Pennsylvania Small Estate Petition: Fill & Download for Free

Among pacifist Western religions, the Quakers have probably caused the least destruction of human life and certainly enslaved the fewest persons.In the US, Quakers, considered dissenters and non-conformists since colonial times, congregated mainly in Pennsylvania — clearly the least warlike among the major polities to be found in the 18th Century. Absolute pacifists and conscientious objectors, among them Quakers and members of other traditional pacifist religious groups to this day, argue that simply preparing for a war — whether offensive or defensive in nature — is immoral and un-Christian.Frankly I am amazed by the religious negativism and anti-Christian sentiment seemingly expressed by other respondents. I am also sure that there are some Eastern, Middle Eastern, or other religions about which I am ignorant, but I write concerning what I know, not what I assume.The Historic Peace ChurchesThe Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) emerged out of the chaos of the Thirty Years War and the English Civil Wars of the 1640s. Except for a few gentry like Margaret Fell and William Penn, Quaker families were usually of the "middling sort," differing little in some respects from their non-Quaker neighbors. During the Protectorate of Cromwell, they had consolidated in the north of England — the first meeting being created in Durham in 1653. Mary Fisher and Ann Austin were the first known Quakers to set foot in the New World. They were missionaries who arrived in Massachusetts in 1656. Due to the intolerance of the Puritans, the Quakers eventually left Massachusetts and migrated to the more tolerant colony in Rhode Island. Those Quakers who returned to the Bay colonies were hanged (the Boston Martyrs) by the very Puritans who had come to America for religious tolerance.The Restoration Period in Wales from 1660 to 1689 has rightly been called “The Heroic Age of Dissent,” and it was from struggling Welsh farmers that Penn recruited as his Quaker settlers for America. Critics of Penn’s scheme were not offended at the Lord opening a door to thousands in England and especially in Wales who had no estates either for themselves or their children. However, Quakers also saw the Netherlands as a refuge from persecution in England, and they formed close affinities with the Anabaptists and also with the Mennonites who had sought sanctuary there. Quakers have no ordained clergy, and among them were a number of Christian Universalists.From the time of the Reformation and Counter Reformation of the 16th Century, Europe was swept by great religious wars and moral awakenings that resulted in waves of religious zealots and exiles crossing the Atlantic. Spanish and French Catholics, Protestant Walloons and Huguenots, Dutch Calvinists, English Puritans, English and Welsh Quakers, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, German Lutherans, Baptists, Anabaptists, and Moravians were all moved by much the same religious spirit.A number of the minority religions can be considered Pietist in nature because they generally abandoned an ordained ministry, a strict church structure, and a national hierarchy. Shakers, Quakers, Moravians, Mennonites, Anabaptists, and other Pietist sects generally placed their emphasis upon inner spiritual life and a personal path to salvation, while denying the need for a more formal ecclesiastical organization.The Peace of Westphalia (1648) that had ended the crisis of religion known as the Thirty Years War had left Catholic controlled regions of Europe in Catholic hands and Protestant regions in Protestant hands without respect to the religion of the population. This caused many of the religiously faithful to migrate, and some of these removed to America. For instance, a small group of Bohemian Brethren had been living in northern Moravia for nearly 100 years. They were considered an illegal underground remnant of their church under the intolerant Catholic Habsburg rulers. In 1722, seventeen Moravian families arrived as refugees at the estate of Count Nikolaus Zinzendorf of Saxony, a nobleman who had been brought up in the traditions of Pietism. The Count helped to finance the Moravian removal to America to find religious toleration at Bethlehem in Pennsylvania.Both Southeastern Pennsylvania and Central New York retain German Pietists communities following a pacifist Anabaptist tradition: Brethren, Mennonites, Hutterites, and the Amish among them. The chambers of commerce of several counties have listed these plain-dressing and plain-speaking people as a tourist’s attraction in their visitor’s guidebooks as if they were costumed interpreters rather than persons of deep religious faith attempting to retain their traditions and culture. By their self-imposed isolation the Germans achieved a far greater social solidarity than many other groups in the colonies.Yet religious bigotry influenced many largely well-meaning clergymen — Catholic, Protestant, non-conformist, and unconventional — and encouraged intolerance even among those who chose to do God’s work. Categorized along with the Quakers as members of the historic peace churches, these religious pacifist groups were often accused of caring too much for the Native American tribes, of being indifferent to the sufferings of the English-speaking frontier settlers or to the cause of independence, or even of being complicit in the deaths of whites through their neglect of basic military necessities.Anti-SlaverySchoolchildren learn about Lincoln and how he freed the slaves, but the men and women who carried the cause of freedom go nearly unremembered. One reason these abolitionists are forgotten is that they were inescapably Christian in their motives, means, vocabulary, and pacifism. Historians usually set the beginning of the abolitionist movement as 1830, because abolition’s principal historical figures — William Lloyd Garrison, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Wendell Phillips, Theodore Weld, Sarah and Agelina Grimke, Harriet Beecher Stowe, William Wilburforce — began their work. Their writings attracted a wide following and they drew attention, and threats, for their speaking engagements. Yet Quakers formed the core of abolitionism in the early days; and they were the only large denomination to have officially banned slave holding.During the 1740s and 1750s, a new generation of Quakers, including John Woolman, Anthony Benezet and David Cooper, protested against slavery, and demanded that Quaker society cut ties with the slave trade. They were able to carry popular Quaker sentiment with them and, beginning in the 1750s, Pennsylvanian Quakers tightened their rules, making it effectively an act of misconduct to engage in slave trading. The Pennsylvania Abolition Society, first founded in 1775, consisted primarily of Quakers; and Quakers were also prominently involved with the Underground Railroad. The “State” of Pennsylvania was the first former colony in the US to ban slavery in its own Constitution basically due to Quaker influence in the legislature.The British campaign to abolish slavery began with the Quakers and their presentation of the first anti-slave trade petition in 1783. In Britain, Quakers were foremost in the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. (Wilburforce was a Methodist). In 1831, Evan Lewis, a Quaker noted, “The state of slavery in the United States is so totally at variance with the genius of our free institutions, and so repugnant to the spirit and design of the Christian re­ligion, that nothing but habit and a long familiarity with the corrupt system, could reconcile republicans to its existence … Let the voice of justice and human­ity be heard from every pulpit, and resound from the walls of every church — let the fiat of universal emancipation be issued from every Conference, Synod, and General As­sembly.” [i][i] Evan Lewis, An Address to Christians of All Denominations, on the Inconsistency of Admitting Slave-Holders to Communion and Church Membership, published by the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society in 1831 in Philadelphia.See:Blow Ye the Trumpet in Zion: Religion in the Civil war Era

As others remark, no proceedings strictly require an individual to have a lawyer, so long as the individual is a natural adult person of sound mind and, as the court may require, upon a showing that waiver of counsel is knowing and voluntary.The right to appear without counsel has been considered corollary to the right to counsel of one’s choice (and that, in turn, dates back to a pre-Colonial English custom called the “cab-rank principle”), and it has specifically been held part of the general right to counsel in criminal cases. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975).There are some exceptions.Corporations, which owe their existence to statutory schemes and are considered distinct from the legal persons of their shareholders, may be obliged to appear through an attorney if at all.¹Minors and persons ruled not to be competent to represent themselves may be required to appear through a guardian of the person or of the estate (depending on type of case) and/or guardian or ad litem.² ³In criminal cases, the court may appoint “standby counsel” who are to attend court proceedings, be available to the unrepresented defendant as a resource, and who may take over the case at the defendant’s request.⁴(Answer based on Pennsylvania law.)If the question is whether it’s advisable to appear in a proceeding without counsel, the answer is usually no. But it’s a call the courts permit litigants to make for themselves as a rule.Notes:¹ The rationale for this is that the shareholder or officer of the corporation, though indirectly a party in interest, is legally distinguishable from the corporation and unless that officer is an attorney, such appearance amounts to unauthorised practice of law. Describing Pennsylvania law, our Commonwealth Court has explained:It is well settled that, with a few exceptions not applicable here, non-attorneys may not represent parties before the Pennsylvania courts and most admininstrative agencies. Shortz v. Farrell, 327 Pa. 81, 193 A. 20 (1937); Nolan v. Department of Public Welfare, 673 A.2d 414 (Pa.Comm’w. 1995), petition for allowance of appeal denied, 546 Pa. 650, 683 A.2d 887 (1996); McCain v. Curione, 527 A.2d 591 (Pa.Comm’w. 1987). As the instant matter is the Ministries’ appeal of the denial of its application, it may not be represented by its pastor, a non-attorney, in this appeal in this Court. See Smaha v. Landy, 638 A.2d 392 (Pa.Comm’w. 1994), petition for allowance of appeal denied, 539 Pa. 660, 651 A.2d 546 (A non-profit medical corporation must have counsel in order to proceed in a court action as a corporation cannot represent itself.); Walacavage v. Excell 2000, Inc., 480 A.2d 281 (Pa.Super. 1984) (A corporation may not appear in court and be represented by a corporate officer and shareholder who is not an attorney.).Spirit of the Avenger Ministries v. Comm’w., 767 A.2d 1130, 1130–31 (Pa.Comm’w. 2001). A few years later, though, Commonwealth Court held that a partner in an unincorporated partnership, however, may appear, at least in a proceeding regarding the property of the partnership; the court found of particular significance that a general partner in a partnership can be personally liable for the debts of the partnership (as opposed to “the corporate veil”). In re Petition of Lawrence Co. Tax Claim Bureau, Appeal of Family Way L.P., 998 A.2d 675, 680 (Pa.Comm’w. 2010), citing Faretta.There are a couple of other exceptions to this exception: corporations (and other parties) may appear through agents in small claims cases (Pa. R.C.P. M.D.J. No. 207.1) and unemployment appeals (34 Pa.Code § 101.41).² A “natural guardian” of a minor is a parent, i.e. someone with legal custody. If the court feels that there is a possible conflict of interest between the natural guardian’s interests and those of the minor(s), a guardian ad litem (“for the lawsuit”) may be appointed. A guardian of the person or of the estate is someone appointed to managed the affairs of an incompetent adult.³ If a criminal defendant is found not competent, the entire prosecution is normally abated. The standard for “understanding the proceedings” is the same in an inquiry about waiving counsel. E.g. Comm’w. v. Spotz, 616 Pa. 164, 192, 47 A.3d 64, 79 (2012).⁴ Spotz, n. 3 supra, at 197–8, 47 A.3d at 82. Standby counsel may not be under a duty to save the defendant from themself, however. Id. The defendant in that case proceeded to complain of various things that had not been done for him during the case; Supreme Court proceeded to blow off all those errors as waived due to defendant’s insistence on rejecting appointed counsel.

if all variables are equal Amway, Primerica & Pre-paid Legal are probably by far the fastest & easiest avenues to properly licensed business formation, or incubation. the last i heard their independent business owner kits were in the under $ 200 realm(s).emotionally those types of mlm’s feature more supportive & nurturing level training than most other industries. but one really has to have the stomach for high percentages of rejection to be a financially effective business owner.i always encourage candidate business owner/operators to stabilize their incomes via taking equity in the parent enterprises of their mlm, or non-mlm industrial sector(s). usually the securities tend to be a better reflection of the affiliated ventures’ future growth [or lack of market acceptance]. your investment portfolio should be balanced around variables like how you’ll make-out if your entrepreneurial exploits don’t generate a positive cash flow for 3 or 5 years.there must be several hundred real estate and on-line training ventures claiming to put you in business as a marketer—-promising instant positive incomes. scaling & measurement of the resources that have to be allocated to reach your particular break-even thresholds vary so widely you might be able to better appreciate that accurate answers to your question might be gaged by an interview i listended to yesterday,Alfred Liggins who’s Cathy Hughes’ son told an interviewer about his mother & he winding up living in the commercial space of an AM radio station that Cathy and Alfred’s stepfather owned. the stepfather & Cathy divorced. Cathy couldn’t handle the rent on the large home that she & Alfriend’s stepfather’d been renting (as a married couple). Cathy wasn’t rich; and the AM station’s total revenue was under $ 300K p/a. a big chunk of that income was allocated to pay-off financing that’d been used to purchase that single radio station.so to not only save money Cathy encouraged Alfred to come from California, where she asserts (intriguingly in her own related interviews) Alfred couldn’t get acting work in tv). Alfred’s version of the events depicted his having quit an ok job with a small media venture prematurely—-only to find out that he’d lost a more corporate role in the media field with a very substantial conglomerate. neither of those employers were willing to factor Cathy into their prospective arrangements with Alfred. as he puts it he really wanted to be in the music business at that point. besides Cathy only had one small radio station. so she influenced Alfred to come back to DC and takeover the advertising sales of by that point her radio station—-where he could become an equity player if moreorless tookup residence in part of the radio station’s offices.i literally ironically had a few comparable situations on that order presented to me as college student by my former lawyer. he was the johnnie Cochoran of the bankruptcy legal sector on the east coast about 10 years prior to Johnnie becoming prominent as a west coast civil rights specialist. we had a number of discussions surrounding setting priorities of compromise in order to be in business. i specifically remember him telling me to pay the office rent first if there’s only enough cash to pay the home’s mortgage, apartment’s rent (verses the business’s rent). i sort of think he might’ve been the only multi-millionaire to offer me that simple of a perspective [on that particular psychological challenge) of commercial decision making.he had 2 kids. one of them physically killed himself by jumping out of a 14th floor window—-over his embarrassment at the wealth that his father’d accumulated. the other more psychologically adjusted son partnered with their mutual high school alumni Russell Simmons & Rev. Run to incubate the generic $ 2B to $ 3B Simmons’ family empire using the lawyer’s Manhattan office space and perfunctory 9,000 sf Sag Harbor, Long Island summer home/mansion to enter the artist management sector. ergo, using some rich person’s facilities may have a great deal of influence in determining the quality of industrial leverage your business ambition will receive.my father gave me one of the lawyer’s son’s original business cards around 2001, which featured the 381 Broadway office address on it. i remember visiting the lawyer around the 1980’s at that particular law office which was sandwiched logistically between 2 of the 4 offices i had in various parts of Manhattan—-at that phase in my own career. i was between 22 & 25 at that stage; and i felt that i was doing ok professionally due to the upto 13 support staff which i co-supervised and 4 clients who were funding those fancy offices i was operating from. when one’s able to keep $ 150M to $ 200M in assets under management before finishing college—-in no small part due to the corporate sales/marketing training i’d received in both Amway & it’s predecessor mlm Holiday Magic (between ’68 through the early ‘1980’s.my opinion is that what’s easy, or on pragmatic levels fastest in getting into business depends on how many dependents you’ve got to feed, house & pay the medical bills of. in other words your minimum legal responsibilities determine if you can afford to use avenues that might include being mentored by a business owner that’s willing to provide you with sufficient equity to form your own enterprise. i have a very famous international former boxer client who’s 47 that a New Zealand mid-size trucking venture hired as a celebrity driver in order to specifically put him into the truck freight business & refrigerated warehouse storage enterprise ownership industries. that deal includes licensing/cdl training, real estate co-investment and next generation formal business mentoring.that client has no children. he’s always lived with his mother in his very famous boxer father’s home, except when he attended college. he wants to be a hedge fund operator/money manager. i advised him to be a spokesperson to those industrial sectors because he’s way too famous to become competitively trained as a hands-on capital transactions expert—-trying to match wits with people half his age (with several times the academic gifts that he has). his fame makes it way easier for other famous friends and peers of his to be steered to any service provider that he promotes. in that context he’s a run of the mill multi-billion dollar business volume referral conduit [with proportionally little competition].in his case his biggest strength is the reputation that both he and his father accrued as too nice of guys to be in the boxing profession. that kind of reputation is relatively easy for anyone to achieve. i aggressively warn against trying to get famous in the fight game, or any physical competition to leverage your athletic prowess into a spokesperson’s career. there are too many way easier means of getting notoriety. volunteering with the disabled, or homeless can & will put you the same scope of opportunities that being a famous celebrity generates.the number of jobs at whichever pay scale you intend for your business efforts to create within what time frame will even more speck to which avenue(s) offer optimal levels of success, or efficiency. when i was in my early 20’s i learned that i could go to most federal bankruptcy court clerk’s offices and peruse the petitions for bankruptcy protection and generally take over companies that i found commercially attractive enough answer your question. unless the target venture needs unusual licenses normally enterprises that file Chapter 11 already have a drafted set of targeted objectives that include what comprises a road map to success as defined by the registered creditors.i had a lot of high powered credentials in my 20’s—-including a structural engineering education, along with roles managing up to 15 employees. the average company in bankruptcy has less than one full-time serious staffer. that staffer most of the time is the owner—-who’s more important income is connected to their spouse, or parents. i got so sick of encountering that pattern that i decided after a couple of years only to represent creditors as an adviser to the business re-organizations; due to the lack of equity, or emotional/ethical substance of the debtors.equally relevant being a boss doesn’t generate an income. even my former multi-millionaire lawyer offered what i thought at the time was an intriguing insight on that facet. he told me after he’d broken up his main white shag carpet office law practice in the 200’s of Broadway facing City Hall’s higher rent district, that he only kept an office outside of his home because he had young children at home; and they nor his wife appreciated what scale of distractions that they posed (to his concentration—-on the great issues of his work [lol]). i felt that he was a professional pirate. he’d stolen hundreds of properties that wound up having to be serviced by his assorted roles prior to my entering the commercial real estate sector.i partnered with one of my real estate instructors from college to form our own consulting practice (at 21). he turned out to be very prominent WW II mega time international war hero. hence i had credentials of his zoning law achievements along with his peer colleague that’d just retired from being the senior civil engineer for the state of NJ, as our business start-up licensed professional roles to offer federal court judges & the legal industry associated with whatever bankruptcy case work i opted to pursue. i recruited a high school alumni that’d become an architect as our 4th partner—to offer in-house project design services catering to complex property development {as principals}.the overall premise is that should you lack personal licensure(s), or the direct financial means of establishing particular types of enterprise ownership invariably you’ll encounter acquaintances that have those resources positioned in a manner that’s accommodative to your ambition(s). in that aspect of my work as a consultant i recruited the clients and followed my former college instructor’s directions. i was a night student majoring in real estate. one of the classmates who was around 34 invited me to consider joining the commercial real estate start-up brokerage that he was vice president to. i told our professor about the offer & i requested that he look into the brokerage’s background because i’d already worked in around 4 residential real estate brokerage firms in Brooklyn [that left a very bad taste in my mouth—for the whole brokerage sector].my professor informed me that his research as an attorney uncovered that the broker of the firm was a scion of very bad men. his quote was that they’re ‘bad, bad, b-a-d….. BAAD people’; and he wanted me to take the position with them. so that upon my getting in good enough with them i was instructed to bring the professor in as their senior legal counsel. his premise was in short that due to their global reputation as mega crooks they’d be needing a great deal of his legal services. at 21 i summed up his instructions as being a very quick way to get in business. to seduce me the big shots gave me 4 fancy offices south of Central Park. i brought the professor—who happened to be prominently disabled from participation in D-Day {fundamentally saving the free world as we know it]. so he was actually legitimately owed the right to experience the benefits that were part of my roles.he unfortunately waited until decades later to mention to me how he’d gotten the injuries that caused him to have very conspicuous limp. today i’d have used his G.I. Bill benefits to even more professionally optimized those 4 offices and the thousands of perks that little assistant vice presidency title provided me. buying and selling companies would’ve been my main income generating activity during that phase of my career had i better grasped the speed that life would go by within.my internship was straight out of The POTUS’s Apprentice tv series with no cameras filming. my boss was nurturing, or investing in multiple enterprises a month. i mostly handled research associated with leasing office space and financing of whatever deals my boss felt was of interest to him, along with his father’s prior venture Arlen Realty Group. Arlen had blown $ 2B of public money a few months before i started my internship. they still held options on numerous very prominent assets that they officially lost in their own bankruptcy filing work-out.using your alumni and instructors are an excellent method of shortening your time frame for getting into business. normally we offer all kinds of unbelievable conveniences in the hope that the favors will be returned at some point(s) in the future. one of my double alumni more than extended that scale of opportunity to me on 5/1/18. he literally called me and invited my management consulting practice to create means of optimizing offers of support that his terminal cancer prognosis caused Magic Johnson, Michael Jordan, Vivica A. Fox and Anthony Anderson to extend to him. if you can’t establish a business around that scale of opportunity you’re not emotionally ready for the type of sharing of responsibility being in business demands. normally when i even offer access to that combination of brand ambassador(s) audiences won’t take it seriously.my alumni in that instance is a very big star maker, that’s been a big celebrity among big celebrities for nearly 40 years. he actually spent 5 years developing Nicki Minaj; along with integral roles in training Britney Spears, Justin Timberlake and many artists. when we were 10 in our social circle he was a very prominent musician, lyricist. when we were in college together his band & music production combination had the business presence of P Diddy, J-Z & J-Lo under one commercial umbrella. the lesson i think was most important from having that early junior high school and university tier socialization is that w when you are 10 years old never talk down about rap, or hip hop—-or stripping.my alumni’s group’s stage performance used alot of male stripper themed antics & early rap/hip hop focused music. in my own weird conservativeness i let those details block my level of needed follow through in terms of pursuing the kind of access i had since 1968 (with them in particular). it really only recently occurred to me that i—-like all of us—-know people that make big celebrities. in this case i understood that my alumni were always real big stars; so it never registered that for 35 years that they’ve been making all kinds of big stars.i told some cousins of mine in their late 20’s at the time to makeover the music libraries of a couple of our elder cousins—-who were very big music celebrities in the 1960’s and 70’s (as a generic business model). their response was that they had their manager/god brother ask me to invest $ 20K in their music endeavors. i let the god brother know that i’d had troubling experiences with investing in entertainment previously—-from the vantage point that too often there was a problematic illegal narcotics feature of the arrangement. the god brother/manager admitted that this situation fell squarely into that same category. i asked the god brother/manager to steer my cousins to my alumni as a package deal for himself (since he’d been candid enough to admit that were the usual flies in the ointment). he never followed up. my eldest of those cousins was shortly there after arrested for dealing cocaine and put out law school in his 2nd year.we’re all vulnerable to that kind of lapse in judgment. i experienced it from age 10 to 17. by the time i got to college i was facing triple life in prison for selling less than 2 tea cups of cocaine to an undercover cop—-quite by accident of course. you can’t imagine the disappointment the affair had on my small staff of 13 to 14 loyalists (when they learned that i’d decided to retire from the reefer & cocaine business less than 20 days before turning 18. had i gotten busted 21 days later i wouldn’t have been able to get the youthful offender disposition for that case.so when it comes to determining the quickest and easiest way to go into business do what you can to steer clear of lawyers that are also cocaine addicts & pirates. you’ll normally find them fornicating with the most beautiful teen age girls—which they’ll be bugging you to provide for them. ironically with the legalization of reefer & prostitution in various jurisdictions there may be some exceptions that need to be looked into (lol). monetizing blogging and cross media platforms is definitely also a prodigiously efficient means of going into business quickly—-with nearly no police interference (most of the time).