercises:Planning of sheet & practicing lines & letters.Orthographic Projections of given model, Sectional Views.Steel Structure Connections detail.Preparation of Plan, Elevation & Section of Single story simple buildings.Isometric & other three dimensional ViewFree Hand Sketches.Books RecommendedEssentials of Drafting by James D. Bethune.Engineering Drawing by N.D. Butt.Ask a Question about Engineering Drawing & DraftingEngineering Drawing & Drafting Q's n AnswersView LecturesEngineering Mechanics, 4th edition by Irving H. shames, Prentice HallComputer Applications in Civil Engg. & CommunicationsPart – A: Computer ApplicationsIntroduction to Computer HardwareIntroduction to Operating SystemsIntroduction to Word ProcessorsIntroduction to Spread SheetsIntroduction to Presentation SoftwarePart – B: Communication SkillsBrain Storming ProcessAnalysis of TopicAudience AnalysisSequencing the Presentation MaterialDetailing of MaterialPreparing ConclusionQuestion & Answer SessionsPreparation of Presentation in SoftwarePresentation to AudienceParticipating in seminars and interviewsPresenting Conference PapersBooks RecommendedMastering OfficeXP, by Gini CortrteCommunication Skills ,University of PhoenixAsk Question about Civil SoftwaresCivil Engineeirng Softwares AnswersView LecturesEngineering MechanicsApplied Linear AlgebraVector Algebra:Introduction to scalars and vectors, Vectors in the plane, Scalar and vector products, Lines in R2, R 3 and planes, Spheres, Orthogonal projections, Perpendicular distance from a point to a line and a plane, Vector spaces, Subspaces, Linear combinations, Linearly dependent and Independent set of vectors, Spanning of a vector spaces, Bases of a vector spaces and its applications in engineering and Business.Matrix Algebra:Introduction to matrices, Matrix operations, Inverse Matrix, Rank of a Matrix, Echelon form of a Matrix and its applications in our daily life situation problems, i-e in line-communication as Air-lines, Telephone-lines, Connecting cities by roads.Determinants:Determinants and its properties, Inverse of a matrix, Rank of a matrix, linearly dependent and independent by determinants.Linear system of equations:Independent, Dependent and Inconsistent system of equations and its graphical representation, Trivial and non-trivial solutions of homogeneous system of linear equations and its applications as linear models in Business, Economics, Science, Electric Circuits and other branches of engineering. Solution of linear system of equations by determinants and its applications as Leontief input-output matrix of the economy, Coding and decoding theory.Linear Transformations:Reflection operators, Projection operators, Rotation operators, Shear in x and y directions, Dilation and Contraction.Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:Eigenvalues and eigenvectors and its applications as deformation, Markov processes as Mass-transit problems, Forecasting of weather and to develop the solution of the system of differential equations for mechanical system/electrical system and civil engineering, especially in public health engineering problems.Books RecommendedDavid C Lay, Linear Algebra and its Application,2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley Publication Jan 1998Ask a Question about Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering Questions AnswersView LecturesEngineering Mechanics, 4th edition by Irving H. shames, Prentice HallElectrical TechnologyPower Systems layout, generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric powerElectrical Elements and circuitsElectrical current, voltage, power, energy, Ohm’s law, inductance, capacitance, Kirchoffs laws. Introduction to node voltage and loop current methods.Principle of House wiring and Industrial wiringDiode Transistor and simple rectifier circuit.Electrical know how related to experimental design instrumentations like corrosion rate measurements, strain gauges, LDT’s LVDT’s. etc.Books RecommendedTheraja, B.L. Electrical Technology,S. Chand (21st or 26th edition)Ask a Question about Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering Questions AnswersView LecturesEngineering MechanicsSemester - 2 Syllabus & CoursesMechanics of SolidsSimple stress and strainTypes of stresses and strainsLoad extension diagram for different materialsHooke’s law, Modulus of elasticityLateral and volumetric strain. Poisson’s ratioTemperature stresses and compound barsTheory of torsion of solid and hollow circular shaftsAdvanced cases of shear force and bending moment diagrams for statically determinate beams. Relationship between Load, Shear and Moment.Theory of simple bending, Neutral Axis, Resisting moments and section modulus.Shear stresses in mono-symmetric beamsDeflection of beams by double integration, moment area and conjugate beam methodsMechanics of Solids LabInvestigation of Hook’s law that is the proportional relation between force and stretching in elastic deformation,Determination of torsion and deflection,Measurement of forces on supports in statically determinate beam,Determination of shear forces in beams,Determination of bending moments in beams,Measurement of deflections in statically determinate beam,Measurement of strain in a barBend test steel bar;Yield/tensile strength of steel bar;Recommended BooksStrength of Materials by Andrew Pytel & Ferdinand L. SingerMechanics of Materials by E.P. PopovAsk a Question about Mechanics of SolidsMechanics of Solids Questions AnswersView LecturesMechanics of Solids - Strength of MaterialsComputer Programming for Civil EngineersIntroduction to Programming & Visual BasicVisual Basic Code ComponentsData TypesVariablesControl StructuresProceduresArraysFile I/O operationsLabVisual Basic Code Components (program examples)Data Types (program examples)Variables (program examples)Control Structures (program examples)Procedures (program examples)Arrays (program examples)File I/O operations (program examples)Programming related to Civil EngineeringMatrix addition, subtraction and multiplication.Beam analysis program for simply supported, cantilever, Overhanging BeamProgram for finding resultant of forces and its angleProgram for stress analysis of composite barRecommended BooksVisual Basic 6 by Deitel & Deitel, T.R. NietoVisual Home Page by Deitel & Deitel, T.R. NietoAsk a Question about Engineering MechanicsEngineering Mechanics Questions AnswersView LecturesVB.Net for Civil EngineeringEngineering MaterialsCements, Ceramics, and Refractories:Manufacture, properties, and application of lime, cement, ceramic and bricksMortars and concrete, Pozzolanic material, effects of various chemicals on cement and concrete. Methods of protection, strength and test of building stone. Quarrying and dressing of stone.Timbers:Varieties and uses of important timbers, method of seasoning and sawing Decay, seasoning and preservation of timber, laminated materials.Glass and Plastics:Composition, varieties, properties and use of glass, plastic, laminates and adhesive.Metals:Composition and properties of ferrous and non ferrous metals used in civil engineering. Effect of various heat treatments on the properties of steel and its alloys. Corrosion and methods of corrosion control. Properties of thermal insulation material for use in buildings.Paints and Varnishes:Composition, preparation, properties, test and uses of paints, plasters, varnishes and distempers.Other Materials:Acoustical material and geo-textiles, properties and uses of asphalt, bitumen, rubber and asbestos, laminates and adhesive.LabGradation of coarse aggregateGradation of fine aggregateFineness of cementSetting timeNormal ConsistencyInitial Setting timeFinal Setting timeTensile Strength of BriquetteCompressive strength of mortar cubeSoundness test of CementDensity of CementSlump TestRecommended BooksNeville A. Properties of Concrete, English Language Book SocietySmith R. C. Material of Construction, McGraw-HillAsk a Question about Engineering MaterialsEngineering Materials Questions AnswersView LecturesEngineering Materials LecturesCalculusSingle Variable Calculus:Basic concepts of single variable function, Continuous, discontinuous and piecewise continuous functions, Periodic, odd and even functions, algebraic functions, Transcendental functions and its graphical representations, Applications of functions in our daily life situations.Differential Calculus:Limits and continuity, Interpretation of a derivative, Geometric interpretation, Total differential and its applications in our daily life situations, The use of a table of different type derivatives, Higher order derivatives, Tangents and normals, Approximation of a function at a particular point by Taylor's and Maclaurin's series, Maximum and minimum values of a function, The first derivative test, The second derivative test, Point of inflexion and its applications in business and engineering.Integral Calculus:Basic concepts of integration, A table of integral formulas, Some rules of integration, Definite integrals, The area bounded by a curve, Integration by parts, Integration as the limit of a sum, Volume of revolution, and its applications in our daily life situationsMultivariate Calculus:Basic concepts of multivariate function, Level curves and surfaces, Limits and continuity, Partial differentiation, Geometric interpretation, higher partial derivatives. Tangent planes, Total differential, Vector functions and its differentiation and integration, The directional derivative, The gradient, Scalar and Vector fields, Normal property of the gradient, Divergence , Curl, Tangent planes and normal lines, Extrema of functions of two variables, Second partials test, Extreme value theorem, Method of Constrained optimization and Lagrange multipliers.Recommended BooksRobert Davison, Addison Wesley, Mathematics for EngineersAntom, H. Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Johney Wiley and Sons.Toff and Mckay, Practical MathematicsS.A.H.Rizvi, Engineering MathematicsAsk a Question about Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering Questions AnswersView LecturesEngineering MechanicsEngineering GeologyIntroduction to GeologyImportance of Geology for Civil Engineering ProjectsPhysical properties and identification of common rocks forming mineralsRocks formation and classification:According to the mode of occurrencesAccording to the Silica contentsWeather and erosion:Weather classification, fresh, slightly weathered, moderately weathered etc.Discontinuity classification:Joints, faults and other fractures, micro structural features, such as lamination, cleavages, foliations, spacing of discontinuities as close, wide, medium etc,Description of Rock masses as thickly bedded or thinly beddedIdentification of filling in joints, sand clay and breccias etcColor of grains, description with respect to the rock color and identification as a course grained, hardness classification as soft with respect to testGeological classification and identification of Rocks by geological namesIdentification and subordinate constitutions in rocks samples such as seams or branches of other types of minerals for example, Dolomite, Lime stone, Calcareous sand stone, sand.Classification of Durability of Rocks in Dry and wet condition with durability testEngineering and physical properties of rocksGeological technical properties of rocks used as building stones, as a decorated stones and as a industrial rocks such as color, luster, streak, specific gravity, water absorption and unit weight etc.Brief Introduction to structural Geology:Plate Tectonics with respect to the global application, earthquakes, causes of earthquakes, protective measures against earthquakes and zoning of earth quakes in PakistanRole of geology in selection of sites for dams, reservoirs, tunnels and other civil engineering structuresBrief introduction of local geologyMechanics of Solids 2Analysis of stresses and strains at a point due to combined effect of axial force, shear force and bending momentMohr’s circle for stresses and strainsRelationship between elastic constantsTheories of FailureUnsymmetrical BendingShear Stresses in mono-symmetric beamsShear stress distribution in unsymmetrical beamsShear flow, shear center, concentration of stressesThick and thin walled cylindersAnalysis of curved beams and beams on elastic foundationShort eccentrically loaded columnsCore of a sectionRankine Gordon formula for intermediate columns, slenderness ratioEccentrically Loaded ColumnsInelastic behavior of beams in flexureShape factor of a section.Recommended BooksStrength of Materials by Andrew Pytel & Ferdinand L. SingerMechanics of Materials by E.P. PopovAsk a Question about Mechanics of SolidsMechanics of Solids Questions AnswersView LecturesSolid Mechanics LecturesConstruction Engineering & Graphics - Building Construction & Design + AutoCADBuilding Construction:Site Selection for a building, Orientation and Setting out for constructionLayout Techniques:Layout Techniques with special reference to buildings. Excavation in different types of soilsMasonry constructionTypes of stone and brick masonry; bonds in brick masonry, Alignments, Plumbs, leveling & cambering.Form workForm work for general in-situ construction, props, bracing and horizontal shuttering platforms.Damp proofing in building, Interior and exterior surface finishesVarious types of floors & roofing systems, planner & non-planer roofing system, roof treatments.Expansion joints and construction jointsWood work in building constructionOther Engineering Projects.An over view of construction aspects of different types of engineering projects, e.g. buildings, retaining structures, bridgesConstruction specificationCommon defects in building construction their causes and remedial measuresLabArchitectural Drawings, Structural Drawings, Plumbing and Electrical Work.Computer Aided Drawing (AutoCAD)General and basic know how related to computer aided drafting, e.g., coordinate system, drawing setup procedure, basic draw commands, basic edit commands; Layers, creating test and defining styles options, block and drawing import/export options; Cross hatching, save and plot (2D) and isometric drawings. Use of Auto CAD in drawing plans, elevation and section of single and double-storey buildingsStructural AnalysisINTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:Definition of structure, types of structures: pin jointed and rigid jointed. Types of structural members. Types of beams, supports and loads. Stability of structures. Redundancy. Determinate and indeterminate structures, Degree of indeterminacy. Sign conventions for bending moment and shear force etc.ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE RIGID JOINTED PLANE FRAMES:Definition. Analysis of determinate frames.ANALYSIS OF DETERMINATE PLANE TRUSSES:Definition and common types of trusses. Classification of co-planar trusses. Methods of analysis of trusses; Method of joints, Method of sections, Graphical method.ROTATIONS AND DEFLECTIONS:Deflection diagrams and elastic curves. Castigiano’s theorem for trusses beams and frames. Unit load method. Theorem of virtual work for trusses beams and frames.ARCHES:Definition. Linear arch. Eddy’s theorem. Three hinged parabolic and circular arch. Bending Moment and shear force diagrams. Influence lines for shear, thrust and moment.INFLUENCE LINES:Definition. Influence lines for statically determinate beams and paneled girders.Influence lines for reaction, shear and bending moment of statically determinate beams and paneled girders. Influence lines for axial forces in trusses. Influence lines for composite structures.TRAVELLING LOADS:Maximum bending moment and shear force at any section. Criterion for maximum moment and shear.Absolute maximum bending moment.CABLES AND SUSPENSION BRIDGES:Cables. Stiffened suspension bridges with three hinged stiffening girders.Shear force and bending moment diagrams.THREE MOMENT EQUATION:Derivation of 3-moment equation. Application of 3-moment equation to the analysis of indeterminate beamsLabsDemonstration of various types of structures and supports.Demonstrate the stability of structures using model structures.Determination of the horizontal thrust and maximum bending moment in a three hinged parabolic arches.Determination of the horizontal thrust and maximum bending moment in a two hinged parabolic arches.Determination of the deflections and rotations in overhanging beams.Demonstration of influence lineInvestigation of the buckling strutsDetermination of shear centeRecommended BooksWang, C.K. Intermediate Structural Analysis, McGraw HillWest, H.H. Analysis of Structures, John Wiley & Sons.Hibbeler, R.C. Structural Analysis, Prentice Hall.Ask a Question about Structural EngineeringStructural Analysis Questions AnswersView LecturesStructural Analysis LecturesTown Planning & ArchitectureArchitectureHistorical DevelopmentGeneral introduction to history of architecture; Emergence/Development of Islamic Architechure.InfluencesGeographical, climatic, religious, social, historical.PrinciplesTruth or purpose & beauty.QualitiesStrength, vitality, grace, breadth and scale.FactorsProportion, color and balance.Use of MaterialsStone, wood, metals, concrete, composites, ceramics.General Treatment to Plan of BuildingsWalls and their construction; Openings and their position, character and shape; Roofs and their development and employment; Columns and their position, form and decoration; Molding and their form decoration, Ornament as applied to any buildings.Town Planning DefinitionsTrends in urban growth; Objectives of town planning; Modern planning in Pakistan and abroad.Preliminary StudiesStudy of natural resources, economic resources, legal and administrative problems, civic surveys and preparation of relevant maps.Land Use PatternsVarious theories of land use pattern. Location of Parks and recreation facilities, public and semi-public buildings, civic centers, commercial centers, local shopping centers, public schools, industry & residential areas.Street PatternsLay out of street, road crossing & lighting; Community planningCity ExtensionsSub Urban development, Neighborhood Units, Satellite Town and Garden CityUrban PlanningIssues related to inner city urban design and emergence/up gradation of squatter settlements.Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning using GISRecommended BooksSnyter, J.C. Introduction to Urban Planning, Milwaukee McGraw Hill Book CoFletcher, S.B. A History of Architecture. The Athlone Press.Ask a Question about Town PlanningTown Planning Questions AnswersView LecturesTown Plannig Lectures - Coming SoonMechanical TechnologyBasics of ThermodynamicsThermodynamic systems,Laws of thermodynamics,Laws of perfect gasesEnergy equationInternal Energy, Enthalpy and entropy of the working fluidsPrime Movers:Internal combustion engines: type, working principle, cycle operation and performance,Steam EnginesSteam TurbinesAir-compressorsAir-Conditioning:Introduction to Air-conditioning and refrigeration. Heating and cooling load and its calculations, comfort chart, outline of AC systemsLabPractical # 1: To study the different components of petrol engine.Practical # 2: To study the cooling system of automobile engine.Practical # 3: To study the lubrication system of automobile engine.Practical # 4: To study the ignition system of automobile engine.Practical # 5: To study the fuel system of automobile engine.Practical # 6: To study the air-intake system of automobile engine.Practical # 7: To study the 2-Stroke Reciprocating Engine.Practical # 8: To study the vapor compression system.Practical # 9: To study different components of refrigeration and air-conditioning system.Practical # 10: The layout of boiler room.Practical # 11: To study the boiler of the steam engine power plant.Practical # 12: To study the steam Engine of the steam engine power plant.Practical # 13: To study the turbine of the steam engine power plant.Practical # 14: To study the condenser of steam engine power plant.Differential EquationsOrdinary Differential Equations:Basic concepts of ordinary differential equation, General and particular solutions, Initial and boundary conditions, Linear and nonlinear differential equations, Solution of first order differential equation by separable variables and its applications in our daily life situations, The techniques like change of variable, homogeneous, non-homogeneous, exact, non-exact, linear and nonlinear Bernoulli could be used in case of complications. Solution of second order differential equation by theory of operators and its applications as forced and free oscillations, The extension of second order solution criteria to higher order differential equations, Solution of the system of differential equations by theory of operators and its applications in our daily life situations.Partial Differential Equations:Basic concepts, Linear and nonlinear p.d.equations, Quasi linear and Quasi nonlinear p.d.equations, Homogeneous and non-homogeneous p.d.equations, Solutions of p.d.equations, Boundary and initial conditions as Dirichlet condition, Neumann condition, Robbins/Mixed condition, Classification of p.d.equations as Elliptic, Parabolic and Hyperbolic.Analytic solution by separation of variables of the Steady-State Two-Dimensional Heat equation/Laplace equation and Unsteady-State One-Dimensional Heat equation/Diffusion equation with homogeneous and nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. D'Alembert's solution of Two-Dimensional Wave equation with homogeneous and nonhomogeneous boundary conditions.Fourier Series:Periodic waveforms and their fourier representations, Calculating a fourier series, Fourier series of odd and even functions, Half range fourier series, Fourier series solution for the above p.d.equations.Recommended BooksKreyszig, E.Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Wayne and Erson.Abell & Braselton, Brooks /Cole, Modern Differential Equations, Second editionAsk a Question about Engineering MechanicsCivil Engineering Questions AnswersDownload Kreszig SolutionDifferential Equations SolutionsFluid MechanicsIntroduction to fluid Mechanics & its classification.History of fluid MechanicsApplication of Fluid mechanics in Civil Engineering.Distinction between solids and fluids.Physical Properties of Fluids:Density, Specific weight, Specific Volume, Specific gravity, Viscosity.Newton’s Law of viscosity. Surface tension. Compressibility of fluids.Fluid Statics:Static pressure, Pressure height relationship, absolute and gauge pressure,Measurement of Pressure, Barometer, Bourdon gauge, Pizometer tube, simple and differential manometer, Basic principal of various pressure measuring instruments.Forces on submerged plane and curved bodies. Buoyancy and Stability of submerged and floating bodies.Fluid Kinematics:Basics Concept about steady and unsteady flow, Laminar and Turbulent flow, Path lines, stream line, stream tube, uniform and non uniform flow.Basic Equations:Continuity Equation, Energy Equation and Momentum Equation.Application of Energy Equation and Continuity Equation to incompressible fluids.Fluid Measurement:Venturimeter, Orifices, Mouth pieces and Nozzles, pitot tube, Weirs and Notches.Flow through Pipes:Laminar Flow through pipes, Darcy’s Weisbach equation for flow through pipes,Hydraulic and Energy gradient lines, Losses in Pipe lines. Transmission of Energy through PipesFlow through Open Channel:Uniform flow through open channels. Chezy’s and Manning’s formula for uniform Flow through open channels. Most efficient cross section of open channel.LabsDemonstration of various parts of Hydraulic Bench.Experimental Study of laminar and turbulent Flow.Experimental Study of tube gauges and Dead weight pressure gauges.Calibration of Orifices by Various Methods.Calibration of venturimeter.Calibration of Rectangular and Triangular Notch.Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem.Determination of Metacentric height.Study of Various losses through Piping arrangements.Recommended BooksRobert L.Daughetn, Joseph B. Franzini, Fluid Mechanics with Engineering applicationsE.H.Lewitt, Hydraulics and Fluid MechanicsAsk a Question about Fluid MechanicsFluid Mechanics Questions AnswersView LecturesHydraulics & Fluid MechanicsSurveying & Levelling IIntroductionSurveying instruments; chains, tapes, steel bands, their types & uses.Chain SurveyingRanging & Chaining of Survey lines. Field work & Plotting of Chain surveyCompass SurveyingPrismatic Compass& Surveyor compassUses, Bearings, Local attraction, Fieldwork & Plotting.Plane Table SurveyingParts and accessories. Methods of surveying. Two-point and three-point problems.LevelingGeneral principle. Types of levels and their temporary and permanent adjustments. Methods of levelling. Reduction of levels, Precise levelling and Trigonometric Leveling.Theodolite.Types and uses of theodolites. Temporary and permanent adjustments. Measurement of horizontal and vertical angles.Tacheometrical surveyingMethods of tacheometrical surveying. Field work and computationTraversingTraversing with prismatic compass, theodolite and plane table, computations and adjustments of traverse, transformation of Co-ordinatesOmitted MeasurementsCalculation of Areas and VolumesEarthwork calculations. D.M.D. method, Simpson rule and trapezoidal rule.LabsPractice on measurement of distances and introduction to measuring instrumentsChain Surveying and plottingCompass TraversingPlane Table by methods of radiations and IntersectionsTwo Points ProblemThree Points ProblemLevel adjustments by two-peg method.Profile and Cross-SectioningTheodolite traversingRecommended BooksKavanash,B. Surveying principles and Application, Prentice HallIrvine, W. Surveying for Construction, McGraw Hill.Davis, R.E. Surveying Theory and Practice, McGraw HillAsk a Question about Surveying & LevellingEngineering Surveying Questions AnswersView LecturesEngineering SurveyingEngineering EconomicsBasic ConceptsIntroduction to Engineering EconomicsTime Value of MoneyDifferent Methods of Analysis (Present Worth Analysis, Annual Worth Analysis etc.)Concept of Internal Rate of Return & Its use in Engineering ProjectsVarious Types of Costs (Maintenance, Repair, Other Overhead Costs etc. ) & Benefits & Its Use in Engineering ProjectsEconomical Life of Construction EquipmentInflationDepreciation & Its TypesCost EscalationIntroduction to Break Even Analysis & Its Application to Engineering ProjectSensitivity AnalysisDemand and Supply AnalysisTheory of Pricing & Theory of Production and Laws of ReturnFunding, Funding Agencies and Planning CommissionTypes of Business OrganizationsLabor problems, Labor Organization, Prevention and Settlement of DisputesRecommended BooksDonald G. NewmanE.Peul DegarmoAsk a Question about Engineering EconomicsEngineering Economics Questions AnswersView LecturesEngineering Economics Lecture NotesStructural Analysis IIMethod of Consistent Deformation:Analysis of statically indeterminate beams, frames and trusses. Castigliano's second theorem (Method of least work).Slope Deflection MethodDerivation of equation, Analysis of continuous beams and portal frames without joint movement. Analysis of continuous beams and portal frames due to yielding of supports. Analysis of portal frames with joint movement. Analysis of closed frames and multistory portal frames.Moment Distribution MethodConcept, Distribution and carry over factors, Analysis of continuous beams and portal frames without joint movement. Analysis of continuous beams and portal frames due to yielding of supports. Analysis of continuous beams and portal frames with joint movement. Analysis of multistory portal frames.Plastic AnalysisElastic versus Plastic Analysis in Steel Design, Upper & Lower Bound Theorems, Statical Moment & Mechanism Methods. Design of Beams, Propped Cantilever, Fixed ended & Continuous beams & frames, Design ExamplesAnalysis of ArchesAnalysis of two hinged circular and parabolic arches with supports at different levels.Influence Lines for Indeterminate BeamsUse of Clark Maxwell and Betti’s Theorm, Law of Reciprocal Deflections, Influence lines for moment and reactions in proposed cantilevers. Influence lines for support reaction of two and three span continuous beams. Influence lines for Shear Force and Bending Moment at any section of the beam.Recommended BooksWang, C.K. Intermediate Structural Analysis, McGraw Hill.West, H.H. Analysis of Structures, John Wiley 7 Sons.Hibbeler, R.C. Structural Analysis, Prentice Hall.Ask a Question about Structural EngineeringStructural Analysis Questions AnswersView LecturesStructural Analysis LecturesNumerical AnalysisInterpolation and extrapolation;Finite differences, forward, backward and central differences and its operators form, Linear and higher order interpolating polynomials, Newton's Gregory forward & backward difference interpolation formulas and its utilization as extrapolation, Lagrange’s interpolation, Numerical differentiation based on differences,Numerical integration;Trapezoidal and Simpson's approximations, Romberg integration process,Numerical Solution of non-linear equations;Bracketing and iteration methods and its applications as multiple root methods,Direct solution of the system of linear equations;Gauss-elimination, Direct and indirect factorization, symmetric factorization, tri-diagonal factorization, Iterative methods like Jacobi's iteration and Gauss-Seidel iteration,Numerical solution of initial value problems;Single-Step methods and its comparison with Taylor's series expansion, Multi-Step methods, Higher order differential equations, System of differential equations,Numerical solution of linear and nonlinear boundary value problems.Soil MechanicsSoil FormationSoil and its constituents, weathering of rocks and types of soils. Description and Identification of soil (Visual-Manual Procedure), Mineralogy of soil solids.Physical PropertiesWater content, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation, specific gravity, unit Weight and their determination, Atterberg limits, sieve analysis, hydrometer and Pipette analysis, Stoke’s law, grain size distribution.Soil Classification Grain size classification, Bureau of soils,. M.I.T., Unified, AASHTO and ASTM Classification systems. Textural Classification by triangular chart, united soil classification system, AASHTO soil classifications.Permeability and SeepageDefinition, Hydraulic gradient, Darcy's Law, Factors affecting permeability, Permeability of stratified soils, Laboratory and field determination of coefficient of permeability.Seepage force, quick sand condition, flow nets, boundary conditions, graphical method of flow net construction, determination of quantity of seepage, two dimensional flow, Laplace Equation, seepage through earth dams, design of filtersCompactionDefinition, Compaction fundamentals, Moisture density relationships,Standard Proctor test and modified AASHO test for compaction, Factors affecting compaction, Compaction equipment, properties and structure of compacted soils, Specifications, field control and measurement of in-situ density, CBR test.Vertical stresses in soilsDefinition, stresses caused by self weight of soil, Geostatic stresses, stresses caused by point loads and uniformly distributed loads: Boussinesq and Westerqaard theories, Pressure bulb, stress distribution diagram on horizontal and vertical planes; stress at a point outside loaded area, Newmark’s charts and 2:1 MethodSoil ExplorationImportance of soil exploration, soil exploration methods; probing, test trenches and pits, auger boring, wash boring, rotary drilling, Percussion drilling and geophysical methods, soil samples, Disturbed and undisturbed samples, In-situ tests (SPT, CPT and PLT)Introduction of related SoftwareLabsIdentification of Soil (Visual Manual Procedure)Determination of Moisture content of soilDetermination of specific gravity of soilDetermination of liquid limit of soilGrain-size analysis of soil (including both mechanical and hydrometer analysis)Determination of Plastic limit and Plasticity Index of soilDetermination of shrinkage limit of soilClassification of soil according to AASHTO and USCSModified/Proctor Compaction TestConstant Head Permeability test (Granular Soil)Falling Head Permeability (Granular and Fine grained soils)