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In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).A sample is a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space.A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples from a continuous signal.A theoretical ideal sampler produces samples equivalent to the instantaneous value of the continuous signal at the desired points.Contents[hide]1Theory2Practical considerations3Applications3.1Audio sampling3.1.1Sampling rate3.1.2Bit depth3.1.3Speech sampling3.2Video sampling3.33D sampling4Undersampling5Oversampling6Complex sampling7See also8Notes9Citations10Further reading11External linksTheory[edit]See also: Nyquist–Shannon sampling theoremSampling can be done for functions varying in space, time, or any other dimension, and similar results are obtained in two or more dimensions.For functions that vary with time, let s(t) be a continuous function (or "signal") to be sampled, and let sampling be performed by measuring the value of the continuous function every T seconds, which is called the sampling interval or the sampling period.[1]Then the sampled function is given by the sequence:s(nT), for integer values of n.The sampling frequency or sampling rate, fs, is the average number of samples obtained in one second (samples per second), thus fs= 1/T.Reconstructing a continuous function from samples is done by interpolation algorithms. The Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula is mathematically equivalent to an ideal lowpass filter whose input is a sequence of Dirac delta functions that are modulated (multiplied) by the sample values. When the time interval between adjacent samples is a constant (T), the sequence of delta functions is called a Dirac comb. Mathematically, the modulated Dirac comb is equivalent to the product of the comb function with s(t). That purely mathematical abstraction is sometimes referred to as impulse sampling.[2]Most sampled signals are not simply stored and reconstructed. But the fidelity of a theoretical reconstruction is a customary measure of the effectiveness of sampling. That fidelity is reduced when s(t) contains frequency components whose periodicity is smaller than two samples; or equivalently the ratio of cycles to samples exceeds ½ (see Aliasing). The quantity ½ cycles/sample × fssamples/sec = fs/2 cycles/sec (hertz) is known as the Nyquist frequency of the sampler. Therefore, s(t) is usually the output of a lowpass filter, functionally known as an anti-aliasing filter. Without an anti-aliasing filter, frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency will influence the samples in a way that is misinterpreted by the interpolation process.[3]Practical considerations[edit]In practice, the continuous signal is sampled using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a device with various physical limitations. This results in deviations from the theoretically perfect reconstruction, collectively referred to as distortion.Various types of distortion can occur, including:Aliasing. Some amount of aliasing is inevitable because only theoretical, infinitely long, functions can have no frequency content above the Nyquist frequency. Aliasing can be made arbitrarily small by using a sufficiently large order of the anti-aliasing filter.Aperture error results from the fact that the sample is obtained as a time average within a sampling region, rather than just being equal to the signal value at the sampling instant. In a capacitor-based sample and hold circuit, aperture error is introduced because the capacitor cannot instantly change voltage thus requiring the sample to have non-zero width.Jitter or deviation from the precise sample timing intervals.Noise, including thermal sensor noise, analog circuit noise, etc.Slew rate limit error, caused by the inability of the ADC input value to change sufficiently rapidly.Quantization as a consequence of the finite precision of words that represent the converted values.Error due to other non-linear effects of the mapping of input voltage to converted output value (in addition to the effects of quantization).Although the use of oversampling can completely eliminate aperture error and aliasing by shifting them out of the pass band, this technique cannot be practically used above a few GHz, and may be prohibitively expensive at much lower frequencies. Furthermore, while oversampling can reduce quantization error and non-linearity, it cannot eliminate these entirely. Consequently, practical ADCs at audio frequencies typically do not exhibit aliasing, aperture error, and are not limited by quantization error. Instead, analog noise dominates. At RF and microwave frequencies where oversampling is impractical and filters are expensive, aperture error, quantization error and aliasing can be significant limitations.Jitter, noise, and quantization are often analyzed by modeling them as random errors added to the sample values. Integration and zero-order hold effects can be analyzed as a form of low-pass filtering. The non-linearities of either ADC or DAC are analyzed by replacing the ideal linear function mapping with a proposed nonlinear function.Applications[edit]Audio sampling[edit]Digital audio uses pulse-code modulation and digital signals for sound reproduction. This includes analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), storage, and transmission. In effect, the system commonly referred to as digital is in fact a discrete-time, discrete-level analog of a previous electrical analog. While modern systems can be quite subtle in their methods, the primary usefulness of a digital system is the ability to store, retrieve and transmit signals without any loss of quality.Sampling rate[edit]A commonly seen measure of sampling is S/s, which stands for "samples per second". As an example, 1 MS/s is one million samples per second.When it is necessary to capture audio covering the entire 20–20,000 Hz range of human hearing,[4]such as when recording music or many types of acoustic events, audio waveforms are typically sampled at 44.1 kHz (CD), 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz, or 96 kHz.[5]The approximately double-rate requirement is a consequence of the Nyquist theorem. Sampling rates higher than about 50 kHz to 60 kHz cannot supply more usable information for human listeners. Early professional audio equipment manufacturers chose sampling rates in the region of 50 kHz for this reason.There has been an industry trend towards sampling rates well beyond the basic requirements: such as 96 kHz and even 192 kHz[6]This is in contrast with laboratory experiments, which have failed to show that ultrasonic frequencies are audible to human observers; however in some cases ultrasonic sounds do interact with and modulate the audible part of the frequency spectrum (intermodulation distortion).[7]It is noteworthy that intermodulation distortion is not present in the live audio and so it represents an artificial coloration to the live sound.[8]One advantage of higher sampling rates is that they can relax the low-pass filter design requirements for ADCs and DACs, but with modern oversampling sigma-delta converters this advantage is less important.The Audio Engineering Society recommends 48 kHz sampling rate for most applications but gives recognition to 44.1 kHz for Compact Disc (CD) and other consumer uses, 32 kHz for transmission-related applications, and 96 kHz for higher bandwidth or relaxed anti-aliasing filtering.[9]A more complete list of common audio sample rates is:Sampling rateUse8,000 HzTelephone and encrypted walkie-talkie, wireless intercom and wireless microphone transmission; adequate for human speech but without sibilance (ess sounds like eff (/s/, /f/)).11,025 HzOne quarter the sampling rate of audio CDs; used for lower-quality PCM, MPEG audio and for audio analysis of subwoofer bandpasses.[citation needed]16,000 HzWideband frequency extension over standard telephone narrowband 8,000 Hz. Used in most modern VoIP and VVoIP communication products.[10]22,050 HzOne half the sampling rate of audio CDs; used for lower-quality PCM and MPEG audio and for audio analysis of low frequency energy. Suitable for digitizing early 20th century audio formats such as 78s.[11]32,000 HzminiDV digital video camcorder, video tapes with extra channels of audio (e.g. DVCAM with four channels of audio), DAT (LP mode), Germany's Digitales Satellitenradio, NICAM digital audio, used alongside analogue television sound in some countries. High-quality digital wireless microphones.[12]Suitable for digitizing FM radio.[citation needed]37,800 HzCD-XA audio44,056 HzUsed by digital audio locked to NTSC color video signals (3 samples per line, 245 lines per field, 59.94 fields per second = 29.97 frames per second).44,100 HzAudio CD, also most commonly used with MPEG-1 audio (VCD, SVCD, MP3). Originally chosen by Sony because it could be recorded on modified video equipment running at either 25 frames per second (PAL) or 30 frame/s (using an NTSC monochrome video recorder) and cover the 20 kHz bandwidth thought necessary to match professional analog recording equipment of the time. A PCM adaptor would fit digital audio samples into the analog video channel of, for example, PAL video tapes using 3 samples per line, 588 lines per frame, 25 frames per second.47,250 Hzworld's first commercial PCM sound recorder by Nippon Columbia (Denon)48,000 HzThe standard audio sampling rate used by professional digital video equipment such as tape recorders, video servers, vision mixers and so on. This rate was chosen because it could reconstruct frequencies up to 22 kHz and work with 29.97 frames per second NTSC video - as well as 25 frame/s, 30 frame/s and 24 frame/s systems. With 29.97 frame/s systems it is necessary to handle 1601.6 audio samples per frame delivering an integer number of audio samples only every fifth video frame.[9]Also used for sound with consumer video formats like DV, digital TV, DVD, and films. The professional Serial Digital Interface (SDI) and High-definition Serial Digital Interface (HD-SDI) used to connect broadcast television equipment together uses this audio sampling frequency. Most professional audio gear uses 48 kHz sampling, including mixing consoles, and digital recording devices.50,000 HzFirst commercial digital audio recorders from the late 70s from 3M and Soundstream.50,400 HzSampling rate used by the Mitsubishi X-80 digital audio recorder.88,200 HzSampling rate used by some professional recording equipment when the destination is CD (multiples of 44,100 Hz). Some pro audio gear uses (or is able to select) 88.2 kHz sampling, including mixers, EQs, compressors, reverb, crossovers and recording devices.96,000 HzDVD-Audio, some LPCM DVD tracks, BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, HD DVD (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks. Some professional recording and production equipment is able to select 96 kHz sampling. This sampling frequency is twice the 48 kHz standard commonly used with audio on professional equipment.176,400 HzSampling rate used by HDCD recorders and other professional applications for CD production. Four times the frequency of 44.1 kHz.192,000 HzDVD-Audio, some LPCM DVD tracks, BD-ROM (Blu-ray Disc) audio tracks, and HD DVD (High-Definition DVD) audio tracks, High-Definition audio recording devices and audio editing software. This sampling frequency is four times the 48 kHz standard commonly used with audio on professional video equipment.352,800 HzDigital eXtreme Definition, used for recording and editing Super Audio CDs, as 1-bit DSD is not suited for editing. Eight times the frequency of 44.1 kHz.2,822,400 HzSACD, 1-bit delta-sigma modulation process known as Direct Stream Digital, co-developed by Sony and Philips.5,644,800 HzDouble-Rate DSD, 1-bit Direct Stream Digital at 2× the rate of the SACD. Used in some professional DSD recorders.11,289,600 HzQuad-Rate DSD, 1-bit Direct Stream Digital at 4× the rate of the SACD. Used in some uncommon professional DSD recorders.22,579,200 HzOctuple-Rate DSD, 1-bit Direct Stream Digital at 8× the rate of the SACD. Used in rare experimental DSD recorders. Also known as DSD512.Bit depth[edit]See also: Audio bit depthAudio is typically recorded at 8-, 16-, and 24-bit depth, which yield a theoretical maximum signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) for a pure sine wave of, approximately, 49.93 dB, 98.09 dB and 122.17 dB.[13]CD quality audio uses 16-bit samples. Thermal noise limits the true number of bits that can be used in quantization. Few analog systems have signal to noise ratios (SNR) exceeding 120 dB. However, digital signal processing operations can have very high dynamic range, consequently it is common to perform mixing and mastering operations at 32-bit precision and then convert to 16- or 24-bit for distribution.Speech sampling[edit]Speech signals, i.e., signals intended to carry only human speech, can usually be sampled at a much lower rate. For most phonemes, almost all of the energy is contained in the 100 Hz–4 kHz range, allowing a sampling rate of 8 kHz. This is the sampling rate used by nearly all telephony systems, which use the G.711 sampling and quantization specifications.Video sampling[edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(June 2007)(Learn how and when to remove this template message)Standard-definition television (SDTV) uses either 720 by 480 pixels (US NTSC 525-line) or 704 by 576 pixels (UK PAL 625-line) for the visible picture area.High-definition television (HDTV) uses 720p (progressive), 1080i (interlaced), and 1080p (progressive, also known as Full-HD).In digital video, the temporal sampling rate is defined the frame rate – or rather the field rate – rather than the notional pixel clock. The image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the sensor integration period. Since the integration period may be significantly shorter than the time between repetitions, the sampling frequency can be different from the inverse of the sample time:50 Hz – PAL video60 / 1.001 Hz ~= 59.94 Hz – NTSC videoVideo digital-to-analog converters operate in the megahertz range (from ~3 MHz for low quality composite video scalers in early games consoles, to 250 MHz or more for the highest-resolution VGA output).When analog video is converted to digital video, a different sampling process occurs, this time at the pixel frequency, corresponding to a spatial sampling rate along scan lines. A common pixel sampling rate is:13.5 MHz – CCIR 601, D1 videoSpatial sampling in the other direction is determined by the spacing of scan lines in the raster. The sampling rates and resolutions in both spatial directions can be measured in units of lines per picture height.Spatial aliasing of high-frequency luma or chroma video components shows up as a moiré pattern.3D sampling[edit]The process of volume rendering samples a 3D grid of voxels to produce 3D renderings of sliced (tomographic) data. The 3D grid is assumed to represent a continuous region of 3D space. Volume rendering is common in medial imaging, X-ray computed tomography (CT/CAT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) are some examples. It is also used for seismic tomography and other applications.The top two graphs depict Fourier transforms of two different functions that produce the same results when sampled at a particular rate. The baseband function is sampled faster than its Nyquist rate, and the bandpass function is undersampled, effectively converting it to baseband. The lower graphs indicate how identical spectral results are created by the aliases of the sampling process.Undersampling[edit]Main article: UndersamplingWhen a bandpass signal is sampled slower than its Nyquist rate, the samples are indistinguishable from samples of a low-frequency alias of the high-frequency signal. That is often done purposefully in such a way that the lowest-frequency alias satisfies the Nyquist criterion, because the bandpass signal is still uniquely represented and recoverable. Such undersampling is also known as bandpass sampling, harmonic sampling, IF sampling, and direct IF to digital conversion.[14]Oversampling[edit]Main article: OversamplingOversampling is used in most modern analog-to-digital converters to reduce the distortion introduced by practical digital-to-analog converters, such as a zero-order hold instead of idealizations like the Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula.[15]Complex sampling[edit]Complex sampling (I/Q sampling) is the simultaneous sampling of two different, but related, waveforms, resulting in pairs of samples that are subsequently treated as complex numbers.[note 1]When one waveform[math]{\displaystyle ,{\hat {s}}(t),}[/math] is the Hilbert transform of the other waveform[math]{\displaystyle ,s(t),\,}[/math] the complex-valued function, [math]{\displaystyle s_{a}(t)\ {\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}}\ s(t)+i\cdot {\hat {s}}(t),}[/math] is called an analytic signal, whose Fourier transform is zero for all negative values of frequency. In that case, the Nyquist rate for a waveform with no frequencies ≥ B can be reduced to just B (complex samples/sec), instead of 2B (real samples/sec).[note 2]More apparently, the equivalent baseband waveform, [math]{\displaystyle s_{a}(t)\cdot e^{-i2\pi {\frac {B}{2}}t},}[/math] also has a Nyquist rate of B, because all of its non-zero frequency content is shifted into the interval [-B/2, B/2).Although complex-valued samples can be obtained as described above, they are also created by manipulating samples of a real-valued waveform. For instance, the equivalent baseband waveform can be created without explicitly computing [math]{\displaystyle {\hat {s}}(t),}[/math] by processing the product sequence[math]{\displaystyle ,\left[s(nT)\cdot e^{-i2\pi {\frac {B}{2}}Tn}\right],}[/math][note 3]through a digital lowpass filter whose cutoff frequency is B/2.[note 4]Computing only every other sample of the output sequence reduces the sample-rate commensurate with the reduced Nyquist rate. The result is half as many complex-valued samples as the original number of real samples. No information is lost, and the original s(t) waveform can be recovered, if necessary.See also[edit]DownsamplingUpsamplingMultidimensional samplingSample rate conversionDigitizingSample and holdBeta encoderKell factorBit rateNotes[edit]Jump up^ Sample-pairs are also sometimes viewed as points on a constellation diagram.Jump up^ When the complex sample-rate is B, a frequency component at 0.6 B, for instance, will have an alias at −0.4 B, which is unambiguous because of the constraint that the pre-sampled signal was analytic. Also see Aliasing#Complex sinusoids.Jump up^ When s(t) is sampled at the Nyquist frequency (1/T = 2B), the product sequence simplifies to [math]{\displaystyle \left[s(nT)\cdot (-i)^{n}\right].}[/math]Jump up^ The sequence of complex numbers is convolved with the impulse response of a filter with real-valued coefficients. That is equivalent to separately filtering the sequences of real parts and imaginary parts and reforming complex pairs at the outputs.Citations[edit]Jump up^ Martin H. Weik (1996). Communications Standard Dictionary. Springer. ISBN 0412083914.Jump up^ Rao, R. Signals and Systems. Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt. Limited. ISBN 9788120338593.Jump up^ C. E. Shannon, "Communication in the presence of noise", Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 37, no.1, pp. 10–21, Jan. 1949. Reprint as classic paper in: Proc. IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 2, (Feb 1998)Jump up^ "Frequency Range of Human Hearing". The Physics Factbook.Jump up^ Self, Douglas (2012). Audio Engineering Explained. Taylor & Francis US. pp. 200, 446. ISBN 0240812735.Jump up^ "Digital Pro Sound". Retrieved 8 January 2014.Jump up^ Colletti, Justin (February 4, 2013). "The Science of Sample Rates (When Higher Is Better—And When It Isn't)". Trust Me I'm A Scientist. Retrieved February 6, 2013.Jump up^ David Griesinger. "Perception of mid frequency and high frequency intermodulation distortion in loudspeakers, and its relationship to high-definition audio". Archived from the original (Powerpoint presentation) on 2008-05-01.^ Jump up to:a b AES5-2008: AES recommended practice for professional digital audio - Preferred sampling frequencies for applications employing pulse-code modulation, Audio Engineering Society, 2008, retrieved 2010-01-18Jump up^ http://www.voipsupply.com/cisco-hd-voice[unreliable source?]Jump up^ "The restoration procedure - part 1". http://Restoring78s.co.uk. Archived from the originalon 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2011-01-18. For most records a sample rate of 22050 in stereo is adequate. An exception is likely to be recordings made in the second half of the century, which may need a sample rate of 44100.Jump up^ "Zaxcom digital wireless transmitters". Zaxcom. Retrieved 2011-01-18.Jump up^ "MT-001: Taking the Mystery out of the Infamous Formula, "SNR=6.02N + 1.76dB," and Why You Should Care" (PDF).Jump up^ Walt Kester (2003). Mixed-signal and DSP design techniques. Newnes. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7506-7611-3. Retrieved 8 January 2014.Jump up^ William Morris Hartmann (1997). Signals, Sound, and Sensation. Springer. ISBN 1563962837.Further reading[edit]Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jakob and Greg Humphreys, Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation, 3rd ed., Morgan Kaufmann, November 2016. ISBN 978-0128006450. The chapter on sampling (available online) is nicely written with diagrams, core theory and code sample.External links[edit]Journal devoted to Sampling TheoryI/Q Data for Dummies – a page trying to answer the question Why I/Q Data?Sampling of analog signals – an interactive presentation in a web-demo at the Institute of Telecommunications, University of Stuttgart

In this season of the year, a lot of schools and colleges arrange different kinds of seminars, events, conferences, and even college days. Whether it’s an annual day, cultural fest, tech fest or even insider conference, seminars or meetings, it is very important to give a vote of thanks to guests, organizing team, volunteers, and other members who participate in such events. It is also called as Thank You Note or Address. It is important to give a proper vote of thanks because people put their best efforts to make themselves available and to arrange the event to make it successful. Showing them affection, gratitude and thanking them at end of the event leaves a good impression on them, which will make them support, arrange, fund or attend the event next time too.Note: We have written a separate Vote of Thanks Speech for Independence day here… Check it out…, you will also find more thank you notes on Related Articles section at end of the article.Vote of Thanks MeaningAn event, party, program where a lot of people participate; cannot be arranged, run by one person. It’s always a team behind, plus there a lot of people attending, addressing, guiding in your event. You as an organizer or a host on behalf of your organization must thank them all. The vote of thanks and appreciation build the rapport with the guests, organizing teams, sponsors, and volunteers. It is also called as Thank You Note or Gratitude Speech.Today, in this article we are giving you a sample vote of thanks speech, which you can refer for your anchoring script preparation. Here we have taken an example of the national educationcouncil arranged by a university. You can modify this script as per your event and need. Before going to the script itself, let’s learn a sample format for the vote of thanks, speech.Vote of Thanks Format/TemplateAlmost all thank you speeches have a common format or template. Basically, there are four main parts. Speech starts with an opening statement where you thank your institution for giving you an opportunity to thank the guests, attendees, participants, and teams. Then you thank chief guests, head of your organization/trust etc. Then you must appreciate the efforts taken by your organizing team, volunteers and finally thank sponsors. We have explained the template below.Opening statementSchool or college management/authority or committee selected you to deliver the vote of thanks because they had trust in you, they believe that you can end the event on a high note. So, In opening statement express your gratitude for allowing you to give the vote of thanks. Include the name of the University of Organisation on behalf of which you are conveying the vote of thanks.Thank Guests and ParticipantsIn this section thank all the participants, guests, delegates who attended the event. They made themselves available for your event, they gave their valuable suggestion, guidance in the event. You need to acknowledge their efforts. Try to say only positive things in this section. If you have liked any specific part of the event, then don’t forget to mention it with some explanation or experience.Thank Organizing Teams and VolunteersNever forget to thank your organizing team and student teams, especially the volunteers. No events can be arranged by a single person, it requires planning, arrangement, support. Along with them a successful event always needs volunteers, they are the people who help the events or a cause without expecting anything in return. You must thank them.SponsorsAt the end of the speech always appreciate and thank your digital news, hospitality, knowledge, transportation, and other partners. Sponsors are the people, companies who provide funds, support distribution which helps your event to be successful.ConclusionAt end of it conclude your speech, once again thank all in short.Vote of Thanks QuotesIt will be best if one can start the speech with a powerful and relevant quote. Actually, I tried to find the quotes which can be used while delivering the thank you speech, but all I found was generic thank you quotes which I think will not be relevant in this context. So I tried to make a couple of quotes. Let me know your response on these. Check out our separate article on thank you and gratitude quotes.I need to multiply “Thank You” word thousand times to match it with your efforts.If time is money then today, you have spent millions for us.One must thank the people who made an impact in their life.You gave us your TIME, the most precious gift of all.Gratitude is the attitude which gives the fortitude.Sample Introduction LinesHonorable Chief Guest, Principal and our most esteemed guests, ladies and gentlemen, It’s my privilege to propose a vote of thanks on this occasion.I regard it is as an honor and privilege to extend a vote of thanks on this momentous occasion.Respected colleagues, our most valued guests <Name>, dear students, ladies, and gentlemen. It’s my privilege to have been asked to propose a vote of thanks on this occasion.Generic Thank You NoteMr. Chief guest, Principal madam, teachers, students, ladies, and gentlemen, good evening. It is my honor and privilege to extend a vote of thanks on this august moment. I would like to thank Principal madam for awarding me this opportunity.John F. Kennedy said, “As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them.”Today my words are not enough to express the gratitude. On behalf of organizing committee and our school, I would like to thank our Chief Guest for the day, Mr. Shashak Sinha, State Education Committee Head, who graced us with his present and guidance.Sir, you shared your experiences with us, your guidance is very precious to us. Thank You once again.We are grateful to parents present here, your encouragement always helps us to carry out such important events.I would also like to thank students committee and volunteers. This event was not possible without your the invaluable contribution. You worked day and night for this event. Thank You very much.Last but not the list, I would like to thank our digital media and hospitality sponsors.Finally, I will leave you all with this inspiring Sanskrit Shlok,किमत्र बहुनोक्तेन शास्त्रकोटि शतेन च ।दुर्लभा चित्त विश्रान्तिः विना गुरुकृपां परम् ॥Once again I thank you all for your attention.Sample Vote of Thank Speech for Conference, SeminarGood evening all, I feel honored and privileged to get the opportunity to propose a vote of thanks on this special day.This is the biggest day in the history of our university, today we have hosted the biggest education conference in India. 200 delegates and 500 participating colleges & universities across all streams of education from Science to technology to research.On behalf of University education council university and on my own behalf I convey my regards and hearty thanks to our chief guest Union Education Minister Mr. X Y Z. I also like to thank all the honorable delegates who blessed us with their presence.We, <ABC> University and other participating universities and colleges got lots of things out of this conference. Words are not enough to tell you that how this conference is going to help us in shipping our curriculum.I especially liked Mr. Sharma’s speech, where he mentioned the need for digital education. The way he explained the topic is exemplary.I would also like to thank organizing team, teachers, and staff members. I should not forget to thank the volunteers and student teams, who put their last complete week in arranging this conference. I would also like to thank our transportation and accommodation team; without you guys, this event was not possible. Thank you very much again.I would also like to thank our digital partners XYZ solutions, radio partner 93.5, hospitality partner Brijesh hotel, News Partner Janata News.At the end, I would again like to thank the Union Education Minister, respected delegates and participating colleges and University authorities; thank you again for making this event successful.Sample Vote of Thank Speech Script for Last Day in Office or Last Day in Company or Last Day at Work/ RetirementHello, everyone, I feel immensely sad as well as happy today. Goodbyes are always hard. 15 years of service in the XYZ company is a very memorable journey. I have met many great people like our boss Mr. Kumar, my colleagues Sharmaji, Mr. Pandey, Mr. Dwiwedi etc. I never thought I would have a very pleasant last day in this company, but thanks to all of you I am standing here on my last working day in this office/company, overwhelmed by the love from all of you.I want to thank our boss Mr. Kumar for guiding me in my every work. He never made us feel like we are his employees and he is the boss. I will always remember him as a courageous yet friendly leader. Thank you, boss! To my colleagues, I want to say just one thing that you people made me feel like I am in my home. Thank you so much for that. I could have sent an email of last day in my office to everyone but that couldn’t possibly match the beauty of this ceremony. Thank you so much to my co-workers, my friends, staff, and Boss for hosting this lovely farewell for me on my last day here. Leaving this company is very difficult for me because for 15 years this company, office, coworkers were the part of my life. I cannot tell you how happy I am right now for receiving this Long Service Award. I will always cherish the memories made here, in this office and company. Thanks to all of you for being with us this day, it’s been a great pleasure. Thank You Very Much!Tip: You can add some relevant quotes in your last day in office vote of thank speech, retiring teacher or employee. You can also make it sound little funny. If the vote of thank speech is for after the resignation or promotion you can make some changes in the same vote of thank speech script.Sample Vote of Thank Speech Script for Wedding Reception, House Warming, Religious FunctionHello Everyone, I am feeling very glad on this auspicious day us and all of you being part of our happiness. We have blessed and are happily wedded with the God’s grace./ starting our new life in this new house/ hosting this pooja. I want to thank my parents for supporting us in our decision of getting married/ to build our own house. I want to thank all of you for being part of our happiness and blessing us with your presence,/ Being part of this puja and gathering the blessings from the God in this religious, spiritual ceremony. Thank you so much, all of you.Sample Vote of Thank Speech Script for Independence Day, Republic Day.On this auspicious day of Independence Day/Republic Day, I feel immensely proud to get a chance to present the vote of thanks on behalf of my school/college/office/company. I feel very proud to be born in India and as a responsible citizen, being an Indian it is my duty to celebrate such glorious days. I want to thank all of you for being part of the independence day/republic day ceremony and helping to glorify the day. I would like to thank our Principal/Head of Department/boss for organizing such beautiful event. Special thanks to the organizing team, students, volunteers, without them this event couldn’t have been successful. Thank you so much. Jai Hind! Jai Bharat!Vote of Thanks for Annual Day by PrincipalI would like to thank all of you for your gracious presence today here at St. Xavier International school’s 15th Annual Day celebration. We are honored by your presence, your guidance is invaluable for us.Our school is not only excellent at academics but we believe in the all-round development of kids. We also strive to make them ideal citizens. We initiate various programs like Swacchata Abhiyaan, Nature March, Plant a Tree on Birthday etc. We planned our annual day events in such manner that it will bring students, parents, and teachers close to nature.My special thanks to our chief guest Mr.XYZ for his presence and guidance. We will try our best to take forwards your thoughts in our school. I would also like to thank Mrs.ABC for her excellent presentation on environmental issues. We learned a lot from it.I would also like to thank out supporting staff for making all arrangements. I would like to thank volunteers and teaching staff for their contribution.I would like to thank parents, without them this program will not complete. Their support always helps to bring best out of us.I am looking forward to one more excellent year. With our collective efforts, we will take this school to next level. Thank You All, Good evening.

Think independently for yourself.Sounds pretty obvious, doesn’t it? But you'd be surprised how many fixed-mindset thoughts we’ve accumulated throughout our lives. We’re not even aware of this most of the time until someone (like Carol Dweck in her book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success) points it out. And once we become aware of it, we need to sit down and sift through all that messaging and figure out what we’ve been told is good for us, so that we can make decisions on our own about what really matters and why.Growing up female, I know this struggle only too well. And like everyone else, I’ve been advised on what’s “best” for me and what I should avoid. From advice on small everyday things such as how to do homework or play sports, to much bigger things like choosing a career or moving to another country, it seemed like everyone else knew exactly what was right for me. Now that I’m an adult, I realize that it’s not true at all. Advice, after all, is merely autobiography (thanks James Altucher for pointing this out), and nobody truly knows 100% what is right and what isn’t. Especially not for others.Okay, so back to what I was saying earlier. If you want to be different and cultivate a growth mindset, you need to think independently for yourself.But how do you do that?Consider these 10 ideas to get you going on the life path that is right for you.Idea #1. Always be in learning mode.When you’re intellectually curious, your brain is constantly looking for opportunities to absorb new information that goes beyond your school curriculum, job description, or any set of social responsibilities. You can keep your mind well-fed by watching documentaries on ancient civilizations and world-class leaders. Or, you can do in-depth research on how to improve the quality of your life by adopting positive daily habits that can keep you mentally and physically healthy.Idea #2. Choose a career path that is suited to your personality, skills, interests, and passions.That means you need to get to know yourself as well as possible first. You can set aside a couple of hours this weekend to write a few things down in your notebook, which is always an excellent way to begin developing any big idea. Take the time to identify which personality traits you like having most, then write down the skills you can explore, improve, and master in order to take full advantage of those traits. Or, if you’d like to focus on a subject or field of expertise you want to pursue to get the job you’ve always dreamt of having, think of ways to find a mentor who can give expert tips on how to get there.Idea #3. Don’t apologize for being yourself.There will be many times throughout your life, whether it’s going through school or working on your career or perhaps starting a family, when you’ll be questioned, undermined, or criticized for your behavior, personality, or ideas. During those times, it’s important to keep in mind that you are unique in your own right. This means that you have a combination of DNA, intelligence, personality traits, small quirks, likes and dislikes, routines, habits, and skills that differentiate you from the rest of the world. No matter what, always celebrate the beauty of being your own unique self.Idea #4. Don’t automatically assume the role that others expect of you.In most cases, expectations of male and female roles are passed on from generation to generation without a second thought, which is a great example of fixed mindset thinking. You might hear those messages coming from your parents, neighbors, relatives, extended circle of friends, partners, even society at large. How do you deal with them? The proactive way is to question these expectations every step of the way. Why? Because you were given this gift of life to discover who you are and how to become the best version of yourself, not a carbon copy of somebody else or their ideas of who you “should” or “must” be.Idea #5. Work on creating your own boundaries.This applies to any number of situations where people are pushy or disrespectful of your time and space. Sometimes people aren’t even aware they’re imposing (or in other cases their behavior is more aggressive), so it’s up to you to take a stand. For example, if a friend insists on hanging out but you want time to yourself, do what you can to make yourself unavailable. If you don’t like someone taking up your time, tell them you’re busy. And if someone asks you to do their job or finish up a task that is their responsibility, just say no firmly. This may not feel comfortable (or nice) to do in the beginning, but it’s a muscle you should work out often until it starts to feel more natural. Let’s face it: in order to accomplish what you’ve set out to do in life, being nice won't necessarily get you there, but having the time and space most likely will.Idea #6. Build up a thick skin.No, it’s not the easiest thing in the world to become thick-skinned, but it certainly helps to deal with the negativity that you’ll face at many points in your life. This especially applies to criticism coming from your immediate surroundings (including family and friends) to negative feedback you’ll most certainly receive at work or school. If you learn to expect criticism, then it won’t faze you much when you actually do receive it. It won’t be that big of a deal. And no matter how the message is delivered, try not to always take it personally. Learn the difference between constructive criticism (when someone suggests that you do something in a different way) and just plain negativity for negativity’s sake (in which case, it’s best to just ignore it).Idea #7. Take more risks.This doesn’t mean you should start doing things that are life-threatening or can negatively impact your health and well-being. It simply means you should do something on a regular basis that scares you. That’s what personal growth is all about! For example, try an activity that makes you feel uncomfortable or self-conscious. Learn to speak in front of a bigger audience. Stand up to a bully. Challenge yourself to do one new thing this year that you never thought you’d be able to do, whether it’s taking a martial arts class, joining the gym, learning a foreign language, or befriending someone you’ve admired for a long time. Taking these types of risks help us learn, through trial and error, and learning is growth.Idea #8. Cultivate friendships with men.To some, this may seem obvious and to others it may be confusing. Think of it this way: instead of seeing men as an entirely different species that is often difficult to relate to (another example of fixed mindset thinking!), try to seek the things you have in common with them. That could mean sharing a passion for watching historical or political documentaries, spending a few hours preparing and cooking a three-course meal together, hiking up mountain trails or sitting on the beach over the weekend, or engaging in a conversation about politics in the Middle East. Dedicate some time to building the friendship, communicating with each other openly, learning to trust one another, and enjoying all the different ways in which you like to discover and experience the world.Idea #9. Respect yourself.You’ve probably heard this many times, and there’s a reason for it. Regardless of gender, it’s important to respect yourself. What does that mean? It can mean respect your time (because it’s a precious commodity), all of your efforts (that you put in to school, work, and personal life), all the knowledge you have acquired over time (because it’s an investment you made in yourself), your values (because they build the core of who you are), your goals (that you deem important), and whatever else you’re doing to improve and become the best version of yourself. When you respect yourself, you set a benchmark for others to respect you as well. There’s an energy that will emanate from you and that other people will feel.Idea #10. Make independence your goal #1.As you’re completing your education or acquiring valuable skills you can use as an adult both professionally and personally, you are actually setting a foundation for becoming independent. Why is this important? Because when you are independent, you get to make choices that are right for you. What kind of choices can make you feel more independent? It can be anything from deciding which food to eat to have a healthy lifestyle, saving up money so you can move to a place of your own, or selecting who you want as a close friend or partner. Making these choices independently, and aligning them to your own needs and goals, shows that you’re cultivating a growth mindset. And that, right there, is an empowering way to live your life!Did you find these tips helpful?This answer is just a sample of the material I’m putting together in an online course called “Imagine What's Possible: A Beginner's Guide to the Growth Mindset.” In the course you’ll be able to:Discover how your attitude and mindset are critical to successDifferentiate between a fixed and growth mindset way of thinkingIdentify “fixed mindset” behavior that you can correctApply “growth mindset” behavior through practical tipsPractice what you’ve learned with exercises and templates specially designed for this course.Click here for more details if you’d like to enroll.