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One of the biggest inaccuracies in the Godfather was the premises that the consigliere position could be given to an outsider (of the crime family itself) as well as the position’s responsibilities. Although generally conceived as an advisor to the Boss (an Underboss would also fill this role, sometimes a greater one) the consigliere is the one that settles disputes and in-fighting among the ranks of the family. He, in theory, should have no ambition or personal grudges and therefore be a fair arbitrator in the family. Obviously because in the world of a criminal organisation rules could be bended in favour of the administration, this is not nearly always the case.Both Tom Hagen and Greco (i think) are not made members of the Mafia (Tom could never be because of Irish heritage) which would make it impossible for them to hold the position. But because Hagen is a criminal lawyer (and a damn good one) and is the adopted son of Vito Corleone, in theory he would make a good consigliere, but the Godfather is very romanticised so in real life this most likely would not be possible. Tom would not have any of the street knowledge, credibility or brutality to hold the actual position, and Vito would not have involved him in the family business if Hagen worked towards become a lawyer.In real life there are many cases of defence lawyers working with the Mob, such as representing in trial and giving legal advice, but they would never be allowed to have a position in the family. (The furthest they would be allowed is an advisor role as an associate)

The Rise of Hitler: A Warning to the WorkersThe rise of Hitler to power in Germany is an event which the workers of all countries should study with care. It is not an isolated phenomenon, but part of a world-wide overflowing of discontent. It is not a coincidence that the three years since the oncoming of the crisis late in 1929 have witnessed the abrupt and sometimes violent overthrow of governments in different parts of the capitalist world. "National" Governments in the United Kingdom and many of the British Dominions; the advent of De Valera in the Irish Free State; the colossal defeat of "Prosperity" Hoover in the USA; repeated cabinet crises in France; political revolutions and counter-revolutions in South America; the Republic in Spain; political crises in Scandinavia; expulsions of leaders and reversals of policy in Russia; no country has escaped the economic consequences of a capitalist world which is seriously out of joint.Each country has witnessed the consequent political stresses and strains of new discontents, and new slogans, which had generally brought about new political groupings and new figure-heads. The universal insurgency expresses itself in different ways according to the traditions, experience and constitutions of the various countries. A century ago such economic crises brought to a head deep underlying social conflicts and produced the revolutions of '30 and '48, with their violent overthrow of kings and absolutist constitutions. Nowadays the more advanced countries have developed systems which permit easier adjustment to new pressures, avoiding the disturbance and expenses of the appeal to violence. Countries which have not travelled so far along the road of capitalist democratic government still resort to the old method of the bomb, the rifle, and the machine gun, the mass demonstration, the barricade, and the organisation of insurrection in the armed forces.In a broad way the cause and the effect are the same everywhere. Everywhere capitalist private ownership reigns. Everywhere the rulers must serve the interests of the capitalist class, but everywhere it is an over-riding condition of social life that rulers cannot ignore the active discontent of the mass of the population. The discontent, even the open rebellion, of individuals and minorities can be bludgeoned into acquiescence, but when great masses of the population are driven by intolerable conditions into organising for common action then the rulers must sooner or later provide a safety valve; placate the movement or find means of dividing it; turn it into new directions or harness it directly to the capitalist state. In no other way can capitalism maintain itself.Long before the war the British ruling class learned how to incorporate radical politicians and labour leaders in the parties of capitalism. The German capitalists in 1918 jettisoned the Kaiser for a similar end. Fifty per cent of the German voters had registered their disillusionment and war-weariness by voting for the reform programme of the Social Democratic Party. German capitalism thereupon "digested" the SDP and watched it stabilise German capitalism in the troubled post-war years. The military and civil associates of the Imperial Kaiser humbled themselves to the "upstart" labour leaders because they had to have someone who could control the workers and keep them loyal to the fundamentals of capitalism. So for fourteen years the Social Democrats, either in coalitions or in "friendly opposition", worked out their policy of bargaining for reforms as price of their support. The outcome was inevitable. They have shared the fate that has always overtaken "Labour" politicians and parties when they accept responsibility for the administration of capitalism. Discontent with the effects of capitalism cannot for ever be stifled by Labour promises of better times or apologetic assurances that things might be worse. The membership and influence of the German SDP declined year by year until it had shrunk to a third of its former size. Part of the loss was picked up by the Communist Party, but in the meantime a new group had arisen, led by Hitler. At the election on March 5th he received 17,266,000 votes (43.9 per cent) and his allies, the Nationalists, received 3,132,000 (8 per cent), giving him a clear majority. The Social Democrats received 7,176,000 (18.3 per cent) and the Communists 4,845,000 (12.1 percent).In one important respect Hitler's Nazis are just like the Social Democrats and the Communists; they are all parties of discontent. Hitler promises work for the workless; secure government jobs in the police, the Army or the Civil service for 100,000 of his members; higher prices for agricultural products to help the peasants; and protection for the small investor and little shopkeeper squeezed by the big stores and the banks.Immediately on taking office Hitler imposed fresh taxes on the big departmental stores and chain stores with the professed object of helping the small shopkeepers. He promised also to find posts for out-of-work professional men (doctors, lawyers and others), and it is because a relatively large number of bankers, proprietors of big stores and the more successful professional men are Jews that the party has taken on a violently anti-Jewish character. Every Jewish doctor driven out of practice, every Jewish lawyer barred from the courts, every Jewish schoolmaster and civil servant dismissed, makes another vacancy for one of his members. He was supplied with funds by German heavy industry, by armament manufacturers both in Germany and in France, and by American and other business men and financiers who had investments in Germany for which they needed protection. With the help of these funds Hitler's party has known how to rally all kinds of discontent into a great movement representing half the electorate of Germany. Therefore Hitler has had to be "digested" as fourteen years ago were the Social Democrats. The stately and imperious Hindenburg and the aristocratic Von Papen, representing the military caste and big landowner, have had to receive on terms of equality the Austrian house-painter Adolf Hitler. Dr Hugenberg and the Nationalist Party, representing big industrial capitalists, have had to enter into coalition with him. Hitler will now have to administer capitalism. He will have to curb the demands of his followers, disappoint them, and ultimately lose many of them to new political adventurers, whereupon the capitalists and landlords who now use him will scrap him and use his successor.The great lesson to be learned from the decline of the Social Democrats is the sterility of the policy of reforms and of reform parties. The day on which a reform party reaches power is the day on which the evil effects of capitalism begin to sap and undermine the strength of the party, turning the members' blind loyalty first into bewilderment and then into dissatisfaction, causing them to drift into new parties.The depths of mental bankruptcy of the reformists are shown by the comment of the Fabian New Statesman (London, March 11th, 1933). After explaining that Hitler scored because he appealed, with banners and uniforms and parades, to the electorate's love of glamour, the German correspondent of the New Statesman says that the Social Democrats should have done the same, and should have given more prominence to pageantry and less prominence to social reforms. In other words, the workers are to be enticed, not even by the old plan of "bread and circuses", but by circuses without the bread! This is what forty years of Fabian reformism has brought to the working-class movement!The second lesson is one which has been entirely missed by the Labour Press in Great Britain, that is the evidence given by the Hitler episode of the overwhelming importance of controlling the political machinery. Six months ago, although the largest party in Germany, Hitler was not in control of the German Parliament and the machinery of government. He was ridiculed and derided by the members of the Government, and insulted by President Hindenburg. His party officials were hauled into court on charges of treason, and thrown into prison. Others were forced to flee the country. His newspapers were suppressed, his offices were raided by the police, his troops were forbidden to parade or wear uniforms in the street. When they attempted defiance they were driven off just like the Communists.Now, having become possessed of the political machine and confirmed in power by the electors, he is able to turn the tables on his former opponents. He has removed the Governments of all the States of Germany. Former Cabinet Ministers have been arrested, beaten and made to suffer many indignities. Newspapers have been suppressed and their offices raided-from Conservative Catholic newspapers at one end of the scale to Social Democratic and Communist newspapers at the other. The Communists, in spite of their 5,000,000 voters and their year-long boasting of their belief in "mass action" and military revolt, have been cowed into complete submission without offering any real resistance whatever. Events are proving to them what they refused to learn. The organised political majority which controls the political machinery of the modern State is in a position to dominate, and can enforce submission on minorities. There is no road to Socialism except through the control of the machinery of government by a politically organised majority of Socialists.‹ The Black Hole of CalcuttaupThe War and You ›Log in or Register to Comment ShareThis PDF version

According to the 2007 Eurobarometer, Europeans believe that discrimination on the basis of ethnic origin is the most common form of discrimination in Europe. Racism of various forms is found in every country on Earth, albeit at different ..... By the beginning of the 20th century, most European Jews lived in the so-called Pale ...verall seeAn examination that kept running from 2002-2015 into social states of mind by Harvard University has mapped the nations in Europe with the most elevated episodes of racial inclination, in view of information from 288,076 White Europeans. It utilized the Implicit-affiliation test (a response based mental test intended to quantify verifiable racial inclination). The pinnacles of racial predisposition brought about nations like Italy, Czech Republic and other East European nations.[4]BulgariaOn 9 October 1992, the Bulgarian president marked the Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, flagging another sense of duty regarding maintain minority rights.[5]In 2011 the parliamentary party Ataka, distinguishing itself as patriot, assaulted the mosque in the focal point of Sofia amid the Friday petition. In 2013 one of the pioneers of another patriot party, VMRO, Angel Djambasky was put under scrutiny for calling the general population to arm themselves against the settlers.No less than 6 supremacist violations are propagated in the vicinity of 3 and 13 November of consistently. 112 scholarly people sign an appeal to the lawyer general not to enroll them.[6][7][8]DenmarkMuslim nations condemned Denmark for the Muhammad toons debate in 2005.[9]Acquittal International has already scrutinized the counter medication police availability to act against outside citizens.[citation needed] A Nigerian national broke her leg amid a capture and was just gone to by a specialist six hours after the fact. No charges were recorded against the officers as the Regional State Prosecutor was not able build up how it happened (either when both she and an officer fell, amid a fizzled endeavor by another officer to snatch her legs, or amid a manual leg-limitation), yet this choice was censured by Amnesty International in 1997.[10]In connection to a group war in Denmark, non-ethnic Danish posses reprimanded the government[11] because of the law that crooks of non-Danish citizenship are deported.[12][13][14]FinlandPrimary article: Racism in FinlandReports say that racial abhor wrongdoing is a current wonder, and that they are on the rise.[15][16] The quantities of detailed despise violations in 2003 and 2004 were 522 and 558, separately. In 2009, they had expanded to more than 1 000 (counting non-supremacist despise violations). Racial despise violations have varied from 858 (2009) to 641 (2012)[17] and the commonplace suspect have been a Finnish-conceived young fellow. In any case, more than 60% of the objectives were accounted for to have been Finland-conceived, in spite of the fact that those with outside conceived guardians were considered well. The most focused on migrants in 2004 were accounted for to be of Somali, Kurdish, Russian, Iraqi and Iranian cause. 33% of the abhor violations were apparently gone for the Kale, and just a single in six were individuals from the local populace.In European Social Surveys since 2002, Finns have turned out to be slightest bigot soon after Swedes. Prior Finnish logical information uncovers that states of mind had been enhancing consistently for a long time.[18] Professor of Social Policy and capable of Finnish ESS, Heikki Ervasti, precludes a typical idea from securing expanded negative mentalities against immigrants.[19]A survey made in late 2011 uncovered that most of the Finns saw Finland as a supremacist country.[20] 66% viewed the nation as genuinely bigot, 12% perceived a direct measure of prejudice, and 2% confessed to be exceptionally supremacist; 35% concurred incompletely or entirely to the announcement "Islam is a risk to Western esteems and vote based system", and 29% concurred pretty much to that "individuals having a place with specific races essentially are not suited to live in a cutting edge society". One of every five idea "it should be perceived as a reality that a few countries are more savvy than others", and 11% concurred incompletely or totally to "individuals whose appearance and culture contrast much from those of the Finns are eccentric and terrifying".FranceFundamental article: Racism in FranceJewish pioneers see a heightening hostile to Semitism in France, for the most part among Muslims of Arab or Berber legacy. Be that as it may, jewish savvy people are regularly blamed for prejudice, for example, Eric Zemmour, Alain Finkelkrault or Elisabeth Lévy.[21]In 1998 the Council of Europe's European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) made a report expressing worry about supremacist exercises in France and blamed the French experts for not doing what's necessary to battle this. The report and different gatherings have communicated worry about associations like Front National (France). In a current Pew Survey, 47% of the French consider movement from Central and Eastern Europe (chiefly from Poland, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Romania, including Slavic and Romani individuals) to be an awful thing. Moreover, the greater part of French respondents uncovered negative perspectives on the migration of Muslims from Africa and Middle East. A little minority hinted at against Semitism. About 11% had a negative perspective of Jews[22] and 8% felt that US approach was most impacted by the Jews.[23]GermanyPrinciple article: Racism in GermanyThe period in the wake of losing World War I prompted an expanded utilization of hostile to Semitism and other bigotry in political talk, for instance among the conservative Freikorps, feelings that at last finished in the climb of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in 1933. The Nazi racial arrangement and the Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews and other non-Aryans spoke to the most express bigot approaches in Europe in the twentieth century. These laws denied all Jews including even half-Jews and quarter-Jews and additionally other non-Aryans from German citizenship. Jews official title moved toward becoming "subject of the state". The Nuremberg Race Laws prohibit racially blended sexual relations and marriage amongst Aryans and at first Jews however was later finished to "Wanderers, Negroes or their charlatan offspring".[24] Such interracial relations turned into a criminal and culpable offense under the race laws known as "racial contamination" Rassenschande.[24][25]HungaryAn EU report found that lawful strategies that ought to shield individuals from prejudice and xenophobia were "not executed successfully", and that Hungarian open authorities denied that bigotry and segregation were an issue in their nation, in spite of proof in actuality. It noticed that such components added to the expansion in radical belief system in Hungarian legislative issues and media.[26] The Council of Europe has additionally scrutinized Hungary in another report, censuring xenophobia and savagery against transients and minorities.[27]2013 FRA online review demonstrates a center to abnormal state of against Semitism in Hungary, contrasted with other European countries.[26] The prohibited Hungarian Guard and some Jobbik legislators are in some cases depicted as xenophobic and racist.[26]As in other European nations, the Romani individuals confronted inconveniences, including unequal treatment, separation, isolation and provocation. Negative generalizations are regularly connected to Romani unemployment and dependence on state benefits.[26] In 2008 and 2009 nine assaults occurred against Romani in Hungary, bringing about six passings and different wounds. As indicated by the Hungarian curia (preeminent court), these killings were spurred by hostile to Romani opinion and condemned the preparators to life imprisonment.[26]IrelandGenerally, the most genuine racial issues in Ireland originated from the colonization of the nation by the British, and the supremacist state of mind of the homesteaders to the local Irish. The English viewed themselves as to be a particular race from the Irish, who were delegated 'melanocroix', or 'half dark' by Thomas Huxley. Delineations of the Irish in the famous British press during the time of British colonization were noted for their subhuman depiction of the Irish (fundamental article: Anti-Irish supposition). Laws smothering Irish culture and liberation, prohibiting the utilization of the dialect, instruction, and the act of the neighborhood religion (Roman Catholicism) were implemented amid different periods from the fourteenth century forward (see Statutes of Kilkenny and Penal Laws (Ireland)), just being completely canceled with the freedom of Ireland from Britain in the mid twentieth century (see Government of Ireland Act 1920).twentieth CenturyAmid the second world war, in spite of the fact that Ireland was authoritatively nonpartisan, Prime Minister Éamon de Valera was blamed for feeling for and supporting the Nazi administration of Adolf Hitler in Germany. Following the passing of Hitler in 1945 de Valera was one of numerous who marked a book of sympathy and offered sensitivities to the German Minister at the German Embassy in Dublin.[28] This prompted the conviction among Allied pioneers, for example, Churchill that de Valera and the Irish as a rule were strong of the Nazi regime.[29] The considerable deluge of Nazi war crooks to Ireland following the war and their acknowledgment into society both formally by the Government of Ireland and by the overall population likewise prompt cases Ireland was tolerant if not steady of the Nazi regime.[30] However, it should likewise be conceived as a primary concern that Germany had provided firearms to the Irish war of freedom 20 years prior, thus Irish sensitivities to the Germans instead of their long-standing oppressors the British can without much of a stretch be represented along these lines, as opposed to because of hostile to semitism. Verifiably, the Jewish people group in Ireland has delighted in help not appreciated somewhere else in Europe. (Primary article: History of the Jews in Ireland).In mid-twentieth century Ireland there was customarily almost no movement all in all to the Republic of Ireland, and subsequently minimal racial differing qualities, however in late decades developing thriving in the nation (see: Celtic Tiger) pulled in expanding quantities of workers, for the most part from Central and Eastern Europe (principally Poland), China and Sub-Saharan Africa. Likewise the nonappearance of colonialist things has implied that remote individuals are not attracted to Ireland by "homeland" calculates that have influenced other European nations. Relatives of Irish individuals who emigrated in the dadUkraineUkraine is a multi-ethnic and multicultural nation[1][2][3] where bigotry and ethnic segregation are seemingly to a great extent a periphery issue.[4] However, there have been recorded occurrences of brutality where the casualty's race is generally thought to have assumed a part. Those episodes get broad media scope and are generally censured by all standard political forces.[5] Human Rights Watch revealed that "Bigotry and xenophobia stay settled in issues in Ukraine".[6] In 2012 the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) detailed that "resilience towards Jews, Russians and Romani seems to have fundamentally declined in Ukraine since 2000 and partialities are likewise reflected in day by day life against different gatherings, who encounter issues in getting to products and services".[7]Romani kids from Dubove (2004)In 2009, no racial homicides were recorded (in Ukraine) and 40 racial episodes of viciousness were reported.[8] From 2006 to 2008, 184 assaults and 12 racially spurred murders took place.[8] Although as indicated by Alexander Feldman, leader of the Association of National and Cultural Unions of Ukraine, "Individuals assaulted on racial grounds don't report the occurrences to the police and police frequently neglect to order such assaults as racially persuaded and regularly discount them as local offense or hooliganism"SpainAmid the Spanish examination, Jews, Arabs, and Berbers were focused on the most. This strategy was called Limpieza de sangre (Blood Cleansing). Regardless of the possibility that a Jew, Arab, or Berber changed over to Christianity, Spanish specialists amid that time alluded to them as New Christians, which were the objective of institutional separation and doubt by the Spanish Inquisition.[1] New Christians of Muslim legacy were alluded to as moriscos, which means Moor-like.[2] Those of Jewish legacy were named Conversos and the individuals who secretl kept on honing Judaism were alluded to as marranos (either from Spanish marrar to blunder/go astray or from marrano signifying "swine".).[3] After the Reconquista, numerous Mudéjars (singular Arabs and Berbers, who stayed in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista yet were not changed over to Christianity stayed in Spain as rehearsing Muslims and Sephardic Jews were required to change over to Catholicism or leave the nation in 1492. Mentalities towards Moriscos fluctuated in various districts, despite the fact that they were never the primary focus of the Inquisition. A couple of decades after the War of the Alpujarras, amid which the Muslim-dominant part populace of Granada revolted, the King of Spain requested the Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain, which was actualized effectively in the eastern locale of Valencia and less so in whatever is left of Spain.Spain has attempted to rectify the ethnic purifying against Jews and Muslims (Arabs and Berbers) calling it "authentic mistake", welcoming Jews back and as of late allowing all Sephardic Jews who apply for it Spanish nationality.[4]Amid the times of monetary blast in the late twentieth century, in the wake of joining the European Union, Spain had encountered a vast flood of outsider specialists to Spanish enormous urban areas from Latin America, Africa, and Asia, with the consequence of numerous businesses wanting to procure remote laborers for a less expensive wage.