Academic Year Calendar 2014-2015: Fill & Download for Free

Hi..well many people have been born on June 5th cuz Juhe best year to be born but that’s just my opinion.Here is a list of people born on June 5th (there are probably lots more missing)~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~June 5 is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 209 days remaining until the end of the year.Births1341 – Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, English politician, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (d. 1402)1412 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, Italian ruler (d. 1478)1493 – Justus Jonas, German priest and academic (d. 1555)1523 – Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1573)1554 – Benedetto Giustiniani, Italian clergyman (d. 1621)1587 – Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English colonial administrator and admiral (d. 1658)1596 – Peter Wtewael, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1660)1640 – Pu Songling, Chinese author (d. 1715)1646 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician and philosopher (d. 1684)1660 – Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1744)1757 – Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist and philosopher (d. 1808)1760 – Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist, and mineralogist (d. 1852)1771 – Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (d. 1851)1781 – Christian Lobeck, German scholar and academic (d. 1860)1819 – John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)1830 – Carmine Crocco, Italian soldier (d. 1905)1850 – Pat Garrett, American sheriff (d. 1908)1862 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist and optician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1930)1868 – James Connolly, Scottish-born Irish rebel leader (d. 1916)1870 – Bernard de Pourtalès, Swiss captain and sailor (d. 1935)1876 – Isaac Heinemann, German-Israeli scholar and academic (d. 1957)1877 – Willard Miller, Canadian-American sailor, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1959)1878 – Pancho Villa, Mexican general and politician, Governor of Chihuahua (d. 1923)1879 – Robert Mayer, German-English businessman and philanthropist (d. 1985)1883 – John Maynard Keynes, English economist, philosopher, and academic (d. 1946)1884 – Ralph Benatzky, Czech-Swiss composer (d. 1957)1884 – Ivy Compton-Burnett, English author (d. 1969)1884 – Frederick Lorz, American runner (d. 1914)1892 – Jaan Kikkas, Estonian weightlifter (d. 1944)1894 – Roy Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson of Fleet, Canadian-English publisher and academic (d. 1976)1895 – William Boyd, American actor and producer (d. 1972)1895 – William Roberts, English soldier and painter (d. 1980)1898 – Salvatore Ferragamo, Italian shoe designer, founded Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. (d. 1960)1898 – Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, playwright, and director (d. 1936)1899 – Otis Barton, American diver, engineer, and actor, designed the bathysphere (d. 1992)1899 – Theippan Maung Wa, Burmese writer (d. 1942)1900 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-English physicist and engineer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)1902 – Arthur Powell Davies, American minister, author, and activist (d. 1957)1905 – Wayne Boring, American illustrator (d. 1987)1912 – Dean Amadon, American ornithologist and author (d. 2003)1912 – Eric Hollies, English cricketer (d. 1981)1913 – Conrad Marca-Relli, American-Italian painter and academic (d. 2000)1914 – Beatrice de Cardi, English archaeologist and academic (d. 2016)1916 – Sid Barnes, Australian cricketer (d. 1973)1916 – Eddie Joost, American baseball player and manager (d. 2011)1919 – Richard Scarry, American-Swiss author and illustrator (d. 1994)1920 – Marion Motley, American football player and coach (d. 1999)1920 – Cornelius Ryan, Irish-American journalist and author (d. 1974)1922 – Paul Couvret, Dutch-Australian soldier, pilot, and politician (d. 2013)1922 – Sheila Sim, English actress (d. 2016)1923 – Jorge Daponte, Argentinian race car driver (d. 1963)1923 – Roger Lebel, Canadian actor (d. 1994)1923 – Daniel Pinkham, American organist and composer (d. 2006)1924 – Lou Brissie, American baseball player and scout (d. 2013)1924 – Art Donovan, American football player and radio host (d. 2013)1925 – Bill Hayes, American actor and singer1926 – Paul Soros, Hungarian-American engineer and businessman (d. 2013)1928 – Robert Lansing, American actor (d. 1994)1928 – Umberto Maglioli, Italian race car driver (d. 1999)1928 – Tony Richardson, English-American director and producer (d. 1991)1929 – Denis Coe, English soldier, educator, and politician (d. 2015)1930 – Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian author (d. 1996)1931 – Yves Blais, Canadian businessman and politician (d. 1998)1931 – Jacques Demy, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1990)1931 – Jerzy Prokopiuk, Polish anthropologist and philosopher1932 – Christy Brown, Irish painter and author (d. 1981)1932 – Dave Gold, American businessman, founded the 99 Cents Only Stores (d. 2013)1933 – Bata Živojinović, Serbian actor and politician (d. 2016)1934 – Vilhjálmur Einarsson, Icelandic triple jumper, painter, and educator1934 – Bill Moyers, American journalist, 13th White House Press Secretary1937 – Hélène Cixous, French author, poet, and critic1938 – Moira Anderson, Scottish singer1938 – Karin Balzer, German hurdler1938 – Roy Higgins, Australian jockey (d. 2014)1939 – Joe Clark, Canadian journalist and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Canada1939 – Margaret Drabble, English novelist, biographer, and critic1941 – Martha Argerich, Argentinian pianist1941 – Erasmo Carlos, Brazilian singer-songwriter1941 – Spalding Gray, American writer, actor, and monologist (d. 2004)1941 – Robert Kraft, American businessman, founded The Kraft Group1941 – Jeff Rooker, Baron Rooker, English academic and politician, Minister of State for Immigration1941 – Gudrun Sjödén, Swedish designer1942 – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Equatoguinean lieutenant and politician, 2nd President of Equatorial Guinea1943 – Abraham Viruthakulangara, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India1944 – Whitfield Diffie, American cryptographer and academic1945 – John Carlos, American runner and football player1945 – André Lacroix, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach1946 – John Du Cann, English guitarist (d. 2001)1946 – Bob Grant, Australian rugby league player1946 – Patrick Head, English engineer and businessman, co-founded Williams F11946 – Wanderléa, Brazilian singer and television host1947 – Laurie Anderson, American singer-songwriter and violinist1947 – Tom Evans, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1983)1947 – David Hare, English director, playwright, and screenwriter1947 – Freddie Stone, American singer, guitarist, and pastor1949 – Ken Follett, Welsh author1949 – Elizabeth Gloster, English lawyer and judge1949 – Alexander Scrymgeour, 12th Earl of Dundee, Scottish politician1950 – Ronnie Dyson, American singer and actor (d. 1990)1950 – Abraham Sarmiento, Jr., Filipino journalist and activist (d. 1977)1951 – Suze Orman, American financial adviser, author, and television host1952 – Pierre Bruneau, Canadian journalist and news anchor1952 – Carole Fredericks, American singer (Fredericks Goldman Jones) (d. 2001)1952 – Nicko McBrain, English drummer and songwriter1953 – Kathleen Kennedy, American film producer, co-founded Amblin Entertainment1954 – Alberto Malesani, Italian footballer and manager1954 – Phil Neale, English cricketer, coach, and manager1954 – Nancy Stafford, American model and actress1955 – Edino Nazareth Filho, Brazilian footballer and manager1956 – Richard Butler, English singer-songwriter1956 – Kenny G, American saxophonist, songwriter, and producer1957 – Charles Nolan, American fashion designer (d. 2011)1958 – Avigdor Lieberman, Moldavian-Israeli soldier and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Israel1958 – Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, Comorian businessman and politician, President of Comoros1959 – Mark Ella, Australian rugby player1959 – Werner Schildhauer, German runner1960 – Boris Dugan, Estonian footballer and coach1960 – Claire Fox, English author and academic1961 – Anke Behmer, German heptathlete1961 – Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999)1961 – Anthony Burger, American singer and pianist (d. 2006)1961 – Aldo Costa, Italian engineer1961 – Ramesh Krishnan, Indian tennis player and coach1962 – Jeff Garlin, American actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter1962 – Tõnis Lukas, Estonian historian and politician, 34th Estonian Minister of Education1964 – Lisa Cholodenko, American director and screenwriter1964 – Karl Sanders, American singer-songwriter and guitarist1965 – Michael E. Brown, American astronomer and author1965 – Sandrine Piau, French soprano1965 – Alfie Turcotte, American ice hockey player1967 – Matt Bullard, American basketball player and sportscaster1967 – Joe DeLoach, American sprinter1967 – Ray Lankford, American baseball player1967 – Ron Livingston, American actor1968 – Ed Vaizey, English lawyer and politician, Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries1969 – Brian McKnight, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor1970 – Martin Gélinas, Canadian ice hockey player and coach1971 – Susan Lynch, Northern Irish actress1971 – Alex Mooney, American politician[3]1971 – Takaya Tsubobayashi, Japanese race car driver1971 – Mark Wahlberg, American model, actor, producer, and rapper1972 – Yogi Adityanath, Indian priest and politician1972 – Paweł Kotla, Polish conductor and academic1973 – Lamon Brewster, American boxer1973 – Gella Vandecaveye, Belgian martial artist1974 – Mervyn Dillon, Trinidadian cricketer1974 – Scott Draper, Australian tennis player and golfer1974 – Russ Ortiz, American baseball player1975 – Zydrunas Ilgauskas, Lithuanian-American basketball player1975 – Duncan Patterson, English drummer and keyboard player1975 – Sandra Stals, Belgian runner1976 – Giannis Giannoulis, Canadian basketball player1976 – Torry Holt, American football player and sportscaster1977 – Liza Weil, American actress1978 – Fernando Meira, Portuguese footballer1979 – Stefanos Kotsolis, Greek footballer1979 – Matthew Scarlett, Australian footballer1979 – Pete Wentz, American singer-songwriter, bass player, actor, and fashion designer1979 – Jason White, American race car driver1980 – Mike Fisher, Canadian ice hockey player1980 – Chris Flannery, Australian rugby league player1980 – Antonio García, Spanish racing driver1981 – Serhat Akın, Turkish footballer1981 – Sébastien Lefebvre, Canadian singer and guitarist1982 – Ryan Dallas Cook, American trombonist (d. 2005)1983 – Marques Colston, American football player1984 – Robert Barbieri, Canadian-Italian rugby player1984 – Eric Traoré, Senegalese footballer1985 – Jeremy Abbott, American figure skater1985 – Ekaterina Bychkova, Russian tennis player1986 – Dave Bolland, Canadian ice hockey player1986 – Vernon Gholston, American football player1987 – Marcus Thornton, American basketball player1988 – Alessandro Salvi, Italian footballer1988 – Sam Slocombe, English footballer1989 – Cam Atkinson, American ice hockey player1989 – Megumi Nakajima, Japanese voice actress and singer1990 – Radko Gudas, Czech ice hockey defenceman1990 – Junior Hoilett, Canadian soccer player1990 – DJ Mustard, American record producer and songwriter1991 – Sören Bertram, German footballer1992 – Joazhiño Arroe, Peruvian footballer1992 – Sam Rainbird, Australian cricketer1992 – Emily Seebohm, Australian swimmer1993 – Roger Tuivasa-Sheck, Samoan-New Zealand rugby league player1995 – Ross Wilson, English table tennis player1998 – Yulia Lipnitskaya, Russian figure skater

Arabic and its different dialects are spoken by around 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world as well as in the Arab diaspora making it one of the five most spoken languages in the world. Currently, 22 countries are member states of the Arab League (as well as 5 countries were granted an observer status) which was founded in Cairo in 1945. Arabic is a language cluster comprising 30 or so modern varieties.[1]Arabic is the lingua franca of people who live in countries of the Arab world as well as of Arabs who live in the diaspora, particularly in Latin America (especially Brazil and Argentina) or Western Europe (like France, Spain, Germany or Italy).Cypriot Arabic is an recognized minority language in the EU member state of Cyprus and along with Maltese is one of only two extant European varieties of Arabic, though has its own standard literary form and has no diglossic relationship with Standard Arabic.[2] Maltese is one of the official languages of the EU. Arabic is a majority language of the native population in the United Arab Emirates as the majority of the population is composed of expatriates.[3]Contents1 Countries with Arabic as an official language2 Countries with Arabic as a national language or a recognized minority language2.1 Iran2.2 Turkey2.3 Niger2.4 Mali2.5 Senegal2.6 Cyprus3 Countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution3.1 Pakistan3.2 Iran3.3 Israel3.4 Philippines4 Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language5 History5.1 Umayyad Caliphate5.2 Abbasid Caliphate5.3 Fatimid Caliphate5.4 Al-Andalus5.5 Italy and Malta5.6 Greece5.7 South Sudan5.8 The Gambia5.9 Israel6 Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and later replaced or repealed7 See also8 References9 Notes10 External linksCountries with Arabic as an official languageAs of 2018, there are 25 independent nations where Modern Standard Arabic is an official language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language.Countries where Arabic is an official languageNo Country Population Notes No. of Arabic Speakers[4] % of Arabic Speakers[5] Member state ofArab League1. Egypt 100,000,000 Official language 82,449,200 93.18 Yes2. Algeria 41,701,000 Co-official language, along with Berber 40,100,000 80.00 Yes3. Sudan 40,235,000 Co-official language, along with English 28,164,500 70.00 Yes4. Iraq 36,004,552 Co-official language, along with Kurdish 22,908,120 85.81 Yes5. Morocco 35,250,000 Co-official language, along with Berber 25,003,930 74.29 Yes6. Saudi Arabia 30,770,375 Official language 27,178,770 95.62 Yes7. Yemen 23,833,000 Official language 14,671,000 54.68 Yes f8. Syria c 20,956,000 Official language 17,951,639 91.71 Yes e9. Tunisia 10,982,754 Official language 10,800,500 98.34 Yes10. Somalia 10,428,043 Co-official language, along with Somali 3,788,000 31.26 Yes11. Chad 10,329,208 Co-official language, along with French 1,320,000 1.81 Observer status12. United Arab Emirates 9,346,129 Official language 3,607,600 39.71 Yes13. Jordan 6,655,000 Official language 5,083,300 76.38 Yes15. Libya 6,244,174 Official language 4,526,000 72.09 Yes d16. Lebanon 4,965,914 Official language 4,180,000 91.44 Yes17. Palestine a 4,484,000 Official language in the Palestinian territories b 3,762,076 83.9 Yes18. Oman 4,055,418 Official language 2,518,816 88.6 Yes19. Mauritania 3,359,185 Official language 3,140,000 88.78 Yes20. Kuwait 2,789,000 Official language 1,735,000 82.21 Yes21. Qatar 2,155,446 Official language 1,215,900 75.39 Yes22. Bahrain 1,343,000 Official language 690,302 81.4 Yes23. Tanzania( Zanzibar) 1,303,569 Co-official language, along with Swahili and English No24. Djibouti 810,179 Co-official language, along with French 97,900 1.32 Yes25. Comoros 798,000 Co-official language, along with Comorian and French YesΣ 25 Total Σ 410,000,000 Arabic Language International Council Σ 240,000,000 92 Arab Leaguea. Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 136 member states currently recognize the State of Palestine.b. The Palestinian territories (also called Israeli-occupied territories) are currently occupied by Israel but legally don`t belong to the state of Israel according to the Supreme Court of Israel and the International Court of Justice of the United Nations (UN).c. The Syrian National Coalition is partially recognized as the sole legitimate government of the state Syrian Arab Republic.d. Libya's seat is taken by the House of Representatives (Libya) (which is disputed by the Muslim Brotherhood-led General National Congress and Government of National Accord).e. Syria's seat currently occupied by the Syrian National Coalition,[6] while Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic suspended on 16 November 2011.[7][8]f. Yemen's seat is taken by the Cabinet of Yemen (which is disputed by the Houthi Supreme Revolutionary Committee).Countries with Arabic as a national language or a recognized minority languageAs of 2016, there are 6 independent nations where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority language, but not primary language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority language.Dispersion of native Arabic speakers as the majority (green) or minority (chartreuse) populationCountries where Arabic is a national language or a recognized minority languageNo Country Population National language or Minority language Region1. Iran 83,145,546 Minority language Asia2. Turkey 82,003,882 Minority language Asia, Europe3. Niger 22,314,743 National language Africa4. Mali 19,973,000 National language Africa5. Senegal 16,209,125 National language Africa6. Cyprus 875,900 Minority language AsiaΣ 6 Total Σ 224,522,000IranSee also: Languages of IranArabic is a recognized minority language of Iran. In addition, the constitution recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Arabic (as the language of Quran) became mandatory for pupils in Iran. Arabic courses are mandatory starting from 6th year of schooling (1st year of Middle School) until the 11th year (penultimate year of High School).The local dialects of Arabic spoken by Arab minorities in Iran (like Ahwazi Arabs, Khamseh Arabs, Marsh Arabs as well as Arabs in Khorasan) are Khuzestani Arabic and Mesopotamian Arabic, (also known as Iraqi Arabic) mainly in Khuzestan Province as well as Khorasani Arabic especially in Khorasan Province.There are several TV channels in Arabic language broadcasting from Iran, namely, Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar TV as well as IFilm. Currently, the sole newspaper in Arabic language published in Iran is Kayhan Al Arabi out of 23 Persian dailies and three English dailies newspapers in Iran.In 2008, the public university Payame Noor University declared that Arabic will be the "second language" of the university, and that all its services will be offered in Arabic, concurrent with Persian.[9]TurkeySee also: Languages of TurkeyThere is an Arab minority in Turkey who speak Arabic as their native language. Therefore, Arabic is a recognized minority language in Turkey.Historically Arabic was the official language (in the territory which form nowadays the state of Turkey) during the time when this region was a part of the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later when it belonged to the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).The national public broadcaster of Turkey the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (also known as TRT) broadcasts TRT Al Arabiya a 24 hours a day TV channel in Arabic language (launched in April 2010).In 2015, the Turkey’s Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016-17 academic year, Arabic language courses (as a second language) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade. The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like German, French and English which are already being offered to elementary school students for a long time. According to a prepared curriculum, second and third graders will start learning the Arabic language by listening-comprehension and speaking, while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills.[10][11]NigerSee also: Languages of NigerArabic is one of the recognized national languages in Niger. Arabic is spoken by a minority in Niger especially by the Diffa Arabs (also known as Mahamid Arabs) an Arab nomadic tribespeople who is living in eastern Niger, mostly in the Diffa Region.MaliSee also: Languages of MaliArabic is one of the recognized national languages in Mali. Hassaniya Arabic (a variety of Maghrebi Arabic) is spoken by a minority in Mali especially by the Azawagh Arabs (also known as nomadic Moors) nomadic ethnic Arab-ancestry tribes who are settling mainly in the area of Azawagh which is a dry basin covering what is today northwestern Niger, as well as parts of northeastern Mali and southern Algeria.[12]SenegalSee also: Languages of SenegalArabic is one of the recognized national languages in Senegal. Hassaniya Arabic is spoken by a minority in Senegal.[13]CyprusSee also: Languages of CyprusCypriot Arabic (alongside Armenian) is one of the two recognized minority languages of Cyprus, since 2008.[14] It is spoken by the Maronite community, which is a minority in Cyprus especially in the cities Nicosia, Limassol and Larnaca.Cypriot Arabic (also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic) is taught at the Elementary School of St. Maron, which is located in Anthoupolis southern of Nicosia, Cyprus.[15]Countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitutionAs of 2018, there are 4 independent countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic has a special status according to the constitution.Countries where Arabic has a special status according to the constitutionNo Name Population Official language(s) Other recognizedlanguage(s) Region1. Pakistan 218,396,000 Urdu, English Arabic d Asia2. Iran 83,145,546 Persian Arabic a Asia3. Israel b 9,149,960 Hebrew Arabic c AsiaΣ 3 Total Σ 310,691,000a. ^ The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script, Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."[16]b. Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 161 member states currently recognize the State of Israel.c. ^ The Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People (an Israeli Basic Law which specifies the nature of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish People) states in No. 4 (B) that "The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law." The law declares in No. 4 (C): "This clause does not harm the status given to the Arabic language before this law came into effect." The law was adopted by the Knesset 62 in favor, 55 against and two abstentions on 19 July 2018.[17]d. ^ The constitution of Pakistan states in Article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language ..."[18]e. ^ The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[19]PakistanSee also: Languages of PakistanHistorically Arabic was the official language (in the territory which form nowadays the state Islamic Republic of Pakistan) during the time when this region was a part of the Umayyad Caliphate between 651 and 750.According to the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 the two languages Urdu (which is very close to Hindi, both also called Hindustani language which were two of the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan that time[20][21]) as well as Bengali (at that time the lingua franca in the territory which is today the independent state Bangladesh) became the national languages in the new founded state Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General Ayub Khan the second President of Pakistan advocated the institution of Arabic language teaching a spart of national planning.[22] "Ayub`s educational plan emphasized Urdu and English as the primary language of Pakistan, but additionally recommended that Arabic be a secondary language of instruction along with English."[23]The Arabic language is mentioned in the constitution of Pakistan. It declares in article 31 No. 2 that "The State shall endeavour, as respects the Muslims of Pakistan (a) to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language ..."[24]There is also an Arab minority in Pakistan. In addition, a remarkable number of Pakistanis are able to speak Arabic as they were living in the rich GCC Countries for working reasons (in Saudi Arabia around 2.5 million; in UAE around 1.5 million; in Qatar around 650,000; in Kuwait around 430,000; in Oman around 300,000; in Bahrain around 180,000) for a very long time. These overseas Pakistanis who are living in countries of the Arab world are also named Arab Pakistanis or Pakistani Arabs.The National Education Policy 2017 declares in article 3.7.4 that: “Arabic as compulsory part will be integrated in Islamiyat from Middle to Higher Secondary level to enable the students to understand the Holy Quran.“ Furthermore, it specifies in article 3.7.6: “Arabic as elective subject shall be offered properly at Secondary and Higher Secondary level with Arabic literature and grammar in its course to enable the learners to have command in the language.“ This law is also valid for private schools as it defines in article 3.7.12: “The curriculum in Islamiyat, Arabic and Moral Education of public sector will be adopted by the private institutions to make uniformity in the society.“[25]IranSee also: Languages of IranThe constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. The constitution declares in Chapter II: (The Official Language, Script, Calendar, and Flag of the Country) in Article 16 "Since the language of the Qur`an and Islamic texts and teachings is Arabic, ..., it must be taught after elementary level, in all classes of secondary school and in all areas of study."[26]IsraelSee also: Languages of IsraelArabic was an official language of Mandatory Palestine and was retained as an official language when the State of Israel was founded in 1948. In 2018, the Knesset upgraded the status of Hebrew from official to State language of Israel, and gave Arabic a special status in the State by adopting the relevant Basic Law. The Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People (an Israeli Basic Law which specifies the nature of the State of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish People) states in No. 4 (B) that "The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law." The law declares in No. 4 (C): "This clause does not harm the status given to the Arabic language before this law came into effect." The law was adopted by the Knesset 62 in favor, 55 against and two abstentions on 19 July 2018.[17]Arabic is an indigenous language in the territory which form nowadays the state of Israel and which is still the lingua franca of Arab citizens of Israel as well as of Arab foreigners (especially Palestinians who have only a Palestinian Authority passport, not recognized by many countries. Thus, they consider Palestinians stateless). In addition, Arabic is spoken by Arab Jews in Israel who immigrated from different Arab countries to Israel (as Aliyah) and got the Israeli citizenship according to the Israeli Nationality Law of 1952.Arabic name is shown on some Arabic majority cities seal.It is semi-official and used in Jerusalem.PhilippinesSee also: Languages of the PhilippinesThe Arabic language is mentioned in the Philippine constitution of 1986. It specifies that "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."[19]Arabic is mainly used by some Filipino Muslims in both a liturgical and instructional capacity since the arrival of Islam and establishment of several Sultanates (like Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu and Sultanate of Ranaw) in the present-day state Philippines. Along with Malay, Arabic was the lingua franca of the Malay Archipelago among Muslim traders and the Malay aristocracy in the history. Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines.Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official languageAs of 2016, there are 17 non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language. The following is a list of non-sovereign entities and autonomous regions as well as territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language.Non-sovereign entities and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official languageNo Name Population Notes Region1. Flag of the Arab Movement of Azawad.svg Arab Movement of Azawad 1,300,000 Co-official language, along with Tuareg Africa2. Galmudug 4,711,000 Official language somali Africa3. Azawad 1,300,000 Co-official language, along with Tuareg Africa4. Galmudug 1,230,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa5. Hirshabeelle.png Hirshabelle 1,800,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa6. Iraqi Kurdistan 5,300,000 Co-official language, along with Kurdish Asia7. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 4,800,000 Official language Asia8. Jubaland 1,000,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa9. Flag of Ahwaz.png National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz 4,711,000 Official language Asia10. Khatumo 2,000,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa11. Flag of Somalia.svg Northland State 1,300,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa12. Puntland 1,285,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa13. Rojava (also called Democratic Federation of Northern Syria) 4,600,000 Co-official language, along with Kurdish and Syriac Asia14. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 502,585 Co-official language, along with Spanish Africa15. Somaliland 4,500,000 Co-official language, along with Somali and English Africa16. Flag of Southwestern Somalia.svg South West State of Somalia 2,000,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa17. Syrian opposition a 3,500,000 Official language AsiaΣ 17 Total Σ 35,000,000a. The Syrian National Coalition is partially recognized as the sole legitimate government of the state Syrian Arab Republic.HistoryMain article: Arab world § HistoryUmayyad CaliphateThe expansion of the first Caliphates:Expansion under Islamic prophet Muhammad,622–632 AD/ 1-11 AHExpansion during the Rashidun Caliphate,632–661 AD/ 11-40 AHExpansion during the Umayyad Caliphate,661–750 AD/ 40-129 AHThe Muslim conquests (Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية‎, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) and the following Expansion of Islam (Arabic: انتشار الإسلام‎, Intishar al-Islām) led to the expansion of the Arabic language in Northern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Caucasus, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic number system and Arab customs spread throughout the entire Arab caliphate. The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the first schools inside the empire which taught Arabic language and Islamic studies for all pupils in all areas within the caliphate. The result was (in those areas which belonged to the Arab empire) the creation of the society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants.During the period of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the 5th Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (646–705) established Arabic instead of the local languages as the sole official state language of government across the entire caliphate.[27]Abbasid CaliphateWhile the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly was Arabized. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, people of different nationalities and religions began gradually to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe and the Western world.[28]Fatimid CaliphateThe Arabic language remained the lingua franca of high culture under the Fatimids (909–1171), Spanish Umayyads (856–1031) in the Iberian Peninsula, and later Muslim dynasties in North Africa and Spain and of the Mamluks (1250–1517) in Egypt and Syria-Palestine.[29]Al-AndalusIn the history, Andalusian Arabic was the official language in Spain and Portugal, formerly Al-Andalus for more than 700 years until the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada in 1492.Italy and MaltaSiculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) was a spoken language on the islands of Sicily and neighbouring Malta (at that time Emirate of Sicily (831–1091)) between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century.GreeceA form of Arabic was spoken on the Mediterranean island of Crete (Emirate of Crete) from the late 820s (c. 824 or 827/828) until the Byzantine reconquest in 961.South SudanArabic (alongside English) was an official language in South Sudan from 1863 (these days a part of Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867)) until 2011 (that time the independent state Republic of South Sudan), when the former government canceled Arabic as an official language. Since 2011 English is the sole official language of South Sudan. The Arabic dialect Juba Arabic is still the lingua franca of the people in South Sudan.The GambiaIn 2014, Gambian president Yahya Jammeh announced that The Gambia would drop English as the official language because it is a "colonial relic".[30][31] He replaced Gambia’s official language English with Arabic in 2014.[32] However, such change was not enacted.IsraelThe Arabic language (alongside Hebrew) also remained as an official language in the State of Israel for the first 70 years after the proclamation in 1948 until 2018. The Knesset canceled the status of Arabic as an official language by adopting the relevant Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People on 19 July 2018. This Israeli Basic Law states in No. 4 (A) that "The state’s language is Hebrew."[17]Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and later replaced or repealedThere were several territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and where it has been replaced by other languages or repealed. The following is a list of territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history.Asia|Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language and later replaced or repealedNo. Current country Currentofficial language Currentspoken language Historicallybelonged to Historicofficial language Historicspoken language Timeperiod Region1 Afghanistan Pashto, Dari Pashto, Dari, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Pashto, Dari, Uzbek, Turkmen, Central Asian Arabic 661-750 Asia2 Armenia Armenian Armenian, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Armenian 661-750 Asia3 Azerbaijan Azeri Azeri, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Azeri 661-750 Asia4 Cyprus Greek, Co-official language, along with Turkish Greek, Turkish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Siculo-Arabic 661-750 Asia5 Georgia (country) Georgian Georgian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Georgian 661-750 Asia6 Greece Greek Greek Emirate of Crete Arabic Arabic, Greek, various others 824–961 Europe7 Iran Persian Persian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Persian 661-750 Asia8 Israel Hebrew Arabic, English, Hebrew, Russian, various others Rashidun Caliphate, several other Muslim dynasties Arabic Arabic, Hebrew 636-2018 Asia9 Italy, (Sicily) Italian Italian, various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo-Arabic, Byzantine Greek, Vulgar Latin 831–1091 Europe10 Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Kyrgyz 651-750 Asia11 Malta Maltese, Co-official language, along with English Maltese, English, various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo-Arabic, Byzantine Greek, Vulgar Latin 831–1091 Europe12 Pakistan Urdu, Co-official language, along with English Urdu, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Urdu, Central Asian Arabic 661-750 Asia13 Portugal Portuguese Portuguese, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic, Medieval Hebrew 711-1139 Europe14 Spain Spanish Spanish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic, Medieval Hebrew 711-1492 Europe15 South Sudan English Juba Arabic, various others Egypt Eyalet Arabic Juba Arabic 1863–2011 Africa16 Tajikistan Tajik Tajik Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Tajik 661-750 Asia17 Turkey Turkish Turkish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic North Mesopotamian Arabic 661-750 Asia18 Turkmenistan Turkmen Turkmen Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Turkmen 661-750 Asia19 Uzbekistan Uzbek Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Uzbek 661-750 Asia20 Nigeria English English Sokoto Caliphate Arabic Classical Arabic, Hausa 1804-1908 AfricaSee alsoArabicModern Standard ArabicVarieties of ArabicArab LeagueArab worldReferences"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: ara".Robert D Hoberman (2007). Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Alan S. Kaye (Ed.), Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology. Eisenbrown. Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia."UAE Population Statistics".Data taken from Ethnologue: Languages of the World Retrieved 21/03/2016Used data taken from Ethnologue: Languages of the World and country population to get percentage. Retrieved 21/03/2016"Syrian president slams Arab League for granting seat to opposition". Xinhua News Agency. 2013-04-06. Retrieved 6 June 2017."Regime backers express anger at other nations after Arab League suspends Syria". CNN - Breaking News, Latest News and Videos. CNN. 2011-11-13. Retrieved 6 June 2017."Presentation of the Arab League". Arab League - Sportwetten - Beste Singlebörsen im Vergleich. 2012-09-13. Retrieved 6 June 2017.عربی دومین زبان دانشگاه پیام نور شد (in Persian). RadioZamaAneH.com domain is for sale. 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The Knesset: Press Releases. State of Israel. Retrieved 20 July 2018.Constitution of Pakistan: Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 - Article: 31 Islamic way of life, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018Joselito Guianan Chan; Managing Partner. "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 7". Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm. Retrieved June 13, 2018.Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin, ... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher; Alex Pulsipher; Holly M. Hapke (2005), World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, Macmillan, ISBN 0-7167-1904-5, ... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...Ayres, Alyssa (2009). Speaking Like a State, Language and Nationalism in Pakistan. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-521-51931-1. General Ayub Khan was the first Pakistani leader to advocate the institution of Arabic language teaching as part of national planning.Ayres, Alyssa (2009). Speaking Like a State, Language and Nationalism in Pakistan. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39, 40. ISBN 978-0-521-51931-1. Ayub`s educational plan emphasized Urdu and English as the primary language of Pakistan, but additionally recommended that Arabic be a secondary language of instruction along with English.Constitution of Pakistan: Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 - Article: 31 Islamic way of life, 1973, retrieved 13 June 2018Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training: National Education Policy 2017, p. 25, retrieved 19 June 2018Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Iran (Islamic Republic of)`s Constitution of 1979. - Article: 16 Official or national languages, 1979, retrieved 25 July 2018"'Abd al-Malik". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.Ochsenwald & Fisher 2004, p. 69Hayrettin Yücesoy (2015) “Language of Empire: Politics of Arabic and Persian in the Abbasid World, p. 388.Al-Jazeera: "Gambia to drop English as 'colonial relic'" 13 March 2014, Retrieved 12 July 2018.Index on Censorship: Gambia’s president wants to ditch English as official language, 28 March 2014, retrieved 12 July 2018France 24: "Gambia’s Yahya Jammeh, a dictator and ‘proud’ of it" 11 January 2017, Retrieved 12 July 2018.Official languages by countryBibliographyParis, François (1995). "L Bassin de I'Azawagh : peuplements et civilisations, du néolithique à l'arrivée de l'islam" (PDF). Milieux, sociétés et archéologues (in French). Karthala. Retrieved 29 December 2017.Ochsenwald, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: A History (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. LCCN 2003041213.NotesArab Immigrants in Latin American PoliticsDescendants of Arabs thriving in S. America"Arab roots grow deep in Brazil's rich melting pot", The Washington Times.