Pub 584: Fill & Download for Free

Thanks for A2A.I did my CSE preparation at Chanakya Mandal Pariwar for my 2014 attempt which was my first attempt. I gave mains and scored 584 purely on my own, didn't depend at all on class. So I can tell about this class in details.Students which have given mains or interview in previous attempts teach the GS subjects there along with few Guest lectures. Also the exam papers are set and checked by them only.My optional is pub ad. Don't do optional study at Chanakya, none of my friends was satisfied in any optional study. If you join Chanakya you can't rely on class for study, they will ask you and you have To study on your own.I will not prefer Chanakya if you know nothing about CSE.other classes are unique academy and gyan prabodhini. At both centres senior teaching faculty available so its good.Unique academy.s style is like read and mug up from what I have heard. You can check yourself though.Gyan prabodhini and Chanakya has entrance exams for admission. Prabodhini.s exam is tough a bit for new comer. Chanakya accommodates almost all who gave exam.There is another class named Prithvi which also good.I don't know any other classes.

Bend (pop. 100k) is primarily a resort town powered by small businesses, and is one of the fastest growing cities in the US. Many of the people who move here are retired and looking for a better quality of life. If you’re are moving to Bend in hopes of finding employment, make sure you have a job lined up before coming. Also consider the following:Rent is expensive due to low availability. Expect to pay $1000 / month for a 1 bedroom apartment - if you can find one. If you want to rent a house, be ready to fork out $2500 / month. (If you have ‘connections’, you might be able to find a good deal.)Housing is expensive. The median home price is $430,000. Buy your home on the east side of town - you’ll get more house for your money. Or, build your own house. I did. It was a pain, but better that paying retail. (Housing in Bend is way cheaper than the Bay Area, which is why a lot of Californians are retiring here.)Again, have a job lined up before you get here. Without a job, you’ll be living in poverty with a nice view of the nearby Cascade mountains.Weather is, um, interesting. Nestled to the east of the mighty Cascade mountains at an elevation of 3,600′ (give or take), Bend is on the cool side. In other words, summer is two months: July & August. Spring is fairly cool and wettish. Winter is schizophrenic - some years are cold and dry, other years bring tons of snow, and other years are a free-for-all. Fall? It’s a brief fling between Summer and Winter.High Desert Country. The average precipitation is only 11.2 inches in rain or snow form. The air is dry and dusty (at times). Because of the low humidity, air temperatures can drop from the 90s to the 50s - 40s when the sun goes down. To the east of town, Sagebrush, Bitterbrush, Rabbitbrush, and Western Juniper dominate the expansive flat land; it all looks like a scene out of a Western flick. To the west, massive Ponderosa pine trees give way to a greater variety of conifers (White Pine, Grand Fir, Douglas Fir, Lodgepole Pine). Sprinkle in Manzanita, Western Larch, Aspen, Black Cottonwood and you’ve got yourself a forest made for Grizzly Adams. His cabin sits in a crag near Broken Top (just kidding).Forest fires. If you can’t handle wood smoke, don’t move here. Since Bend sits at the edge of a forest wilderness, fires are common theme during the summer. In the past four years or so, the smoke has gotten real bad at times. It tends to ruin a summer. Central Oregon's Smoke Pollution Worse Than ShanghaiA River Runs Though It. Bend got it’s name from a bend of the Deschutes River (pronouced ‘de - as in Debbie -shoots’). French explorers and fur traders gave it this distinctive name, which means River of the Falls. The river splits the city down the middle separating the West Side (home of McMansions) from the East Side (home of the Working Class).Blockbuster Video (BV). At the end of March, 2019, the BV store in Perth, Australia will close. At that time, Bend will have the last BV store on planet Earth. Drum Roll!If you don’t have a job lined up yet, the major employers in town are:St. Charles Medical Center (2,740 employees regionwide)Les Schwab Tire Centers (905 regionwide)Sunriver Resort (900)Mt. Bachelor (756)Bright Wood Corporation (746 regionwide)IBEX Global (700)Wal-Mart (686 regionwide)Bright Wood Corporation (646)Bend Memorial Clinic (639)McDonald's (620 regionwide)Safeway (584 regionwide)Fred Meyer (538 regionwide)JELD-WEN Windows & Doors (480)Northview Hotel Group (Eagle Crest Resort 450)Consumer Cellular (402)Opportunity Foundation (384)Black Butte Ranch (360)Deschutes Brewery (290)Central Oregon Trucking (286)BendBroadband (285)As you can see, most of the jobs are health care, resort, retail, and restaurant oriented. There is a budding tech / marketing community that is coming along, so if you’re good at Web Dev there’s G5 Careers at G5 - Learn what it's like to work at G5 in Bend, OR and a few other small shops.*** Or, start your own business here. Again, the Central Oregon economy is driven by small businesses. ***Otherwise, welcome!Enjoy Beer Town USA: Bend, OR Breweries, Microbreweries, Craft Breweries, Taverns and PubsEnjoy all the wonderful outdoor activities: The 10 Best Things to Do in Bend's OutdoorsNote: Bend does not sit in isolation. To the north are the smaller towns of Redmond and Madras (and a few other small communities). To the northeast is the cow town of Prineville, affectionately known as “PrineTucky”. And, to the south there is the resort town of Sunriver and the downtrodden La Pine. Ooops, I almost forgot. To the northwest is the tiny tourist town of Sisters, named after the three nearby Cascade peaks - South, Middle, and North Sisters.

The most prevalent form of TB as we know it today is TB of the lungs, i.e., pulmonary TB. Even though lung is its most common target, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for TB, can cause disease in practically any part of the body. Earlier eras didn't understand this so they called TB in different parts of the body by different names. TB of the lungs or pulmonary TB, was called consumption, TB of lymph nodes, scrofula, skin TB, lupus vulgaris, etc. In the early 1800s René Laennec, famous as the inventor of the stethoscope, first proposed all these various forms were actually the same disease. It took several decades, and Jean Antoine Villemin and Robert Koch's experimental studies to prove Laennec's proposal was sound.When TB's in the spine, it's called Pott disease, after Percivall Pott, who wrote the first description of spinal TB, describing it as 'arthritic TB of the spine'. Typically, TB in the spine leads to spinal lesions. Contracted like other forms of TB, i.e., through inhalation of TB-laden aerosol droplets, it's also treated with the same drug regimen.According to Holloway et al, 'osteolytic [bone-resorption] lesions on the anterior regions of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae' are characteristic of spinal TB (1). They say typically only 1 to 4 vertebrae are involved while neural arches and posterior elements are spared. Intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies are damaged. When this damage is severe enough, angular kyphosis and vertebral fusion occur and the spine collapses leading to a characteristic hunchback. This characteristic anatomical feature is used as a signature of possible TB infection in fossil remains (2).After all, with lungs the primary target of TB disease, how to construct TB's Paleopathology, it's history among ancient humans? Soft tissue like lung degrades so fast, it's quickly lost to time. Bone TB in general and spinal TB in particular has thus helped map the course of TB through human history since bone, especially spine, TB lesions survive time's vagaries and have such specific, unique features. Additionally, now molecular technologies can amplify mycobacterial DNA for a more conclusive identification of TB in ancient human remains (3). For e.g., fossil evidence from the 3rd millennium BCE Italy showed evidence of spinal TB (4). Archeological evidence of spinal TB dates is also found in Egyptian pharaohs since spine and rib lesions resembling those of TB have been observed in their mummies (5, 6, 7). So the practical use for studying bone TB is to help map its course through human history.On average, bone TB occurs in ~ 3 to 5% of active TB cases, and it can occur in any part of the skeleton, not just spine (8, 9) .Study of bone TB lesions over time show interesting trends, chief of which is spinal TB was already rare in the past and has been steadily declining in frequency for millenia. A paleopathological study of >10000 skeletons from Europe and the Mediterranean found that ~1% of spines observed had lesions on thoracic or lumbar vertebrae while a similar proportion had rib periostitis (type of inflammation) (10). Holloway's meta-analysis of paleopathological studies of 1000s of skeletons from Europe to the Mediterranean showed (see figure below from 1)Frequency of bone lesions decreased through time.Mainly spinal in earlier times, more recent bone TB involves other skeletal parts such as long bones, joints, hands, feet.This change in distribution of TB bone lesions is generalizable, observed not just in Northern Europe but also in the Mediterranean and the New World.These changes correspond to when agriculture was introduced to each region, being earliest in the Mediterranean, next in Northern Europe and latest in the New World.There were only 25 samples from Asia, too small a sample size which precluded firm conclusions.In summary, TB has been with us for very long, co-evolving through the twists and turns of our history. This entails reducing prevalence of spinal TB. For evolutionary biologists like Paul W. Ewald, pathogens like M.tb co-evolve towards decreased virulence which would imply spinal TB could represent greater virulence.Bibliography1. Holloway, K. L., et al. "Evolution of human tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paleopathological evidence." HOMO-Journal of Comparative Human Biology 62.6 (2011): 402-458. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kara_Holloway2/publication/51810062_Evolution_of_human_tuberculosis_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis_of_paleopathological_evidence/links/550a32340cf20f127f910595.pdf2. Donoghue, Helen D., et al. "Tuberculosis: from prehistory to Robert Koch, as revealed by ancient DNA." The Lancet infectious diseases 4.9 (2004): 584-592. http://users.clas.ufl.edu/krigbaum/4468/Donoghue_etal_LancetInfDisease_2004_TB.pdf3. Zink, A. R., et al. "Molecular history of tuberculosis from ancient mummies and skeletons." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17.4 (2007): 380-391. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nasim_Motamedi/publication/229967239_Molecular_History_of_Tuberculosis_From_Ancient_Mummies_and_Skeletons/links/09e4150c1076e0c4b6000000.pdf4. Formicola, Vincenzo, Quinzio Milanesi, and Caterina Scarsini. "Evidence of spinal tuberculosis at the beginning of the fourth millennium BC from Arene Candide cave (Liguria, Italy)." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72.1 (1987): 1-6.5. Nerlich, Andreas G., et al. "Molecular evidence for tuberculosis in an ancient Egyptian mummy." The Lancet 350.9088 (1997): 1404.6. Zink, Albert R., et al. "Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41.1 (2003): 359-367. Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex DNAs from Egyptian Mummies by Spoligotyping7. Nerlich, Andreas G., and Sandra Lösch. "Paleopathology of human tuberculosis and the potential role of climate." Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases 2009 (2009). http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ipid/2009/437187.pdf8. Steinbock, R. Ted. Paleopathological diagnosis and interpretation: bone diseases in ancient human populations. Charles C Thomas Pub Limited, 1976.9. Ortner, Donald J. Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Academic Press, 2003.10. Roberts, Charlotte, et al. "Understanding the impact of infectious disease on European populations: contributions from the Global History of Health Project." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (Suppl. 49) (2009): 222-223.Thanks for the A2A, Bill Streifer.