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Obviously there are famous people from Sardinia or with sardinian ancestry (inventors, philosophers, astronauts, politicians, writers, architects, actors, sportsmen, businessmen, top models, influencers, popes, artists, etc.).I have listed also some famous Sardinians especially in the UK, because who has asked this question is english.sources:List of people from Sardinia - WikipediaWikipedia list article Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea , with a population of about 1.6 million people. The list includes notable natives of Sardinia , as well as those who were born elsewhere but spent a large part of their active life in Sardinia. People of Sardinian heritage and descent are in a separate section of this article . Academic figures and inventors [ edit ] Pietro Amat di San Filippo (1826–1895), geographer, historian and bibliographer Giulio Angioni (1939–2016), writer and anthropologist Efisio Arru (1927–2000), parasitologist Domenico Alberto Azuni (1749–1827), jurist Ludovico Baille (1764–1869), historian Augusto Bissiri (1879–1968), inventor, credited as one of the first developers of television , the cathode ray tube and the fax Remo Bodei (born in Cagliari, 1938), philosopher Francesco Antonio Boi (1767–1850), physician and anatomist Francesco Antonio Broccu (1797–1882), inventor, born in Gadoni, regarded as the first developer of the revolver Giuseppe Brotzu (1895–1976), pharmacologist, discoverer of cephalosphorin based antibiotics, and candidate for Nobel Prize in Medicine. Carlo Cercignani (1939–2010), physicist and mathematician Fausto Cercignani (born 1941), scholar in linguistics Enrico Costa (born 1944), astrophysicist, known for studies on the gamma-ray bursts Erminio Costa (Cagliari 1924– Washington 2009), neuroscientist Joan de Girgio Vitelli (Alghero 1870 – Rome 1916), lawyer and writer Carlo Fadda (1853–1931), jurist and politician Antonio Fais (1841–1925), mathematician and engineer Giovanni Francesco Fara (1543–1591), geographer and historian Walter Ferreri , Astronomer Gian Luigi Gessa (born 1932), pharmacologist and neuropsychiatrist Pier Michele Giagaraccio (16th century AD), jurist, lawyer, and poet Paola Leone , neurologist leader researcher of Canavan disease Giovanni Lilliu (1914–2012), archeologist, academician, publicist and politician Eva Mameli (1886–1978), botanist, naturalist and mathematician Lidia Mannuzzu (1958–2016) biologist, physiologist and academic Antonio Pigliaru (1922–1969), philosopher Salvatore Satta (1902–1975), jurist and writer Sebastiano Satta (1867–1914), poet, writer, lawyer and journalist Paolo Savona (born 1936), economist Giovanni Soro (died 1544), the Western world first great cryptanalyst. Soro was employed in Venice by the Council of Ten as cipher breaker-in-chief. Giovanni Spano (1803–1878), linguist and archaeologist Nicola Tanda (born 1928) philologist and literary critic Pasquale Tola (1800–1874), historian, magistrate and politician Activists [ edit ] Architects and designers [ edit ] Paola Antonelli (born 1963), architect, senior Curator in the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York Carlo Battaglia (1933–2005), designer Gaetano Cima (1805–1878), Neoclassical architect Fernando Clemente (1917–1998), architect and urbanist Francesco Boffo (1796–1867), Neoclassical architect Davis Ducart architect ofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_SardiniaDomenico Millelire, pseudonym of Domenico Leoni, (1761 in La Maddalena – August 14, 1827 in La Maddalena) was a patriot, and officer of Regia Marina Sarda (Sardinian Royal Navy). He is recognised to have gained the first Gold Medal of Military Valor in the Italian history. Millelire gave the first defeat to Napoleon Bonaparte.)Domenico Alberto Azuni (jurist inventor of the first maritime law in Europe)Grazia Deledda (Nobel Prize for Literature in 1926)Augusto Bissiri (credited as one of the first developers of television and the cathode ray tube.)Antonio Gramsci (Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history and linguistics. He was a founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.)Pope HilariusPope SymmachusFrancesco Cossiga (was an Italian politician. A member of the Christian Democratic Party of Italy, he was the prime minister of Italy from 1979 to 1980 and the eighth president of Italy from 1985 to 1992.[3] Cossiga is widely considered one of the most prominent and influential politicians of the First Republic.)Ronald Reagan and Francesco Cossiga:Filippo Tortu (born 15 June 1998) is an Italian sprinter,[2] national record holder of 100 meters with the time of 9.99 and the first ever Italian to dip below 10 seconds for the distance. He won the gold medal in 100 metres at the 2017 European U20 Championships and the silver medal at the 2016 World U20 Championships. He is coached by his father, Salvino Tortu, a former Sardinian sprinter who emigrated to Lombardy.[1] His older brother, Giacomo, is also a sprinter.Pier Angeli (19 June 1932 – 10 September 1971),, was an Italian-born television and film actress. Her American motion picture debut was in the starring role of the film Teresa (1951), for which she won a Golden Globe Award for Young Star of the Year - Actress.)Pier Angeli together James Dean:Pinuccio Sciola (15 March 1942 – 13 May 2016) was a sculptor and muralist. Forms in which he worked include pietre sonore or "sounding stones": large sculptures (mainly limestones or basalts) that resonate when rubbed by human hands or small rocks.Queen Eleanor of Arborea (one of the last judges of Sardinia, and Sardinia's most famous heroine.)Salmo (rapper, director and record producer.)Paolo Fresu (born 10 February 1961) is a jazz trumpet and flugelhorn player, as well as a composer and arranger of music.)Antonio Segni (was an Italian politician and statesman who served as 4th President of Italy from May 1962 to December 1964 and 34th Prime Minister in two distinct terms between 1955 and 1960.[1] A member of the centrist Christian Democracy, Segni held numerous prominent offices in Italy's post-war period, serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Interior, Defence, Agriculture and Public Education. He was the first Sardinian ever to become head of state and government. He was also the second shortest-serving president in the history of the republic and the first one to resign from office due to illness.)Antonio Segni together J.F. Kennedy:Albino Manca (sculptor)Giovanni Matteo De Candia (was an opera singer. The most celebrated tenor of his era, he was lionized by audiences in Paris and London.)Costantino Nivola (sculptor, architectural sculptor, muralist, designer, and teacher. Born in Sardinia, Nivola had already started his career when he fled Fascism for Paris in 1938, going to the U.S. in 1939. His major sculptural work is abstract, large-scale architectural reliefs in concrete, made in his own sandcasting and cement carving processes. These were erected in and on American buildings between the late 1950s and early 1970s. Creatively busy and while remaining active in Italy, Nivola also taught at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Columbia University, UC Berkeley, and elsewhere. Nivola was married with Ruth Guggenheim.Franco Columbu (bodybuilder, powerlifter, actor, author, producer, and a licensed chiropractor. Originally a boxer, Columbu won the Mr. Olympia in 1976 and 1981, and competed in the inaugural edition of the World's Strongest Man in 1977, where he placed fifth.[4] He also had an acting career and authored numerous books on bodybuilding and nutrition. Columbu was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame in 2001, and received the Arnold Classic Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009)Columbu on the left of his friend Arnold Schwarzenegger:Wally Schirra (naval aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. In 1959, he became one of the original seven astronauts chosen for Project Mercury, which was the United States' first effort to put human beings into space. On October 3, 1962, he flew the six-orbit, nine-hour, Mercury-Atlas 8 mission, in a spacecraft he nicknamed Sigma 7. At the time of his mission in Sigma 7, Schirra became the fifth American and ninth human to travel into space. In the two-man Gemini program, he achieved the first space rendezvous, station-keeping his Gemini 6A spacecraft within 1 foot (30 cm) of the sister Gemini 7 spacecraft in December 1965. In October 1968, he commanded Apollo 7, an 11-day low Earth orbit shakedown test of the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module and the first crewed launch for the Apollo program. He was the first astronaut to go into space three times, and the only astronaut to have flown in the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs.[1] In total, Schirra logged 295 hours and 15 minutes in space. After Apollo 7, he retired as a captain from the U.S. Navy as well as from NASA, subsequently becoming a consultant to CBS News in the network's coverage of following Apollo flights. Schirra joined Walter Cronkite as co-anchor for all seven of NASA's Moon landing missions.)Lanfranco Dettori (horse racing jockey based in the United Kingdom. Dettori has been Champion Jockey on three occasions and has ridden the winners of more than 500 Group races.[2] His most celebrated achievement was riding all seven winners on British Champions' Day at Ascot in 1996.[3] He is the son of the Sardinian jockey Gianfranco Dettori, who was a prolific winner in Italy. He has been described by Lester Piggott as the best jockey currently riding.[4] Since the end of 2012, Dettori has been operating as a freelance, having split with Godolphin Racing, for whom he was stable jockey and had most of his big race victories.)Goffredo Mameli (was an Italian patriot, poet, writer and a notable figure in the Risorgimento. He is also the author of the lyrics of "Il Canto degli Italiani", the national anthem of Italy.)Enrico Berlinguer (politician, considered the most popular leader of the Italian Communist Party (PCI),[1] which he led as the national secretary from 1972 until his death during a tense period in Italy's history, marked by the Years of lead and social conflicts such as the Hot Autumn of 1969–1970)Giuseppe Brotzu (pharmacologist he is recognized as the discoverer of the Cephalosporin based antibiotics, that were first isolated from cultures of Cephalosporium (now known as Acremonium) in 1948. He noticed that these cultures produced substances that were effective against Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, which had beta-lactamase. He was awarded the Laurea ad honorem at the University of Oxford in 1971, and was a candidate also for the Nobel Prize.Gian Luigi Gessa (professor of Neuropsychopharmacology. He is the leader of the Italian group that studies drug addiction. He also directed the research groups of the National Research Council. He worked as a researcher at the National Institutes of Health by Bethesda (Maryland) led by Professor Bernard Brodie and Scripps Research Institute of La Jolla (California), before returning to Italy and becoming one of the most authoritative experts in neuropharmacological research.Michele Schirru (Anarchist, famous for an assassination attempt on the dictator Benito Mussolini)Moses Concas (harmonica beatboxer from Sardinia living in London since 2013. The development of his unique style is the result of a lifetime of musical influence.)Francisco Porcella (Professional Italian surfer who is known for competing in the World Surf League. He is known for having earned sponsorship from Country Builders Hawaii, Dakine, and GoPro. )Renzo Frau (furniture designer)Flavio Manzoni (architect and automobile designer. He is the Senior Vice President of Design at Ferrari from January 2010 and he has led in the creation of many Ferrari models including the Ferrari F12berlinetta, in collaboration with Pininfarina; LaFerrari, the first hybrid of the little horse, also born from his pencil, and in 2014 he gained the Compasso d'Oro for the F12berlinetta project together with Pininfarina and Ferrari Style Center).Orazio Satta Puliga (Car designer)Renato Soru ( politician and entrepreneur, the founder of the internet service company Tiscali, based in Cagliari. Forbes listed him as one of the world's richest people, with a net worth of over $4 billion as of September 2001)Massimo Cellino (entrepreneur and football club owner. Through his family trust Eleonora Sport Ltd he was the owner and chairman of the English club Leeds United.)Jean-Paul Marat (theorist, physician and scientist.[1] He was a journalist and politician during the French Revolution. He was a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes and seen as a radical voice. He published his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers. His periodical L'Ami du peuple (Friend of the People) made him an unofficial link with the radical Jacobin group that came to power after June 1793.)Maria Lai (artist)Antonio Marras (fashion designer)Riae (Alternative model and influencer, she is the sardinian with the highest number of followers on the social networks like instagram)Feljsia Piana aka Fishball (alternative model, influencer and rapper) 2nd sardinian with the most number of followers in the internetMelissa Satta (influencer, tv presenter and model) 1st sardinian with the highest number of followers on instagramElisabetta Canalis (ex tv host and influencer)Chiara Corridori (Top Model on the right)Amedeo Nazzari (was an actor. Nazzari was one of the leading figures of Italian classic cinema, often considered a local variant of the Australian-American star Errol Flynn. Although he emerged as a star during the Fascist era, Nazzari's popularity continued well into the post-war years.Enzo Calzaghe (Italian-born Welsh boxing trainer. He was the father of Joe Calzaghe and the head trainer for Team Calzaghe at the Newbridge boxing club. He, along with son Joe, was a co-founder of Calzaghe Promotions.)Caterina Murino (Actress)Maria Carta (actress, singer and composer)Anna Tifu (Violinist)Gianfranco Zola ( football manager and former footballer who played predominantly as a forward. He was most recently the assistant manager of Chelsea. He spent the first decade of his playing career playing in Italy, most notably with Napoli, alongside Diego Maradona and Careca, where he was able to win the Serie A title, and at Parma, where he won the Italian Super Cup and the UEFA Cup. He later moved to English side Chelsea, where he was voted the Football Writers' Player of the Year in the 1996–97 season. During his time at the club, he won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Super Cup, two FA Cups, the League Cup, and the Community Shield. In 2003, he was voted Chelsea's greatest player ever.[5] He was capped 35 times for Italy from his debut in 1991, appearing at the 1994 World Cup, where Italy finished in second place, and Euro 1996.)Luigi Datome ( professional basketball player in NBA, Born in Montebelluna to Sardinian parents from Olbia, Datome moved to Olbia in Sardinia, where he started playing junior basketball)Juan Domingo Peròn ( Argentine Army general and politician. After serving in several government positions, including Minister of Labour and Vice President, he was elected President of Argentina three times, serving from June 1946 to September 1955, when he was overthrown by the Revolución Libertadora, and then from October 1973 until his death in July 1974. 25% sardinian ancestry)Christopher Meloni (actor. Sardinian ancestry from father side)Sean Penn (Actor, Sardinian ancestry from mother side)

I would drift from PM selection. The man of Pakistan is President Zia Ul Haq and after his death it was none but, President Musharraf. In my mind, I linger with President Zia Ul Haq, probably he is the reason Pakistan could start from scratch with economy with greatest GDP under his regime. He made the nation realise newer ways to hate India militarily, being an ex General, through his reforms and international policies and then there was enough chances for the next PM to win any solidarity from people through micronomous development and today what we see in Pakistan is basically due to his hardwork. He probably said no to all that was foreign to Islamic beliefs in Saudi Arabia, he said no to secular development, no to democracy, no to life of minorities, no to women going for higher education, yes to severe atomic development, yes to Khalistani movement, yes to Soviet cleansing and yes to re-elect as per wish . He is the kind of stalwart every well versed Pakistani dreams to be. Kafir free nuclear rich Pakistsan was part of his dream but probably MOSSAD or RAW, as these jobless keep on doing, plotted his death.After holding the 1984 referendum, Zia succumbed to international pressure and gave permission to election commission to hold nation wide general elections but without political parties in February 1985. Most of the major political parties decided to boycott the elections but election results showed that many victors belonged to one party or the other. Critics complained that ethnic and sectarian mobilisation filled the void left by banning political parties (or making elections "non-partisan"), to the detriment of national integration. The General worked to give himself the power to dismiss the Prime Minister dissolve the National Assembly, appoint provincial governors and the chief of the armed forces. His prime minister Muhammad Khan Junejo was known as unassuming and soft spoken but was a Sindhi. Before handing over the power to the new government and lifting the martial law, Zia got the new legislature to retroactively accept all of Zia's actions of the past eight years, including his coup of 1977. He also managed to get several amendments passed, most notably the Eighth Amendment, which granted "reserve powers” to the President to dissolve the Parliament.However, between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%—the highest in the world at that time—thanks in large part to remittances from the overseas workers.By the time General Zia had initiated the coup against Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the economic cycle process of nationalisation program was completed. The socialist orientation and nationalisation program was slowly reversed; the idea of corporatisation was heavily favoured by President Zia-ul-Haq to direct the authoritarianism in the nationalised industries. One of his well-known and earliest initiatives were aimed to Islamise the national economy which featured the Interest-free economic cycle. No actions towards privatising the industries were ordered by President Zia; only three steel mill industries were returned to its previous owners.On 25 December 1979, the Soviet Union(USSR) ‘intervened in Afganistan’.Following this invasion, Zia chaired a meeting and was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSRZia, however, was ideologically opposed to the idea of communism taking over a neighbouring country, supported by the fear of Soviet advancement into Pakistan, particularly Balochistan, in search of warm waters, and made no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance (the Mujahideen) with major assistance from the United States.During this meeting, the Director-General of the Directorate of ISI, then-Lieutenant-General Akhtar Abdur Rahman advocated for a covert operation in Afghanistan by arming Islamic extremists. During this meeting, General Rahman was heard saying: "Kabul must burn! Kabul must burn!” and mastered the idea of a proxy war in Afghanistan.After this meeting, Zia authorised this operation under General Rahman, and it was later merged with Operation Cyclone, a programme funded by the United States and the CIA.In November 1982, Zia travelled to Moscow to attend the funeral of Leonid Breznev. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromiko and new Secretary General Yuri Andropov met with Zia there. Andropov expressed indignation over Pakistan's support of the Afghan resistance against the Soviet Union and her satellite state, Soviet Afghanistan. Zia took his hand and assured him, "General Secretary, believe me, Pakistan wants nothing but very good relations with the Soviet Union".According to Gromyko, Zia's sincerity convinced them, but Zia's actions didn't live up to his words.Zia reversed many of Bhutto's foreign policy initiatives by first establishing stronger links with the United States, Japan, and the Western world.Zia broken off relations with the socialist state and state capitalism became his major economic policy. US politician Charlie Wilson claims that Zia directly dealt with the Israelis, working to build covert relations with them, allowing the country to actively participate in the Soviet war in Afghanistan. Helped by ISI, the Mossad channelled Soviet reversed engineered weapons to Afghanistan.In Wilson's own word, Zia is reported to have remarked to the Israeli intelligence service: "Just don't put any stars of David on the boxes".Consolidation of atomic bomb programme:One of the earliest initiatives taken by Zia in 1977, was to militarise the intergrated atomic energy programme which was founded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972.During the first stages, the programme was under the control of Bhutto and the Director for Science, under Science Advisor Dr. Mubashir Hassan who was heading the civilian committee that supervised the construction of the facilities and laboratories.This atomic bomb project had no boundaries with Munir Ahmad Khan and Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan leading their efforts separately and reported to Bhutto and his science adviser Dr. Hassan who had little interest in the atomic bomb project.Major-General Zahid Ali Akhtar, an engineering officer, had little role in the atomic project; Zia responded by taking over the programme under military control and disbanded the civilian directorate when he ordered the arrest of Hassan. This whole giant nuclear energy project was transferred into the administrative hands of Major-General Akbar who was soon made the Lieutenant-General and Engineer-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers to deal with the authorities whose co-operation was required. Akbar consolidated the entire project by placing the scientific research under military control, setting boundaries and goals. Akbar proved to be an extremely capable officer in the matters of science and technology when he aggressively led the development of nuclear weapons under Munir Ahmad Khan and Abdul Qadeer Khan in a matter of five years.By the time, Zia assumed control, the research facilities became fully functional and 90% of the work on atom bomb project was completed. Both the PAEC and the KRL had built the extensive research infrastructure started by Bhutto. Akbar's office was shifted to Army Combatant General Headquarters (GHQ) and Akbar guided Zia on key matters of nuclear science and atomic bomb production. He became the first engineering officer to have acknowledge Zia about the success of this energy project into a fully matured programme. On the recommendation of Akbar, Zia approved the appointment of Munir Ahmad Khan as the scientific director of the atomic bomb project, as Zia was convinced by Akbar that civilian scientists under Munir Khan's directorship were at their best to counter international pressure.This was proved when the PAEC conducted the cold-fission test of a fission device, codename Kirana-I on 11 March 1983 at the Weapon Testing Laboratories-I, under the leadership of weapon-testing laboratory's director Dr Ishfaq Ahmad.Lieutenant-General Zahid Akbar went to GHQ and notified Zia about the success of this test. The PAEC responded by conducting several cold-tests throughout the 1980s, a policy also continued by Benazir Bhutto in the 1990s.According to the reference in the book, "Eating Grass", Zia was so deeply convinced of the infiltration of Western and American moles and spies into the project, that he extended his role in the atomic bomb, which reflected extreme "paranoia", in both his personal and professional life.He virtually had PAEC and KRL separated from each other and made critical administrative decisions rather than putting scientists in charge of the aspects of the atomic programmes.His actions spurred innovation in the atomic bomb project and an intense secrecy and security culture permeated PAEC and KRL.Nuclear diplomacyUnlike Bhutto, who faced rogue criticism and a heated diplomatic war with the United States throughout the 1970s, Zia took different diplomatic approaches to counter the international pressure.From 1979 to 1983, the country was made a subject of attack by international organisation for not signing the Nuclear NPT; Zia deftly neutralised international pressure by tagging Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme to the nuclear designs of the neighbouring Indian nuclear programme.Zia, with the help of Munir Ahmad Khan and Agha Shahi, Foreign Minister drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT; the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons.“...Either General Zia did not know the facts about country's atomic bomb project... Or General Zia was the "most superb and patriotic liar I have ever met...”— Vernon Walters, 1981,Following the success of Operation Opera— in which an Israeli Air force strike took place to destroy the Iraqi nuclear programme in 1981— suspicion grew in Pakistan that the Indian Air Force had similar plans for Pakistan.In a private meeting with General Anwar Shamim, then-Chief of Air Staff, Zia had notified General Shamim that the Indian Air Force had plans to infiltrate Pakistan's nuclear energy project, citing solid evidence.Shamim felt that the Air Force was unable to divert such attacks, therefore, he advised Zia to use diplomacy through Munir Ahmad Khan to divert the attacks.At Vienna, Munir Ahmad Khan met with Indian physicist Raja Ramanna and notified him that such an attack would provoke a nuclear war between the two countries.In the meantime, Shamim decided to start the programme to acquire the F-16 Falcons and A-5 Fanton jets for the Pakistan Air Force.Shamim launched Operation Sentinel- a counter operation that thwarted the Israeli Air Force attempt to sabotage Pakistan's nuclear energy project— forced Indian Premier Indira Gandhi to hold talks with Pakistan on nuclear issues and directed a high delegation to Pakistan where both countries pledged not to assist or attack each other's facilities. In 1985, following the induction of the F-16 Falcons and A-5 Fantons, Shamim commissioned the Air Force Strategic Command to protect and battle the weapons of mass destruction.In 1977, Zia ultimately adopted the policy of "Nuclear opacity" to deliberately deny the atomic bomb programmes.This policy of nuclear ambiguity was adopted after witnessing the success of Israel’s nuclear Programme and on multiple occasions Zia broke his words and promises concerning the nature of the country's atomic bomb project.On nuclear policy issues, Zia deliberately misguided the United States and concealed classified information from the outside world.The United States trusted Zia's sincerity and his promises made to the United States; Zia gave assurances to the United States not to produce weapons grade plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU) above a 5% level.However, the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Vernon Walter, confronted Zia on his secret trip to Pakistan in October 1981. Confronted with the evidence, Zia acknowledged that the information "must be true," but then denied everything, leading Walters to conclude that: "either Zia "did not know the facts" or was the "most superb and patriotic liar I have ever met...".Nuclear proliferationSoon after the coup, the clandestine nuclear energy project was no longer a secret to the outside world.Part of his strategy was the promotion of nuclear proliferation in anti-western states (such as North Korea, Iran, and communist China) to aid their own nuclear ambitions, to divert international attention which was difficult.In 1981, Zia contracted with China when he sent weapon-grade uranium to China and also built the centrifuge laboratory which increasingly enhanced the Chinese nuclear programme.This act encouraged Abdul Qadeer Khan, who allegedly tried to aid the Libyan nuclear programme but because Libya Pakistan relations were strained, Khan was warned of serious consequences.This policy envisaged that this would deflect international pressure onto these countries, and Pakistan would be spared the international community's wrath.After Zia's death, his successor General Mirza Aslam Baig, as Chief of Army Staff, encouraged Abdul Qadeer Khan and gave him a free hand to work with some like-minded nations such as North Korea, Iran and Libya which also wanted to pursue their nuclear ambitions for a variety of reasons. In 2004, Abdul Khan's dismissal from the nuclear weapons programme was considered a face saving exercise by the Pakistan Armed Forces and political establishment under the then Chief of Army Staff and President General Musharraf.Zia's nuclear proliferation policy had a deep impact on the world, especially anti-western states, most nominally North Korea and Iran. In the 2000s (decade), North Korea would soon follow the same suit after it was targeted by the international community for its on-going nuclear progranme. In the 2000s (decade), North Korea attempted to aid the Syrian and Iranian nuclear programmes in the 1990s.The North Korean connection to the Syrian nuclear programme was exposed in 2007 by Israel in its successful strategic operation, Orchard, which resulted in them sabotaging the Syrian nuclear programme as well as the deaths of 10 senior North-Korean scientists who were aiding the nuclear program.ExpansionEven though Zia had removed the Bhutto sentiment in the nuclear energy project, Zia did not completely disband Bhutto's policy on nuclear weapons. After the retirement of Zahid Ali Akbar, Zia transferred control of the nuclear weapons programme to Bhutto's close aide Munir Ahmad Khan, Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Soon, Zia promoted Khan as the technical director of the entire programme as well as appointing Khan as his Science Adviser.With the support of handpicked civilian Prime Minister Muhammad Juneijo, Zia sanctioned the launch of the 50 MW heavy water plutonium production reactor, known as Khushab-I, at Khushab in 1985.Zia also took initiatives to launched the space projects as spin-off to nuclear project.Zia appointed nuclear engineer Salim Mehmud as the Administrator of the Space Research Commission.Zia also launched the work on the country's first satellite, Badr-I, a military satellite.In 1987, Zia launched the clandestine aerospace project, the Intefrated Missile Research Programme under General Anwar Shamim in 1985, and later under Lieutenant-General Talat Masood in 1987.International standing enhancement and resumption of aid:Zia's international standing greatly rose after his declaration to fight the Soviet invaders. Pak-US relations took a much more positive turn. US President Jimmy Carter and his Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, cut off US aid to Pakistan on the grounds that Pakistan had not made sufficient progress on the nuclear issue. Then, on 25 December 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, and Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in aid over three years. Zia rejected this as "peanuts."Carter also signed the finding in 1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go to the Mujahideen. After Ronald Reagan came to office, defeating Carter for the US Presidency in 1980, all this changed, due to President Reagan's new priorities and the unlikely and remarkably effective effort by Congressman Charles Wilson aided by Joanne Herring, and CIA Afghan Desk Chief Gust Avrakotos to increase the funding for Operation Cyclone. Aid to the Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan, increased substantially, finally reaching $1 billion. The United States, faced with a rival superpower looking as if it were to create another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia to fight a US-aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets.Fighting the war by proxy:Zia now found himself in a position to demand billions of dollars in aid for the mujahideen from the Western states, famously dismissing a United States proposed $325 million aid package as "peanuts". Pakistan's ISI and Special Service Group now became actively involved in the conflict, and in co-operation with the Central Intelligence Agency and the US Special Forces supported the armed struggle against the Soviets.In 1981, Ronald Reagan succeeded Jimmy Carter as President of the United States. Reagan was completely against the Soviet Union and its communist satellites, dubbing it "the evil empire". Reagan now increased financial aid heading for Pakistan. In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet fighters to the Pakistanis. But the Soviets kept control of the Afghan skies until the mujahideen received stringer missiles in 1986. From that moment on, the mujahideen's strategic position steadily improved.The Soviets declared a policy of national reconciliation. In January they announced that a Soviet withdrawal was no longer linked to the makeup of the Afghan government remaining behind. Pakistan, with the massive extra-governmental and covert backing from the largest operation ever mounted by the CIA and financial support of Saudi Arabia, therefore, played a large part in the eventual withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988.The war legacy:The rise of the illicit drug trade and its spread through Pakistan to the rest of the world increased tremendously during the Soviet-Afghan war. Afghanistan's drug industry began to take off after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Desperate for cash with which to buy weapons, various elements in the anti-Communist resistance turned to the drug trade. This was tolerated if not condoned by their American sponsors such as the CIA.'Sharization' of Pakistan:The "primary" policy, or "centerpiece" of Zia's government was "Sharization" or "Islamization".In 1977, prior to the coup, the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, along with nightclubs, and horse racing was banned by Prime Minister Bhutto in an effort to stem the tide of street Islamization.Zia went much further, committing himself to enforce Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the prophet" or Islamic System, i.e. establishing an Islamic state and sharia law), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly secular law, inherited from the British.In his first televised speech to the country as head of state Zia declared thatPakistan which was created in the name of Islam will continue to survive only if it sticks to Islam. That is why I consider the introduction of [an] Islamic system as an essential prerequisite for the country.In the past he complained, "Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."Zia established "Sharia Benches" in each High Court (later the Federal Sharia Court).to judge legal cases using the teachings of the Quran and the Sunna, and to bring Pakistan's legal statutes into alignment with Islamic doctrine.Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama(Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties.10,000s of activists from the Jamaat-e-Islaami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing.Conservative ulama(Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology.Islamisation was a sharp change from Bhutto's original philosophical rationale captured in the slogan, “Food,clothing and shelter”(roti,kapra,makaan).In Zia's view, socialist economics and a secular-socialist orientation served only to upset Pakistan's natural order and weaken its moral fibre.General Zia defended his policies in an interview in 1979 given to British journalist Ian Stephens:The basis of Pakistan was Islam. ... Muslims of the subcontinent are a separate culture. It was on the Two-Nation Theory that this part was carved out of the Subcontinent as Pakistan.... Mr. Bhutto's way of flourishing in this Society was by eroding its moral fiber. ... by pitching students against teachers, children against their parents, landlord against tenants, workers against mill owners. [Pakistan has economic difficulties] because Pakistanis have been made to believe that one can earn without working. ... We are going back to Islam not by choice but by the force of circumstances. It is not I or my government that is imposing Islam. It was what 99 percent of people wanted; the street violence against Bhutto reflected the people's desire ...— General Zia-ul-HaqHow much of Zia's motivation came from piety and how much from political calculation is disputed. One author points out that Zia was conspicuously silent on the dispute between the heterodox Zikri and the 'Ulama in Balochistan where he needed stability.Secular and leftist forces accused Zia of manipulating Islam for political ends.According to Nusrat Bhutto, former First Lady of Pakistan:The ... horrors of 1971 war ... are (still) alive and vivid in the hearts and the minds of people of [Pakistan]...Therefore, General Zia insanely ... used Islam ... to ensure the survival of his own regime....— Nusrat BhuttoHow much success Zia had using state-sponsored Islamisation to strengthen national cohesion is also disputed. Religious riots broke out in 1983 and 1984.Sectarian divisions between shias and sunni worsened over the issue of the 1979 Zakat ordinance, but differences in fiqh jurisprudence also arose in marriage and divorce, inheritance and wills and imposition of hadd punishments.Among Sunni Muslims, Deobandis and Barelvis also had disputes.Hudood Ordinance:In one of his first and most controversial measures to Islamize Pakistani society was the replacement of parts of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) with the 1979 "Hudood Ordinance”.(Hudood meaning limits or restrictions, as in limits of acceptable behaviour in Islamic law.) The Ordinance added new criminal offences of adultery and fornication to Pakistani law, and new punishments of whipping, amputation and stoning to death.For theft or robbery, the PPC punishments of imprisonment or fine, or both, were replaced by amputation of the right hand of the offender for theft, and amputation of the right hand and left foot for robbery.For Zina (extramarital sex) the provisions relating to adultery were replaced by the Ordinance with punishments of flogged 100 lashes for those unmarried offenders, and stoning to death for married offenders.All these punishments were dependent on proof required for hadd being met. In practice the Hudd requirement—four Muslim men of good repute testifying as witness to the crime—was seldom met. As of 2014, no one offenders have been stoned or had limbs amputated by the Pakistani judicial system. To be found guilty of theft, zina, or drinking alcohol by less strict tazir standards—where the punishment was flogging and/or imprisonment—was common, and there have been many floggings.More worrisome for human rights and women's rights advocates, lawyers and politicians was the incarceration of thousands of rape victims on charges of zina.The onus of providing proof in a rape case rests with the woman herselfUncorroborated testimony by women was inadmissible in hudood crimes.If the victim/accuser was unable to prove her allegation, bringing the case to court was considered equivalent to a confession of sexual intercourse outside of lawful marriage.Despite this the ordinance remained in force until the Women’s Protection Bill was passed in 2006.Although the Sharia punishments were imposed, the due process, witnesses, law of evidence, and prosecution system remained Anglo-Saxon.The hybridisation of Pakistan penal code with Islamic laws was difficult because of the difference in the underlying logic of the two legal systems.PPC was kingly law, Haddood is a religious and community-based law.Other sharia laws:Under Zia, the order for women to cover their heads while in public was implemented in public schools, colleges and state television. Women's participation in sports and the performing arts was severely restricted. Following Sharia law, women's legal testimony was given half the weight of a man's, according to critics. Unlike men, women entering into legal contracts were required to have their signature witness by another person.In 1980 the "Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, 1980" was implemented.The measure called for a 2.5% annual deduction from personal bank accounts on the first day of Ramadan, with Zia stating that the revenues would be used for poverty relief.Zakat committees were established to oversee distribution of the funds.In 1981 interest payments were replaced by "profit and loss" accounts (though profit was thought to be simply interest by another name).Textbooks were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material, and un-Islamic books were removed from libraries.Eating and drinking during Ramadan was outlawed, attempts were made to enforce praying of salat five times a day.Blasphemy ordinances:To outlaw blasphemy, the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) were amended through ordinances in 1980, 1982 and 1986. The 1980 law prohibited derogatory remarks against Islamic personages, and carried a three-year prison sentence.In 1982 the small Ahmadiyya religious minority were prohibited from saying or implying they were Muslims. In 1986 declaring anything implying disrespect to the Prophet or the family members of Muhammad, Sahabah(companions of Muhammad) or Sha’ar-i-Islam (Islamic symbols) was made a cognisable offence punishable with imprisonment or fine, or both.Madrassa Expansions:Traditional religious madrasas in Pakistan received state sponsorship for the first time, under the General Zia-ul-Haq's administration their number grew from 893 to 2,801. Most were in doctrinal orientation from Deobandi, while one quarter of them were Barelvi.They received funding from Zakat councils and provided free religious training, room and board to impoverished Pakistanis.The schools, which banned televisions and radios, have been criticised by authors for stoking sectarian hatred both between Muslim sects and against non muslims.Cultural policies: In a 1979 address to the nation, Zia decried Western culture and music in the country. Soon afterwards,PTV, the national television network ceased playing music videos and only patriotic songs were broadcast. New taxes were levied on the film industry and most of the cinemas in Lahore were shut down. New tax rates were introduced, further decreasing cinema attendances.