Vol. 1 Issue 9 December 2013: Fill & Download for Free

The Elephants foot as of December of 1986 consisted of a mix of various materials; nuclear fuel, melted concrete, core shielding, and sand, all mixed together. This substance was then named ‘Corium’ or Lava, it was called this after the part of the reactor it was from.Chemical CompositionCorium is a heterogeneous silicate glass containing inclusions;uranium oxides (from the fuel pellets)uranium oxides with zirconiumzirconium oxides with uraniumzirconium-uranium oxide (Zr- U-O)zirconium silicate with up to 10% uranium [(Zr,U)SiO4, common name chernobylite]calcium aluminosilicatesmetalsmaller amounts of sodium oxide and magnesium oxideThe Elephant's Foot has changed over time, puffing out dust, cracking, and decomposing. Due to the risk of dust drilling has been ruled out and collection of a sample was first taken in 1987 using an AK-47 to shoot off a piece (Source 1)As of 1990 it was observed that the foot was decaying and “yellow stains” consisting of secondary uranium minerals (uranyl-phases) were observed (Source 9) As can be seen below.As you’d expect prior to getting samples PPE was worn, below is a pic of such from 1990;Most samples of Corium collected at different locations in 1990 using only hammers and hands.Below is a piece that was removed for later analysis;Map of KRI sampling inside “Shelter” (revised from [8]);Hypothesis for formation and stratification of general source of Chernobyl Corium (between 5th and 10th day after explosion at 4th Unit)Corrium (Lava);Samples of black Corium – “Elephant foot” collection of V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute samples were collected in 1990 and stored at KRI under laboratory conditions partial self-destruction was observed for some pieces in 2011 (picture 4). photo by V. Zirlin and B. Burakov;Samples of brown Corium – from steam discharge corridor collection of V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute samples were collected in 1990 and stored at KRI under laboratory conditions pictures were taken in 2011 by V. Zirlin and B. Burakov;Images of polished Corium (lava) samples 1,2 – in reflected light in optical microscope; 3,4 – SEM-BSE 1,3 – brown Corium from steam discharge corridor; 2 – black Corium from “Elephant foot; 4 – black Corium from steam discharge corridor;Radionuclide composition of Chernobyl Corium on June 2013 [12] (recalculated for 26.04.1986) [3,7]Simplified bulk chemical composition (matrix + inclusions) of Chernobyl Corium [6,7];Results of electron-probe microanalyses of glass-like silicate matrix of Chernobyl Corium avoiding inclusions of crystalline phases [6,8];Inclusions in brown Corium matrix (from steam discharge corridor) 1,2 – in reflected light in optical microscope; 3,4 – SEM-BSE photo by Boris Burakov, 1990-1991;Inclusions in black and brown Corium matrices SEM-BSE 1,2 – black Corium from steam discharge corridor; 3 – brown Corium from steam discharge corridor; 4 – black Corium from “Elephant foot” photo by Boris Burakov, 1990;Inclusions in black and brown Corium matrices (from steam discharge corridor) SEM-BSE 1,2 – brown Corium; 3,4 – black Corium;Crystals of high-uranium zircon, (Zr,U)SiO4, are typical for all types of Chernobyl Corium.Up to 10 wt. % uranium was incorporated into the crystalline structure of zircon in the form of solid solution!High-uranium zircon, (Zr,U)SiO4, from Chernobyl Corium crystals were extracted after partial dissolution of Corium matrix in Hydrogen Fluoride;Phase composition of new-formed minerals at the surface of Chernobyl Corium (from powder XRD analysis [9])•Na3H(CO3)22H2O•UO32H2O•Na4(UO2)(CO3)3•Na2CO32H2O•UO44H2O•UO2CO3Sources:1. Chernobyl: The Soviet Report. Nuclear News, Vol.29, #13, Oct. 1986.2. Боровой А.А. Внутри и вне «Саркофага». Препринт КЭ ИАЭ, Чернобыль 1990. – Borovoy A.A. Inside and outside “Sarcophagus”. Issue of CE IAE, Chernobyl 1990 (in Russian).3. Borovoy A.A. , Galkin B.Ya., Krinitsyn A.P., Markushev V.M., Pazukhin E.M., Kheruvimov A.N., Checherov K.P. New products formed by reaction of fuel with construction materials in the 4th block of the Chernobyl NPP. Soviet Radiochemistry, 32(6) (1990) 659-667.4. Лебедев И.А., Мясоедов Б.Ф., Павлоцкая Ф.И., Френкель В.Я. Содержание плутония в почвах европейской части страны после аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. Атомная Энергия, т.72, вып.6, июнь 1992, с. 593-598. – Lebedev I.A., Myasoedov B.F., Pavlotskaya F.I., Frenkel V.Ya. Plutonium contents in the soils of European part of USSR after accident at Chernobyl NPP. Atomic Energy, Vol.72, #6, June 1992, pp. 593-598 (in Russian).5. Киселев А.Н., Ненаглядов А.Ю., Сурин А.И., Чечеров К.П. Экспериментальные исследования лавообразных топливосодержащих масс (ТСМ) на 4-м блоке ЧАЭС (по результатам исследований 1986-1991 годах). Препринт ИАЭ, Москва 1992 – Kiselev A.N., Nenaglyadov http://A.Yu., Surin A.I., Checherov K.P. Experimental study of lava-like fuel containing masses (FCM) at 4th Unit of ChNPP (based on results obtained in 1986-1991). Issue of IAE, Moscow 1992 (in Russian).6. Trotabas M., Blanc J-Y., Burakov B., Anderson E., Duco J. Examination of Chernobyl samples. Impact on the accident scenario understanding. Report DMT/92/309, SETIC/LECR-92/36, Report IPSN/93/02, Report RI-1-63/92, March 1993.7. Pazukhin E.M., Fuel-containing lavas of the Chernobyl NPP 4th block – topography, physicalchemical properties, formation scenario. Radiochemistry 36(2) (1994) 109-154.8. Burakov B.E., Anderson E.B., Shabalev S.I., Strykanova E.E., Ushakov S.V., Trotabas M., Blanc J-Y., Winter P., Duco J. The Behaviour of Nuclear Fuel in First Days of the Chernobyl Accident. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX, Vol.465, 1997,1297-1308.9. Burakov B.E., Anderson E.B., Strykanova E.E. Secondary Uranium Minerals on the Surface of Chernobyl “Lava”. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proceedings Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XX, Vol.465, 1997, 1309-1311.10. Burakov B.E., Shabalev S.I., Anderson E.B. Principal Features of Chernobyl Hot Particles: Phase, Chemical and Radionuclide Compositions. In S. Barany, Ed. Role of Interfaces in Environmental Protection, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 145-151, NATO Science Series, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 24. 2003.11. Боровой А.А., Велихов Е.П. Опыт Чернобыля, Часть 1, Москва, 2012 – Borovoy A.A., Velihov E.P. Experience of Chernobyl, Part 1, Moscow, 2012 (in Russian).12. Nasirow R., Poeml P. Gamma-ray spectrometry of Chernobyl ceramic samples. Internal Report of JRC Institute of Transuranium Elements. Karlsruhe, 2013.

Working on a short : ÉtudesA series of ten black and white shorts.Lars von Trier - Denmark : Lars von Trier (the "von" was adopted during his stay at the Danish Film School) was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in April 1956. He graduated from the Danish Film School in 1983 with his short film "Images of Relief" , 1982 which won the Best Film award at the Munich Film Festival the following year.Manderley , 2005The House That Jack Built , 2018Books & Articles :Kennedy, J., “Go Deeper”, Film Comment, Vol. 27, Issue 4 (July/August 1991), p.68Von Trier, Lars, Breaking the Waves, Faber & Faber, 1996Quoted in Stig Björkman’s Tranceformer – A Portrait of Lars von Trier (1997). All quotations in this essay, unless noted, are from this documentary.Björkman, Stig, “Juggling In the Dark”, Sight & Sound, Vol. 9, Issue 12 (December 1999), p.8Hall, Edith, Macintosh, Fiona & Taplin, Oliver (eds), “Medea” in Performance, 1500-2000, Oxford University Press: European Humanities Research Centre, 2000Arroyo J., “How Do You Solve a Problem like von Trier? Lars von Trier’s anti-musical”, Sight & Sound, Vol. 10, Issue 9 (September 2000), p.14Dancer in the Dark, MacMillan Pub Ltd., 2001Taylor, Elayne, “Dancing In Denmark: Elayne Taylor Talks with Lars von Trier”, Creative Screenwriting, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (January/February 2001), p.32Stevenson, Jack, Lars von Trier, University of California Press. To be published September 2002Hjort, Mette. “Lars von Trier.” In Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers. Edited by Yvonne Tasker, 400–409. London: Routledge, 2002.How Lars von Trier Sees the World: Postmodernism and Globalization in The Five Obstructions by Benjamin Ogden , Nov. 2009Antichrist: Chronicles of a Psychosis Foretold by Daniel Vilensky , Dec. , 2009Lars von Trier’s Other Comments at Cannes by Moira Sullivan , June , 2011The Lonely Planet: Lars von Trier’s Melancholia by Judit Pinter , Dec. , 2011Politics and open-ended dialectics in Lars von Trier’s Dogville : A post-Brechtian critique by Angelos Koutsourakis , New Review of Film and Television Studies , Volume 11, 2013 - Issue 3Krisjansen, Ivan and Papadopoullos, C (2015) Nietzsche's ausgang: Dissolution and identity in the cinema of Lars von Trier. Studies in European Cinema, 12 (1). 46 - 59. ISSN 1741-1548

Lars von Trier’s films are amazing.Manderley , 2005Lars von Trier - Denmark : Lars von Trier (the "von" was adopted during his stay at the Danish Film School) was born in Copenhagen, Denmark in April 1956. He graduated from the Danish Film School in 1983 with his short film "Images of Relief" , 1982 which won the Best Film award at the Munich Film Festival the following year.Books & Articles :Kennedy, J., “Go Deeper”, Film Comment, Vol. 27, Issue 4 (July/August 1991), p.68Von Trier, Lars, Breaking the Waves, Faber & Faber, 1996Quoted in Stig Björkman’s Tranceformer – A Portrait of Lars von Trier (1997). All quotations in this essay, unless noted, are from this documentary.Björkman, Stig, “Juggling In the Dark”, Sight & Sound, Vol. 9, Issue 12 (December 1999), p.8Hall, Edith, Macintosh, Fiona & Taplin, Oliver (eds), “Medea” in Performance, 1500-2000, Oxford University Press: European Humanities Research Centre, 2000Arroyo J., “How Do You Solve a Problem like von Trier? Lars von Trier’s anti-musical”, Sight & Sound, Vol. 10, Issue 9 (September 2000), p.14Dancer in the Dark, MacMillan Pub Ltd., 2001Taylor, Elayne, “Dancing In Denmark: Elayne Taylor Talks with Lars von Trier”, Creative Screenwriting, Vol. 8, Issue 1 (January/February 2001), p.32Stevenson, Jack, Lars von Trier, University of California Press. To be published September 2002Hjort, Mette. “Lars von Trier.” In Fifty Contemporary Filmmakers. Edited by Yvonne Tasker, 400–409. London: Routledge, 2002.How Lars von Trier Sees the World: Postmodernism and Globalization in The Five Obstructions by Benjamin Ogden , Nov. 2009Antichrist: Chronicles of a Psychosis Foretold by Daniel Vilensky , Dec. , 2009Lars von Trier’s Other Comments at Cannes by Moira Sullivan , June , 2011The Lonely Planet: Lars von Trier’s Melancholia by Judit Pinter , Dec. , 2011Politics and open-ended dialectics in Lars von Trier’s Dogville : A post-Brechtian critique by Angelos Koutsourakis , New Review of Film and Television Studies , Volume 11, 2013 - Issue 3Krisjansen, Ivan and Papadopoullos, C (2015) Nietzsche's ausgang: Dissolution and identity in the cinema of Lars von Trier. Studies in European Cinema, 12 (1). 46 - 59. ISSN 1741-1548