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Hurray! Finally, I am able to lose 19 lbs of weight in just 7 days. (WITHOUT DOING ANY HEAVY EXERCISE & HEAVY FASTING). Hey Friends, How are you? Are you ready to lose weight? Just Checkout my own 2 easy step formulae which works like charm for me & my friends as well. (More Than 50 people). Base Upon My Experience, I can assure you that you won’t disappoint if you seriously follow my 2 step formulae. ( I know Free Advice Doesn't Have Much Value. But, This formula is only for those who are really serious about weight loss. It's Your Choice What You Want To Do) I Hope It Helps You. Thank You Very Much.In this interview, News-Medical speaks to Dr. Mahshid Dehghan about her latest research into diet, and how a diet high in carbohydrates could increase your risk of heart disease.What provoked your research into diets?Diet is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and other non-communicable diseases. In 2017, we published results of the PURE study in the Lancet and reported the association between the number of carbohydrates and health outcomes. We found those who consumed more than 60% of their energy from carbohydrates had a higher risk of mortality and CVD.A month ago, we published the results of another study in BMJ. In that study, we assessed the relationship between the quality of carbohydrates as refined, whole grains, and rice and health outcomes. We reported that highly refined grains, compared with a low intake (<50 g/day v >350 g/day) were significantly associated with a 27% higher risk of total mortality, 31% non-cardiovascular mortality, 33% major cardiovascular disease events, and 47% higher risk of stroke.In the present study, we were interested to indicate the extent to which the glycemic index has any value as a marker of carbohydrate quality related to chronic disease in general and cardiovascular disease in particular.By better understanding the harmful effect of poor quality carbohydrates on health outcomes, we will able to prevent premature death and CVD.Bad CarbohydratesWhy is having a healthy balanced diet so important for our health?Diet is one of the most important modifiable risk factors of chronic disease and premature death. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with 80% of the burden in low-income and middle-income countries.Therefore, the impact of poor quality diet maybe more profound in those regions and among low-income families around the world.Please could you give some examples of poor-quality carbohydrates?Poor-quality carbohydrate foods include those that contain a low amount of fiber, a higher percentage of refined grains than whole grains. Poor quality carbohydrates are mainly processed grains such as refined grains (e.g. white bread) with a high glycemic index.By contrast, low glycemic index foods are a rich source of fiber such as fruit, vegetable, legume, and whole grains. Low glycemic index foods gradually increase blood glucose and this is one of the reasons that they are healthier than refined grains.Can you describe your latest research into carbohydrates and heart disease?Using data from a large prospective cohort study that included 137,851 people in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, we assessed the association between glycemic index and health outcomes. During a median follow-up of 9.5 years, about 9000 death and more than 8000 cardiovascular diseases were recorded.Dietary information was obtained using a country-specific food frequency questionnaire at the beginning of the study. Our study population is unique because it includes people from 20 low-, middle-, and high-income countries throughout North America, Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia.What did discover?After performing extensive adjustments, we found that a diet with a high glycemic index was associated with 28%, 25%, 14%, higher risk of stroke, major CV events, and death due to cardiovascular disease respectively in all participants.Associations were even stronger among those with preexisting CVD with a 71% higher risk of stroke and 49% higher risk of CV events. Results concerning glycemic load were similar.Cardiovascular DiseaseHeart. Image Credit: Explode/Shutterstock.comYour study geographically is the largest study of this kind. Why is it important to study a large and dietary diverse population for this type of research?The study population is unique because it includes people from 20 low-, middle-, and high-income countries throughout North America, Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia. We know that burden of non-communicable diseases is higher in low and middle-income countries. 80% of CVD happens in low and middle-income countries where poor quality carbohydrate consumption is high.Therefore, people in those regions benefit more by lowering their intake of high glycemic index foods such as refined grains and this would be the same for low-income families in high-income countries. Also, our results are robust in different populations with varying dietary patterns, which suggests that the findings are widely applicable.What advice should be given to people regarding their diet and heart health?Intakes of a combination of cereal grains with a lower intake of refined should be encouraged while promoting a higher intake of whole grains. Reduction in quantity and improvement in the quality of carbohydrate is essential for better health outcomes.We always encourage choosing minimally processed foods, higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains over refined grains as often as possible.Do you believe that with continued research, people will have a better understanding of harmful diets?We are providing new evidence and we hope that dietary guidelines in North America, with its multicultural population, consider these findings and encourage individuals to lower their refined grain and sugar intake and promote a higher intake of whole grains.Also, public health policies should encourage a diversity of sources of carbohydrate consumption, meaning consumption of foods from all types of grains, legumes, roots, tubers in moderation. These messages should be distributed to the public by media as well.Fruit and VegetablesFruit and Vegetables. Image Credit: monticello/Shutterstock.comWhat are the next steps in your research?Currently, I am investigating associations of foods with varying degrees of processing and health outcomes and am hoping to publish the results of this research soon.Where can readers find more information?Jenkin D, Dehghan M, Yusuf S. et al. Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. NEJM 2020Swaminathan S, Dehghan M, Yusuf S. et al. Associations of cereal grains intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality across 21 countries in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological Study: A prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020Dehghan M, Mente A, Yusuf S. et al. Association of egg intake with blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 177,000 people in 50 countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020Dehghan M, Mente A, Yusuf S. et al. Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from 5 continents: The PURE study. The Lancet. 2018 S0140-6736(18)31812-9.Dehghan M, Mente A, Yusuf S. et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from 5 continents: The PURE study. The Lancet. 2017. 4;390 (10107):2050-2062.Miller V, Mente A, Dehghan M et al. Fruit, vegetable, and legume intake and cardiovascular disease and deaths: The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study in 18 countries. The Lancet. 2017. 4;390 (10107):2037-2049.About Dr. Mahshid DehghanMahshid Dehghan is an investigator for the Nutrition Epidemiology program at Population Health Research Institute and the nutrition lead of the PURE study and the INTERSTROKE study. Her main interests are the development of methods to measure the long-term dietary intake of individuals around the world and understand the impact of dietary factors in the cause and prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer.Dr. Mahshid DehghanShe has published 64 papers and 2 book chapters. She holds two Masters of Clinical Nutrition and Health Research Methodology and received her doctoral degree in Clinical Nutrition from Newcastle University, England, and completed post-doctoral training in Nutrition Epidemiology at McMaster University in Canada.026 easy breakfast ideas recommended by dietitians for people with diabetesTop your oatmeal with healthy fats and carbs like peanut butter, chia seeds, and fruit. vaaseenaa/Getty ImagesHealthy breakfast ideas for those with diabetes include avocado toast, oatmeal, and an egg sandwich.If you have diabetes, make sure breakfast has a combination of protein, fats, and carbohydrates.Breakfast is especially important for diabetes as it can help manage blood sugar levels all day.Visit Insider's Health Reference library for more advice.Breakfast is perhaps the most important meal of the day for people with diabetes because it can help stabilize blood sugar levels which are typically at their highest right after waking up. It can also prevent major blood sugar fluctuations for the rest of the day.But there's a difference between incorporating breakfast into your diet and creating a balanced breakfast that works best for you, says Kara Wood, RD, a dietitian at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Some breakfast ingredients and options are healthier than others.How to build a diabetes-friendly meal?Eating breakfast with diabetes is all about balance. Vanderwall says a healthy morning meal should consist of the following three food groups:Carbohydrates: Aim for carbohydrates high in fiber, like tomato or whole-wheat bread, and avoid refined carbohydrates like white rice. Dietitians specializing in diabetes will often teach you carb cycling, says Wood, which will explain how many carbs to try to eat at each meal to keep your blood sugar levels in balance.Healthy fats: Eating fats along with your carbohydrates, such as avocado or olive oil, will slow down digestion and the release of glucose into your bloodstream, says Vanderwall. If you eat a banana, it will bring your blood sugar up fast, but if you add peanut butter to the banana, then the glucose will be introduced into the bloodstream at a slower rate.Protein: Protein is a filling part of your breakfast and it will not impact your blood glucose levels. It also slows digestion. This makes eating protein, like eggs or Greek yogurt, a good compliment to your intake of carbohydrates in the morning.Here are six easy breakfast ideas for people with diabetes.Story continues1. A breakfast sandwichA breakfast sandwich with a whole-wheat bagel and avocado would also make a great choice. Claudia Totir/Getty ImagesThis sandwich will give you necessary carbohydrates while protein from the egg keeps you full without spiking blood sugar levels. A study in 2018 found people who ate an egg every day had reduced fasting blood sugar levels.Medical term: Fasting blood sugar levels refers to your blood sugar right when you wake up.How to make it: Key ingredients include one whole-wheat English muffin, an egg, one slice of cheese, and one ounce of meat of your preference, says Wood. Along with this, you can also include ¾ cup of blueberries for added fiber or avocado slices for heart-healthy fats.2. OatmealTop your oatmeal with fresh fruit and some nuts. Arx0nt/Getty ImagesOatmeal contains carbohydrates, fiber, and protein. A large 2015 study found oats are beneficial to patients with type 2 diabetes due to their effect in decreasing blood sugar levels and cholesterol.How to make it: With one cup of cooked oatmeal, add eight ounces unsweetened almond milk, one tablespoon of chia seeds, three tablespoons of walnuts, two tablespoons peanut butter powder, and a cup of strawberries on top.3. Avocado ToastTop your avocado toast with egg for an added boost of protein. Westend61/Getty ImagesThe healthy fat from avocado slows digestion and keeps carbohydrates - which are normally processed quickly by the body - from absorbing into the bloodstream rapidly, says Cassandra Vanderwall, RD, a Clinical Nutritionist at UW Hospitals and Clinics.How to make it: Vanderwall suggests a piece of whole-wheat toast, a sliced half avocado, and an egg for breakfast.4. CerealChoose a high-fiber cereal low in added sugars. Westend61/Getty ImagesIf you have diabetes, you can still eat cereal for breakfast, but opt for a high fiber, whole grain cereal rather than a sugary, sweetened one, says Wood. Wholegrain cereals can aid in managing blood sugar levels by releasing glucose at a much slower rate thanks to their fiber content.How to make it: Include additional food groups to the meal like a hard-boiled egg or peanut butter for a boost of protein.5. Yogurt ParfaitGreek yogurt is a blank canvas for your favorite toppings like banana, granola and peanut butter. Rachel HosiePlain yogurt has few carbohydrates, says Wood, and it's high in protein, so it won't cause blood sugar levels to spike like other carbohydrates may. Some yogurts also contain probiotics, which lower fasting blood sugar and insulin level.How to make it: For this breakfast, use eight ounces of unsweetened, plain Greek yogurt with a half cup pecans, one tablespoon of flaxseeds, one tablespoon of almond butter, and a cup of mixed berries, says Wood.6. TrailmixMake a healthy trail mix with nuts, seeds, and some dried fruit. EricFerguson/Getty ImagesIf you are in a rush in the morning and looking for a more grab-and-go option, Vanderwall says trail mix can be a good choice. This can include nuts for protein, small amounts of dried fruit, such as cherries or raisins, and you can throw some whole-grain cereal in the mix as well.For dried fruit, it is important to keep the portion sizes low since they are high in sugar which spikes blood sugar. Generally, a good portion size is around 2 tablespoons.How to make it: This recipe includes 1 cup multi-grain cheerios, ¾ cup almonds, and a third cup of dried cherries. You can also add mini-chocolate chips if you'd like.Foods to avoid with diabetesFor people with diabetes, no food is completely off-limits, says Vanderwall. The real question is how much and how often. Some foods can increase your chances of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and uncontrolled sugar, she says.Some examples of foods you may want to avoid include:"[People with diabetes] don't have to avoid fruit," says Wood. "It's all about balance. If you really want an orange or a banana, which might spike your blood sugar, eat some protein and fat along with it to keep your levels stable."Insider takeawayBreakfast is a very important part of the day for someone with diabetes. Eating in the morning can keep your blood sugar levels under control and stable throughout the day.Easy breakfast options, such as oatmeal, avocado toast, or a yogurt parfait, will give you the balanced meal you need with variations of carbohydrates, protein, and healthy fats. While there may be some foods to avoid if you have diabetes, what's more important is to keep your breakfast balanced and nutritious so you can avoid any unnecessary blood sugar fluctuations.5 of the best foods to lower blood sugar and manage diabetesHow to know if your blood sugar levels are healthyYes, oatmeal can be good for weight loss - here's how to eat it as part of a healthy dietYes, eggs can help you lose weight - here's how to eat them as part of a healthy dietRead the original article on Insider03To Ride Fast, You’ve Got to Understand GlycogenNational ReviewThe Real Reasons the U.S. Can’t Win Wars AnymoreIn his National Review article “Three Wars, No Victory — Why? (February 18, 2021),” Bing West, my former colleague at the Pentagon and the Naval War College, lays out a compelling case for why the U.S. — which he argues is the most powerful country in the history of the world — has lost the three major wars it has fought over the past 50 years: Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Bing divides blame for each of these losses among three hubs; namely, the military, the policy-makers, and the popular mood among the people of the country. He argues correctly that the policy hub, or the policy-makers, were primarily responsible for the failures. While I have some experience in each of these conflicts, having served in Vietnam and having visited Iraq three times and Afghanistan once, it does not match that of Bing, who is one of the bravest people I have ever known. However, I still believe that he presents a sometimes incomplete and misleading picture of why we lost these three wars. For example, in analyzing the Vietnam disaster, he ignores the fact that the war was fought under false pretenses. President Johnson received congressional authorization in 1964 to begin the massive escalation in Vietnam in response to an alleged attack by the North Vietnamese on an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin. But, even before the congressional investigation, it was clear to any experienced naval officer that what the administration claimed had happened was bogus. I remember my commanding officer in VP-1, who had flown combat missions in WWII and Korea, telling us that the attacks did not happen the way it was claimed. This was something that Vice Admiral James Stockdale, who was Bing’s and my boss at the War College and who received a medal of honor for his courage as a POW in Vietnam and who was in the area at the time, also affirmed. As did a naval officer who convinced Senator Wayne Morris (D., Ore.) to become one of the two senators who voted against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. (Both lost their next election.). When this came to light, it also increased opposition to the war among the American people. Another reason we failed in Vietnam is that the war was never winnable in the first place. Bing argues that our poor military strategy from 1965–1968, bad policy decisions, and the popular mood doomed the Vietnam War. These factors played a role, but in truth only heightened an already existing reality. A reality made clear to me in 1966, when my colleagues and I got lost coming back from a meeting with SWIFT-boat officers in the northern part of Cameron Bay, South Vietnam. As we rode around aimlessly trying to find our way back to our base, we came upon a Catholic monastery. A priest there gave us directions and fed us. But as we were leaving, one of the monks asked me in French (which I had studied in school) why we thought we were going to make out any better in Vietnam than the French. President Eisenhower was conscious of this when he refused to bail out the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, even though most of his national-security advisers, including then–Vice President Nixon and the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Radford, recommended it. But Army chief of staff General Matthew Ridgeway, who prevented us from losing in Korea, helped convince Eisenhower not to intervene, because he, like the monks I met, believed Vietnam was unwinnable. Similarly, the majority of the American people turned against the war in Vietnam not just because there was a draft, as Bing correctly points out, but because of how the privileged were able to avoid the draft, thus leaving it to the lower class to bear most of the burden. For example, the four most recent presidents who could have served in Vietnam avoided that war and the draft by dubious means. Bill Clinton pretended to join the Army ROTC; George W. Bush used political connections to get into the Air National Guard, when President Johnson made it clear that the reserve component would not be activated to fight the war; Donald Trump, of course, had his family physician claim he had bone spurs, (Trump himself cannot remember which foot); and Joe Biden claimed that the asthma he had in high school prevented him from serving even though he brags about his athletic exploits while in high school. Similarly, in his analysis of why we did not win in Iraq, Bing ignores the fact that the Bush administration got the U.S. into war falsely claiming that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. Moreover, in criticizing the Obama administration for withdrawing from Iraq in 2011, Bing ignores the fact that Obama had no choice. He did this because in 2008 the Iraqi government, which we had helped install, made it clear to us that it would not sign a Status of Forces Agreement unless we agreed to withdraw completely by the end of 2011. I saw this firsthand when I worked in the Obama campaign and in the summer of 2008 met with Hoshyar Zebari, the Iraqi foreign minister. When I asked him about the agreement to withdraw, he told me it was a non-negotiable demand. When I relayed this to Denis McDonough, who was on the campaign trail with Obama and eventually became his chief of staff, he was surprised and asked me if I was certain about what I heard. In 2009, while on a visit to Iraq, I brought this up with several Iraqi government officials in the parliament and the executive branch and received the same answer. Finally, in December 2011, when Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Malaki came to Washington to finalize the deal, I and several others, including Obama’s first national-security adviser General David Jones and future Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, met with him. I asked him directly if there was anything President Obama could have done to keep the troops in Iraq. He essentially said that Bush made an agreement and the U.S. must stick to it. At the meeting, Jones said Obama was willing to leave 10,000 troops. Bing also ignores the fact that the Bush administration never publicly or privately praised Iran for its help in Afghanistan but actually publicly criticized that nation. I saw this myself. On 9/11, I was working at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. After the attacks, the Iranian ambassador to the U.N. invited me to dinner and told me to let our government know that Iran detested the Taliban and would be willing to help us in Afghanistan. I relayed this to the Bush administration, and Bush’s representative to the Bonn Conference in December 2001, which established the Karzai government, told me that the Bush administration would not have succeeded without the Iranians. Iran’s reward? In early 2002, Bush put the country on the axis of evil. It is an understatement to say that as a result Iran no longer played a positive role in the region. Finally, in his Afghanistan analysis, while Bing correctly points out that our military could never transform Afghanistan, he is wrong to argue that we should remain indefinitely in the country to avoid damaging our reputation. Many who fought in this 20-year war already believe our reputation is damaged and want us to leave before it is damaged further. Sunk-costs logic should not apply here. How bad will it be if we agree to leave on May 1, as Trump agreed to, and the Taliban takes over, especially for women? When I visited Afghanistan in 2011, I asked a Taliban official how they would treat women if or when they took over. He told me not to worry — that they would not treat them any worse than our allies, the Saudis. Bing’s article should be read by all those who believe that the U.S. can develop and sustain democracies by using military power. However, they should keep in mind that there are some other factors that also play into this decision.A 6-year-old Texas girl was fatally shot by a relative following an argument over spilled water, according to the NBC affiliate in Houston.Police in Pasadena, a city southeast of Houston, said officers responded to reports of a shooting at an apartment complex around 11:30 a.m. Friday, KPRC-TV reported. A male family member of Laurionne Walker, 6, shot the girl multiple times, police said."I'm at a loss for words right now," Earline House, Laurionne's grandmother told the news station. "My granddaughter was still a baby. She got shot twice in the chest this morning."Laurionne was taken to a hospital, where she later died of her injuries, KPRC reported.On Saturday, Pasadena police charged Raymeon Means, 35, with capital murder in connection with the girl's death. Police said he remains in custody with no bond, KPRC reported.This is the second time Laurionne's family has been struck by tragedy this week, KPRC reported. Laurionne's three cousins, all of them children, died in an unrelated car crash in Spring, Texas, Sunday night. The mother of the three children was also killed in the wreck, which involved a suspected drunken driver.Damien House, the brother of Laurionne's mother, offered words of comfort to his sister.“All I can say to my sister, ‘I’m here for her,’ House told KPRC. "I can imagine what she’s going through because we’re all going through the same thing."03Water on Mars May Be Trapped in the Planet’s Crust, Not Lost to SpaceMars had water—until it didn’t. Scientists thinks that about four billion years ago, the planet had substantial amounts of liquid water on its surface, enough to form rivers, lakes, seas, and even oceans—and perhaps also to support life. But something happened in the following billion years, triggering the loss of this water from the surface until all that was left was the cold, dry wasteland of a world that we see today. Why and how that happened remains somewhat of a mystery. “We don’t exactly know why the water levels decreased and Mars became arid,” says Eva Scheller of the California Institute of Technology.In recent years, results from NASA’s Mars-orbiting MAVEN spacecraft suggested the driver of this water depletion may have been atmospheric loss. Long ago, for reasons unknown, Mars lost its strong magnetic field, exposing the planet to atmosphere-eroding outbursts from the sun. As a result, much of Mars’s air escaped to space, presumably carrying away most of the planet’s water with it. But in a new paper published this week in the journal Science, Scheller and her colleagues argue this process alone cannot explain Mars’s modern-day aridity. Instead they say that a substantial amount of the planet’s water—between 30 and 99 percent—retreated into the crust, where it remains today, in a process known as crustal hydration.“That loss [to space] would have to be very large to explain the loss of all of Mars’s water,” said Bethany Ehlmann of Caltech, a co-author on the study, in a press briefing at this week’s virtually hosted Lunar and Planetary Science Conference , where the research was presented. “We realized we needed to pay attention to the evidence from the last 10 to 15 years of Mars exploration in terms of the nature of water in the Martian crust.”Using this swathe of evidence from a variety of Mars missions, the team found that the rate of atmospheric loss today was not enough to explain the disappearance of all Mars’s water.Additionally, the observed ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the Martian atmosphere—an important clue in working out its watery past—was also not consistent with all of the planet’s water being lost to space. Whereas hydrogen is light enough to easily slip away from a planet’s gravitational grip, the element’s heavier isotope deuterium cannot. Thus, a relative dearth of deuterium in the atmosphere today suggests that less water may have been lost in this way than was thought. An alternative explanation was needed.Crustal hydration—in which water is incorporated into the crystalline structure of minerals—is a natural choice for that explanation. And in fact, it was previously proposed as an important mechanism for Martian water loss. Various lines of evidence convincingly show that the process must have occurred at certain points in the planet’s history. For example, results from a neutron spectrometer instrument on NASA’s Mars Odyssey spacecraft, which arrived at the planet in 2001, showed that, “basically everywhere, the crust had at least 2 percent water,” Ehlmann says. “In the equator, that’s water in soils and rocks.” Later findings from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter corroborated those results, mapping hydrated minerals on the surface of Mars. “It became very clear that it was common, and not rare, to find evidence of water alteration,” she adds.This crustal-hydration scenario would not mean Mars hides a liquid-water wonderland in its subsurface. Rather, because the water would be locked in minerals, the Martian crust could be especially enriched in clays and hydrated salts. The fact that, on Earth, this process has not robbed us of our oceans may be linked to plate tectonics, which allow the rock-locked water to be efficiently released through volcanic activity. On a planet free of plate tectonics such as Mars, however, this water would remain trapped.If Mars’s current rate of atmospheric loss is the same as it was long ago, then the figure of crustal hydration is likely closer to the 99 percent estimate, Scheller says. “But where we get uncertainty is what the atmospheric structure of Mars was like [in the past],” she says. “There are different elements that can make that loss rate to space become quite high.” One possible way is Martian dust storms, which can dramatically increase the loss rates, says Paul Mahaffy, director of the Solar System Exploration Division at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and a principal investigator on instruments on the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars and on MAVEN. During a global dust storm, he says, “a year’s worth of hydrogen from water could be lost in just 45 days. So the history of water loss over time [on Mars] is complex and not full constrained.”No matter how high the loss rate was, however, a “significant amount of water would have been going into the crust,” Scheller says—likely more than half the planet’s total. The team estimates that Mars would have lost between 40 and 95 percent of its water via this process in the planet’s Noachian period, which stretches from 4.1 billion to 3.7 billion years ago. But even later in Mars’s history, bursts of volcanic activity could have recycled some of the subsurface moisture, potentially giving the planet’s habitability a much-needed boost. “You may have episodic habitability,” says Michael Meyer, lead scientist of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. “The real question is what these [volcanic] rates were. We think water was available 3.5 billion years ago. What about three billion years ago?”Understanding how and when Mars lost its water is therefore crucial to knowing if life could have existed there—and for how long. “The persistence of surface water could be highly relevant to the possible emergence and existence of life on Mars,” Mahaffy says. Current and future missions could help us better answer the question. One such effort is the International Mars Ice Mapper mission, a collaboration among NASA, Japan, Canada and Italy with a proposed launch later this decade. “Although it’s designed to look for water itself, it can give you [subsurface] layers,” Meyer says. “And if you’re able to identify what the layers are, you can do some volume calculations.”Meanwhile NASA’s Perseverance rover, which landed on Mars last month, could also provide useful results on how extensive hydrated minerals are at its landing site, Jezero Crater. More importantly, it will collect samples that could help delve into this problem further once they are brought back to Earth next decade. “We can measure the deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in the water in those,” Meyer says. “That will help us sort out what ancient parts of Mars [were like].”The most fearsome and fascinating criminals of all time are coming to Oxygen this April.Serial Killer Week, a nine-night event running from Saturday April 10 to Sunday April 18 on Oxygen, will feature shows and specials about serial killers who make people's skin crawl to this day. Learn all about Dorothea Puente, a seemingly sweet grandma running a deadly operation, in "Murders At The Boarding House," Joel Rifkin, one of New York's most prolific serial killers, in “Rifkin on Rifkin: Private Confessions of a Serial Killer,” and Bruce McArthur, the former mall Santa who terrorized Toronto's LGBTQ community, in "Catching A Killer: Bruce McArthur." Plus, expect episodes from Oxygen hits about some of the most notorious serial killers of all time.New seasons of Oxygen classics like "Accident, Suicide or Murder" and "Mark of a Serial Killer" will debut as well during Serial Killer Week.Here's what else to expect and when on Oxygen during the biggest event for true crime lovers this spring:PreviewRifkin on Rifkin: Private Confessions of a Serial Killer Premieres Saturday, April 10thoxygen Insider Exclusive!Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and more!Sign Up for Free to ViewThrough newly revealed interviews from Attica Correctional Facility, New York’s most prolific serial killer, Joel Rifkin, reveals exclusive insights into the mind of a monster.With unprecedented access to Rifkin’s childhood friends, investigators on the case, and those closest to the victims, viewers will gain fresh perspective into the psyche of the infamous serial killer. How did he continue to fly under the radar while committing 17 murders? Those closest to the case reveal how Rifkin became the invisible madman who made headlines and *almost* got away with murder.While investigating a missing Oregon handyman, police stumble upon human remains and are left searching a stunning crime scene straight out of a horror movie.PreviewCatching a Serial Killer: Bruce McArthur Premieres Sunday, April 11thoxygen Insider Exclusive!Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and more!Sign Up for Free to ViewBruce McArthur was many things: friend, grandfather, mall Santa, landscaper, and a ruthless serial killer who buried his victims’ body parts in the yards of his posh clientele. “Catching a Serial Killer: Bruce McArthur” unravels the twists and turns of the shocking investigation into Toronto’s most prolific serial killer. Through exclusive interviews with McArthur’s close friends, homicide investigators, as well as expert analyses by leading criminologists and forensic psychologists, this two-hour special uncovers how McArthur targeted, terrorized and murdered members of Toronto’s LGBTQ+ community in The Village for nearly a decade before getting caught.ExclusiveRoadway Killers Are Still Active In United States Todayoxygen Insider Exclusive!Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and more!Sign Up for Free to ViewA killer is murdering and mutilating young women along the Route 40 corridor in Delaware. But when investigators set up an undercover operation, the hunter soon becomes the hunted.“Mark of a Serial Killer” New Episode — Tuesday, April 13 at 8/7cAfter multiple men are discovered brutally murdered, investigators determine that each victim was last seen with a handsome stranger they met in a bar. Police ask the public for help in tracking down a dangerous drifter before he kills again.“Mark of a Serial Killer” New Episode — Wednesday, April 14 at 8/7cA series of women in the Seattle area are found brutally murdered, their bodies posed. Police realize they may have a killer stalking the area nightclub scene, one who is able to charm his victims into submission.PreviewLiving with a Serial Killer Airs Wednesday, April 14thoxygen Insider Exclusive!Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and more!Sign Up for Free to ViewSpree killer Joanne Dennehy stabbed three men to death in 2013. Now, for the first time, Dennehy’s daughter Shianne shares how she has struggled to come to terms with the realities of being the child of Britain’s most dangerous woman.“Mark of a Serial Killer” New Episode — Thursday, April 15 at 8/7cChicago police are investigating the murders of several women, whose bodies are discovered in abandoned buildings barefoot. Evidence indicates there is one offender, now police need to locate him."Living with a Serial Killer" New Episode — Thursday, April 15 at 9/8cPeter Tobin raped and murdered Angelika Kluk in 2006, but police suspected this was not his first kill. With the help of Tobin’s ex-wife Cathy Wilson, a ground-breaking investigation unearthed more victims, and revealed Tobin as a serial killer."Mark of A Serial Killer" New Episode — Friday, April 16 at 8/7cChicago detectives believe a serial killer is using the classified ads to lure and murder his victims. The investigation is set ablaze when flames literally obliterate evidence, but then police make a shocking discovery."Living With A Serial Killer" New Episode — Friday, April 16 at 9/8cFor 10 days in 2006, an unidentified killer terrified the rural town of Ipswich snatching five prostitutes from the streets and strangling them to death. When Pam Wright discovers that the killer was her own partner, her world begins to crumble.When the Sacramento Police Department receives a missing person’s report from a concerned social worker, they send Det. John Cabrera to the boarding house where the individual was last seen. The elderly landlady, Dorothea Puente, is friendly and cooperative, but when Cabrera discovers human remains in the backyard, Puente falls under suspicion of murder. Then with police getting closer to unearthing the rest of the bodies, the old lady gives Cabrera the slip and goes on the run.A weekend trip to an Alaskan lodge turns deadly for a young mother when she’s shot and killed by her boyfriend. The death is ruled an accident and the case is closed until an eerily similar incident in Montana drives investigators to reopen the case."Snapped" New Episode — Sunday, April 18 at 6/5cAfter detectives discover a beloved fire chief’s dismembered torso in his own barn, they must rush to find his missing wife. Are they both victims, or is this couple hiding dark secrets?“Murders at the Boarding House” Part 2 — Sunday, April 14 at 7/6cDetective John Cabrera must piece together the clues of Dorothea Puente’s dark past to form a picture of the grandmotherly serial killer. Meanwhile, Puente is hiding out in an L.A. motel, and lining up her next victim – an elderly man she meets in a bar. But when the man recognizes Puente’s face on the news, he contacts the police and Puente is caught. Back in Sacramento, prosecutors embark on the case against Puente, and after a long, difficult trial, the judge sentences Dorothea Puente to life in prison.PreviewMastermind of Murder Premieres Sunday, April 18thoxygen Insider Exclusive!Create a free profile to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and more!Sign Up for Free to ViewA man is shot after answering a local help wanted ad. Detectives soon discover there are other victims with eerily similar stories. Their quest to locate a possible serial killer leads them to a suspected killer working for an evil manipulator.About Oxygen:Oxygen is a multiplatform crime destination brand for women. Having announced the full-time shift to true crime programming in 2017, Oxygen remains one of the fastest growing cable entertainment networks with popular unscripted original programming that includes the flagship “Snapped” franchise, “Cold Justice,” “Killer Couples,” “Criminal Confessions,” and breakout hit event series such as “The Disappearance of Natalee Holloway,” “Dahmer on Dahmer: A Killer Speaks,” and “Aaron Hernandez Uncovered.” Available in more than 77 million homes, Oxygen is a network of NBCUniversal Entertainment & Lifestyle Group, a division of NBCUniversal, one of the world's leading media and entertainment companies in the development, production, and marketing of entertainment, news and information to a global audience. Watch Oxygen anywhere: On Demand, online, or across mobile and connected TVs.02Oxygen sets premiere for Peacock Alley’s “Catching a Serial Killer: Bruce McArthur”U.S. cable net Oxygen has set the premiere date for Toronto prodco Peacock Alley Entertainment’s first true crime special, Catching A Serial Killer: Bruce McArthur.Airing on Sunday, April 11, and commissioned by Oxygen, the two-hour special follows the story of serial killer Bruce McArthur, who targeted and murdered members of Toronto’s LGBTQ+ community for a decade, shocking the city and nation.The film includes exclusive interviews with McArthur’s close friends and the homicide investigators that solved the case as well as expert analyses from leading criminologists and forensic psychologists.“Oxygen is the perfect broadcast partner for us to tell this harrowing, inconceivable story,” said Carrie Mudd, president, Peacock Alley Entertainment, in a statement. “McArthur’s case is tragic and complex, and the investigation had many layers which we explore while being respectful of the victims, their families and Toronto’s LGBTQ+ community who were so heavily impacted by these horrific events.”The special is produced by Diana Foley and Ryan Valentini for Peacock Alley Entertainment. James Buddy Day and Mudd serve as executive producers.Catching A Serial Killer: Bruce McArthur was filmed in Toronto in the summer of 2020 and after its Oxygen debut, airs on Canada via Super Channel on April 30.03Indiana investigates nurse who unhooked oxygen from COVID-19 patient, report showsCOVID-19 in Indiana nursing homes: ‘They’re not getting the care they need’INDIANAPOLIS – The nurse had watched the nursing home resident suffering with breathing complications from COVID-19. She saw him repeatedly try to remove his oxygen mask and asked him if he "wanted to let go and go to Heaven" so he could "fly with the angels."She then removed his oxygen mask without a doctor's order. The man died.The alleged incident inside Wedgewood Healthcare Center in southern Indiana is detailed in a state health inspection report reviewed by IndyStar, part of the USA TODAY Network. Local police and the nursing home operator, Ohio-based Communicare, confirmed to IndyStar that the attorney general was investigating.Start the day smarter. Get all the news you need in your inbox each morning.The report says the resident, identified only as "Resident B," had COVID-19 and had endured days of aggressive oxygen treatment.The nurse, who is not named in the inspection report, later described the ordeal in social media posts. "I just want y'all to know the hardest thing I've ever done in 28 years start a patient on O2 for 4 days 12 LPM. with a non-rebreather mask," she wrote, describing the oxygen treatment of the resident. "I asked him on day 4 if he's tired he said yes I said do you want me to take all this off for you and let you go and fly with the angels and he said yes."a room with a wooden floor: Nursing home facility stock photo.© byryo, Getty Images/iStockphoto Nursing home facility stock photo.The post continued: "I took it all off of him I went in the hallway and I cried and I let him go and he passed away ... after I left."According to the inspection report, no further care was provided to the resident for nearly eight hours until his death. Inspectors cited the facility for abuse and neglect, failure to notify changes in the resident's condition, among other violations.Neither the resident's doctor nor the family was told about the oxygen mask until after the resident's death, according to the inspection. The facility learned of the nurse's actions days later only after another employee saw the nurse's social media posts and sent screenshots to the nursing home's executive director."It's just heartbreaking in a whole new way," said Richard Mollot, executive director of the Long Term Care Community Coalition, a national group that advocates for nursing home residents.Tracking COVID-19 vaccine distribution by state: How many people have been vaccinated in the US?text: An excerpt of the Indiana Department of Health inspection report dated May 12, 2020. The report says the man died nearly eight hours after the nurse removed his oxygen.© Screenshot An excerpt of the Indiana Department of Health inspection report dated May 12, 2020. The report says the man died nearly eight hours after the nurse removed his oxygen.Clarksville Police Chief Mark Palmer told IndyStar that the case had been referred to the state attorney general's office. A spokeswoman for the attorney general's office said she "could neither confirm or deny" whether the case was being investigated.Beth DeFalco, spokeswoman for Communicare, confirmed that the attorney general was investigating and that the company was cooperating "at every step."Illustrated guide: What to expect before and after getting a COVID-19 vaccineThe nurse’s action is an extreme example of the stress and challenges nursing home workers across Indiana faced dealing with COVID-19.At the time, Indiana was at the first peak of coronavirus cases, both inside its nursing homes and in the general public.Wedgewood was among the facilities hit particularly hard by the virus. At least 70 residents have contracted the coronavirus, and 20 have died at the 124-bed facility owned by Columbus Regional Hospital.Going into the pandemic, Wedgewood had the lowest possible staffing rating from federal regulators – “much below average” – and was in the bottom 15% for total staffing nationally.The Wedgewood nurse told inspectors she had been having a “terrible" week when she removed the oxygen from the resident. She said she had been taking care of more than 40 COVID-19 patients at the time and had forgotten to contact the doctor.Background on this series: What you need to know about IndyStar's nursing home investigationIn its citation, state inspectors said the potential for harm started when the nurse removed the resident's oxygen but persisted for weeks later because the facility needed to continue monitoring staff who were working more than 40 hours a week.Even though the nurse took action on her own, the facility is ultimately responsible for the care of the residents, Mollot said."The nursing home is responsible for the actions if its staff and for maintaining an environment where the staff is well-trained about residents' rights and appropriate care and treatment," Mollot told IndyStar. "This is a system with a lot of checks and balances, and a lot of checks and balances were missing for this to occur."In response to the state's inspection, the facility said it would update its policies, increase its oversight of resident progress notes and complete regular audits of resident conditions and assessments. It also said it would track hours by position to identify staff working overtime and monitor staff to make sure they get enough rest.In an email to IndyStar, Communicare's DeFalco defended the care the company provided."Communicare staff have worked tirelessly to care for our residents during this global pandemic and we have followed all state and federal safety guidelines," she said, although several Indiana facilities managed by the company were cited for violations last year. She also said that "nursing homes are being held to a higher scrutiny than hospitals and ERs.Red flags: Here's what to do — and what to look out for — when choosing a nursing homeKelsey DeClue, public relations director for Columbus Regional Health, which owns Wedgewood, called the situation heartbreaking and said Communicare "worked in a diligent, timely manner to correct all deficiencies identified as a result of the (inspection)."The nurse could face criminal charges. Indiana has no assisted suicide law, and helping a person end their life can be a crime.Legislation that would allow people with a terminal illness to request medication from a health care provider “to bring about a peaceful death” has been introduced in the Indiana General Assembly for at least the past three years. But none of those proposals have gained any traction.Cases that are investigated by the attorney general are referred first to local prosecutors, who decide whether to pursue the case or hand it off to the attorney general. In the latter case, the attorney general will identify the appropriate charges.Follow reporters Tim Evans and Tony Cook on Twitter: @starwatchtim, @IndyStarTonyOpinion: Infectious disease expert, former attorney general: Prioritize COVID vaccines for inmatesJust started collecting Social Security? Here's how to know whether you'll owe taxes on itThis article originally appeared on Indianapolis Star: Indiana investigates nurse who unhooked oxygen from COVID-19 patient, report shows