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General Alexander Illich Rodimtsev,The 13th Guards,probably the most famous of the Guards unit that earned its fame in the hell of Stalingrad. As I have visited Stalingrad, now named Volgograd and walked the very streets where they once so desperately and so courageously battled, Rodmitsev, commander of the 13th Guards is my general of choice.(The badge of the Soviet Guards.)The story of the 13th Guards Division that earned fame in Stalingrad and fought all the way from that devastated city to the streets of Berlin where the experience it had gained in Stalingrad would bear fruit.The Battle of Stalingrad saw the tide of World War 2 on the Eastern Front change. The Battle witnessed the destruction of the German 6thArmy and the annihilation of Italian, Romanian, and Hungarian formations. It did not spell the end for the Axis in the USSR however; it saw the end of the Axis advance eastward (The Germans inflicted an even greater disaster on the Soviets at 2nd Battle of Kharkov a few months after Stalingrad). The end for Germany in the USSR came not at Stalingrad but at Kursk, after Kursk, the days of the sweeping Axis advances were over and the Red steamroller was set in motion, it would not stop rolling until it reached Berlin in 1945. In essence, Stalingrad saw the end of the German movement eastwards and Kursk saw the beginning of the Soviet advances westward, yet the importance of Stalingrad cannot be underestimated, it showed that the Red Army could inflict major defeats on the Germans and their allies and that the Soviet soldier was courageous and touch and was learning from past mistakes and adjusting to the tactics of the Germans. One of the many Soviet Divisions to earn fame in the Battle of Stalingrad was the 13th Guards Division, commanded by Alexander Illich Rodimtsev (1905 – 1977)(Soviet infantry supported by a flame-thrower equipped T-34/76 attack across a Stalingrad square. The fighting in the city was ferocious and in the thick of it, often where ever the fighting was most bitter were the 13th Guards. Painting by David Pentland.)The 13th was lucky in its commander, Rodimtsev was one of a very few Soviet commanders that saw combat before the German attack on the 22nd June 1941 to survive Stalin’s purges. He is the author of several books including ‘Under the Sky of Spain.’ Rodimtsev joined the Red army in 1927. In 1932, he graduated from Military school, starting in the cavalry. It was in the Spanish civil War that he got his combat debate where he fought under the name of Captain Paulito where he became a ‘Hero of the Soviet Union,’ fighting on the Jamara River and at Guadalajara, Brunete and Teruel where he served as a machine-gun volunteer. In 1939, he graduated from the famous Frunze Military Academy. In 1940, he fought in the Winter War with Finland.(A Nationalist anti-tank crew engage a Soviet built Republican BT-5 light tank. It was whilst serving in the Spanish Civil War that Alexander Illich Rodimtsev would earn his first ‘Hero of the Soviet.’ award. Painting by Giuseppe Rava.)The war started for the 13th early in 1939, at this time the Guards was the 87th Rifle Division, which had its origins in 1929. The division was stationed at Sverdlovsk in the Ukraine as from 1937 and allocated to the Ukrainian Front for the invasion of Poland; it took part in the battles of the Borowicze, Huziatyn, and the Nawoz between 21st and the 23rd September. During the fighting, the 87th suffered 99 killed and 137 wounded and took around 500 Polish prisoners. The Divisions next taste of combat would be in Finland during the disastrous Winter War, though the Soviet Union eventually won it was a victory only achieved at a cost of over 200’000 dead. Finland with its hundreds of lakes and vast trackless forests was hardly suitable for the massive armoured sweeps that the Red Army was hoping for. A blitzkrieg campaign similar to what had occurred in Poland a mere few months earlier. As Finland had less than 50 tanks in the entire country and few modern aircraft, a swift campaign lasting a few days was envisioned instead the Soviet elf embroiled in a war where it tanks could not be deployed off the roads and where easy meat for Finnish sky troops armed with Molotov cocktails. Fighting in frigid temperature, where below 43 degrees centigrade was not unknown, the Soviet troops were totally unprepared for the cold and the fierce resistance of the Finn, this added to the purges of the officer corps in the 1930s which often left divisions being commanded by men with little experience of command led to horrendous casualties. At the time of the disaster that had befallen the Red Army during the early days of the war the 87th was garrisoned in Kiev Military District and so was spared these disasters.The 87th Rifle Division was mobilised and took part in Semyon Timoshenko’s massive Soviet offensive on the 11th February 1940. The 87th, as part of the 14th Rifle Corps saw its first taste of combat during the Winter War on 11th March and was involved in Timoshenko’s offensive against the Finish defensives that smashed through the Mannerheim line and advanced into the Karelia Isthmus (The neck of land between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland.At the time of Barbarossa (The German attack on the Soviet Union on 22ndJune 1941), the 87th was back in the Ukraine as part of the 27thRifle Corps. Major Fillip Alyabushev, commander of the division at this time reportedly asked his superiors to be allowed to take his units forward and occupy the front positions, yet his requests were denied.Right from the outset the division was in action, taking part in the heavy fighting at Luskt-Rovno. The division was caught in a trap, when the foremost units of the 14th Panzer attacked to the south and encircled the 87th, virtually alienating it. Major-General Alybushev lost his life at the head of his men, gallantly leading a bayonet charge to break through the German ring. The Division would be made up to strength with a new commander Alexander Illich Rodimtsev ready for the fighting at Kiev.(The standard Soviet sub-machine-gun of WW2 , the PPSh-41 nicknamed the Pa-Pa-sha by the Soviet troopers because of the noise it made when firing. It was very effective in close quarter fighting, such as would be encountered in street by street, house to house city fighting.)When world War two broke out Colonel Rodimtsev was located in a small town in the Ukraine where he commanded the airborne Brigade, where as a Hero of the Soviet Union,’ the paratroopers were immensely proud of their commander. He had told few people about his time in Spain and how he help to block the path of the Fascists advance in the Campus of Madrid. Later he was assigned to command a detachment of the 5th Army Brigade and the paratroopers of the 3rdAirborne Corps, which were thrown into the defense of the Ukrainian capital Kiev, seeing a lot of action on the city’s main street of Kreshchatik. For 20 days in August 1941 they battled it out. The fighting here mirrored the fighting that would later occur in Stalingrad with the combatants advancing little more than 800 meters (874 yards) a day but in spite of the most gallant resistance the Soviets were unable to prevent the city falling to the Germans. The onslaught of the German army was unstoppable and the 5th Army defending Kiev were soon surrounded.(Soviet Infantry defend a position in Stalingrad. Going by the fact that they are not spread out and are too close together, leaving them vulnerable to shell fire this photograph is probably staged.)In a desperate, counter-attack by Belov’s 20th Cavalry Corps, much of the 5th Army, of which the 87th Rifle Division was part, smashed through the German ring around them and retreated eastward, but as estimated 600’000 were unable to break out and were taken prisoner. This huge haul of prisoners helped to convince Hitler that the Soviet Union was finished and that by the time of the Battle of Moscow that the USSR was calling on the last of their reserves and had no more men. He would have been right had it not been for a spy in Tokyo whom told Stalin that the Japanese were thinking at striking at the oil wells of the East Indies, therefore freeing up the huge manpower pool of the Siberians whom had ben expecting a Japanese attack. Many of these Siberians were to make up replacements for the 13th Rifle Division.On the 6th November 1941, the 87th Rifle Division, decimated in the fighting around Kiev was reformed around the survivors of the 3rd Airborne Corps under the command of the then Colonel Rodimtsev. On 19th January 1941, the 87th Rifle Division was officially awarded the honour of bearing the title of Guards and was re-designated the 13th Guards.Its first battle as a Guards Division was during the Soviet counter-offensive at Kharkov where they fought on the northern Axis, they were lucky to be engaged in this sector as the southern axis was totally surrounded and destroyed; tens of thousands of Soviet troops were taken prisoner. They would start the long march westwards towards the prison camps, seemingly an endless column of humanity shuffling to the west, many barefoot, many others half-stared, few would ever see their homes again. Those few who did survive German captivity were sent to the Gulags by Stalin as ‘Traitors to the Motherland,’ for not fighting to death. During the fighting the 13th Guards Division suffered 50th casualties, most of which were sustained repelling the fierce German attacks. After the battle of Kharkov, the 13th Guards were involved in yet another retreat. Rodimtsev’s division was next pulled from the line to re-supply and reinforce.(General Alexander Illich Rodimtsev, the dashing commander of the 13th Guards. He was twice a ‘Hero of the Soviet Union,’ earning the reward first for his role in Spain and then again for his part in the Battle of Stalingrad.})On the 13th September the first German moves were made against Stalingrad; the battle that would make the 13th Guards famous. By the end of the 13th September, the German 71st Infantry Division had reached the city center, just north of the Tsaritsa gorge. The situation was critical, the Soviet high-command ordered Rodimtsev to take his division, even though the 13th was still in the middle of refitting and resupplying got as much as 10’000 men Volga River into the city, (The first troops of the division arrived in Stalingrad at 17:00 hours on 15th September) they arrived piece-meal and were sent into battle almost as soon as they reached the east bank in spite of the soldiers being exhausted after a long grueling march across large tracks of steppes. On arriving at the headquarters of the commander of the 62nd, that was defending Stalingrad, Liuetenant-General Vasily Churikov Rodimtsev was quickly briefed on his assignment.“I am a Communists I have no intention of abandoning the city. (Stalingrad.)(Alexander Rodimtsev)Rodimtsev’s reply to Churikov has become famous. However, because of the large influx of new recruits, the Division was now largely inexperienced and untrained and without and with little knowledge of Stalingrad’s rubble strewn streets. Fortunately, for the men of the 13th Guards, Rodimtsev was well versed in urban warfare, having a wealth of experience gained in Spain to fall back on.The first elements of Rodimtsev’s division were sent into a sector that was being hold by 15 tanks and a few scattered, hastily assembled units. It is believed that over of the first wave of guardsmen were killed during the crossing of the Volga and that another 3’000 were killing during the first 24 hours. Finally, after very heavy losses on both sides, the German assault was halted. The guardsmen now counter-attacked and recaptured the Grudinin Flour Mill and secured the central river crossing points for other regiments.(Three days – September 13th to 15th – were particulary difficult. The Germans were pressing towards the Volga, taking no heed of their losses. It seemed that our men could not out much longer. The ruins of the city became a fortress, but our strength was growing less and less hour-by-hour.A turning point in the fighting came with the arrival of Rodimtsev’s 13th Guards Division…They took the enemy by surprise and on the September 16th the division captured Mamayev Kurgan…”(Marshal Georgi Zhukov)During the night of the 14th September the whole Soviet line was threatening to crack, it bent buckled and barely hold, but hold it did. In the thick of the action was the 3rd company 42nd Regiment, 13th Guards under the command of Lieutenant Anton Kuzmich Dragan who had been ordered personally by Churikov to hold a key railway station in the down town district.(Men of the 13th Guards in Stalingrad. Rodimtsev’s guardsmen were badly mauled in the fighting around Kiev a few weeks before Stalingrad. They were brought up to strength with large numbers of Siberians. During the crossing of the Volga, half of the men of the first wave were killed in the middle of the river and another 3’000 lost their lives in the first 24 hours of entering the city. Out of the 10’000 men of the Division, fighting in Stalingrad only 280 to 320 survived the battle. The division’s commander, Major-General Alexander Rodimtsev can be seen at the back with a cigarette.)“We moved back, occupying one building after another, turning them into strongholds. A soldier would crawl out of an occupied position only when the ground was on fire beneath him and his clothes smouldering. During the day, the Germans managed to occupy only two blocks.At the crossroads of Krasnnopiterskara and Komsomelskara streets, we occupied a three story building on the corner. This was a good position to fire on all comers and it became our last defence. I ordered all the entrenches and windows to be barricaded, and windows and embrasures to be adapted so that we could fire through them with all our remaining weapons.At a narrow window of a semi-basement we placed a heavy machine-gun with our last emergency supply of ammunition --- the last belt of cartridges. I had decided to use it at the most critical moment.Two groups, six in each, went up to the first floor and the garret. Their job was to break down walls and prepare lumps of stone and beams to throw at the Germans when they came up close. A place for the seriously wounded was set aside in the basement our garrison consisted of forty men. Difficult days began… The basement was full of wounded; only twelve men were able to fight. There was no water. All we had left in way of food was a few pounds of scorched grain; the Germans decided to beat us with starvation. Their attacks stopped, but they kept up the fire from their heavy calibre machine-gun all the time… The Germans attacked again. I ran upstairs with my men and could see their faces, the bandages on their wounds, dirty and clotted with blood, their guns hold firmly in their hands. There was no fear in their eyes, Lyuba Nesterenko, a nurse, was dying, with blood flowing from a wound in her chest. She had a bandage in her hand. Before she died she wanted to help bind someone’s wound, but she failed.The German attack was beaten off. In the silence that gathered around us, we could hear the bitter fighting going on for Mayeyev-Kurgan and in the factory area.How could we help the men defending the city? How could we divert from over there even a part of the enemy forces, which had stopped attacking our building?We decided to raise a red flag over the building so that the Nazis would not think that we had given up. But we had no red material. Understanding what we wanted to do, one of he men who was severally wounded took off his vest and, after wiping the blood of his wound with it, handed it over to me.The Germans shouted through a megaphone. “Russians! Surrender! You’ll die just the same.”Hardly the sort of language that would be used to encourage somebody to surrender, one is left thinking that perhaps that piece was part of poetic licence and an attempt to demonize the Germans.“At that moment a red flag rose over the building.“Bark you gods! We’ve still got a long time to live!” shouted my orderly, Kozhushko.We beat off the next attack with stones, firing occasionally and throwing our last grenades. Suddenly from behind a blank wall, from the rear came the grind of a tank’s caterpillar tracks. We had no anti-tank grenades. All we had left was one anti-tank rifle with rounds. I handed this rifle to an anti-tank man, Berdyshev and sent him out through the back to fire at the point-blank. But before he could get into position, he was captured by German tommy-gunners. What Berdyshev told the Germans I do not know, but I can guess that he led them up the garden path, because an hour later they started to attack precisely that point where I put my machine-gun, with its emergency belt of cartridges.This time, reckoning that we had run out of ammunition, they came impudently out of their shelter, standing up and shouting. They came down the street in a column.I put the last belt in the heavy-machine-gun at the semi-basement window and sent the whole of the 250 bullets into the yelling, dirty-grey Nazi mob. I was wounded in the hand but did not let go of the machine-gun. Heaps of bodies littered the ground. The Germans still alive ran for cover and panic. An hour later, they led our anti-tank rifleman onto a pile of rubble and shot him before our eyes for having shown them the way to my machine-gun.There were no more attacks. An avalanche of shells fell on our buildings. The Germans stormed at us with every possible kind of weapon. We couldn’t raise our heads.Again, we heard the ominous sound of tanks from behind a neighbour block; stocky German tanks began to crawl out. This clearly was the end, the Guardsmen said goodbye to one another. With a dagger, my orderly scratched on a brick wall “Rodimtsev’s guardsmen fought and died for their country here.”(Lieutenant-Anton Kuzmich Dragon)Dragon and the five Guardsmen remaining alive now slipped out of the building and under the cover of darkness made their way through the German lines to the safety of their own positions.Three weeks after the bitter street fighting on the outskirts of the city had begun the Battle of Mamayev-Kurgan began on 15th September. This location saw some of the most hotly contested territory in all of Stalingrad; the hill with its adjoining park changing hands multiple times.(Soviet troops advancing past one of their fallen comrades during the bitter street-by-street, house-by-house fighting in Stalingrad. It was in these kind of conditions that the 13th Guards Division earned fame.})As the battle for Mamayev-Kurgan was raging, other detachments from the division were fighting in other parts of the city. They battled it out amidst mounds of smouldering rubble, fighting in the factories, houses, and shops, amongst broken glass, smashed machinery and furniture, in a city that had been bombed and shelled to ruins, where thousands of dead lay unburied among the debris a breeding ground for rats and disease. They fought not in in Stalingrad’s streets but also under them, in the cellars and sewers, often fighting with extreme displays of courage that amazed the Germans. After the 13th had been fighting for five days in the most horrendous conditions imaginable they managed to stabilize the front, but only at a terrible cost.“…to enter a Soviet city, and even to reach its centre, did not mean to take control of it. A line of defence was formed in all the districts of the city, so that the whole city became a battlefield. The invading troops were caught by bullets fired from broken windows, out of basements and from any attics still intact. Mortars were fired and grenades were thrown from among the ruins…. the enemy stormed the city after taking control of the ridge of hills that separated Stalingrad rom the steppe--lands and which overlooked the whole area. The city stretched out before them in a thin strip along the bank of the Volga, was nowhere more than here kilometres wide, arrow straight streets running perpendicular to the Volga, and yet the terrible military might, sent to cut through this narrow strip in a hundred places, could make little headway into it.”(Marshal Krylov)On the 17th September, the situation had become so dire that Churikov was forced to move his headquarters, this time to a dugout on the riverbank in the Factory District.“The guardsmen had borne the brunt of the heaviest German blows. They had to abandon several blocks of houses inside Stalingrad, but this could not be described as a withdrawal or a retreat. There was nobody left to retreat. Rodimtsev’s guardsmen stood firm to the last extremity, and only the heavily wounded crawled away.”(Churikov)In a house just across the street from the Grudinin Mill, soon to be dubbed Pavlov’s House, named after Sergeant Yakov Palov were but a small handful of guardsman. They defended the building with the utmost gallantry for an incredible total of 58 days against the enemy could throat at it. The Germans attacked and attacked again, concentrating considerable forces for the assaults and suffered very heavy losses. In the German commander’s, General Frederick Von Paulus’s, headquarters the house was designated as a fortress. The house was to be one of the first buildings restored when the battle had ended and the reconstruction started; a rebuilding that used much slave labour, mostly German prisoners of war. On one wall of the building was a bas-relief with a complete list of the names of the men who defended it in the autumn of 1942. Yakov Pavlov was made a ‘Hero of the Soviet Union.’(Pavlov House, top with the some of the ruins of the original building incorporated into the new building and below as it appeared at the battles end. The house stands just across the street from the Grudinina Mill and the Battle of Stalingrad Museum )(The Grudinina Mill. It was deliberately kept in its ruined battle-damaged condition as a memorial. The round building behind is part of the Battle of Stalingrad Museum and houses a huge circle painting telling the story of the battle.)“And the fact out for as long as was necessary, made it a symbol of Stalingrad’s determination not to give in…it became, as it were, a sort of Stalingrad within Stalingrad, it was a part of our defence which most clearly displayed main features of the whole. And the importance of this strategic point was not confined to the territorial and tactical advantages of having held it. Just think how much inspiration we received from the fact that an ordinary dwelling house had been turned into a bastion on the front lines and that the Germans were unable to take it.And when later, at the end of November, rough calculations were made of the Germans’ casualties in the attacks on this ordinary house, it turned out that they were comparable with the losses suffered in capturing some European capitals.”(Marshal Krylov)Many of the accounts state that out of the 10’000 men of the division who went into Stalingrad only 280 to 320 of them survived the battle.During the winter of 1942 /43, Zhukov launched his long anticipated counter-offensive that smashed through the weaker satellite armies of Germany, the Italians, Romanians, and Hungarians and in a giant pincer movement surrounded the city; forcing the German 6th Army to surrender and taking 91’000 prisoners, only 5’000 of whom would ever see Germany again.After Stalingrad, the survivors of the division were sent to rest whilst the division was brought back up to strength. The 13th was now kept in reserve with the 5th Guards Tank Army as a segment of the Voronezh Front. During the German offensive at Kursk in July 1944, the 13thwas kept in the south as reserve. The original idea was that these two formations would counter-attack the Germans assault had been ground down to a point of exhaustion by the frontline units. The 13th now had a small number of armoured units attached and these saw action in the ferocious tank at Prokhorovka, as the division’s rifle battalions successfully hold the line around Oboyan fighting from the trenches and repelling all the German attacks. As the German were, focusing most of their attention on Prokhorovka casualties were light.(Romanian troops near Stalingrad. The Soviets hit these and the Italians and Hungarians hard, knowing that they lacked the motivation and the equipment of the Germans. After smashing through their lines in the winter 1942/43 the Soviets surrounded the German 6th Army in Stalingrad. Numerically Romania was Germany’s most important ally on the Eastern Front, in the Stalingrad fighting the Romanians would suffer 158’000 casualties.)After the German defeat at Kursk, the Soviets forces advanced into the Ukraine and the liberation of that in earnest. It was to be a long and costly struggle with the 13th Guards at the foremost of advancing divisions. The 13th helped capture the town of Poltava after a very heavy battle that mirrored the sort of fighting encountered in Stalingrad, the town falling on the 23rd September `1943. The Division was cited for its actions here where it once more suffered heavy casualties. Vassily Grossman, a Soviet journalist was accompanying the Red Army in the operations around Poltava, he tried to pit a human faces on the suffering the people had gone through under German occupation.“Old men, when they hear Russian words, run to meet the troops and weep silently, unable to utter a word. Old peasant women say with a quiet surprise: ‘We thought we would sing and laugh when we saw our army, but there’s so much grief in our hearts, that tears are falling.’When our troops enter a village, and the cannonade shakes the air, geese take off and, flapping their wings, fly heavily over the roofs. People emerge from the forest, from tall weeds, from marshes overgrown with tall bullrushes.Every soldier, every officer and every general of the Red Army who had seen the Ukraine in blood and fire, who had heard the true story of what had been happening in the Ukraine during the two years of German rule, understands to the bottom of their souls that there are only two sacred words left to us. One of them is ‘love’ the other one is ‘revenge’.In these villages, the Germans used to relieve themselves in the halls and on the doorsteps, in the front gardens, in front of the windows of houses. They were not ashamed of girls and old women.While eating, they disturbed the peace, laughing loudly. They put their hands into dishes they were sharing with their comrades, and tore boiled meat with their fingers. They walked naked around the houses, unashamed in front of the peasants, and they quarrelled and fought about petty things. Their gluttony, their ability to eat twenty eggs in one go, or a kilo of honey, a huge bowl of smetana, provoked contempt in the peasants …Germans who had been withdrawn to the rear villages were searching for food from morning till night. They ate, drank alcohol and played cards. According to what prisoners said and [what was written in] letters found on dead German soldiers, the Germans considered themselves the representatives of a higher race forced to live in savage villages. They thought that in the wild eastern steppes one could throw culture aside.‘Oh, that’s real culture,’ I heard dozens of people say. ‘And they used to say that Germans were cultivated people.’On a windy and overcast morning, we met a boy on the edge of the village of Tarasevichi, by the Dnepr. He looked about thirteen to fourteen years old. The boy was extremely thin, his sallow skin was tight on his cheekbones, large bumps protruded on his skull. His lips were dirty, pale, like a dead man’s who had fallen face flat on the ground.His eyes were looking in a tired way, there was neither joy nor sadness in them. They are so frightening, these old, tired, lifeless eyes of children. ‘Where is your father?’ ‘Killed,’ he answered. ‘And mother?’ ‘She died.’ ‘Have you got brothers or sisters?’ ‘A sister. They took her to Germany.’ ‘Have you got any relatives?’ ‘No, they were all burned in a partisan village.’And he walked into a potato field, his feet bare and black from the mud, straightening the rags of his torn shirt.But as the re-occupation of the Ukraine and the rest of Soviet Russia continued even worse stories would emerge.(See A Writer At War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941-1945- See more at: http://ww2today.com/19th-septemb...)Next, the division was involved in a faint crossing of the Dnieper river in a successful attempt to draw the Germans attention away from the real crossing the south and north. Detachments of the 13th had crossed in floats and on rafts to reach an island called Peschanny.(The Stalingrad Panorama can be viewed in full in the rotunda {Below} on the upper levels of the Battle Stalingrad Museum. Dimensions of the full circular painting is . 296 cm × 492 cm (117 in × 194 in). painting by Asger Jorn.)Sources.Books.Stalingrad. By Anthony Beever.Mamayev Kurgan. A pocket boom guide for tourists of the statues and monuments of in the city and a brief account of the battle. By Nikolai Kudrashov.Web.1) General Rodmistev – Stalingrad, 1942. Explore | Flickr.2) World War II Today. Follow the war as it happened. Discovering the end of occupation in the East.

There were many and to write about them all would require a book length article so I will select one. Probably the most famous of the Guards unit that earned its fame in the hell of Stalingrad. As I have visited Stalingrad, now named Volgograd and walked the very streets where they once so desperately and so courageously battled, Rodmistrev’s 13th Guards are my unit of chose.(The badge of the Soviet Guards.)The story of the 13th Guards Division that earned fame in Stalingrad and fought all the way from that devastated city to the streets of Berlin where the experience it had gained in Stalingrad would bear fruit.The Battle of Stalingrad saw the tide of World War 2 on the Eastern Front change. The Battle witnessed the destruction of the German 6thArmy and the annihilation of Italian, Romanian, and Hungarian formations. It did not spell the end for the Axis in the USSR however; it saw the end of the Axis advance eastward (The Germans inflicted an even greater disaster on the Soviets at 2nd Battle of Kharkov a few months after Stalingrad). The end for Germany in the USSR came not at Stalingrad but at Kursk, after Kursk, the days of the sweeping Axis advances were over and the Red steamroller was set in motion, it would not stop rolling until it reached Berlin in 1945. In essence, Stalingrad saw the end of the German movement eastwards and Kursk saw the beginning of the Soviet advances westward, yet the importance of Stalingrad cannot be underestimated, it showed that the Red Army could inflict major defeats on the Germans and their allies and that the Soviet soldier was courageous and touch and was learning from past mistakes and adjusting to the tactics of the Germans. One of the many Soviet Divisions to earn fame in the Battle of Stalingrad was the 13th Guards Division, commanded by Alexander Illich Rodimtsev (1905 – 1977)(Soviet infantry supported by a flame-thrower equipped T-34/76 attack across a Stalingrad square. The fighting in the city was ferocious and in the thick of it, often where ever the fighting was most bitter were the 13th Guards. Painting by David Pentland.)The 13th was lucky in its commander, Rodimtsev was one of a very few Soviet commanders that saw combat before the German attack on the 22nd June 1941 to survive Stalin’s purges. He is the author of several books including ‘Under the Sky of Spain.’ Rodimtsev joined the Red army in 1927. In 1932, he graduated from Military school, starting in the cavalry. It was in the Spanish civil War that he got his combat debate where he fought under the name of Captain Paulito where he became a ‘Hero of the Soviet Union,’ fighting on the Jamara River and at Guadalajara, Brunete and Teruel where he served as a machine-gun volunteer. In 1939, he graduated from the famous Frunze Military Academy. In 1940, he fought in the Winter War with Finland.(A Nationalist anti-tank crew engage a Soviet built Republican BT-5 light tank. It was whilst serving in the Spanish Civil War that Alexander Illich Rodimtsev would earn his first ‘Hero of the Soviet.’ award. Painting by Giuseppe Rava.)The war started for the 13th early in 1939, at this time the Guards was the 87th Rifle Division, which had its origins in 1929. The division was stationed at Sverdlovsk in the Ukraine as from 1937 and allocated to the Ukrainian Front for the invasion of Poland; it took part in the battles of the Borowicze, Huziatyn, and the Nawoz between 21st and the 23rd September. During the fighting, the 87th suffered 99 killed and 137 wounded and took around 500 Polish prisoners. The Divisions next taste of combat would be in Finland during the disastrous Winter War, though the Soviet Union eventually won it was a victory only achieved at a cost of over 200’000 dead. Finland with its hundreds of lakes and vast trackless forests was hardly suitable for the massive armoured sweeps that the Red Army was hoping for. A blitzkrieg campaign similar to what had occurred in Poland a mere few months earlier. As Finland had less than 50 tanks in the entire country and few modern aircraft, a swift campaign lasting a few days was envisioned instead the Soviet elf embroiled in a war where it tanks could not be deployed off the roads and where easy meat for Finnish sky troops armed with Molotov cocktails. Fighting in frigid temperature, where below 43 degrees centigrade was not unknown, the Soviet troops were totally unprepared for the cold and the fierce resistance of the Finn, this added to the purges of the officer corps in the 1930s which often left divisions being commanded by men with little experience of command led to horrendous casualties. At the time of the disaster that had befallen the Red Army during the early days of the war the 87th was garrisoned in Kiev Military District and so was spared these disasters.The 87th Rifle Division was mobilised and took part in Semyon Timoshenko’s massive Soviet offensive on the 11th February 1940. The 87th, as part of the 14th Rifle Corps saw its first taste of combat during the Winter War on 11th March and was involved in Timoshenko’s offensive against the Finish defensives that smashed through the Mannerheim line and advanced into the Karelia Isthmus (The neck of land between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland.At the time of Barbarossa (The German attack on the Soviet Union on 22ndJune 1941), the 87th was back in the Ukraine as part of the 27thRifle Corps. Major Fillip Alyabushev, commander of the division at this time reportedly asked his superiors to be allowed to take his units forward and occupy the front positions, yet his requests were denied.Right from the outset the division was in action, taking part in the heavy fighting at Luskt-Rovno. The division was caught in a trap, when the foremost units of the 14th Panzer attacked to the south and encircled the 87th, virtually alienating it. Major-General Alybushev lost his life at the head of his men, gallantly leading a bayonet charge to break through the German ring. The Division would be made up to strength with a new commander Alexander Illich Rodimtsev ready for the fighting at Kiev.(The standard Soviet sub-machine-gun of WW2 , the PPSh-41 nicknamed the Pa-Pa-sha by the Soviet troopers because of the noise it made when firing. It was very effective in close quarter fighting, such as would be encountered in street by street, house to house city fighting.)When world War two broke out Colonel Rodimtsev was located in a small town in the Ukraine where he commanded the airborne Brigade, where as a Hero of the Soviet Union,’ the paratroopers were immensely proud of their commander. He had told few people about his time in Spain and how he help to block the path of the Fascists advance in the Campus of Madrid. Later he was assigned to command a detachment of the 5th Army Brigade and the paratroopers of the 3rdAirborne Corps, which were thrown into the defense of the Ukrainian capital Kiev, seeing a lot of action on the city’s main street of Kreshchatik. For 20 days in August 1941 they battled it out. The fighting here mirrored the fighting that would later occur in Stalingrad with the combatants advancing little more than 800 meters (874 yards) a day but in spite of the most gallant resistance the Soviets were unable to prevent the city falling to the Germans. The onslaught of the German army was unstoppable and the 5th Army defending Kiev were soon surrounded.(Soviet Infantry defend a position in Stalingrad. Going by the fact that they are not spread out and are too close together, leaving them vulnerable to shell fire this photograph is probably staged.)In a desperate, counter-attack by Belov’s 20th Cavalry Corps, much of the 5th Army, of which the 87th Rifle Division was part, smashed through the German ring around them and retreated eastward, but as estimated 600’000 were unable to break out and were taken prisoner. This huge haul of prisoners helped to convince Hitler that the Soviet Union was finished and that by the time of the Battle of Moscow that the USSR was calling on the last of their reserves and had no more men. He would have been right had it not been for a spy in Tokyo whom told Stalin that the Japanese were thinking at striking at the oil wells of the East Indies, therefore freeing up the huge manpower pool of the Siberians whom had ben expecting a Japanese attack. Many of these Siberians were to make up replacements for the 13th Rifle Division.On the 6th November 1941, the 87th Rifle Division, decimated in the fighting around Kiev was reformed around the survivors of the 3rd Airborne Corps under the command of the then Colonel Rodimtsev. On 19th January 1941, the 87th Rifle Division was officially awarded the honour of bearing the title of Guards and was re-designated the 13th Guards.Its first battle as a Guards Division was during the Soviet counter-offensive at Kharkov where they fought on the northern Axis, they were lucky to be engaged in this sector as the southern axis was totally surrounded and destroyed; tens of thousands of Soviet troops were taken prisoner. They would start the long march westwards towards the prison camps, seemingly an endless column of humanity shuffling to the west, many barefoot, many others half-stared, few would ever see their homes again. Those few who did survive German captivity were sent to the Gulags by Stalin as ‘Traitors to the Motherland,’ for not fighting to death. During the fighting the 13th Guards Division suffered 50th casualties, most of which were sustained repelling the fierce German attacks. After the battle of Kharkov, the 13th Guards were involved in yet another retreat. Rodimtsev’s division was next pulled from the line to re-supply and reinforce.(General Alexander Illich Rodimtsev, the dashing commander of the 13th Guards. He was twice a ‘Hero of the Soviet Union,’ earning the reward first for his role in Spain and then again for his part in the Battle of Stalingrad.})On the 13th September the first German moves were made against Stalingrad; the battle that would make the 13th Guards famous. By the end of the 13th September, the German 71st Infantry Division had reached the city center, just north of the Tsaritsa gorge. The situation was critical, the Soviet high-command ordered Rodimtsev to take his division, even though the 13th was still in the middle of refitting and resupplying got as much as 10’000 men Volga River into the city, (The first troops of the division arrived in Stalingrad at 17:00 hours on 15th September) they arrived piece-meal and were sent into battle almost as soon as they reached the east bank in spite of the soldiers being exhausted after a long grueling march across large tracks of steppes. On arriving at the headquarters of the commander of the 62nd, that was defending Stalingrad, Liuetenant-General Vasily Churikov Rodimtsev was quickly briefed on his assignment.“I am a Communists I have no intention of abandoning the city. (Stalingrad.)(Alexander Rodimtsev)Rodimtsev’s reply to Churikov has become famous. However, because of the large influx of new recruits, the Division was now largely inexperienced and untrained and without and with little knowledge of Stalingrad’s rubble strewn streets. Fortunately, for the men of the 13th Guards, Rodimtsev was well versed in urban warfare, having a wealth of experience gained in Spain to fall back on.The first elements of Rodimtsev’s division were sent into a sector that was being hold by 15 tanks and a few scattered, hastily assembled units. It is believed that over of the first wave of guardsmen were killed during the crossing of the Volga and that another 3’000 were killing during the first 24 hours. Finally, after very heavy losses on both sides, the German assault was halted. The guardsmen now counter-attacked and recaptured the Grudinin Flour Mill and secured the central river crossing points for other regiments.(Three days – September 13th to 15th – were particulary difficult. The Germans were pressing towards the Volga, taking no heed of their losses. It seemed that our men could not out much longer. The ruins of the city became a fortress, but our strength was growing less and less hour-by-hour.A turning point in the fighting came with the arrival of Rodimtsev’s 13th Guards Division…They took the enemy by surprise and on the September 16th the division captured Mamayev Kurgan…”(Marshal Georgi Zhukov)During the night of the 14th September the whole Soviet line was threatening to crack, it bent buckled and barely hold, but hold it did. In the thick of the action was the 3rd company 42nd Regiment, 13th Guards under the command of Lieutenant Anton Kuzmich Dragan who had been ordered personally by Churikov to hold a key railway station in the down town district.(Men of the 13th Guards in Stalingrad. Rodimtsev’s guardsmen were badly mauled in the fighting around Kiev a few weeks before Stalingrad. They were brought up to strength with large numbers of Siberians. During the crossing of the Volga, half of the men of the first wave were killed in the middle of the river and another 3’000 lost their lives in the first 24 hours of entering the city. Out of the 10’000 men of the Division, fighting in Stalingrad only 280 to 320 survived the battle. The division’s commander, Major-General Alexander Rodimtsev can be seen at the back with a cigarette.)“We moved back, occupying one building after another, turning them into strongholds. A soldier would crawl out of an occupied position only when the ground was on fire beneath him and his clothes smouldering. During the day, the Germans managed to occupy only two blocks.At the crossroads of Krasnnopiterskara and Komsomelskara streets, we occupied a three story building on the corner. This was a good position to fire on all comers and it became our last defence. I ordered all the entrenches and windows to be barricaded, and windows and embrasures to be adapted so that we could fire through them with all our remaining weapons.At a narrow window of a semi-basement we placed a heavy machine-gun with our last emergency supply of ammunition --- the last belt of cartridges. I had decided to use it at the most critical moment.Two groups, six in each, went up to the first floor and the garret. Their job was to break down walls and prepare lumps of stone and beams to throw at the Germans when they came up close. A place for the seriously wounded was set aside in the basement our garrison consisted of forty men. Difficult days began… The basement was full of wounded; only twelve men were able to fight. There was no water. All we had left in way of food was a few pounds of scorched grain; the Germans decided to beat us with starvation. Their attacks stopped, but they kept up the fire from their heavy calibre machine-gun all the time… The Germans attacked again. I ran upstairs with my men and could see their faces, the bandages on their wounds, dirty and clotted with blood, their guns hold firmly in their hands. There was no fear in their eyes, Lyuba Nesterenko, a nurse, was dying, with blood flowing from a wound in her chest. She had a bandage in her hand. Before she died she wanted to help bind someone’s wound, but she failed.The German attack was beaten off. In the silence that gathered around us, we could hear the bitter fighting going on for Mayeyev-Kurgan and in the factory area.How could we help the men defending the city? How could we divert from over there even a part of the enemy forces, which had stopped attacking our building?We decided to raise a red flag over the building so that the Nazis would not think that we had given up. But we had no red material. Understanding what we wanted to do, one of he men who was severally wounded took off his vest and, after wiping the blood of his wound with it, handed it over to me.The Germans shouted through a megaphone. “Russians! Surrender! You’ll die just the same.”Hardly the sort of language that would be used to encourage somebody to surrender, one is left thinking that perhaps that piece was part of poetic licence and an attempt to demonize the Germans.“At that moment a red flag rose over the building.“Bark you gods! We’ve still got a long time to live!” shouted my orderly, Kozhushko.We beat off the next attack with stones, firing occasionally and throwing our last grenades. Suddenly from behind a blank wall, from the rear came the grind of a tank’s caterpillar tracks. We had no anti-tank grenades. All we had left was one anti-tank rifle with rounds. I handed this rifle to an anti-tank man, Berdyshev and sent him out through the back to fire at the point-blank. But before he could get into position, he was captured by German tommy-gunners. What Berdyshev told the Germans I do not know, but I can guess that he led them up the garden path, because an hour later they started to attack precisely that point where I put my machine-gun, with its emergency belt of cartridges.This time, reckoning that we had run out of ammunition, they came impudently out of their shelter, standing up and shouting. They came down the street in a column.I put the last belt in the heavy-machine-gun at the semi-basement window and sent the whole of the 250 bullets into the yelling, dirty-grey Nazi mob. I was wounded in the hand but did not let go of the machine-gun. Heaps of bodies littered the ground. The Germans still alive ran for cover and panic. An hour later, they led our anti-tank rifleman onto a pile of rubble and shot him before our eyes for having shown them the way to my machine-gun.There were no more attacks. An avalanche of shells fell on our buildings. The Germans stormed at us with every possible kind of weapon. We couldn’t raise our heads.Again, we heard the ominous sound of tanks from behind a neighbour block; stocky German tanks began to crawl out. This clearly was the end, the Guardsmen said goodbye to one another. With a dagger, my orderly scratched on a brick wall “Rodimtsev’s guardsmen fought and died for their country here.”(Lieutenant-Anton Kuzmich Dragon)Dragon and the five Guardsmen remaining alive now slipped out of the building and under the cover of darkness made their way through the German lines to the safety of their own positions.Three weeks after the bitter street fighting on the outskirts of the city had begun the Battle of Mamayev-Kurgan began on 15th September. This location saw some of the most hotly contested territory in all of Stalingrad; the hill with its adjoining park changing hands multiple times.(Soviet troops advancing past one of their fallen comrades during the bitter street-by-street, house-by-house fighting in Stalingrad. It was in these kind of conditions that the 13th Guards Division earned fame.})As the battle for Mamayev-Kurgan was raging, other detachments from the division were fighting in other parts of the city. They battled it out amidst mounds of smouldering rubble, fighting in the factories, houses, and shops, amongst broken glass, smashed machinery and furniture, in a city that had been bombed and shelled to ruins, where thousands of dead lay unburied among the debris a breeding ground for rats and disease. They fought not in in Stalingrad’s streets but also under them, in the cellars and sewers, often fighting with extreme displays of courage that amazed the Germans. After the 13th had been fighting for five days in the most horrendous conditions imaginable they managed to stabilize the front, but only at a terrible cost.“…to enter a Soviet city, and even to reach its centre, did not mean to take control of it. A line of defence was formed in all the districts of the city, so that the whole city became a battlefield. The invading troops were caught by bullets fired from broken windows, out of basements and from any attics still intact. Mortars were fired and grenades were thrown from among the ruins…. the enemy stormed the city after taking control of the ridge of hills that separated Stalingrad rom the steppe--lands and which overlooked the whole area. The city stretched out before them in a thin strip along the bank of the Volga, was nowhere more than here kilometres wide, arrow straight streets running perpendicular to the Volga, and yet the terrible military might, sent to cut through this narrow strip in a hundred places, could make little headway into it.”(Marshal Krylov)On the 17th September, the situation had become so dire that Churikov was forced to move his headquarters, this time to a dugout on the riverbank in the Factory District.“The guardsmen had borne the brunt of the heaviest German blows. They had to abandon several blocks of houses inside Stalingrad, but this could not be described as a withdrawal or a retreat. There was nobody left to retreat. Rodimtsev’s guardsmen stood firm to the last extremity, and only the heavily wounded crawled away.”(Churikov)In a house just across the street from the Grudinin Mill, soon to be dubbed Pavlov’s House, named after Sergeant Yakov Palov were but a small handful of guardsman. They defended the building with the utmost gallantry for an incredible total of 58 days against the enemy could throat at it. The Germans attacked and attacked again, concentrating considerable forces for the assaults and suffered very heavy losses. In the German commander’s, General Frederick Von Paulus’s, headquarters the house was designated as a fortress. The house was to be one of the first buildings restored when the battle had ended and the reconstruction started; a rebuilding that used much slave labour, mostly German prisoners of war. On one wall of the building was a bas-relief with a complete list of the names of the men who defended it in the autumn of 1942. Yakov Pavlov was made a ‘Hero of the Soviet Union.’(Pavlov House, top with the some of the ruins of the original building incorporated into the new building and below as it appeared at the battles end. The house stands just across the street from the Grudinina Mill and the Battle of Stalingrad Museum )(The Grudinina Mill. It was deliberately kept in its ruined battle-damaged condition as a memorial. The round building behind is part of the Battle of Stalingrad Museum and houses a huge circle painting telling the story of the battle.)“And the fact out for as long as was necessary, made it a symbol of Stalingrad’s determination not to give in…it became, as it were, a sort of Stalingrad within Stalingrad, it was a part of our defence which most clearly displayed main features of the whole. And the importance of this strategic point was not confined to the territorial and tactical advantages of having held it. Just think how much inspiration we received from the fact that an ordinary dwelling house had been turned into a bastion on the front lines and that the Germans were unable to take it.And when later, at the end of November, rough calculations were made of the Germans’ casualties in the attacks on this ordinary house, it turned out that they were comparable with the losses suffered in capturing some European capitals.”(Marshal Krylov)Many of the accounts state that out of the 10’000 men of the division who went into Stalingrad only 280 to 320 of them survived the battle.During the winter of 1942 /43, Zhukov launched his long anticipated counter-offensive that smashed through the weaker satellite armies of Germany, the Italians, Romanians, and Hungarians and in a giant pincer movement surrounded the city; forcing the German 6th Army to surrender and taking 91’000 prisoners, only 5’000 of whom would ever see Germany again.After Stalingrad, the survivors of the division were sent to rest whilst the division was brought back up to strength. The 13th was now kept in reserve with the 5th Guards Tank Army as a segment of the Voronezh Front. During the German offensive at Kursk in July 1944, the 13thwas kept in the south as reserve. The original idea was that these two formations would counter-attack the Germans assault had been ground down to a point of exhaustion by the frontline units. The 13th now had a small number of armoured units attached and these saw action in the ferocious tank at Prokhorovka, as the division’s rifle battalions successfully hold the line around Oboyan fighting from the trenches and repelling all the German attacks. As the German were, focusing most of their attention on Prokhorovka casualties were light.(Romanian troops near Stalingrad. The Soviets hit these and the Italians and Hungarians hard, knowing that they lacked the motivation and the equipment of the Germans. After smashing through their lines in the winter 1942/43 the Soviets surrounded the German 6th Army in Stalingrad. Numerically Romania was Germany’s most important ally on the Eastern Front, in the Stalingrad fighting the Romanians would suffer 158’000 casualties.)After the German defeat at Kursk, the Soviets forces advanced into the Ukraine and the liberation of that in earnest. It was to be a long and costly struggle with the 13th Guards at the foremost of advancing divisions. The 13th helped capture the town of Poltava after a very heavy battle that mirrored the sort of fighting encountered in Stalingrad, the town falling on the 23rd September `1943. The Division was cited for its actions here where it once more suffered heavy casualties. Vassily Grossman, a Soviet journalist was accompanying the Red Army in the operations around Poltava, he tried to pit a human faces on the suffering the people had gone through under German occupation.“Old men, when they hear Russian words, run to meet the troops and weep silently, unable to utter a word. Old peasant women say with a quiet surprise: ‘We thought we would sing and laugh when we saw our army, but there’s so much grief in our hearts, that tears are falling.’When our troops enter a village, and the cannonade shakes the air, geese take off and, flapping their wings, fly heavily over the roofs. People emerge from the forest, from tall weeds, from marshes overgrown with tall bullrushes.Every soldier, every officer and every general of the Red Army who had seen the Ukraine in blood and fire, who had heard the true story of what had been happening in the Ukraine during the two years of German rule, understands to the bottom of their souls that there are only two sacred words left to us. One of them is ‘love’ the other one is ‘revenge’.In these villages, the Germans used to relieve themselves in the halls and on the doorsteps, in the front gardens, in front of the windows of houses. They were not ashamed of girls and old women.While eating, they disturbed the peace, laughing loudly. They put their hands into dishes they were sharing with their comrades, and tore boiled meat with their fingers. They walked naked around the houses, unashamed in front of the peasants, and they quarrelled and fought about petty things. Their gluttony, their ability to eat twenty eggs in one go, or a kilo of honey, a huge bowl of smetana, provoked contempt in the peasants …Germans who had been withdrawn to the rear villages were searching for food from morning till night. They ate, drank alcohol and played cards. According to what prisoners said and [what was written in] letters found on dead German soldiers, the Germans considered themselves the representatives of a higher race forced to live in savage villages. They thought that in the wild eastern steppes one could throw culture aside.‘Oh, that’s real culture,’ I heard dozens of people say. ‘And they used to say that Germans were cultivated people.’On a windy and overcast morning, we met a boy on the edge of the village of Tarasevichi, by the Dnepr. He looked about thirteen to fourteen years old. The boy was extremely thin, his sallow skin was tight on his cheekbones, large bumps protruded on his skull. His lips were dirty, pale, like a dead man’s who had fallen face flat on the ground.His eyes were looking in a tired way, there was neither joy nor sadness in them. They are so frightening, these old, tired, lifeless eyes of children. ‘Where is your father?’ ‘Killed,’ he answered. ‘And mother?’ ‘She died.’ ‘Have you got brothers or sisters?’ ‘A sister. They took her to Germany.’ ‘Have you got any relatives?’ ‘No, they were all burned in a partisan village.’And he walked into a potato field, his feet bare and black from the mud, straightening the rags of his torn shirt.But as the re-occupation of the Ukraine and the rest of Soviet Russia continued even worse stories would emerge.(See A Writer At War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941-1945- See more at: http://ww2today.com/19th-september-1943-discovering-the-end-of-german-occupation-in-the-east#sthash.Tjznyozn.dpuf)Next, the division was involved in a faint crossing of the Dnieper river in a successful attempt to draw the Germans attention away from the real crossing the south and north. Detachments of the 13th had crossed in floats and on rafts to reach an island called Peschanny.(The Stalingrad Panorama can be viewed in full in the rotunda {Below} on the upper levels of the Battle Stalingrad Museum. Dimensions of the full circular painting is . 296 cm × 492 cm (117 in × 194 in). painting by Asger Jorn.)Sources.Books.Stalingrad. By Anthony Beever.Mamayev Kurgan. A pocket boom guide for tourists of the statues and monuments of in the city and a brief account of the battle. By Nikolai Kudrashov.Web.1) General Rodmistev – Stalingrad, 1942. https://www.flickr.com/photos.2) World War II Today. Follow the war as it happened. Discovering the end of occupation in the East.

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