U S Army Application Form Pdf: Fill & Download for Free

There aren't many, short answer. Go onto the USCIS website and start researching. And most importantly see an immigration lawyer. They can assist you best.DACA is the number one option she should look into if she hasn't already. She would need to gather proof of everything. DACA is temporary (no status) for two years to be able to legally drive and work. It gives a temporary social security from Homeland security. She would need to renew it every two years.Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)You may request DACA if you:Were under the age of 31 as of June 15, 2012;Came to the United States before reaching your 16th birthday;Have continuously resided in the United States since June 15, 2007, up to the present time;Were physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making your request for consideration of deferred action with USCIS;Had no lawful status on June 15, 2012;Are currently in school, have graduated or obtained a certificate of completion from high school, have obtained a general education development (GED) certificate, or are an honorably discharged veteran of the Coast Guard or Armed Forces of the United States; andHave not been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor,or three or more other misdemeanors, and do not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety.She could look into joining the military through the MAVNI program which is probably the best bet.MAVNIBasic requirements:Applicants must be in one of the following categories at the time of their enlistment:Non-immigrant categories E, F, H, I, J, K, L, M, O, P, Q, R, S, T, TC, TD, TN, U or VAsylee, refugee, Temporary Protected Status (TPS)Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)Applicants must legally reside in the United States for a minimum of two years prior to joining the Army (excluding DACA) without a single absence from the country lasting longer than 90 daysApplicants must have a high school diploma and a qualifying score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AQFT)In order to do this option she must either have a specific skill that the armed forces needs, or a language they need. It has to be on their list.HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTIESHealth care professionals must have qualifying scores on an English language proficiency test and be fully licensed in the United States.ACTIVE DUTY MEDICAL SPECIALTIESComprehensive Dentist, Oral Surgeon, Preventive Medicine, Anesthesiologist, Pediatrician, Psychiatrist, Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, General Surgeon, Emergency Medicine, Nuclear Medical ScienceOfficer, Entomologist, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, Nurse AnesthetistARMY RESERVE MEDICAL SPECIALTIESGeneral Dentist, Comprehensive Dentist, Prosthodontist, Oral Surgeon, Preventive Medicine, Urologist, Anesthesiologist, Ophthalmologist, Otolaryngologist (ENT), Psychiatrist, Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, General Surgeon, Thoracic Surgeon, Orthopedic Surgeon, Emergency Medicine, Entomologist, Licensed Clinical Psychologist, Physician Assistant, Psychiatric Nurse PractitionerFor Army Reserveonly: health care professionals in their final year of residency may be eligible to apply to the MAVNI program.Medical Professional PDFCRITICAL LANGUAGESApplicants must have a qualifying score on a proficiency test in his or her native language.CURRENT LANGUAGES RECRUITEDAlbanian, Amharic, Arabic, Azerbaijani, Bengali, Bulgarian, Burmese, Cebuano, Cambodian-Khmer, Chinese, Czech, French (with citizenship from an African Country), Georgian, Haitian Creole, Hausa, Hindi, Hungarian, Igbo, Indonesian, Kashmiri, Korean, Kurdish, Lao, Malay, Malayalam, Moro (Tausug/Maranao/Maguindanao), Nepalese, Pashto, Persian Dari, Persian Farsi, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Sindhi, Serbo-Croatian, Singhalese, Somali, Swahili, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Thai, Turkish, Turkmen, Ukrainian, Urdu (with citizenship from Pakistan or Afghanistan), Uzbek, YorubaHer two children have birthright citizenship. But there are specific rules for this, and it's a long wait. The child would need to turn 21 before being able to petition on her behalf. However most of the advise on this applies if you came to the US legally. So you can't really relate the advise you find to someone who entered without inspection. she would need to speak to an experienced immigration lawyer to see if this is a viable option.Green Card for an Immediate Relative of a U.S. CitizenMarriage usually comes up. But honestly, I have gotten advise from four different lawyers on the subject of marrying an American citizenship. They told me it doesn't work. Nolo did a good job of explaining. Most lawyers stay away from this method.Can an Illegal Immigrant Get a Green Card Based on Marriage to a U.S. Citizen? | Nolo.comIf you enter the U.S. as an undocumented entrant, you face an entirely different situation than the one described above. As a legal punishment for your unlawful entry, you will not be able to apply for a green card within the United States. Your U.S. citizen spouse can file Form I-130 only, as mentioned above, with USCIS. Once approved, that petition will be forwarded to the consulate located in or near your home country, where you will need to go for further processing.However, a potential hurdle could arise after you arrive at the consulate. Once an undocumented entrant enters the U.S., stays for more than six months and then leaves, he or she triggers a three- or ten-year bar on reentry, as described in, "Consequences of Unlawful Presence in the U.S. -- Three- and Ten-Year Time Bars."If you are barred from reentry to the U.S., your only way to enter or be approved for a green card is likely to request a waiver of your reentry bar. There are two ways of doing this.The first is only available to immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. It involves submitting a provisional waiver application to USCIS on Form I-601A before departing the United States for the consular interview at which the immigrant visa (in essence, a green card) can be granted. You will need to prove that, if denied the waiver and visa, your U.S. citizen spouse or parent would suffer extreme hardship as a result. The provisional waiver is a relatively new procedure, begun March 4, 2013. For details, see Nolo’s articles on ” Who Is Eligible for Provisional Waiver of Three- or Ten-Year Time Bar” and ” How to Apply for Provisional Waiver of Three- or Ten-Year Time Bar.”Applicants who aren't eligible to submit a provisional waiver application will need to be ready, after the consular interview in their home country, to file Form I-601, Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility, with USCIS. In your case, you would most likely base the request on the extreme hardship that your U.S. citizen spouse or, if applicable, your U.S. citizen children would suffer if you were denied the green card (immigrant visa). If this waiver is denied, however, you would be barred from returning to the U.S. for either three years (if your period of unlawful presence in the U.S. was 180 days or more) or ten years (if your period of unlawful presence was one year or more).In any case, as an undocumented entrant, you should consult an immigration attorney before your U.S. citizen spouse files any petition on your behalf or you leave the United States. This type of case can be extremely difficult.In other words, marrying an American does not led to a green card if you are undocumented. However, there is hope if the person in question is a Cuban native.Green Card for a Cuban Native or CitizenFamily Member of Cuban Native or Citizen Applying Under the CAAThe spouse and child(ren) of an individual applying for a green card under the CAA may also apply for benefits under the CAA regardless of their country of citizenship or place of birth, if:The relationship continues to exist until the dependent spouse or child receives a green cardThey are residing with the individual applying for a green card under the CAA in the United StatesThey apply for a green card under the Cuban Adjustment ActThey are eligible to receive an immigrant visaThey are otherwise admissible to the United States for such permanent residenceNote: A child is defined as being unmarried and not having reached the age of 21 years old. Step-children, adopted children, and children born out of wedlock may qualify as a child for purposes of CAA adjustment if the claimed parent-child relationship meets the requirements specified in Section 101(b)(1) of the INA.Victims of Criminal Activity: U Nonimmigrant StatusYou may be eligible for a U nonimmigrant visa if:You are the victim of qualifying criminal activity.You have suffered substantial physical or mental abuse as a result of having been a victim of criminal activity.You have information about the criminal activity. If you are under the age of 16 or unable to provide information due to a disability, a parent, guardian, or next friend may possess the information about the crime on your behalf (see glossary for definition of ‘next friend’).You were helpful, are helpful, or are likely to be helpful to law enforcement in the investigation or prosecution of the crime. If you are under the age of 16 or unable to provide information due to a disability, a parent, guardian, or next friend may assist law enforcement on your behalf.The crime occurred in the United States or violated U.S. laws.You are admissible to the United States. If you are not admissible, you may apply for a waiver on a Form I-192, Application for Advance Permission to Enter as a Nonimmigrant.Depending on what country she is from and the situation she might be able to apply for TPS (also temporary status). This is highly specific and she would need to speak with an experienced lawyer to see if she would qualify.Temporary Protected StatusThere is also the the Immigrant Investor Program or EB-5. She would need to invest in or be a business owner that creates at least 10 full time jobs for American citizensAll EB-5 investors must invest in a new commercial enterprise, which is a commercial enterprise:Required minimum investments are:General. The minimum qualifying investment in the United States is $1 million.Targeted Employment Area (High Unemployment or Rural Area). The minimum qualifying investment either within a high-unemployment area or rural area in the United States is $500,000.

If I were starting over, I would try to get into the physics PhD program at the University of Washington. Ideally, under Dr. Thomas Jarboe, working on the HIT-SI spheromak. Maybe, I would try and take Derek Sutherlands’ spot when he graduates sometime next year.Seattle is a great city for fusion.Here is what is going on around the University of Washington. Realize that if you get into UW, you could plug into some, or all, of these other activities:MSNW: this startup company was founded in the 1990’s by Dr. John Slough, a former member of the University of Washington. The company is working on a Field Reversed Configuration for a fusion driven rocket for NASA.Helion: This is a fusion startup (also started by Dr. Slough) trying to develop fusion power based on the FRC concept. They got 1.4 million from Y Combinator which also has a strong presence in the Seattle region. Below is Washington State Governor Jay Inslee with Helions’ VP of development.General Fusion: about 3 hours away in Vancouver, is one of the best examples of a fusion startup. General fusion has been around since 2002, they have raised 100 million in private capital and are pursuing a magnetized target fusion approach. They are the world leaders in MTF technology.The Northwest Nuclear Consortium: This is “the only high school club in America with regular access to a fusion machine”. This group of kids do fusion, regularly in the basement of Carl Greinger’s home in the suburbs of Seattle. The kids have collectively won hundreds of thousands of dollars in college scholarships.Convergent Scientific Inc: This is a polywell startup in Bellingham Washington which has been around for 8+ years. They have raised 185K in capital, developed a GPU PIC code, and “herded” plasma into a small polywell for 20 seconds.Woodruff Scientific: This company is based around Seattle and was founded by Dr. Simon Woodruff. Simon has built some world-class connections and a great team of fusion consultants. They do specialty jobs for fusion experiments like the PLX at Los Alamos, the EMC2 power supply, small jobs for Tokamak Energy in England.CT Fusion: This company was founded by Derek Sutherland and Thomas Jarboe. They are attempting to raise 30 million dollars to build the dynomak, a spheromak with an new inductively driving plasma current drive.Of course, you already at the University of Rochester. You should obviously try and get a spot working under Dr. Riccardo Betti at the Laser Lab. They have (I would argue) the strongest ICF talent in the world.There are many different fusion approaches (citations below). Some of these are proven, some are just things people are scratching the surface with and some are untested new ideas, that will likely fail.Of all of these, tokamaks and ICF get funded - and the rest survive on small grants. There have been something like over 100 tokamaks built, planned or decommissioned around the world. Nick’s site, from JET, in England is a great source of information about all these machines. So if you want to do tokamaks, there are lots of options: PPPL or PSFC at MIT are places to start.Currently, the funding environment is heavily focused on ITER - but I think that will be changing. For one thing, there are lots of fusion startups/groups which are trying different ideas and changing the fusion landscape. Here is a summary of some of these groups from 2014 [73-105].Another experiment that is pushing for change (AKA not ICF and a tokamak) is Dr. Scott Hsu’s Plasma Liner Experiment at Los Alamos. They are doing cutting edge work in magnetized target fusion.Dr. Hsu is so high profile, that Congress invited him to speak about this fusion approach in April. He used the platform to advocate for a number of fusion concepts (FRC, Spheromaks, Polywells, the Levitating Dipole, ect..)There are many more labs and groups I have not mentioned. Message me if you need insights on any of them. I have lots of fusion answers on Quora you can check out. Also, I have: a fusion blog, a fusion twitter and I am currently working on a fusion podcast. Hope that helps.Citations:A. "The dynomak: An advanced spheromak reactor concept with imposed-dynamo current drive and next-generation nuclear power technologies" Fusion Engineering and Design,Sutherland, Jarboe, Morgan, Pfaff, Lavine, Kamikawa, Hughes, Andrist, MarklinB. Jarboe, T.r., B.s. Victor,B.a. Nelson, C.j. Hansen, C. Akcay, D.a. Ennis, N.k. Hicks, A.c. Hossack, G.j. Marklin, and R.j. Smith. "Imposed-dynamo Current Drive." Nucl. Fusion Nuclear Fusion 52.8 (2012): 083017.C. McGuire, Thomas. "The Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor." Thursday Colloquium. Princeton University, Princeton. 6 Aug. 2015. Lecture.D. Park, J. "High-Energy Electron Confinement in a Magnetic Cusp Configuration." Physical Review X.N.p., 11 June 2015. 06 Nov. 2015.E. Wobig, H., T. Andreeva, and C.D. Beidler. "Recent Development in Helias Reactor Studies." 19th IAEA- Fusion Energy Conference. IAEA FT/1-6, n.d. 04 Apr. 2016.F. Wesson, John; et al. (2004). Tokamaks. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850922-7.G. Spitzer, Lyman. "The Stellarator Concept." Physics of Fluids (1958): n. pag. 4 Apr. 2016.H. Perea, A., R. Martin, J.l.Alvarez Rivas, J. Botija, J.r. Cepero, J.a. Fabregas, J. Guasp, A. Lopez Fraguas, A. Perez-Navarro, E. Rodriguez Solano, B.a. Carreras, K.k. Chipley,T.c. Hender, T.c. Jernigan, J.f. Lyon, and B.e. Nelson. "Description OfThe Heliac Tj-Ii And Its ecrh System." Fusion Technology 1986 (1986):673-78.I. Miller, R.l., and R.a. Krakowski. "Modular Stellarator Fusion Reactor Concept." Los AlamosLA-8978MS (1981): 1-161. 4 Apr. 2016.J. Proc. of 20th International Stellarator-Heliotron Workshop (ISHW), Max Planck Institute, Greifswald,Germany. Greifswald, 2015.K. Grieger, G., J. Nührenberg,H. Renner, J. Sapper, and H. Wobig. "HELIAS Stellarator Reactor Studiesand Related European Technology Studies." Fusion Engineering and Design25.1-3 (1994): 73-84. 4 Apr. 2016.L. Haines, M. G. "A Reviewof the Dense Z -pinch." Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion Plasma Physics andControlled Fusion 53.9 (2011): 093001.M. Jarboe, T. R. "Review of Spheromak Research." Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 36.6 (1994): 945-90.N. Slutz, Stephen A., and RogerA. Vesey. "High-Gain Magnetized Inertial Fusion." Phys. Rev. Lett.Physical Review Letters 108.2 (2012): n. page 4 Apr. 2016.O. "Mirror Systems: Fuel Cycles, loss reduction and energy recovery" by Richard F. Post, BNES Nuclear fusion reactor conferences at Culham laboratory, September 1969.P. "Overview of LDX Results" Jay Kesner, A. Boxer, J. Ellsworth, I. Karim, Presented at the APS Meeting, Philadelphia, November 2, 2006, Paper VP1.00020Q. Krishnan, Mahadevan."The Dense Plasma Focus: A Versatile Dense Pinch for Diverse Applications." IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science40.12 (2012): 3189-221. Web.R. Hedditch, John."arXiv.org e-Print archive Physics ArXiv:1510.01788." Fusion in a Magnetically-shielded-grid Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device. ArXiv, 7Oct. 2015. Web. 22 Dec. 2015.S. Robert L. Hirsch,"Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement of Ionized Fusion Gases", Journal of Applied Physics, v. 38, no. 7, October 1967T. Park, J., and R. A. Nebel."Periodically Oscillating Plasma Sphere." Physics of Plasmas 12.5(2005): n. pag. AIP. Web. 22 May 2016. <http://scitation.aip.org/content...>.U. Tuszewski, M. "Field Reversed Configurations." Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion 28.11 (1988):2033-092. Web. 22 May 2016.V. Hsu, S. C., A. L. Moser, E.C. Merritt, C. S. Adams, J. P. Dunn, S. Brockington, A. Case, M. Gilmore, A. G.Lynn, S. J. Messer, and F. D. Witherspoon. "Laboratory Plasma Physics Experiments Using Merging Supersonic Plasma Jets." J. Plasma Phys. Journal of Plasma Physics 81.02 (2014): n. pag. Web. 22 May 2016. <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1408.0323.pdf>.W. A, Levine M., Brown I. G, and Kunkel. "Scaling for Tormac Fusion Reactors." Scaling for Tormac Fusion Reactors. IAEA NIS, n.d. Web. April 1976.<Scaling for Tormac fusion reactors|INIS>.X. Berkowitz, J., K.o. Friedrichs,H. Goertzel, H. Grad, J. Killeen, and E. Rubin. "Cusped Geometries."Journal of Nuclear Energy (1954) 7.3-4 (1958): 292-93. Web. 16 June 2014.Y. Barnes, D. C., M. M. Schauer,K. R. Umstadter, L. Chacon, and G. Miley. "Electron Equilibrium and Confinementin a Modified Penning Trap and Its Application to Penning Fusion." Physics of Plasmas Phys. Plasmas 7.5 (2000): 1693. Web. 22 May 2016.<http://scitation.aip.org/content...>.Z. Kodama, R., P. A. Norreys, K.Mima, A. E. Dangor, R. G. Evans, H. Fujita, Y. Kitagawa, K. Krushelnick, T.Miyakoshi, N. Miyanaga, T. Norimatsu, S. J. Rose, T. Shozaki, K. Shigemori, A.Sunahara, M. Tampo, K. A. Tanaka, Y. Toyama, T. Yamanaka, and M. Zepf."Fast Heating of Ultrahigh-density Plasma as a Step towards Laser Fusion Ignition." Nature 412.6849 (2001): 798-802. Web.<http://www.nature.com/nature/jou...>.AA. Nuckolls, John; Wood,Lowell; Thiessen, Albert; Zimmerman, George (1972), "Laser Compression of Matter to Super-High Densities: Thermonuclear (CTR) Applications" (PDF),Nature 239 (5368): 139–142, Bibcode:1972Natur.239..139N, doi:10.1038/239139a0,retrieved August 23, 2014BB. Laberge, Michel. "An Acoustically Driven Magnetized Target Fusion Reactor." Journal of FusionEnergy J Fusion Energy 27.1-2 (2007): 65-68. 22 May 2016.<http://generalfusion.com/downloa...>.CC. Meyer-Ter-Vehn, J."Inertial Confinement Fusion Driven by Heavy Ion Beams." Plasma Phys.Control. Fusion Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 31.10 (1989): 1613-628.Web. 22 May 2016.DD. C, Schuurman W., Bobeldijk,and R. F. De Vries. "Stability of the Screw Pinch." Plasma Physics 11(1969): 1029. IOP. Web. 22 May 2016.<http://iopscience.iop.org/articl...>.EE. Sykes, Alan. "The Development of the Spherical Tokamak." ICPP,. Japan, Fukuoka. 22 May 2016.Lecture. <https://web.archive.org/web/2011...>’73. Sengbusch, Evan. "Phoenix Nuclear Labs Makes First Commercial Neutron Generator Sale Closes Financing Round Comments." Phoenix Nuclear Labs. Phoenix Nuclear Labs, 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.74. "Phoenix Nuclear Labs Raises $590,500 from Angel Investors." http://Http://www.jsonline.com/. Milwaukee Wisconsin, Journal Sentinel, 10 Dec. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.75. Boulton, Guy. "Phoenix Nuclear Labs Wins $3 Million Army Contract." Milwaukee Wisconsin, Journal Sentinel. Milwaukee Wisconsin, Journal Sentinel, 6 Oct. 2011. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.76. Sengbusch, Evan. "Phoenix Nuclear Labs Makes Its First Commercial Sale - Phoenix Nuclear Labs." Phoenix Nuclear Labs. Phoenix Nuclear Labs, 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.77. Klein, Alex. "Beam Fusion." Technology (FPGeneration). Beam Fusion, n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2013.78. "How Many People Worked at FPGeneration." Message to Alex Klien. 5 Dec. 2014. E-mail.79. Newman, Judy. "Phoenix Nuclear Labs Gets 2 Army Contracts: wall street journal" host.madison.com | Madison Newspapers Inc.. Wisconsin State Journal, 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.80. Gallaher, Kathleen. "Madison Groups Win Funding for Isotope Work." Milwaukee Wisconsin, Journal Sentinel. Milwaukee Wisconsin, Journal Sentinel, 4 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.81. LaMonica, Martin. "How to Fund an Atomic Startup | Xconomy." Xconomy RSS. Xconomy RSS, 14 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.82. Chang, Kenneth. "Practical Fusion, or Just a Bubble?" The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 Feb. 2007. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.83. Lerner, Eric. "FOCUS FUSION: EmPOWERtheWORLD." Indiegogo. Indiegogo, 5 July 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.84. Jafarov, Isayev. "Iran to Build Nuclear Fusion Producing Plant." Trend. Trend Iran, 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.85. Laberge, Michel. "General Fusion Closes First Series A Funding with Support from Sustainable Development Technology Canada." General Fusion Completes US$9M Series a Funding (2009): n. page. http://Http://www.generalfusion.com. General Fusion, 4 Aug. 2009. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.86. Laberge, Michel. "General Fusion." Crunch Base. Crunch Base, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.87. Bartel, Mario. "Where Are They Now? General Fusion Gets Closer to the Sun - Burnaby News Leader." Burnaby News Leader. Burnaby News Leader, 2 Jan. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.88. "Tri Alpha Energy." Crunch Base. Tri Alpha Energy, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.89. Simmons, Gerald, and Dale Prouty. "Tri Alpha Energy - Notice of Sale of Securities - $646,710." SEC.gov | Home. US Security and Exchange Commission, 23 Feb. 2001. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.90. "How Much Total Investment Has LXXP Received?" Focus Fusion Society Forum. N.P., 22 Nov. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.91. Frisbee, Robert. "THE NASA-JPL ADVANCED PROPULS1ON PROGRAM." (1997) page. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/23572/1/96-0007.pdf92. Du Bois, Dennis. "Congratulations to Cleantech Open 2013 Regional Finalists - Energy Priorities." Energy Priorities. Energy Priorities, 22 Oct. 2013. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .93. Slough, John. "FISO: MSNW LLC and "the First Realistic Approach to Fusion-based Propulsion"" Space for All. http://Http://hobbyspace.com/, 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .94. Slough, John. "MSNW, LLC." NASA SBIR & STTR Program Homepage. NASA SBIR Program, n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .95. Slough, John. "NIAC 2012 Phase I & Phase II Awards Announcement." NASA NIAC. NASA, 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. .96. Westenhaus, Brian. "Funding Continues for Bussards’ Fusion Reactor." Funding Continues for Bussards’ Fusion Reactor. New Energy and Fuel, 23 Aug. 2007. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .97. Henry, Margaret. "Tokamak Solutions Secures Funding to Develop Powerful Neutron Source." UK Business Angels Association. UK Business Angels, 14 Feb. 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .98. Sykes, Alan. "Tokamak Solutions." Crunch Base. Tokamak Solutions, n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .99. "Tokamak Solutions UK Ltd." http://Http://pseps.com/. PSEPS, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. .100. Research Councils UK. "Development of a Small Tokamak with High Temperature Superconducting Magnets for Sale as a Fusion Research Instrument." Tokamak Solutions UK Ltd, Apr. 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .101. Sykes, Alan. "Tokamak Energy – About Us." Tokamak Solutions. Tokamak Solutions, 2014. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .102. "Technology Strategy Board." Technology Strategy Board. Grants over 25K, April 2014, Apr. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. .103. Lerner, Eric. "Funding." Focus Fusion. Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, 2014. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .104. Rambonnet, Martijn. "Introduction." Fusor Forum. Fusor.net, 17 Mar. 2011. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .105. Syed, Asher, and Micheal Ten. "Quora." What Are the Best Companies Right Now in Fusion Energy? Quora, 10 July 2014. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. .

Plenty of people can answer this for fission. Let me talk about fusion. Fusion power does not exist yet - but today, research is moving forward faster and in many new directions then ever before - and the public is not paying any attention.So I argue it is worth mentioning in this discussion.Unfortunately, you cannot predict fusions environmental impact, without answering some other fusion questions first.Exactly how much energy could fusion make?People often toss around the an output of 15 times a fission plant but I doubt this. Dr. Stephen Dean often says that it eight times a fission plant [1]. The worlds' largest fission plant is the 7 GW Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant in Japan. Using this approach your looking at 8 to 50 GW fusion plants. This graphic has a nice comparison of different energy sources [A, B, C, D, E, F].What is the price?In 2011, I did a price point analysis of fusion power, based solely on fuel prices. This is a rough estimate of an electricity price point. Below is an example of my results. We would probably burn straight deuterium - and bast case (12% capture, 45% fuel burn) electricity falls to below 3 cents per kilowatt hour. Put another way, $1 of deuterium would make 100,000 kilojoules of energy or 8,300 gallons of drinking water. Any estimate that is more detailed, is premature at this point in fusion development.How does <$0.03 a kilowatthour compare to existing energy?For the past ten years, most people paid an average price of electricity in the US of 10 to 12 cents per kilowatt hour [2]. This is common for home owners, transportation and the commercial sector. Fusion can undercut this market, on both price and scale.Where is fusion research today?The field is in upheaval. There are several reasons for this:The National Ignition Facility has failed to work. The Department of Energy recently admitted it may never work as promised [3]. This event has a led to a huge shifts in US fusion funding, not seen in 20 years.Fusion has joined the world of Silicon Valley startups. The two companies everyone knows about are Tri Alpha Energy and General Fusion. These companies have raised in excess of 100 million in investment from the likes of Paul Allen, Jeff Bezos and Peter Thiel [4]. But there are a dozen other smaller companies in the game. In 2014, I did a survey of the “industry” and found it employed 330 folks, with ~450 million invested across 12 organizations. This list is probably more like 20 today, with tens of millions more money in the space.The media is more interested. As someone who has been in this field for almost 10 years, I have to say that the general media has taken more of interest. In the past year, we were covered in TIME, Fortune, Forbes, VICE news, the BBC, Science magazine and a myriad of smaller blogs like gizmodo, NextBigFuture, AltEnergy and the Nation. We even were the cover of TIME in November 2015.Many more ideas are coming forward. To be sure, the tokamak is the “safest” bet in terms of physics - and the flagship effort for that is ITER. But ITER will probably never lead to a commercial power plant and many people are realizing this. Beneath the tokamak are a slew of different fusion concepts, from the safe to the will-never-work. Below is a chart of all these different approaches, grouped by family and type.Congress is taking an interest. In 2015, Rep. Alan Grayson introduced “The Fusion Innovation Act of 2015” this bill went nowhere - but, in 2016 he re-introduced the bill and got a hearing on the house floor. The hearing, from April 22nd 2016 is shown below.People are doing “Garage Fusion”. Last I checked, over 75 people in North America have fused the atom in their homes and garages using simple fusors. Just last week two teens did an AMA on Reddit about home fusion. There is an even a fusion club - the northwest nuclear consortium - the only high school club in America with regular access to its own fusion machine.What do we need for net power?In the 1950’s John Lawson wrote out the energy balance for a plasma based fusion reactor.People turned this into The Lawson Criteria - but I find it easier to explain by walking through this equation.Fusion: Thus far, research has focused on increasing the fusion rate. This leads to giant, expensive machines. These are far away from net power. The goal is to get atoms to slam together. If this happens, they can fuse. Some of the mass is lost, it becomes energy through e = mc2.Conduction: Conduction is the loss of mass. The mass touches surfaces and it lost. Energy leaves with this mass. You can steer plasma with magnetic and electric fields; you can even get plasma to make fields with self-contain it. So there are options here.Radiation: Radiation is the loss of energy as light. Plenty of energy leaves the plasma cloud as light. This includes visible, x-ray, infrared and ultraviolet. There may be ways to "tune" plasma or the fields to lower these losses.Efficiency: Efficiency is how well we capture the energy. This may be the most unexplored concept in fusion. Efficiency means either lower the amount of energy to run the machine or/and raise the amount of the energy we get out.What are fusions’ “beachhead” markets?The ideal customer would have deep pockets, technical expertise and be fusion friendly. They should need electricity – lots of it. Add more attributes and you adjust your perfect customer. Can it be small enough to be considered mobile power? If so, you contrast this against the mobile generator market. Would it play in the renewable energy space? If so, utilities could buy machines to meet state level renewable energy regulations. Does this machine require big supply lines? If not, then isolated communities and the military would be interested. The market for the early machines would focus on where the value added is more important than the starting price. I have identified three.Military. In 2007, the center for naval analysis, a Washington think tank convened a panel to look at the problem of powering the US military [5]. Army field bases are powered by towed-in generators which run on JP-8 fuel. The fuel has to be shipped in, protected and represents a variable cost. For example, a $10 change in the per-barrel cost of oil translates to a 1.3 billion dollar change to the Pentagon’s energy costs [5]. In fact, fuel represents 70% of the tonnage delivered to the battlefield.Water Desalinization. The need for water can outstrip all other needs. Almost everyone – except maybe water sellers – can see that making clean water, for less, as a good thing. Water and energy are connected – it takes 2.8 KJ of energy to make one liter of desalinated water [1]. In 2007, it was estimated that 1.6 billion people face economic water shortage [7].Steel Making or Copper Mining. Many heavy industries need on site, abundant energy. I looked at tar sands, oil refining and coal mining. But, steel stood out because it benefits both from lowering coal costs and energy prices. Coal becomes coke, a needed ingredient in steel. We hope cheaper energy would increase coal supplies and therefore lower the price. These savings are then passed onto the steel companies. Steel making is a very energy intensive process. In 2003, it took 12.6 million BTU of energy for every ton of steel shipped [6].Finally, what would the environmental impact be?Fusion would have a major impact on energy production and supply around the world. That impact would be driven by (1) market conditions (2) government policies and (3) the final form of this technology. Here is what it could do:Replace fossil fuels; specifically coal plants. This would lower CO2 emissions worldwide.Lower nuclears’ overall price point. Fusion can generate more energy for less money. If we get it to work - on a long enough time span - it should lower the cost of nuclear.Reduces the radioactive footprint. Fusion is not zero radioactive waste, but joule-for-joule, it has the lowest radioactive footprint of any energy technology.Drive up energy supply. There is a dark side here, cheaper energy could be like giving human civilization steroids. It could drive up the rates of resource depletion, population growth, ect..Generate heat. Fusion still makes energy, that energy becomes heat and that heat has to go somewhere. In this case, it will probably end up in the oceans. That is obviously a downside. I describe this as: “taking a jacket off of planet earth (AKA CO2 emissions) but giving it hot flashes (AKA energy generated).In the end, humanity needs to realize that nuclear, solar, wind, coal, oil and gas - all they are, are energy technologies. A technology is just a tool. Like a hammer or a gun.Mankind collectively decides how we use these tools. We can use them for good or for bad. That is why public engagement still matters - regardless of what new technologies we uncover.General Citations:1.Dean, Stephen (2013). Search for the Ultimate Energy Source: A History of the U.S. Fusion Energy Program. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-14614603672. Energy Information Agency, “Table 5.3. Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers:2006 -2016” EIA - Electricity Data3. “The DOE admitted that NIF may never Ignite” Physics Today, June 2016, NIF may never ignite, DOE admits4. “Why Peter Theil, Jeff Bezsos and others are betting on fusion” Fortune Magazine, September 2015. Why Jeff Bezos, Peter Thiel, and others are betting on fusion5. United States. Powering America’s Defense: Energy and the Risks to National Security. Alexandria: CNA Analysis and Solutions, 2009. Print.6. Saving One Barrel of Oil Per Ton. Publication. 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