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John Adams and Thomas Jefferson famously died on the same day, July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. The timing struck Americans as providential, for Adams had led the push for independence in the Continental Congress, and Jefferson drafted the inspirational document that justified the decision.But, as Gordon S. Wood vividly conveys in “Friends Divided,” the two men were stark contrasts in almost every way. Tall and lanky, Jefferson towered over the short and stout Adams. Outwardly serene, gregarious and gracious, Jefferson made friends more easily than did the cranky, excitable and acerbic Adams. Jefferson sought to ingratiate, Adams to provoke. Where Jefferson flattered the American people as the best on earth, Adams warned them to beware of their passions, greed and conceit. Jefferson told them what they longed to hear, while Adams conveyed unpalatable truths. Adams clung to a secularized vision of the original sin that taints all humanity, according to the Calvinist sermons of his youth. Jefferson instead embraced an Enlightenment creed that regarded humanity as potentially perfectible if freed from too much government. Jefferson sought, with remarkable success, to know something about everything, while Adams focused his reading and writing on political theory.FRIENDS DIVIDEDBy Gordon S. WoodPenguin Press, 502 pages, $35They came from divergent backgrounds in radically different colonies belonging to the British Empire. Born into a farming family of middling means and conventional piety, Adams grew up in Massachusetts, a domain of relative equality, where leading men feared pressure from the common farmers below, because the social distance was so short. Jefferson, however, inherited wealth and prestige in Virginia, the richest and most unequal colony on the mainland of North America: a domain of a few grandees, a paltry middle class, many poor whites and thousands of enslaved African Americans. Born into the master class, Jefferson could champion the political aspirations of common folk, for he felt secure that they would never challenge his superiority. Adams boasted that he never possessed a slave; Jefferson owned hundreds during his lifetime.Driven by ambition and self-doubt, Adams longed to become the leading lawyer in Massachusetts and statesman in America. He needed more applause than even his considerable talents could win, so he wallowed in self-abuse and self-pity in private diaries and letters. “No other Founder,” Mr. Wood remarks, “could paint in prose such colorful and pungent pictures of individuals as Adams”—especially Adams writing about Adams.Instead of confiding to a diary, Jefferson recorded everything he could measure: population, weather, expenditures and the births and deaths of his human property. Jefferson carefully courted public esteem by withholding his private sentiments and self-doubts—if he had any, which Mr. Wood doubts. Adams could never mask his contempt for almost every other politician, while Jefferson dreaded contention and cultivated equanimity. While smiling to the public faces of all men, Jefferson savaged rivals in private letters and political intrigues, which led foes to suspect duplicity.Modern citizens and politicians prefer Jefferson’s flattery to Adams’s criticism. Adams, however, has become the not-so-guilty pleasure of historians, who delight in his voluminous and vivid paper trail. Who can resist a source so garrulous, blunt, opinionated and provocative? He seems to offer the hidden truths coveted by scholars, who doubt surface appearances and pieties.In this lucid and learned dual biography, Mr. Wood asks: “These two men were so different from each other. How could they ever have become friends?” They met at the Second Continental Congress, which convened in Philadelphia in May 1775, a few weeks after war had erupted between Patriot militiamen and British regulars. Thirty-nine-years-old, Adams was the older, veteran lawyer, writer and politician. Needing Virginia’s support in Congress, Adams cultivated the younger man (then 32), treating him as a promising protégé. Busy with committee work to manage the war effort, Adams encouraged Jefferson to draft the Declaration.At the time, Jefferson felt frustrated because that duty marginalized him from framing a state constitution for Virginia. In the short term, Adams succeeded where Jefferson failed, drafting the constitution for Massachusetts in 1779-80. Featuring a bicameral legislature with a strong governor, that state’s constitution influenced the subsequent Federal Constitution adopted in 1787-88.Thereafter, Adams became obsessed with vindicating the conservative principles of most American constitutions, writing long and turgid defenses. “Infatuated with the English constitution,” Adams favored elements of monarchy in the executive and of aristocracy in the senate. Few readers appreciated the subtlety of his too-subtle analysis. Adams despised the wealthy and wellborn of America as selfish and exploitative, but he insisted that their persistent power could never be wished away, as democracy falsely promised. Instead, he sought to channel that power overtly into a single house of the legislature, lest it covertly dominate the entire system. Adams also wanted an executive, with a complete veto and a life term, to hold the balance of power between a democratic lower house and an elitist senate. While Jefferson won renown for declaring all men as created equal, Adams became notorious for announcing, early and often, that all men were unequal, both naturally and socially.Their friendship flourished during the mid-1780s, when both men served as American diplomats in Europe and exchanged warm sentiments and happy visits. But their affection eroded during the 1790s, after they had returned to the United States and taken opposite sides in the nation’s politics. During that decade, politics polarized between the nation-building Federalists and hostile Republicans, who promoted states’ rights and a more democratic vision of governance—albeit only for white men.During that decade, Adams’s political fortunes ran on the fumes of former accomplishments, while Jefferson claimed the future. Early in the 1790s, Adams had little influence as vice president in the Federalist administration of the formidable and frosty President Washington. Meanwhile, Jefferson shrewdly built influence by leading the Republicans, who accused the Federalists of corrupting the government by insidiously cultivating monarchy and aristocracy. In 1797, Adams succeeded Washington as president, while Jefferson uneasily became his vice president—and continued to lead the opposition. No longer friends, they competed in the nasty and pivotal presidential election of 1800, which Jefferson narrowly won and triumphantly insisted had saved the republic from “monarchists.” Adams seethed in retirement, while Jefferson grew ever more popular, winning re-election in a landslide.Mr. Wood has become the leading historian of the “Founding Fathers”—those who declared independence and wrote the first state and federal constitutions. Through a long, productive and celebrated career, he has sustained a remarkably consistent interpretation of the American Revolution as a middle-class movement by hard-working and ambitious common men seeking wealth and respect. Alarmed at British rule, they initially followed the enlightened lead of their better-educated and wealthier leaders—the Founders—in the fight for independence and republican government. After winning the war, common men completed the revolution through their own aggressive striving, which broke down traditional deference for the genteel elite. At the turn of the new century, middle-class manufacturers, newspaper editors and party politicians took over, shunting aside the older generation to create a speculative economy and democratic politics. The cleverest Founders, led by Jefferson, cleared the way, while the most conservative, especially Adams, became “irrelevant” by clinging to antiquated ideas of persistent social hierarchies.Mr. Wood wants to admire the democratic Jefferson more than the skeptical Adams, but biographical details often pull the author toward reversing that assessment. If Jefferson was the smoother politician, Adams seems the better man to Mr. Wood. Adams developed a close, practically equal and always loyal marriage with the able, articulate and devoted Abigail Smith Adams. Jefferson, however, favored female inferiority, tried to seduce a friend’s wife, married a woman who knew her subordinate place, and, after his wife died young, took an enslaved mistress whose children could never challenge the inheritance of his legitimate daughters. Adams lived within his means in a modest farmhouse, while Jefferson built and rebuilt a mountaintop mansion filled with fine art, furniture and wines—while his debts mounted ever higher, ultimately ruining his heirs. Mr. Wood also disdains Jefferson’s dangerous naiveté in supporting the increasingly bloody and chaotic French Revolution of the early 1790s. Adams’s early skepticism seems, by comparison, judicious and prescient.Both men despised slavery in principle, but neither did anything to end it in practice. Adams, at least, never indulged in the pseudo-biological racist speculations that tainted Jefferson’s book “Notes on the State of Virginia.” Adams supported the black revolutionaries of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), in the Caribbean, while Jefferson helped the French efforts to suppress their independence.Mr. Wood’s reversal seems complete as he turns to the last decades of his two subjects, when they renewed their friendship through an exchange of 158 letters. “You and I,” Adams told Jefferson in 1813, “ought not to die, before We have explained ourselves to each other.” Forthcoming and funny, Adams ranged widely and frankly, while Jefferson was more cagey, politely deflecting his old friend’s most provocative points. Meanwhile, in letters to Virginia’s leaders, Jefferson became more dogmatic and angry, denouncing every new economic and social trend as destructive to his rustic vision of America. Challenged by antislavery politics emerging in the northern states, Jefferson fiercely embraced the dogma of southern states’ rights. While Jefferson became a crank, Adams belatedly warmed up, more serenely accepting the volatile new politics and economy as inevitable. “The two friends seemed to reverse their outlooks on the world,” Mr. Wood concludes. Indeed, he nearly dismisses Jefferson as shallow: “He had little understanding of man’s capacity for evil and had no tragic sense whatsoever. That is, he possessed no sense of the circumstances impinging on and limiting human action, little or no appreciation of the blindness of people struggling with a world they scarcely understood.”But, ultimately, this reversal will not do for Mr. Wood or, he insists, America. In the epilogue, he scuttles back to more-familiar assessments. “However true, however correct, however in accord with stubborn facts Adams’s ideas might have been,” Mr. Wood writes, “they were incapable of inspiring and sustaining the United States.” In contrast with Jefferson, whose idealistic words Lincoln later drew upon, “Adams was too questioning, too contrarian, too cynical, to offer any such support for America’s nationhood.” In the book’s ultimate reversal, Mr. Wood renews his vows to Jefferson as the crafter of an optimistic and inclusive creed that allegedly binds diverse Americans together in one inspirational nation. Never mind, that Jefferson’s creed divided Americans along gender, racial and regional lines to frame fissures that endure in our politics. In the end, Mr. Wood casts Americans as needing consoling illusions because they cannot face “stubborn facts.” If so, the true pessimist is not Adams but Mr. Wood.We should not be so quick to dismiss Adams as “irrelevant.” Indeed, contemporary politics render him alarmingly prescient. He astutely predicted, “Our Government must forever be a kind of War of about one half the People against the other.” He warned Americans that they could never eliminate the voracious political power of wealth in an unequal society. Therefore, American constitutions needed to isolate that power in one branch of the legislature lest it, instead, seep into and take over every political institution while wearing the façade of democracy. He imagined the day when the pose of populism would empower a plutocracy. Never has John Adams been more relevant than today.Review: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, Two ‘Friends Divided’

Here the list of Biomedical Equipment,1. 3-D Surface Imaging2. Abrasive Blaster3. Accurate Pressure Meter4. Acid & Corrosive Storage5. Acne Heat Treatment Device6. Acne Treatment Light7. Air Abrasion Unit8. Air Cleaner9. Airborne Radon Bath10. Air-Purifying Respirator11. Alcohol Analyzer12. Alternating Pressure Bed13. Alternating Pressure Mattress14. Amalgamator15. Ambu Bags16. Ambulance17. Amino Acid Analyzer18. Anaerobic Chamber19. Anaerobic Incubator20. Analytical Scale21. Anesthesia Cart22. Anesthesia Machine23. Angioscope24. Ankle Massage Device25. Anoscope26. Apex Finder27. Apheresis Machine28. Apnea Alarm29. Apnea Monitor30. Argon Coagulator31. Arthroscope32. Arthroscopic Pump33. Artificial Heart Valve34. Aspiration Pump35. Aspirator, Emergency36. Aspirator, Surgical37. Aspirator, Ultrasonic38. Atomic Absorption39. Audiometer40. Audiometric Booth41. Auditory Function Screening42. Automated Blot Analysis43. Automated Coagulation Analyzer44. Automatic Chest Compressor45. 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Esophageal Motility Analyzer250. ESR Measurement Device251. Ethylene Oxide Sterilizer252. Exam Light253. Exercise Device254. External Automated Defibrillator255. External Defibrillator256. External Pacemaker257. Extracorporeal Lithotripter258. Eye Magnet259. Feeding Pump260. Fermentor261. Fetal Monitor262. Film Chemical Mixer263. Film Duplicator264. Film ID System265. Film Processor266. Film Processor, Cine267. Film Scanner268. Film Storage269. Flexible Ureteroscope270. Fluorometer271. Foam Cutter, Radiotherapy272. Foetal Doppler273. Foetal Monitors274. Freeze Dryer275. FTIR Spectrometer276. Fully Auto Analyzer277. Gamma Camera278. Gamma Camera, Mobile279. Gamma Camera, Scanning280. Gamma Knife281. Gamma Probe282. Gas Liquid Chromatograph283. Gas Monitor, Atmospheric284. Gastro Esophageal Monitoring285. Gastrointestinal Aspirator Pump286. Gastroscope287. Gene Work Station288. Genetic Analysis System289. Glucose Monitor290. Glycohemoglobin Analyzer291. Gurney292. Gynecology Chair293. 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Infant Baby Care Instruments332. Infant Incubator333. Infant Incubator334. Infant Scale335. Infant Warmer336. Information System, Dermatology337. Information System, Laboratory338. Information System, Radiology339. Infrared Generator340. Infusion Pump341. Injector for High Viscosity Liquids342. Instrument Cart343. Insufflator344. Insulin Pump345. Interferential Therapy346. Intermittent Compression Unity347. Intra Oral Camera348. Intra Oral Video Camera349. Intra Oral X-Ray Pad350. Intra Oral X-ray System351. Intra Vascular Ultrasound (IVUS)352. Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump353. Intracorporeal Lithotripter354. Intubation Endoscope355. Irrigators Set & Accessories356. Isolation Transformer357. IV Pole358. Keratometer359. Lab Incubator360. Laboratory Dispenser361. Laboratory Glucose Analyzer362. Laboratory Hood363. Laboratory Hood, Ductless364. Laboratory Incubator365. Laboratory Incubator, Thermocycling366. Laboratory Information System367. Laboratory Oven368. Laboratory Product369. 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Robotic Surgical System617. Roller Production Apparatus618. Safety Eyewear619. Scale, Chair620. Scan Paper Rolls & Gel621. Scanning Electron Microscope622. Scanning Laser Polarimetry623. Semen Analyzer624. Sharp Waste Handling625. Shortwave & Laser Therapy626. Sigmoidoscope627. Simple Bone Densitometer628. Single Channel ECG629. Skin Graft Mesher630. Slide Stainers, Hematology631. Slide Stainers, Histology632. Slit Lamp633. SLT Laser634. Software for Ultrasonic Imaging635. Somnoplasty Device636. Special Physical Treatment637. SPECT/CT638. Spectrophotometer639. Spectrum Analyzer640. Specular Microscope641. Sphygmomanometer642. Spinal Decompression Table643. Spinal Rehabilitation Equipment644. Spine Analyzer645. Spirometer646. Staff Infection Control647. Standing Frame648. Steam Sterilizer649. Stereotactic Head Frame650. Stereotactic Radiotherapy System651. Sterilization Box652. Sterilizers & Autoclaves653. Stethoscope654. Stirrer655. Stools and Chairs656. Stray Energy Monitor657. 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Ultrasound, Portable739. Ultrasound, Training740. Ultrasound, Veterinary741. Ultraviolet Lamp742. Uninterruptible Power Supply743. Upright Multi-Position MRI744. Urethroscope745. Urine Analyzer746. Urodynamic Measurement System747. Urological Chair748. Urological Imaging Table749. Urological Surgical Instruments750. Urological X-ray751. Uterine Aspirator752. Uterine Balloon Therapy System753. UV Crosslinker754. UV Radiation System for Treatment755. Vacuum Concentrator756. Vacuum Extractors757. Vacuum Pump758. Vaporizer for Anesthetics759. Vascular Laboratory760. Vascular Lesion Removal Laser761. Vein Access Device762. Ventilator Analyzer763. Ventilator System764. Ventilator, Intensive Care765. Ventilator, Pediatric766. Ventilator, Portable767. Ventricular Assist Device768. Vessel Sealer769. Veterinary Endoscope, Flexible770. Veterinary Endoscope, Rigid771. Vibrating Machines & Chairs772. Vibrating Massage Device773. Vibration Microtome774. Video Colposcope775. 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I do not like the way that you phrased your question. Blacks are no different than anyone else. There are prejudices against one another - people looking down at each other etc. There will always be an “ignorant few”. I am so proud of my race. Through my studies and readings, I have learned how much we contributed to this planet. Often it was kept unknown and we learned only about the “white achievements. We have done so much!NameYearsOccupation(s)Inventions / accomplishmentsReferencesAmos, Harold1918–2003MicrobiologistFirst African-American department chair at Harvard Medical School[5]Alcorn, George Edward, Jr.1940–Physicist, inventorInvented a method of fabricating an imaging X-ray spectrometer[6][7]Andrews, James J.1930–1998MathematicianPut forth the Andrews–Curtis conjecture in group theory with Morton L. Curtis, still unsolved[8]Alexander, Archie1888–1958Civil engineerResponsible for the construction of many roads and bridges, including the Whitehurst Freeway, the Tidal Basin Bridge, and an extension to the Baltimore-Washington Parkway.Bailey, Leonard C.1825–1918InventorFolding bed[9]Ball, Alice Augusta1892–1916ChemistExtracted chaulmoogra oil for the treatment of Hansen's disease (leprosy)[10]Banneker, Benjamin1731–1806Mathematician, astronomer, surveyor, clockmaker, author, farmerWooden clock (1753); assisted in the survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia (1791); authored almanac and ephemeris (1792–1797)[11]Banyaga, Augustin1947–MathematicianWork on diffeomorphisms and symplectomorphisms[12]Bashen, Janet1957–Inventor, entrepreneur, professional consultantFirst African-American woman to receive a patent for a web-based software invention, LinkLine, an Equal Employment Opportunity case management and tracking software[13]Bath, Patricia1942–OphthalmologistFirst African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention; inventions relate to cataract surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatmentBeard, Andrew1849–1921Farmer, carpenter, blacksmith, railroad worker, businessman, inventorJanney coupler improvements; invented the car device #594,059 dated November 23, 1897; rotary engine patent #478,271 dated July 5, 1892[17]Bell, Earl S.1977–Inventor, entrepreneur, architect, industrial designerInvented chair with sliding skin (2004) and the quantitative display apparatus (2005)[18][19][20]Benjamin, Miriam1861–1947Inventor, educatorInvented "Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels"; second African-American woman to receive a patent[21]Berry, Leonidas1902–1995GastroenterologistGastroscope pioneer[22]Bharucha-Reid, Albert T.1927–1985Mathematician, statisticianProbability theory and Markov chain theorist[23]Black, Keith1957–NeurosurgeonBrain tumor surgery and research[24][25]Blackwell, David1919–2010Mathematician, statisticianFirst proposed the Blackwell channel model used in coding theory and information theory; one of the eponyms of the Rao–Blackwell theorem, which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical estimators[26]Blair, Henry1807–1860InventorSecond black inventor to issue a patent; invented seed planter and cotton planter.[27][28]Boahen, Kwabena1964–BioengineerSilicon retina able to process images in the same manner as a living retina[29][30]Boone, Sarah1832–1905InventorIroning board allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily[31][32][33]Bouchet, Edward1852–1918PhysicistFirst African-American to receive a Ph.D. in any subject; received physics doctorate from Yale University in 1876Bowman, James1923–2011PhysicianPathologist and geneticist; Professor Emeritus Pritzker School of Medicine; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences[34][35]Boykin, Otis1920–1982Inventor, engineerArtificial heart pacemaker control unit[36][37][38]Brady, St. Elmo1884–1966ChemistPublished three scholarly abstracts in Science; collaborated on a paper published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry[39]Branson, Herman1914–1995Physicist, educatorProtein structure research[40][41]Brooks, Charles1865– ?Inventor[citation needed]Street sweeper truck and a type of paper punch[42][43]Brooks, Phil19xx–Inventor[citation needed]First US patent for a disposable syringe[citation needed]Henry Brown1832– ?InventorInvented fire safe[44]Brown, Oscar E.18xx– ?InventorReceived a patent for an improved horseshoe[45]Brown, Marie Van Brittan1922–1999InventorInvented the home security system[46]Burr, John Albert18xx– ?InventorRotary-blade lawn mower patent[47]Cannon, Thomas C.1943-InventorLed a group of engineers who developed the Tactical Optical Fiber Connector (TOFC), the first fiber optic connector deployed under battlefield conditions, and the ST Connector that helped make fiber optic communications affordable.Cardozo, William Warrick1905–1962PediatricianSickle cell anemia studies; in October 1937 he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in the Archives of Internal Medicine; many of the findings are still valid todayCarson, Ben1951–Pediatric neurosurgeonPediatric neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins University; first surgeon to successfully separate craniopagus twins[48]Carruthers, George1939-AstrophysicistInvented ultraviolet camera/spectograph, which was used by NASA when it launched Apollo 16 in 1972[46]Carver, George Washington1865–1943Botanical researcherDiscovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits, principally the peanut[49][50][51][52]Charles W. Chappelle1872–1941Electrician, construction, international businessman, and aviation pioneerDesigned long-distance flight airplane; the only African-American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City; president of the African Union Company, Inc.[53][54][55]Chappelle, Emmett1925–Scientist and researcherValuable contributions to several fields: medicine, biology, food science, and astrochemistryClark, Mamie1914–2005PsychologistConducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about raceClark, Kenneth1917–1983PsychologistFirst Black president of the American Psychological Association[56]Crosthwait, David, Jr.1898–1976Research engineerHeating, ventilation, and air conditioning; received some 40 US patents relating to HVAC systemsCurtis, James H (Nick)1935-Researcher, chemist (electronics/specialty chemicals)Organic ionogen for aluminum electrolytic capacitors, cationic dialdehyde polysaccharides for wet strength paper and others, US Patent Office US Pat #3609467 US Pat #3547423 and othersDabiri, John1980–BiophysicistExpert on jellyfish hydrodynamics and designer of a vertical-axis wind farm adapted from schooling fishDaly, Marie Maynard1921–2003ChemistFirst black American woman with a Ph.D. in chemistryDean, Mark1957–Computer scientistLed the team that developed the ISA bus, and led the design team responsible for creating the first one-gigahertz computer processor chip[57][58][59]Drew, Charles1904–1950Medical researcherDeveloped improved techniques for blood storageDu Chaillu, Paul1831–1903ZoologistExplorerAnthropologistExplorer; first modern European outsider to confirm the existence of gorillas, and later the Pygmy people of central Africa; identified as white throughout life, but his mother was a Réunionnais mulatto; settled in America and considered it his country by adoption; the full aspects of his ancestry were not uncovered until 1979, and are still little known todayEasley, Annie1933–2011[60]Computer scientistWork at the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics[61][62]Ellis, Clarence "Skip"1943–Computer scientistFirst African American with a Ph.D in computer science; software inventor including OfficeTalk at Xerox PARC[63][64]Ezerioha, Bisi1972–Automotive engineerDrag racing engineer and driverFerguson, Lloyd Noel1918–2011Chemist, educatorChemistry doctorate, first received (1943, University of California, Berkeley)[65][66][67]Fryer, Roland G., Jr.1977–Economist, social scientist, statisticianInequality studiesGates, Sylvester James1950–Theoretical physicistWork on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory[68][69]Goode, Sarah E.1855–1905InventorCabinet bed invention; first African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States[70][71]Gilbert, Juan E.1969–Computer scientistAwarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at Clemson University in honor of his accomplishmentsGrant, George F.1846–1910Dentist, ProfessorThe first African-American professor at Harvard, Boston dentist, and inventor of a wooden golf tee.[72]Graves, Joseph L.1955–Evolutionary biologist[73][74][75]Green, LisaLinguistSpecializes in syntax and the study of African American EnglishGreenaugh, Kevin1956–Nuclear engineer[76]Griffin, Bessie Blount1914–2009Physical therapist, inventorAmputee self-feeding device[77][78]Hall, Lloyd1894–1971ChemistHarris, James A.1932–2000Co-discovered Rutherfordium (element 104) and Dubnium (element 105) at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory[79]Hawkins, Walter Lincoln1911–1992ScientistInventor at Bell Laboratories[80]Hodge, John E.1914–1996ChemistHolley, Kerrie1954–Research computer scientist at IBMCo-creator of Service-Oriented Modeling and Architecture, SOMA and the Service Integration Maturity Model (SIMM)Jackson, John W1953-2007Electrical Engineer, inventorCo-inventor of imaging x-ray spectrometer.Jackson, Mary1921–2005Mathematician, Aerospace engineerNASA's first black female engineerJackson, Dr. Shirley1946-PhysicistHelped develop technologies leading to the invention of the touch-tone telephone, portable fax, solar cells, fiber optic cables, and the technology enabling caller ID and call waiting[46]Jarvis, Erich19xx–NeurobiologistDuke University neuroscience bird songs studies[81][82][83]Jennings, Thomas L.1791 –1856InventorFirst African American to be granted a patent (for a dry cleaning process called dry scouring)[84]Johnson, Isaac18xx– ?InventorHeld patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage[85]Johnson, Lonnie1949–Mechanical engineer, nuclear engineer, inventorInvented Super Soaker while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked with NASA; holder of over 80 patents[4][86][87][88]Isola, Oluwabusuyi1965–Professor, International Finance, inventorInvented Double Sided GuitarJohnson, Katherine1918-Physicist, MathematicianMade contributions to the United States' aeronautics and space programs with the early application of digital electronic computers at NASA.Jones, Frederick McKinley1893–1961InventorInvented refrigerated truck systems[89]Julian, Percy1899–1975ChemistFirst to synthesize the natural product physostigmine; earned 130 chemical patents; lauded for humanitarian achievements[90][91][92][93]Just, Ernest1883–1941Woods Hole Marine Biology Institute biologistProvided basic and initial descriptions of the structure–function–property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells[94][95][96]Kittles, Rick1967–GeneticistWork in tracing the ancestry of African Americans via DNA testing[97][98]Kountz, Samuel L.1930–1981Transplant surgeon, researcherOrgan transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery; author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications[99][100][101][102]Latimer, Lewis1848–1928Inventor, draftsman, expert witnessWorked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison; became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits; said to have invented the water closet[103][104][105][106]Lawson, Jerry1940–2011Computer engineerDesigner of Fairchild Channel F, the first programmable ROM cartridge-based video game console[107][108]Lee, Raphael Carl1949–Surgeon, biomedical engineer[citation needed]Paul and Aileen Russell Professor, Pritzker School of Medicine; MacArthur Fellow, Searle Scholar, founder and Chairman, Avocet Polymer Technologies, Inc.; founder and Chairman, Renacyte BioMolecular Technologies, Inc; discovered use of surfactant copolymers as molecular chaperones to augment endogenous injury repair mechanisms of living cells; holder of many patents covering scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, and protective garments[citation needed][citation needed]Lynk, Beebe Steven1872–1948ChemistTeacher at West Tennessee UniversityMahoney, Mary1845–1926NurseFirst African American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States[109]Matzeliger, Jan1852–1889InventorShoe assembly Machine[110][111]McBay, Henry1914–1995ChemistHis discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds[112][113]McCoy, Elijah1844–1929InventorInvented a version of the automatic lubricator for steam engines, McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen .[114][115]McLurkin, James1972–Roboticist[116]McWhorter, John1965–LinguistSpecializes in the study of creole language formationMontgomery, Benjamin1819–1877InventorDesigned a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow waterMoore, Willie Hobbs1934–1994PhysicistFirst African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in Physics (University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972) on vibrational analysis of secondary chlorides[117]Morgan, Garrett1877 – 1963InventorInvented an early version of a gas mask called a smoke hood, and created the first traffic light that included a third "warning" position which is standard today. Morgan also developed a chemical that was used in hair products for hair-straightening.[118]Mensah, Thomas1950-InventorMiles, Alexander1838 – 1918InventorInvented electric elevator doors that automatically open and close[119]Nmezi, Murphy1955–Physician/biostatisticianAdvances in path analysis and structural equation modelingNriagu, Jerome1944–GeochemistStudies toxic metals in the environment; supporter of the lead poisoning thesis of the decline of the Roman EmpireOgbu, John Uzo1939–2003AnthropologistEthnic studies in education and economics[120][121]Olukotun, Kunle19xx–Computer scientistEarly advocate and researcher of multi-core processorsOyekan, Soni1946–Chemical engineerInventions in oil refiningParker, Alice H.1895–InventorFurnace for Central HeatingPoindexter, Hildrus1901–1987Bacteriologist, epidemiologistWork on the epidemiology of tropical diseases, including malariaPetters, Arlie1964–PhysicistWork on the mathematical physics of gravitational lensingQuarterman, Lloyd Albert1918–1982Scientist, fluoride chemistManhattan Project, worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico FermiRenfroe, Earl1907–2000Orthodontist[122][123]Rillieux, Norbert1806–1894Engineer, inventorInventor of the multiple-effect evaporator[124]Robinson, Larry1957–Environmental chemistInvestigated possible role of arsenic in the death of Zachary Taylor; interim president of Florida A&M UniversityRoss, ArchiaTurn of 20th centuryInventorA runner for stoops (1896), bag closure device (1898), a wrinkle-preventing trouser stretcher (1899), a garment-hanger (1903), and a holder for brooms and like articles.[125][126][127][128][129]Russell, Jesse1948–Engineer, inventorWireless communications engineerSammons, Walter1890–1973InventorPatent for hot comb[130]Sowell, Thomas1930–Economist, social scientistEconomist, social theorist and political philosopher[131][132][133][134]Steele, Claude1946–Psychologist, social scientistStereotype threat studiesStiff, Lee1941–MathematicianPresident of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics from 2000 to 2002[135]Snyder, Window1976–Computer engineerSecurity engineer at Microsoft, Mozilla, and AppleTemple, Lewis1800–1854Inventor, blacksmith, abolitionistInventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head[136]Thomas, Vivien1910–1985Surgical technicianBlue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s[137][138][139]Turner, Charles Henry1867–1923ZoologistFirst person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch, that cockroaches can learn by trial and error, and that honeybees can see color; first African-American to receive a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago[140]Tyree, G. Bernadette19xx–Biochemist[citation needed]Program Director, Division of Musculoskeletal Diseases, at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health[141]Tyson, Neil deGrasse1958–AstronomerResearcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences[142][143][144]Vaughan, Dorothy1910-2008MathematicianWorked for NACA and NASA at Langley Research CenterValerino, Powtawche1980EngineerWorked for JPL and NASA at Langley Research CenterWalker, Arthur B. C., Jr.1936–2001AstronomerDeveloped normal incidence multilayer XUV telescopes to photograph the solar corona[145][146][147]Walker, C. J.1867–1919InventorCreated black cosmetic products[148]Washington, Warren M.1936–Atmospheric scientistFormer chair of the National Science Board[149][150][151][152]West, James E.1931–Acoustician, inventorCo-developed the foil electret microphone[153][154][155]Wilkins, J. Ernest, Jr.1923–2011Mathematician, engineer, nuclear scientistEntered University of Chicago at age 13; Ph.D at 19; worked on the Manhattan Project; wrote over 100 scientific papers; helped recruit minorities into the sciences[156][157][158]Williams, Daniel1856–1931SurgeonThe first black person on record to have successfully performed pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart) surgery to repair a wound.[159][better source needed]Williams, Scott W.1943–MathematicianWilliams, Walter E.1936–Economist, social scientist[160][161][162]Woods, Granville1856–1910InventorInvented the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph[163]Wright, Jane C.1919–2013Cancer research and surgeonNoted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drug methotrexate to treat breast cancer and skin cancerWright, Louis T.1891–1952SurgeonLed team that first used Aureomycin as a treatment on humans[164][165][166]Young, Roger Arliner1899–1964ZoologistFirst African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoologyAnd that is just 1 list!!!