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This can't be an exhaustive list. One, because I'm not an expert (I've only been doing it 20 years and have had various levels of interest in these, so you'll have to give me a break). Two, because it is an ever-evolving field that is probably one of the most complex things humanity has ever done.You said "especially hardware", but every piece you learn helps you understand more about every other piece. Things you learn about software help you learn more about hardware, and vice-versa. You must understand not just "what" and "how" to become an expert - you must also thoroughly understand "why". I know more about software, but hopefully you can get a start into understanding hardware from some of the pieces of info in this post.Learn how to build one yourself from parts (there's a subreddit for learning how and learning what to buy - /r/buildapc). Learn how to install and maintain more than one OS (Unix-based and Windows are two good options). Learn file system operation and trade offs between different file systems (File system wiki page might be a good start). Learn how to setup and maintain a home network, and what all the things in the admin UI do. Learn how to setup and maintain a server on your local LAN. After learning a bunch of the other stuff elsewhere on this list (programming, computer architecture, etc), try installing Linux From Scratch (Linux From Scratch website).Learn automation. Learn both shell (Bash (Unix shell)) and UI automation techniques (lots of frameworks for both the desktop and web, and often specialized systems on each OS - some really popular/basic ones on Windows are autohotkey and AutoIt). Learn system automation on various OSs (Powershell, WSH, WMI, and lots of older technologies on Windows, not sure on other OSs).Learn how to use the web, search engines, email, web forums, Q&A sites, etc. Learn how to set up and use web servers, mail servers, ftp, bit torrent, irc, usenet, etc (both on the client side, and setup and maintenance on a server - I'd do client side first for everything, and get really comfortable before bothering with servers).Find out the books the MIT curriculum uses to teach both computer hardware and software (Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT program). Buy them, read them, and practice from them. Also find online courses, peer study groups, and online communities for each of the things you do. No one becomes an expert through just study or just practice. They need people and conflicting/supporting ideas to make significant and timely progress. Some more specific details on the things you will learn follow. You can also learn from online information, and should, but eventually you should crack open some books and work to comprehend their content.Learn hobbyist electronics, learn basic computer architecture, and build all the parts of a working computer in an electrical simulator. Learn more advanced computer architecture (vector processing, pipelining, out of order execution, etc). Learn industrial electronics manufacturing techniques, how the machines work, how the design process works, various techniques to reduce size, etc.Learn to program and automate in Lisp/scheme, Python, Java, shell (on multiple OSs), C, and Assembly (x86 and Arm). Learn how to construct a compiler, how to construct and OS, and how to construct an emulator (by doing small versions of all three of these things and getting them to run software you've built). Learn how I/O works in programming languages and libraries for each (file, 2D and 3D video and sound and music, networking, human input devices). Learn dozens of common file formats. Learn how file compression works (both lossless and lossy), and several existing common schemes for compression.Learn all about data structures and algorithms and graph theory.Learn code build and packaging systems. Learn how libraries work. Learn how threads and concurrency works. Learn about semaphores of all types. Learn about all forms of database (all file systems, RDBMS, document stores, bitmap stores, etc), and how they work from the bottom up. Learn about all the data structures and optimizations that can be done in a database (hundreds). Learn about transactional memory/STM. Learn about lockless data structures.Learn all about semantic versioning (Semantic Versioning official site), why it is important, and how to use it. Learn about backwards compatibility (Backward compatibility) in software and hardware and how to make it work in practice. Learn about multiple software version control systems and how to use them (both centralized and decentralized). Learn how diff works, both from a user standpoint, and from an algorithmic standpoint.Learn the OSI model (OSI model) and basic networking fundamentals. Learn all the basic protocols we use on the internet today (datagram and tcp/ip). Learn everything about modern networking and routing (at both the hardware level and the "firmware" level), all about wireless and QoS, etc. Learn how to do traffic sniffing of all types.Learn all about software and hardware deployment and uptime assurance/monitoring. (Reliability engineering)Learn all about continuous software integration and deployment (Continuous integration).Learn about computer security. Learn about PII (Personally identifiable information) and threat modeling (Threat model wikipedia page and Application Threat Modeling OWASP wiki page). Learn about all categories of vulnerability and what is the most common sources of them. Learn how to author security flaws in your own software and how to fix them. Learn how to create and deploy all forms of malware. Learn how to use software debuggers of all types (source level, memory level, network sniffers, etc). Learn how to build and use fuzzing tools (Fuzz testing).Learn all about automated testing, both of hardware (Automatic test equipment) and of software (Test automation).Learn all about Encryption and Cryptography. Learn cyphers, public and private key encryption. Learn all about pseudo random number generation and entropy. Learn about certificates. Learn about complexity proofs. Learn about security hacking techniques (hardware and software and wetware/social engineering. Mitm, brute force cracking, and mathematical exploits).Learn about code obfuscation, and techniques for ensuring licensing (both hardware and software). Learn all about DRM, both in how to build it, and how to break it.Learn Android and iOS. Learn the OS. Learn to program. Learn to deploy. Learn how the market places work, both from a functionality standpoint (both as a developer and consumer), but from a business standpoint. Learn and understand marketing in these marketplaces.Learn how to work in a software/hardware development team. Then learn how to lead one. Do this both in a small and a big organization. Learn how software and hardware research work.Learn the business forces. Learn the entire history of the software business. Learn the future trends. Learn how large companies operate (operations, partnerships, decision making, acquisitions and mergers, finance, marketing). Learn how small and startup companies operate (ideation, business plans, road maps, operation, funding, finding product market fit, finding and executing on growth).Learn HCI (Human–computer interaction) and UX (User experience design) and visual design (Graphic design).Learn everything about data science (Data science). Learn everything about machine learning (Machine learning). Learn everything about AI (Artificial intelligence) - both software and hardware approaches (one of them might win the "strong AI" race, and I bet it is hardware). Learn about robotics.Learn all of human history and how technology has changed society and how it continues to do so. Learn all about mathematics and statistics and physics and the environment and transportation logistics and human health and social structures and psychology, and how computers fit into all of those, automate them, and improve them.Learn all about finance and commerce and how computers fit in.So, point is, keep learning for more than a lifetime, and you may some day achieve this omniscience that is the only true measure of being "a computer expert". It will probably happen at about the same time as the singularity (Technological singularity) that brings all of our consciousnesses together into a single machine intelligence.Or, you could apply a more utilitarian approach, determine your specific goals (SMART criteria is a way to determine that you're doing it right), and learn what you need to accomplish those goals. Then if you are interested, pick up what you can on the side.Hopefully I give you enough breadcrumbs above to help you google your way through this, help you find books, and help you find social groups.

I first started learning algorithms as a sophomore in high school. I was taking a graduate-level course in algorithms at a state college and I was armed with CLRS and KT, two of the standard algorithms textbooks. After the course was over, I had learned the following:I knew what dynamic programming was.I knew what a greedy algorithm was.I knew basic graph algorithms (BFS/DFS, Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, Kruskal's, Prim's)I knew what network flow was, and I knew Ford-Fulkerson and Edmonds-Karp.Note that I hadn't learned how to use any of the algorithmic techniques that I had just learned. Some people might call this a failure of the course, but the class itself wasn't oriented to teach us practical applications of these techniques. I wouldn't call it a failure. In fact, it was precisely because of this class that my performance on programming contests started to improve. Why?Prior to the class, I had practically no knowledge of algorithmic techniques. This made it hard to understand solutions like USACO JAN08 cowrun Analysis, which talked about dynamic programming. When I tried to look up what dynamic programming was, I got a definition that was hard to understand and essentially impossible to apply to other problems. After the class, I began to understand when to apply dynamic programming. These techniques that sounded like utter gibberish started to make sense.The process of learning when to apply these techniques was a slow one. Some problems (1163 -- The Triangle) were very easy to solve, even with only a cursory understanding of dynamic programming. Other programs (1159 -- Palindrome) required more thought. I began to learn about different types of dynamic programming (DP over intervals, trees, and subsets, to name a few).In short, after being exposed to all of these different techniques, I learned how to apply them by sitting down and solving lots of programming contest problems. It might not be the most efficient way to learn how to apply these techniques, but as a positive side-effect, my performance on programming contests has improved dramatically over the past two years.To return back to the original question: I believe that books on coding interviews are good in that they can help one learn about algorithmic techniques and that they can give one a few examples on where these techniques can be applied. However, I don't believe there is a real substitute for going out and spending your own time solving difficult problems with these techniques. It may be possible to pass some first-round interviews just by reading some of these books and memorizing solutions, but a good final-round interview will challenge your ability to think.

Umm. I’m sorry, what now?Perhaps we should fix the question, shall we?“Does the Hulk know how to properly fight?”There we go, much better question.The answer is, yes, he does know how to fight, and the result of him knowing how to fight is that very few people ever actually stand up to him.Marvel has this concept known as a “Power Grid”. What a Power Grid is, for those who don’t like clicking links, is a bar graph that shows how powerful a character is.There are 6 primary stats that are located on the power grid, against which a character is measured.IntelligenceStrengthSpeedDurabilityEnergy ProjectionFighting AbilityFor the purposes of this answer, we will only be looking at number 6.Each character found in the Marvel Multiverse is given a score from 1 (the lowest) to 7 (the highest) in each of these categories.Marvel describes Fighting ability as “The Proficiency in hand-to-hand combat[of the individual character].”The rankings are as follows:PoorNormalSome TrainingExperienced fighterMaster of a single form of combatMaster of several forms of combatMaster of all forms of combatFor reference, Captain Americais rated as a 6 in fighting skills.As you can see, he is a master of several forms of combat, but not every form of combat.King T’Challais stated to be a 5 in fighting ability.They are both at least a master of one form of combat. They are both highly skilled fighters, some of the best you can find on Earth - 616.So, where does Marvel rank Hulk?Hulk is a 4 for fighting skills. This means he is an experienced fighter.People are so quick to dismiss punches and kicks as “not real fighting”. Real fighting is not the crazy martial arts you see on TV when John Wick is fighting two guys who are easily 20 pounds lighter than him but somehow can kick him through reinforced glass with ease.Most opponents are giving up several hundred pounds and at least a foot or 2 to Hulk when they take him on as an opponent, and this matters a great deal in a fight.Just look at Connor McGregor trying to take down Hafthor Bjornson. Thor isn’t a good fighter, he’s simply a very large, very strong man. Connor on the other hand is a featherweight and lightweight champion for the UFC, and he fights with Mixed Martial Arts, or what most people consider “real fighting skill”. You can see that McGregor is doing everytyhing in his power to not be grabbed, and when he does get grabbed, it’s bad for him. He’s only giving up a few inches, and a hundred pounds (minimum) to his opponent, but his punches and kicks do nothing.Look at that last gif. Mcgregor goes for the kick, when it’s grabbed and held, he tries to choke Thor, who easily peels his hand off like it belongs to a child.When you are much smaller than your opponent, you can be the best fighter in the world, but if they have even a tiny bit of experience (and sometimes they don’t even need that) you’re fucked. (Check out the whole video below.)But you can see that Hulk is listed as a 4. This means he is an experienced fighter. (Even if the directors who hate him in the MCU don’t show it except in The Incredible Hulk). When you pit a huge and immensely strong person who is an experienced fighter against others, you begin to understand why they needed a God to combat him.So, your question was based on the false premise that Hulk doesn’t know how to properly fight. He does. He throws punches that level mountains. He kicks with enough force to destroy tanks. He grapples and knocks opponents unconscious when they get to close or just tears them in half. When a single strike is enough to drop 99.9% of the opponents you’re going to come up against, you don’t need to know how to fight. But when a single strike is enough to kill 99.9% of people, and you don’t want that outcome, you better learn how to fight quickly. And Hulk did.-edit-Some people seem upset that I didn’t take this on from the perspective of the MCU Hulk.The MCU Hulk knows how to fight. He demonstrated this in The Incredible Hulk when he fought Abomination. The Abomination is Emil Blonsky, a combat veteran with many years of actual combat experience. He fought Hulk, and Hulk was able to show him up at times, though unable to actually harm him due to his immense durability when compared with Hulk’s relatively weak punches.Joss Whedon then decided that Hulk shouldn’t know how to fight, because he doesn’t know the character and doesn’t respect him. So he took that away and made Hulk just swing his arms around.If Hulk from the MCU knew how to fight, nothing much would change. He’d have defeated Abomination (which he did). He’d have beat the chitauri (which he did). He’d have lost to the Hulkbuster (Because the Hulkbuster was Iron Man, Tony Stark, and Hulk was playing the villain in that moment.). He’d have beat Ultron (Which he did.) He’d have lost to Thor in the Gladiator’s arena (Which he did). He’d have lost to Thanos(which he did). He wouldn’t have fought in Endgame(which he sorta didn’t).Nothing changes with Hulk knowing how to fight in the MCU. The things he defeated in the MCU were all small enough and weak enough that he simply needed overwhelming strength and brutality to win.The things he lost to were due to plot reasons, and as such, no amount of combat know how would have changed anything.-end edit--2nd edit-From Arne van Lamoen in the comments section.One of the best and most obvious ‘whoa! Hulk can totally fight!’ moments in the MCU comes from the Hulk vs Hulkbuster scene:Opening move: tosses a car at Tony - which Tony catches - but it was a ruse to block his line of sight and the follow-up blow follows immediately after. The ol’ one-two combo. Pretty tricksy for “just a dumb brute,” wouldn’t you agree?Second move, whilst being dragged through the asphalt and with Tony’s hand on his face, kicks the Hulkbuster off him, he lunges, gets knocked back, and whilst Tony is prepping more weaponry to put him down, Hulk once again comes at him from an unexpected angle, from behind a parked truck, outside of his peripheral vision followed immediately by Hulk jumping on Hulkbuster’s back and driving a traffic light into the suit at the shoulder.Hulk recognizes the suit is Tony’s strength and sets about systematically dismantling it.‘Veronica’ is on hand to lend a hand (oh, such inspired writing! *sarcasm*) and Tony opens up the ‘beat Hulk’ playbook, denying him - as much as possible - the ability to tear his suit to shreds.Fast-forward to Hulk pinned against a wall. No problem, when you’re pinned against a solid object it means Newtons 3rd law of motion is on your side. Hulk plants both his feet on Tony’s chest and it’s bye-bye Mr.Stark.Tony lands a good one-two of his own with the elevator flail + follow-up, but Hulk is not just unharmed (save for the cinematic cliché of the tooth-spit) but more intent than before. He is ripping Tony’s suit apart knowing his ability to do so will eventually out-last Tony’s ability to repair it,m. Moreover, Hulk clearly has an advantage in speed and is capitalizing on thag.When Tony once again tries to reinforce/repair with parts from the Hulkbuster sattelite station, Hulk recognizes this move and destroys not just one but both incoming care packages. Again, seems like pretty decent fighting skills to me; recognize your opponents weaknesses and strengths and adjust accordingly.Now, the fight ends in the most unappealing and narratively convenient way imaginable - totally unsatisfactory as far as I’m concerned - but we see Hulk giving a decent showing of his fighting skills here.-end edit-