Identification Of Differentially Expressed Genes In Cutaneous: Fill & Download for Free

Here's a full list of experiments in alphabetical order current as of 4.20.16. If you'd like more information on each experiment for your cost/benefit evaluation, you can go to the NASA link at the bottom of the list:A2D-NanoTemplate (Production of Two Dimensional NanoTemplate in Microgravity)3D Printing In Zero-G (3D Printing In Zero-G Technology Demonstration)3D-Space (Mental Representation of Spatial Cues During Space Flight)3DA1 Camcorder (Panasonic 3D Camera)ACE-H-1 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Heated-1)ACE-H-2 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Heated-2)ACE-M-1 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-1)ACE-M-2 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-2)ACE-M-3 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-3)ACE-T-1 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature control-1)Actin (Role of Weightlessness on Metabolism)ADF-Otolith (Avian Development Facility - Development and Function of the Avian Otolith System in Normal Altered Gravity Environments)ADF-Skeletal (Avian Development Facility - Skeletal Development in Embryonic Quail)ADUM (Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity)ADVASC (Advanced AstrocultureTM)AES-1 (Antibiotic Effectiveness in Space-1)AgCam (Agricultural Camera - AgCam name used historically from 2005-2010, later version known as ISSAC)Ageing (Drosophila Motility, Behaviour and Ageing)AIRWAY MONITORING (AIRWAY MONITORING)Akustika-M (Acoustics-M) (Acoustical Investigation of Voice and Audio Links (Conncections) of the Crew on ISS)Akvarium (Aquarium) (Study of the Stability of a Model of Self-Contained (Closed) Ecological System and Elements, Included in the Model in Microgravity)Alloy Semiconductor (Crystal Growth of Alloy Semiconductor Under Microgravity)ALTCRISS (Alteino Long Term Cosmic Ray Measurements on board the International Space Station)ALTEA (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System)ALTEA-Dosi (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' - Dosimetry)ALTEA-GAP (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System-GAP)ALTEA-Shield (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System - Shield)Alteino (Space Radiation Effects on the Central Nervous System)Amine Swingbed (Amine Swingbed)AMO-EXPRESS (Autonomous Mission Operations EXPRESS Autonomous Operations Project)AMO-EXPRESS 2.0 (Autonomous Mission Operations EXPRESS 2.0 Project)AMO-TOCA (Autonomous Mission Operations TOCA Autonomous Operations Project)Amphibody (The Antibody V(D)J Recombination Machinery in Normal and Altered Gravity)AMS-02 (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02)ANDE-2 (Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment - 2)Aniso Tubule (Roles of cortical microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins in gravity-induced growth modification of plant stems)ANITA (Analyzing Interferometer for Ambient Air)Antigen (Antigene) (Optimization of Heterological Expresssion in Yeasts-True Yeasts in Microgravity for Example Synthesis of the HBS Antigen of the Virus Hepatitis B)APCF-Camelids (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Extraordinary Structural Features of Antibodies from Camelids)APCF-Crystal Growth (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Solution Flows and Molecular Disorder of Protein Crystals: Growth of High Quality Crystals, Motions of Lumazin Crystals and Growth of Ferritin Crystals)APCF-Crystal Quality (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Effect of Different Growth Conditions on the Quality of Thaumatin and Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase Crystals Grown in Microgravity)APCF-Lipoprotein (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of Human Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Subfractions in Microgravity)APCF-Lysozyme (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Testing New Trends in Microgravity Protein Crystallization)APCF-Octarellins (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of the Next Generation of Octarellins)APCF-PPG10 (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Protein Crystallization in Microgravity, Collagen Model (X-Y-Gly) Polypeptides - the case of (Pro-Pro-Gly) 10)APCF-Rhodopsin (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of Rhodopsin in Microgravity)APEX-02-2 (Advanced Plant EXperiments-02-2)APEX-03-1 (Advanced Plant EXperiments 03-1)APEX-03-2 TAGES-Isa (Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System - Intracellular Signaling Architecture)APEX-04 (Epigenetic change in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to spaceflight - differential cytosine DNA methylation of plants on the ISS)APEX-CSA2 (Advanced Plant Experiment - Canadian Space Agency 2)AQH Microscope Checkout (AQH Microscope Checkout)Area PADLES (Area Passive Dosimeter for Life-Science Experiments in Space)ARIL-1 (Influencing Factors of Space Flight on Expression of Strains of Interleukin-1)ARIS-ICE (Active Rack Isolation System - ISS Characterization Experiment)ARTE (Advanced Research Thermal Passive Exchange)Astro Palate (Factors Contributing to Food Acceptability and Consumption, Mood and Stress on Long-Term Space Missions)Astrovaktsina (Cultivation in Weightless of E.coli- Producer of the Caf1 Protein)At Home in Space (Culture, Values, and Environmental Adaptation in Space)AT-Space (Arabidopsis Thaliana in Space: Perception of Gravity, Signal Transduction and Graviresponse in Higher Plants)ATOMIZATION (Detailed validation of the new atomization concept derived from drop tower experiments--Aimed at developing a turbulent atomization simulator)AuroraMAX (Coordinated Aurora Photography from Earth and Space (AuroraMAX))Auxin Transport (Studies on gravity-controlled growth and development in plants using true microgravity conditions)Avatar Explore (Avatar Explore: Autonomous Robotic Operations Performed from the ISS)^ back to topBBacteriophage (Investigation of the Effects of Space Flight Factors on Bacteriophages)Bar-1 (Choice and Development of Methods and Instruments to Detect the Location of a Loss of Pressurization of a Module on ISS)BASE-A (Bacterial Acclimation and Adaptation to the Space Environment Conditions-A)BASS (Burning and Suppression of Solids)BASS-II (Burning and Suppression of Solids - II)BASS-M (Burning and Suppression of Solids-Milliken)BBND (Bonner Ball Neutron Detector)BCAT-3-4-CP (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3 and 4: Critical Point)BCAT-3-BA (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3: Binary Alloys)BCAT-3-SC (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3: Surface Crystallization)BCAT-4-Poly (Binodal Colloidal Aggregation Test - 4: Polydispersion)BCAT-5-3D-Melt (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Three-Dimensional Melt)BCAT-5-Compete (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Compete)BCAT-5-PhaseSep (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test-5: Phase Separation)BCAT-5-Seeded Growth (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Seeded Growth)BCAT-6-Colloidal Disks (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6 - Colloidal Disks)BCAT-6-Phase Separation (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6 - Phase Separation)BCAT-6-PS-DNA (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6: Polystyrene - Deoxyribonucleic Acid)BCAT-6-Seeded Growth (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6: Seeded Growth)BCAT-C1 (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - C1)BCAT-KP-1-Critical Point (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test Low Gravity Phase Kinetics-Critical Point)BCAT-KP1-Shelf Life (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test Low Gravity Phase Kinetics-1-Product Shelf Life)BEAM (Bigelow Expandable Activity Module)Bif (Investigation of the Effects of Space Flight Factors on the Technological and Biomedical Characteristics of Bifidobacterium)BIMS (Assessment of the Efficiency of the Use of Telemedicine Technologies On-Board ISS)Biochem Profile (Biochemical Profile)Biodegradatsia-1 (Biodegradation-1) (Initial stage of Biodegradation and Biodeterioration in Space)Bioekologia-M (Bioecology-M) (Generation of High Efficiency of Microorganisms for the Production of Preparations of Biodegradable Oil, Organophosphorus Material, Measures for the Protection of Plants, as well as, of Exopolysaddharides Uses in the Petroleum Industry)Bioemulsia-Bioreactor-1 (Research and Development of a Self-Contained Reactor of the Shielded Type For Production of Biomass of Microorganisms and Biologically Active Substances)Biokin-4 (Microbial Growth Kinetics Under Conditions of Microgravity)BIOKIS (BIOKon In Space)Biokultura (Bioculture) (Effects of Space Radiation on Food Biocultures)Biological Rhythms (The Effect of Long-term Microgravity Exposure on Cardiac Autonomic Function by Analyzing 24-hours Electrocardiogram)Biological Rhythms 48hrs (The effect of long-term microgravity exposure on cardiac autonomic function by analyzing 48-hours electrocardiogram)Biological Rhythms 48hrs (for 1YM) (The effect of long-term microgravity exposure on cardiac autonomic function by analyzing 48-hours electrocardiogram (for 1YM))Biomolecule Sequencer (Biomolecule Sequencer)Biopsy (Effect of Prolonged Space Flight on Human Skeletal Muscle)Biorisk-KM-metally (metals) and Biorisk-KM-polimery (polimers) (Influence of Factors of the Space Environment on the Condition of the System of Microorganisms-Hosts Relating to the Problem of Environmental Safety of Flight Techniques and Planetary Quarantine)Biosfera (Investigation of a Closed Ecological System)Biotest (Biochemical Status of Humans in Long Duration Space Flight)Biotrack-A (Influence of the Flow of Heavily Charged Particles of Space Radiation on Gentic Properties of Cell Production)Biotube-MICRO (Biotube-Magnetophoretically Induced Curvature in Roots)BISE (Bodies In the Space Environment: Relative Contributions of Internal and External Cues to Self - Orientation, During and After Zero Gravity Exposure)Bisphosphonates (Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to Space Flight Induced Bone Loss)Blind and Imagined (SLINK: move Short bLind plus shrink - Moving blind and throwing an imagery ball)BLT (Boundary Layer Transition, Detailed Test Objective 854)Body Measures (Quantification of In-Flight Physical Changes - Anthropometry and Neutral Body Posture)Bone Densitometer Validation (Bone Densitometer Hardware Validation)BONEMAC (Differentiation of Bone Marrow Macrophages in Space)BOP (Bone Proteomics)BP Reg (A Simple In-flight Method to Test the Risk of Fainting on Return to Earth After Long-Duration Spaceflights)BPS (Biomass Production System)Brados (Acquisition of Data About the Radiological, Electromagnetic and Different Physical Environments on Board ISS, and Their Effects on the Safety of the Crew, Space Equipment and Materials)Brain-DTI (Brain-DTI)Braslet (Validation of On-Orbit Methodology for the Assessment of Cardiac Function and Changes in the Circulating Volume Using Ultrasound and Braslet-M Occlusion Cuffs, SDTO 17011 U/R)BRIC-16-Cytoskeleton (Biological Research In Canisters - 16: Investigations of the plant cytoskeleton in microgravity with gene profiling and cytochemistry)BRIC-16-DNA (Biological Research In Canisters - 16: The Impact of Spaceflight on Arabidopsis: Deep Sequencing and DNA Arrays as Collaborative Readouts of the Transcriptome of Arabidopsis Seedlings and Undifferentiated Cells in Space)BRIC-16-Regulation (Biological Research In Canisters -16: Actin Regulation of Arabidopsis Root Growth and Orientation During Space Flight)BRIC-17-1 (Biological Research In Canisters-17-1: Undifferentiated Cell development in Arabidopsis plants in Microgravity)BRIC-17-2 (Biological Research in Canisters-17-2: Understanding Anoxic Response in Arabidopsis)BRIC-18-1 (Development of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance By Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens During Human Space Flight)BRIC-18-2 (Mechanisms for plant adaptation to space environment)BRIC-19 (Biological Research in Canisters-19)BRIC-20 (Biological Research in Canisters-20)BRIC-21 (Biological Research in Canisters-21 (BRIC-21))BRIC-22 (Biological Research in Canisters-22)BRIC-SyNRGE (Biological Research in Canisters Symbiotic Nodulation in a Reduced Gravity Environment)BTN-Neutron-Radiation-ISS (Examination of the Flow of High Speed and Thermal Neutrons)Buzz Lightyear (Buzz Lightyear)^ back to topCCALET (CALorimetric Electron Telescope)Cambium (Cambium)Capillary Beverage (Capillary Effects of Drinking in the Microgravity Environment)CARA (Molecular Biology of Plant Development in the Space Flight Environment)Card (Long Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease with New Portable Equipment)Cardio Ox (Defining the Relationship Between Biomarkers of Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress and the Risk for Atherosclerosis in Astronauts During and After Long-duration Spaceflight)Cardio-ODNT (Dynamics of the Main Factors of Cardiac Function, of Central and Regional Circulation in Rest and During the Influence of Lower Body Negative Pressure)Cardiocog-2 (Cognitive Cardiovascular Experiment)CardioRespir (Cardiorespiratory Adaptation to the Space Environment)CardioScience (Study of Cardiovascular Deconditioning Under Weightlessness Conditions)CARTILAGE (CARTILAGE)CASIS PCG 3 (CASIS PCG 3)CASIS PCG 4-1 (Protein Crystallography to Enable Structure-Based Drug Design)CASIS PCG 4-2 (The Effect of Microgravity on the Co-crystallization of a Membrane protein with a medically relevant compound.)CASIS PCG 5 (Microgravity Growth of Crystalline Monoclonal Antibodies for Pharmaceutical Applications.)CASIS PCG HDPCG-1 (Crystallization of Huntingtin Exon 1 Using Microgravity)CASIS PCG HDPCG-2 (Advancing Membrane Protein Crystallization By Using Microgravity)CASPER (Cardiac Adapted Sleep Parameter Electrocardiogram Recorder)CATS (Cloud-Aerosol Transport System)CBOSS-01-02-Renal (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Human Renal Cortical Cell Differentiation and Hormone Production)CBOSS-01-Colon (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Use of NASA Bioreactor to Study Cell Cycle Regulation: Mechanisms of Colon Carcinoma Metastasis in Microgravity)CBOSS-01-Ovarian (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Evaluation of Ovarian Tumor Cell Growth and Gene Expression)CBOSS-01-PC12 (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells - A Proven Model System for Optimizing 3-D Cell Culture Biotechnology in Space)CBOSS-02-Erythropoietin (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Production of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin by Mammalian Cells)CBOSS-02-HLT (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: The Effect of Microgravity on the Immune Function of Human Lymphoid Tissue)CBOSS-FDI (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Fluid Dynamics Investigation)CBTM (Commercial Biomedical Testing Module: Effects of Osteoprotegerin on Bone Maintenance in Microgravity)CBTM-2 (Commercial Biomedical Test Module - 2)CBTM-3-Sclerostin Antibody (Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3: Assessment of sclerostin antibody as a novel bone forming agent for prevention of spaceflight-induced skeletal fragility in mice)CBTM-3-Vascular Atrophy (Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3: STS-135 space flight's affects on vascular atrophy in the hind limbs of mice)CCE (Cardiovascular Responses During Rest and Exercise, and Evaluation of Energy Inputs During Exercise)CCF (Capillary Channel Flow)CCISS (Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Control on Return from ISS)CCM-Immune Response (Cell Culture Module - Immune Response of Human Monocytes in Microgravity)CCM-Wound Repair (Cell Culture Module - Effect of Microgravity on Wound Repair: In Vitro Model of New Blood Vessel Development)Celebral Autoregulation (Human Cerebral Autoregulation during Long-duration Spaceflight)Cell Bio Tech Demo (Cell Bio Tech Demo)Cell Mechanosensing (Identification of gravity-transducers in skeletal muscle cells: Physiological relevance of tension fluctuations in plasma membrane)Cell Shape and Expression (Microgravity and Cells: Morphotype and Phenotype Correlation)Cell Wall (Reverse Genetic Approach to Exploring Genes Responsible for Cell Wall Dynamics in Supporting Tissues of Arabidopsis Under Microgravity Conditions)Cemex (Assessment of the Technical Characteristics of a Capillary Evaporator in Microgravity)CEO (Crew Earth Observations)CEO-IPY (Crew Earth Observations - International Polar Year)Cerebral Autoregulation (Human cerebral autoregulation during long-duration spaceflight)CERISE (RNA Interference and Protein Phosphorylation in Space Environment Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans)CETSOL-2 (Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing-2)CFE (Capillary Flow Experiment)CFE-2 (Capillary Flow Experiment - 2)CFS-A (Growth and Survival of Colored Fungi in Space)CGBA-APS (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus - Antibiotic Production in Space)CGBA-KCGE (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus - Kidney Cell Gene Expression)CGBA-SM (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus - Synaptogenesis in Microgravity)Check-Saliva (Salivary Markers of Metabolic Changes during Space Missions)Chondro (Study on the Development of Methods to Produce Artificial Cartilage)Chromosome-1 (Chromosomal Aberrations in Blood Lymphocytes of Astronauts-1)Chromosome-2 (Cytogenetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation in Peripheral Lymphocytes of ISS Crewmembers)Circa (24-Hour Pattern of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Weightlessness)Circadian Rhythms (Circadian Rhythms)CIS (Effect of Microgravity and Radiation on Eukaryotic, Endothelial and Osteoblasts)Clinical Nutrition Assessment (Clinical Nutrition Assessment of ISS Astronauts, SMO-016E)Cogni (Cognitive Process for 3-D Orientation perception and Navigation in Weightlessness)Cognition (Individualized Real-Time Neurocognitive Assessment Toolkit for Space Flight Fatigue)Comm Delay Assessment (Assessing the Impact of Communication Delay on Behavioral Health and Performance: An Examination of Autonomous Operations Utilizing the International Space Station)Communications and Outreach 2-ARISS (Communications and Outreach 2 - ARISS)Communications and Outreach 2-Podcasts (Communications and Outreach 2 - Podcasts)Communications and Outreach-2 Flight Kit Photos (Communications and Outreach-2 Flight Kit Photos)Cool Flames Investigation (Cool Flames Investigation)CPCF-2 (Commercial Protein Crystallization Factory - 2: Producing Protein Crystals with Highly Refined Crystal Structure for the Development of New-Generation Medicines)CPCG-H (Commercial Protein Crystal Growth - High Density)CPCG-HM (Commercial Protein Crystal Growth - High density protein crystal growth Modified)CRE-1 (Component Repair Experiment - 1, SDTO 17012U)CRUISE (CRUISE)CSA Comm and Outreach (Canadian Space Agency Communication and Outreach)CSI-01 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 01: C. elegans and Seed Germination)CSI-02 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 02: Silicate Garden, Seed Germination, Plant Cell Culture and Yeast)CSI-03 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 03: Spiders and Butterflies)CSI-05 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 05: Spiders, Fruit Flies and Directional Plant Growth)CSI-06 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 06: Ants in Space)CSLM-2 (Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-2)CSLM-3 (Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-3)CSLM-4 (Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-4)CsPINs (Dynamism of Auxin Efflux Facilitators, CsPINs, Responsible for Gravity-regulated Growth and Development in Cucumber)Cult (Cultural Determinations of Co-working, Performance and Error Management in Space Operations)CVB (Constrained Vapor Bubble)CVB-2 (Constrained Vaper Bubble-2)Cyclops Demo (Cyclops Hardware Validation Demonstration)CYTOSKELETON (CYTOSKELETON)^ back to topDDAFT (Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test)DCPCG (Dynamically Controlled Protein Crystal Growth)DECLIC DSI-R (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - Directional Solidification Insert-Reflight)DECLIC HTI-R (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - High Temperature Insert-Reflight)DECLIC-ALI (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - Alice Like Insert)DECLIC-DSI (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - Directional Solidification Insert)DECLIC-HTI (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - High Temperature Insert)DIAPASON (Very high-accuracy environmental automatic control, and pollution monitoring and recording.)Diatomeya (Diatom) (Stability of Geographical Position and Configuration of Borders of Bioproductive Water Zones of the World Oceans, Observations by Orbiting Station Crews)Diurez (Diuresis) (Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism and Hormonal Regulaltion of Fluid Volume)DNARM (DNA Repair in Microgravity: Investigation of the Effects of High Levels of Radiation on DNA Repair Mechanisms in Microgravity)DOD SPHERES-CSAC (Department of Defense Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Chip Scale Atomic Clock)DOD SPHERES-RINGS (Department of Defense Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-RINGS)DomeGene (Dome Gene Experiment)Dose Tracker (Dose Tracker Application for Monitoring Medication Usage, Symptoms, and Adverse Effects During Missions)DOSIS-3D (Dose Distribution Inside the International Space Station - 3D)DOSIS-DOBIES (Dose Distribution Inside ISS - Dosimetry for Biological Experiments in Space)DOSMAP (Dosimetric Mapping)DOSTEL (DOSimetry TELescopes)DRAGONSat (Dual RF Astrodynamic GPS Orbital Navigator Satellite)Drain Brain (Strain-gauge Plethysmographic Analysis of the CErebral DRainage Experimented and Assessed in the Micro-gravitational Setting)DREAMTiME (DREAMTiME)Drug Metabolism (Repurposing Metformin as an anti-cancer agent: microgravity studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae)DTN (Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations)Dykhanie (Regulation and Biomechanics of Respiration in Space Flight)Dynamic Surf (Experimental Assessment of Dynamic Surface Deformation Effects in Transition to Oscillatory Thermo capillary Flow in Liquid Bridge of High Prandtl Number Fluid)^ back to topEE-Learning (Electronic - Learning)EDOS (Early Detection of Osteoporosis in Space)Education-SA (Education - South Africa: Demonstration of Mass and Weight of Objects, and Action of Reactive Forces in Microgravity)Education-SEEDS (Space Exposed Experiment Developed for Students)Education-Solar Cells (Education - How Solar Cells Work)EKE (Assessment of Endurance Capacity by Gas Exchange and Heart Rate Kinetics During Physical Training)Ekon (Experimental Survey on Evaluating the Possibility of Using the Russian Segment of ISS for Environmental Inspection of Work Areas of Various Facilities (Features))Eli Lilly-Hard to Wet Surfaces (Hard to Wet Surfaces)ELITE-S2 (ELaboratore Immagini TElevisive - Space 2)Embryo Rad (Lifetime Heritable Effect of Space Radiation on Mouse embryos Preserved for a long-term in ISS)EMCH (Elastic Memory Composite Hinge)EML Batch 1 - CCEMLCC Experiment (EML Batch 1 - CCEMLCC Experiment)EML Batch 1 - COOLCOP Experiment (EML Batch 1 - COOLCOP Experiment)EML Batch 1 - MAGNEPHAS Experiment (EML Batch 1 - MAGNEPHAS Experiment)EML Batch 1 - METCOMP Experiment (EML Batch 1 - METCOMP Experiment)EML Batch 1 - NEQUISOL Experiment (EML Batch 1 - NEQUISOL Experiment)EML Batch 1 - SEMITHERM Experiment (EML Batch 1 - SEMITHERM Experiment)EML Batch 1 - THERMOLAB Experiment (EML Batch 1 - THERMOLAB Experiment)Endothelial Cells (Effects of Spaceflight on endothelial function: molecular and cellular characterization of interactions between genome transcription, DNA damage and induction of cell senescence)Energy (Astronaut's Energy Requirements for Long-Term Space Flight)ENose (JPL Electronic Nose)Epigenetics (Epigenetics in spaceflown C. elegans)EPO (Education Payload Operations)EPO-Demos (Education Payload Operation-Demonstrations)EPO-Educator (Education Payload Operations-Educator)EPO-Kit C (Education Payload Operations - Kit C: Plant Growth Chambers)EPO-Kit D (Education Payload Operation - Kit D)EPO-Lewis and Clark-Demo (Education Payload Operations- Lewis and Clark- Demonstrations)EPO-MAEA (Education Payload Operations-Museum Aerospace Education Alliance)EPO-Robo (Education Payload Operations - Robotics)EPO-Tomatosphere II (Education Payload Operations-Tomatosphere II)Epstein-Barr (Space Flight Induced Reactivation of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus)ERB (Erasmus Recording Binocular)ERB-2 (Erasmus Recording Binocular - 2)ESA NightPod (ESA NightPod)ESA-EPO (European Space Agency - Education Payload Operations)ESA-EPO-Convection (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Convection)ESA-EPO-Cristoforetti (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Convection-Cristoforetti)ESA-EPO-FLYING CLASSROOM (EPO-FLYING CLASSROOM)ESA-EPO-FOAM Stability (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-FOAM Stability)ESA-EPO-GERST (European Space Agency - Education Payload Operations GERST)ESA-EPO-LaPlace (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations -LaPlace)ESA-EPO-Mission X (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Mission X)ESA-EPO-PARMITANO (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-PARMITANO)ESA-EPO-Peake (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operation-Peake)ESA-EPO-Scripts (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Scripts)ESA-GCF (European Space Agency - Granada Crystallisation Facility)ESA-Haptics-1 (ESA-Haptics-1)ESCD (Study of Embryonic and Stem Cell Development in Microgravity)ETD (Eye Tracking Device)EuTEF-EVC (European Technology Exposure Facility-Earth Viewing Camera)EVARM (A Study of Radiation Doses Experienced by Astronauts in EVA)Exerc-Orthostatic Tolerance (Structured Exercise Training as Countermeasure to Space Flight-Induced Orthostatic Intolerance)ExHAM-Array Mark (On-orbit demonstration of target marker for space robotics)ExHAM-CFRP Mirror (Space Environmental Testing of Lightweight and High-Precision Carbon Composite Mirrors)ExHAM-MDM2 (Material Degradation Monitor on ExHAM)ExHAM-PEEK (Space Environmental Testing of PEEK and PFA sample)ExHAM-Solar Sail (Space Environment Exposure Tests of Functional Thin-Film Devices for Solar Sail)Expert-1 (Investigation of Early Symptoms of Microdestruction of Structures and Instrument Modules in the Russian Segment of ISS)Expose-E (Expose-E)Expose-R (Expose-R)EXPPCS (EXPRESS Physics of Colloids in Space)ExPRESS Payload Simulator (ExPRESS Payload Simulator)^ back to topFFacet (Investigation of Mechanism of Faceted Cellular Array Growth)FASES (Fundamental and Applied Studies of Emulsion Stability)FASTER (Facility for Absorption and Surface Tension)Ferulate (Regulation by Gravity of Ferulate Formation in Cell Walls of Rice Seedlings)Field Test (Recovery of Functional Sensorimotor Performance Following Long Duration Space Flight)Fine Motor Skills (Effects of Long-Duration Microgravity on Fine Motor Skills: 1 year ISS Investigation)FIS (Sensory (Taste) Evaluation of Malaysian Food on Earth and in Space)Fischer Rat Thyroid Low Serum 5 (Fischer Rat Thyroid Low Serum 5%)Fish Scales (Investigation of the Osteoclastic and Osteoblastic Responses to Microgravity Using Goldfish Scales)FIT (Fungal Pathogenesis, Tumorigenesis, and Effects of Host Immunity in Space)Fizika-Obrazovanie (Educational Demonstration of Basic Physics Laws of Motion)Flatworm Regeneration (KS5: Role of Gravity and Geomagnetic Field in Flatworm Regeneration)FLEX (Flame Extinguishment Experiment)FLEX-2 (Flame Extinguishment Experiment - 2)FLEX-2J (Flame Extinguishment Experiment -2 JAXA)Fluid Shifts (Fluid Shifts Before, During and After Prolonged Space Flight and Their Association with Intracranial Pressure and Visual Impairment)FMVM (Fluid Merging Viscosity Measurement)Foam (Viscous Liquid Foam - Bulk Metallic Glass)Foam-Stability (Foam Optics And Mechanics - Stability)FOB (Forward Osmosis Bag)FOCUS (Foam Casting and Utilization in Space)Foot (Foot Reaction Forces During Space Flight)Force Shoes (In-flight Demonstration of Portable Load Monitoring Devices-Phase I: XSENS ForceShoeTM)Free-Space PADLES (Space Radiation Dosimeter by Free-Space PADLES in ISS JEM Exposed area)Fruit Fly Lab -02 (FFL-02) (The effects of microgravity on cardiac function, structure and gene expression using the Drosophila model)Fruit Fly Lab-01 (FFL-01) (ARC ISS Drosophila Experiment)Functional Task Test (Physiological Factors Contributing to Postflight Changes in Functional Performance)^ back to topGGEARRSAT (Globalstar Experiment And Risk Reduction Satellite)Gecko Gripper (Gecko Gripper)Gematologia (Haematology) (Morphofunctional Characteristic of Blood Cells and the Intensity of Erythropoiesis in Humans by the Influence of Factors of Space Flight)Genara-A (Gravity Related Genes in Arabidopsis - A)Genes in Space-1 (Genes in Space-1)Geoflow-1 (Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow Under Microgravity-1)Geoflow-2 (Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow Under Microgravity - 2)Get Fit for Space (Get Fit for Space Challenge with Bob Thirsk)Glykoproteid-K (Extraction and Investigation of surface glycoproteins E1-E2 Alphavirises on Earth and in Space)Golf (Photo and Video Filming Onboard the Russian Segment of ISS)Gosum (Comparison of Seed Growth on Earth and in Space)Gravi-2 (Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing - 2)Group Combustion (Elucidation of Flame Spread and Group Combustion Excitation Mechanism of Randomly-distributed Droplet Clouds)GTS-2 (Global Transmission Services 2)^ back to topHH-Reflex (Effects of Altered Gravity on Spinal Cord Excitability)Habitability (Habitability Assessment of International Space Station)Hair (Biomedical Analyses of Human Hair Exposed to a Long-term Space Flight)HDEV (High Definition Earth Viewing)Heart (Physiological Parameters that Predict Orthostatic Intolerance After Spaceflight)Heart Cells (Effects of Microgravity on Stem Cell-Derived Heart Cells)HET-Smartphone (Human Exploration Telerobotics Smartphone)Hicari (Growth of Homogeneous SiGe Crystals in Microgravity by the TLZ Method)HiMassSEE (Spacecraft Single Event Environments at High Shielding Mass)Hip QCT (Feasibility Study: QCT Modality for Risk Surveillance of Bone - Effects of In-flight Countermeasures on Sub-regions of the Hip Bone)HMD (Demonstration of Head Mounted Display (HMD) System for Crew)Holter ECG (Digital Holter ECG)HPA (Hand Posture Analyzer)HREP-HICO (HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean)HREP-RAIDS (HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS))HTV-Environmental Monitoring (Transport Environment Monitoring Package at HTV Cargo Transfer Bag)Hybrid Training (Effect of the Hybrid Training Method on the Disuse Atrophy of the Musculoskeletal System of the Astronauts Staying in the International Space Station for a Long Term-initial verification in ISS)HydroTropi (Hydrotropism and Auxin-Inducible Gene expression in Roots Grown Under Microgravity Conditions)Hypersole (Cutaneous Hypersensitivity and Balance Control in Humans)^ back to topII BALL (Reentry data acquisition using I Ball Reentry Recorder)I-APE (Italian-Astronaut Personal Eye)I-ENOS (Italian-Electronic NOse for Space exploration)I-FOAM (Italian-Foam)Ice Crystal (Pattern Formation during Ice Crystal Growth)Ice Crystal 2 (Crystal growth mechanisms associated with the macromolecules adsorbed at a growing interface - Microgravity effect for self-oscillatory growth - 2)ICE-First-Aging (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Aging)ICE-First-Apoptosis (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Apoptosis)ICE-First-Cells (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Cells)ICE-First-Development (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Development)ICE-First-Genomics (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Genomics)ICE-First-Muscle Proteins (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Muscle Proteins)ICE-First-Radiobiology (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Radiobiology)ICE-GA (Italian Combustion Experiment for Green Air)Identifikatsia (Identification) (Identification of the Sources of Dynamic Loads on ISS)IMAX (IMAX Documentary film: A PERFECT PLANET)Imedias (Observation of Environmental Phenomena)Immuno (Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses in Humans During and After Long Term Stay at ISS)Immuno-2 (Immuno-2)Impuls (1st stage)-IPO (Impulse (1st stage)-IPO) (Impulse)In-flight Education Downlinks (International Space Station In-flight Education Downlinks)InfoTekh (S Band Radio Signal Passage Through ISS and Test of Data Downlink)Infrazvuk-M (Infrasound-M) (Integrated Research of Electromagnetic and Acoustical Fields of Extremely Low Frequency Bands Inside the Russian Modules on ISS)InSPACE (Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions)InSPACE-2 (Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions - 2)InSPACE-3 (Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions-3)Integrated Cardiovascular (Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction During and After Long Duration Spaceflight: Functional Consequences for Orthostatic Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for Cardiac Arrhythmias)Integrated Immune (Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crewmember Immune Function)Integrated Immune-SDBI (Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crewmember Immune Function - Short Duration Biological Investigation)Interactions (Crewmember and Crew-Ground Interaction During International Space Station Missions)Interfacial Energy 1 (Interfacial phenomena and thermophysical properties of high-temperature liquids-Fundamental research of steel processing using electrostatic levitation)InterleIkin-K (Production of Hight Quality Crystals of Interleukin -1Alpha, -1Beta and Receptor of Antagonist of Interleukin-1)Intervertebral Disc Damage (Risk of Intervertebral Disc Damage after Prolonged Space Flight)IPVI (Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure for space flight and related visual impairment)IPVI for 1YM (Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure for space flight and related visual impairment)Iris (Image Reversal In Space)ISERV (ISS SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System)Iskazhenie (Determination and Analysis of Magnetic Interference on ISS)ISS Acoustics (International Space Station Acoustic Measurement Program)ISS External Leak Locator (ISS Robotic External Ammonia Leak Locator)ISS Ham Radio (ARISS) (International Space Station Ham Radio (also known as Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS)))ISS High Efficiency Particle Filter Analysis (International Space Station High Efficiency Particle Filter Analysis)ISS Internal Environments (International Space Station Internal Environments)ISS Internal Radiation Monitoring (International Space Station Internal Radiation Monitoring)ISS Medical Monitoring (International Space Station Medical Monitoring)ISS RapidScat (ISS-RapidScat)ISSAC (International Space Station Agricultural Camera)ISSI (In Space Soldering Investigation)ISSpresso (ISSpresso)ISTAR Comm Delay Prep (ISS Testbed for Analog Research Communication Delay Preparation)ISTAR Crew Autonomous Procedures (ISS Testbed for Analog Research Crew Autonomous Procedures)IVA Clothing Study (Intravehicular Activity Clothing Study)IVGEN (IntraVenous Fluid GENeration for Exploration Missions)Izgib (Effect of Performance of Flight and Science Activities on the Function of On-Orbit Systems on ISS (Mathematical Model))Izokinez (Evaluation of Work Capacity and Functions of Skeletal Muscles in Humans)^ back to topJJAXA ELF (Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF))JAXA EPO 1 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 1)JAXA EPO 10 (JAXA Education Payload Observation 10)JAXA EPO 12 (JAXA Education Payload Observation 12)JAXA EPO 2 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 2)JAXA EPO 3 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 3)JAXA EPO 4 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 4)JAXA EPO 5 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 5)JAXA EPO 6 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 6)JAXA EPO 7 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 7)JAXA EPO 8 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 8)JAXA EPO 9 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 9)JAXA Low Temp PCG (JAXA Low Temperature Protein Crystal Growth)JAXA PCG (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Protein Crystallization Growth)JAXA PCG Demo (JAXA High Quality Protein Crystal Growth Demonstration Experiment)JAXA-AstroReport (Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency - Astronaut Report)JAXA-GCF (Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency - Granada Crystallization Facility High Quality Protein Crystallization Project)JAXA-HDTV (Activation and Test Downlink of HDTV System)Journals (Behavioral Issues Associated with isolation and Confinement: Review and Analysis of Astronaut Journals)^ back to topKKaf (Crystalization of th Protein Caf1M and its Combination with the Terminal Peptide Caf1 as the Elements for the Development of a New Generation of Antimicrobial Medicinal Preparations and Components of Vaccines from Yeasts)Kaskad (Cascade) (Investigation of the Processes of Cultivation of Different Types of Cells)Khlorophyl (Observation of the Chlorophyll Chromatography Process in Weightlessness)Kibo Kids Tour (Kibo Kids Tour)Kids In Micro-g (Kids In Micro-gravity (2009-2010))Kids In Micro-g-2 (Kids In Microgravity-2 (2010-2011))Kikuchi-Kossel (Structure analyses and particle interaction studies of Colloid by laser diffractometry in microgravity)Kolibri-2000 (Hummingbird-2000) (Developmental Testing of the Kolibry Microsatellite Deployment Profile)Konstructor (Filming of Space Robot "Jitter" Assembled out of Legos)Kontur (Contour) (Development of a System of Supervisory Control Over the Internet of the Robotic Manipulator in the Russian Segment of ISS)Konyugatsia-EFR (Development of Methods for Designing New Recombinants Producing Strains of Bacteria in Space Flight)Kristallizator (Crystalization of Biological Macromolecules and Generation of Biocrystal Film in the Conditions of Microgravity)Kromka (Verification of the Effectiveness of Devices for the Protection of the Exterior Surface of ISS from Contaminants Deposited by Pulsed Cycling of Liquid-Jet)^ back to topLLactolen (Influence of Factors of Space Flight on Lactolen Producer Strains)Lada-VPU-P3R (Validating Vegetable Production Unit (VPU) Plants, Protocols, Procedures and Requirements (P3R) Using Currently Existing Flight Resources)Latent Virus (Incidence of Latent Virus Shedding During Space Flight)LDST (Long Duration Sorbent Testbed)LEGO (Commercial Promotion of LEGO® Toys)LEGO Bricks (LEGO® Bricks, formerly known as NLO-Education-2)LEON-2 (On-Orbit Demonstration of a Novel LEON-2 Based Computer System and Its Application for Acquisition and Transmission of Milli-g Environment and Acoustic Noise Data in the Columbus Attached Pressurized Module, SDTO 15010-E)Leukin-2 (Role of Interleukin-2 Receptor in Signal Transduction and Gravisensing Threshold of T-Lymphocytes-2)LIRIS Demonstratror (LIRIS Demonstratror)LMM Biophysics 1 (The Effect of Macromolecular Transport of Microgravity Protein Crystallization)LMM Biophysics 3 (Growth Rate Dispersion as a Predictive Indicator for Biological Crystal Samples Where Quality Can be Improved with Microgravity Growth)LOCAD-PTS (Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System)LOCAD-PTS-Exploration (Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System - Exploration)Lokomotsii (Effect of Microgravity Upon Kinematic, Dynamic and Electromyographic Characteristics of Human Locomotion)LONESTAR (Low Earth Orbiting Navigation Experiment for Spacecraft Testing Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking)^ back to topMMABE (Microheater Array Boiling Experiment)MACE-II (Middeck Active Control Experiment-II)MAGVECTOR (MAGVECTOR)MAI-75 (Space Devices and Modern Technology for Personal Communication)Manual Control (Assessment of Operator Proficiency Following Long-Duration Space Flight)Marangoni-Exp (Chaos, Turbulence and its Transition Process in Marangoni Convection-Exp)Marangoni-UVP (Spatio-temporal Flow Structure in Marangoni Convection)Maritime Awareness (Global AIS on Space Station (GLASS))Marrow (The MARROW study (Bone Marrow Adipose Reaction: Red Or White?))MATI-75 (Educational Demonstration of the Effects of Shape and Size on the Recovery of Precompressed Plastic Material)Matritsa-Z1 (Matrix-Z1) (Study of the Condition of CCD Matrices of Video Cameras On-Board ISS)Matryeshka-R BUBBLE (Matryeshka-R BUBBLE)MAUI (Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections)MAXI (Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image)MCE (Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment)MDRV (Microbial Drug Resistance and Virulence)MDS (Mice Drawer System)MED-2 (Miniature Exercise Device)Medaka Osteoclast (Medaka Osteoclast)Medaka Osteoclast 2 (Effect of microgravity on osteoclasts and the analysis of the gravity sensing system in medaka)Medical Consumables Tracking (Medical Consumables Tracking)MEPS (Microencapsulation Electrostatic Processing System)Meteor (Meteor Composition Determination)Meteoroid (Recording Meteoroidal and Technogenic Particles on the External Surface of the Service Module of the Russian Segment of ISS)METERON (METERON Quick Start a / DTN)Mezhkletochnoe Vzaimodeistvie (Intercellular Interactions in Space Flight)MFMG (Miscible Fluids in Microgravity)MICAST-2 (The Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions-2)Micro-10 (Influence of microgravity on the production of Aspergillus secondary metabolites (IMPAS) – a novel drug discovery approach with potential benefits to astronauts’ health)Micro-2 (Gravitational Effects on Biofilm Formation During Space Flight)Micro-2A (Microbial biofilm formation during space flight)Micro-4 (Genotypic and Phenotypic Changes in Yeast Related to Selective Growth Pressures Unique to Microgravity)Micro-5 (Investigation of host-pathogen interactions, conserved cellular responses, and countermeasure efficacy during spaceflight using the human surrogate model Caenorhabditis elegans)Micro-6 (Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses of Candida albicans to Spaceflight)Micro-7 (MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Cultured Human Fibroblasts in Space)Micro-8 (Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses of Candida albicans to Spaceflight)Micro-9 (Yeast colony survival in microgravity depends on ammonia mediated metabolic adaptation and cell differentiation)Microbe (Effect of Spaceflight on Microbial Gene Expression and Virulence)Microbe-A1 (On-board Microorganism Monitoring in Spacecrafts)Microbe-I (Microbial Dynamics in International Space Station - I)Microbe-III (Microbe-III)Microbe-IV (Microbiological monitoring in the International Space Station-KIBO)Microbial Observatory-1 (Microbial Tracking Payload Series)Microbiome (Study of the Impact of Long-Term Space Travel on the Astronauts' Microbiome)Microchannel Diffusion (Microchannel Diffusion)Microflow1 (Microflow 1 technology demonstration)Microgravity Growth of Antibody Crystals in the Hand Held High Density Protein Crystal Growth (Microgravity Growth of Single Antibody Crystals for Structure Determination)Microspace (Microbial Life in Space: Response to Environmental Factors in a Space Vehicle)Midodrine-Long (Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Long)Midodrine-SDBI (Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Short Duration Biological Investigation)Mimetik-K (Crystalization of antigen Binding Fragment of Monoclonalical Antibody to Glucosaminilmuramildepeptide)MIS (Microbes In Space: Effects of Microgravity and Space Radiation on Growth Kinetics and Mutation Processes in E. Cloacae and Acinetobacer Baumanii Cells)MISSE-1 and 2 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 1 and 2)MISSE-3 and 4 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 3 and 4)MISSE-5 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 5)MISSE-6A and 6B (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 6A and 6B)MISSE-7 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 7)MISSE-8 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 8)MISSE-8 FSE (MISSE-8 FSE)Mobility (Promoting Sensorimotor Response Generalizability: A Countermeasure to Mitigate Locomotor Dysfunction After Long-Duration Space Flight)Molniya-SM (Lightening-SM) (Investigation of Lightning Discharges in the Earth's Atmosphere and Lower Ionosphere)Moon Imagery (Moon Imagery)MOP (Motion Perception: Vestibular Adaptation to G-Transitions)Mouse Epigenetics (Transcriptome analysis and germ-cell development analysis of mice in the space)Mouse Immunology (Mouse Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Priming and Memory Response during Spaceflight)Mouse Immunology-2 (Effect of Space Flight on Innate Immunity to Respiratory Viral Infections)MSK-1 (Cultivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow in Space Flight)MSL-CETSOL and MICAST (Materials Science Laboratory - Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing and Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions)Multi-Gas Monitor (Multi-Gas Monitor)Multi-Omics (Multi-omics analysis of human microbial-metabolic cross-talk in the space ecosystem)Multigen (Molecular and Plant Physiological Analyses of the Microgravity Effects on Multigeneration Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana)Muscle (Study of Low Back Pain in Crewmembers During Space Flight)MUSCLE BIOPSY (MUSCLE BIOPSY)MVIS Controller-1 (MVIS Controller-1)Myco (Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air)Myco (for 1YM) (Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air 1 Year Mission)Myco-2 (Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air - 2)Myco-3 (Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air - 3)MyoLab (Molecular Mechanism of Microgravity-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy - Physiological Relevance of Cbl-b Ubiquitin Ligase)^ back to topNNano Step (In-situ Observation of Growth Mechanisms of Protein Crystals and Their Perfection Under Microgravity)Nanoparticles and Osteoporosis (NAnoparticles based countermeasures for Treatment of microgravity induced Osteoporosis.)NanoRacks-AAUSat5 (NanoRacks-AAUSAT5)NanoRacks-AFEX (NanoRacks-Ames Fruit-Fly Experiment)NanoRacks-AGAR (NanoRacks-Algal Growth and Remediation)NanoRacks-AHS-Pollen Propulsion (NanoRacks-Ambassador High School-Pollen Propulsion in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-AHS-Rust Development (NanoRacks-Atidim High School-Rust Development in Space)NanoRacks-ArduLab-1 (NanoRacks-ArduLab-1 Tech Demo)NanoRacks-ArduSat-1 (NanoRacks-ArduSat-1)NanoRacks-ArduSat-2 (NanoRacks-ArduSat-2)NanoRacks-ArduSat-X (NanoRacks-ArduSat-X)NanoRacks-Awty-BE-HDPE Rad Shielding (NanoRacks-Awty-Radiation Shielding and Monitoring)NanoRacks-Awty-Yeast Cell Growth in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-Awty-Yeast Cell Growth in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-BE WiSE-Alum Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-Better Education for Women in Science and Engineering-Alum Crystal Growth)NanoRacks-BSYVHS-Yeast Activity (NanoRacks-Ben Shemen Youth Village High School-Yeast Breathing Activity)NanoRacks-CADRE (NanoRacks-CADRE)NanoRacks-CCHS-The Effect of Microgravity on the Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids Over Time (NanoRacks-Carmel Christian High School-The Effect of Microgravity on the Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids Over Time)NanoRacks-CellBox-PRIME (NanoRacks-CellBox-Primary Human Macrophages in Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-CellBox-Thyroid Cancer (NanoRacks-CellBox-Effect of Microgravity on Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells)NanoRacks-Centennial-1 (NanoRacks-Ground-Based Sodium Laser Guide Star Imaging of 1U CubeSats)NanoRacks-CMS-Styrofoam Recycling (NanoRacks-Chevel Modiin Shoham-Styrofoam recycling process in microgravity)NanoRacks-COBRA PUMA GOLF Project (NanoRacks-COBRA PUMA GOLF Project)NanoRacks-DBYHS-Artemia (NanoRacks-Darca Bat Yam High School-Emergence of Artemia Eggs)NanoRacks-DCHS-Microgravity Effects on Graphene Based Supercapacitors (NanoRacks-Desert Christian High School-Microgravity Effects on Graphene Based Supercapacitors Experiment)NanoRacks-DHS-Cheeseballs (NanoRacks-Dickinson High School-Space Cheeseballs)NanoRacks-Duchesne-Light Wavelengths on Algae Production (NanoRacks-Duchesne-Algae Production in Microgravity with Variable Wavelengths of Light)NanoRacks-Duchesne-Plant Growth Chamber (NanoRacks-Duchesne-The Effects of Microgravity and Light Wavelength on Plant Growth)NanoRacks-ECS-Fungus Growth (NanoRacks-Espoo Christian School-Fungus Mycelium Growth Research Comparison in Microgravity and on Earth)NanoRacks-ECS-Funky Fungus (NanoRacks-Espoo Christian School-Fungus Growth Experiment)NanoRacks-EGAHEP ( NanoRacks-Egypt Against Hepatitis C Virus Microgravity Protein Crystal Growth)NanoRacks-FCA-Concrete Mixing (NanoRacks-Faith Christian Academy-Concrete Mixing Experiment)NanoRacks-FCC-Coagulation Crystallization (NanoRacks-Fremont Christian School-Microgravity Crystallization and Protein Coagulation Research Comparison)NanoRacks-FCHS-Robot (NanoRacks-Fremont Christian High School-Micro-Robot)NanoRacks-FPTU CubeSat-1 (NanoRacks-FPT University CubeSat-1)NanoRacks-Gadsden State-Organic Solvents in H₂O (NanoRacks-Gadsden State-Organic Solvents in H2O)NanoRacks-GOMX-2 (NanoRacks-GOMX-2: Small Photon Entangling Quantum System)NanoRacks-GOMX-3 (NanoRacks-GOMX-3)NanoRacks-GSH-Arugula Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Girl Scouts of Hawai`i- Arugula Plant Growth)NanoRacks-GSH-Microgreen Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Girl Scouts of Hawai`i-Microgreen Plant Growth)NanoRacks-Gumstix (NanoRacks-Evaluation of Gumstix Performance in Low-Earth Orbit)NanoRacks-HBES-Antibacterial Products (NanoRacks-Henry Bauerschlag Elementary School-Antibacterial Products)NanoRacks-Heart Flies (NanoRacks-Heart Effect Analysis Research Team conducting FLy Investigations and Experiments in Spaceflight)NanoRacks-IComp-Space Cowboy Builders (NanoRacks-Irish Centre for Composites Research-St. Nessan’s Community College: Effects of microgravity on the solidification of reinforced concrete)NanoRacks-ISS University Research (UR) - 1 (NanoRacks-The Investigation of Countermeasures to Modulate and Augment the Immune System)NanoRacks-JAMSS-2, Lagrange-1 (NanoRacks-JAMSS-2, Lagrange-1)NanoRacks-JKHA-Composting in Space (NanoRacks-Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy-Determining the effect of microgravity on the decay of vegetable mater)NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-1 and -3 (NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-1 and -3)NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-2 and-4 (NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-2 and -4)NanoRacks-LCS-Protein Aggregation (NanoRacks-Loomis Chaffee School-Effect of microgravity on protein aggregation)NanoRacks-LEMUR-2 (NanoRacks-LEMUR-2)NanoRacks-LGHS-Iron Corrosion (NanoRacks-Los Gatos High School-Corrosion Behavior of Pure Iron)NanoRacks-Lipid Mimic Self-Assembly (NanoRacks-Self-Assembly of Mesoscopic Lipid Mimics)NanoRacks-LitSat-1 (NanoRacks-LitSat-1)NanoRacks-LituanicaSAT-1 (NanoRacks-LituanicaSAT-1)NanoRacks-MA-Effect of Microgravity on Bacterial Growth (NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-Effect of Microgravity on Bacterial Growth)NanoRacks-MA-Fluid Flow (NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-The Effect of Microgravity on Fluid Flow Efficiency)NanoRacks-MA-Latex Polymer Coalescence (NanoRacks-Minnehaha Christian Academy-Coalescence of Water-Based Latex Polymers)NanoRacks-MBG-Cuscuta (NanoRacks-Midreshet Ben-Gurion-Cuscuta Parasitic Plant Growth)NanoRacks-MCHS-CO2 Monitor (NanoRacks-Maranatha Christian High School-Carbon Dioxide Monitor)NanoRacks-MCS-CO2 Sensor (NanoRacks-Maranatha Christian Schools-Measuring CO2 levels aboard the International Space Station)NanoRacks-MH EASA-Corrosion of Metals in Microgravity (NanoRacks-McMinnville High Engineering Aerospace & Sciences Academy-Corrosion of Metals in Microgravity)NanoRacks-MHS-Exoskeleton Density (NanoRacks-McMinnville High School-Exoskeleton Density Analysis of Mealworms in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-Micro-gRx (NanoRacks-Fluorescent Polarization in Microgravity)NanoRacks-MicroMAS (NanoRacks-Microsized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite)NanoRacks-MinXSS (NanoRacks-Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat)NanoRacks-Mission Discovery (NanoRacks-Mission Discovery ISS Bio-Medical Experiments)NanoRacks-Mission Discovery 2 (NanoRacks–Mission Discovery Biomedical Experiments 2)NanoRacks-NanoRocks (NanoRacks-NanoRocks: Collisional Evolution of Particles and Aggregates in Microgravity)NanoRacks-NanoTube Solar Cell (NanoRacks-Earth Abundant Textured Thin Film Photovoltaics)NanoRacks-NCESSE-1 (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education -1)NanoRacks-NCESSE-2 (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education -2)NanoRacks-NCESSE-Antares (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Antares (SSEP Mission 2))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Aquarius (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Aquarius (SSEP Mission 1))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Charlie Brown (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Charlie Brown (SSEP Mission 5))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Falcon (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Falcon (SSEP Mission 3))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Odyssey (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Odyssey (SSEP Mission 7))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Orion (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Orion (SSEP Mission 4))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Yankee Clipper (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Yankee Clipper (SSEP Mission 6))NanoRacks-NDC-BMS-Vermicomposting (NanoRacks-NDC-Bell Middle School-Efficiency of Vermicomposting in a Closed System)NanoRacks-NDC-CHS-Bacterial Lag Phase (NanoRacks-National Design Challenge-Centaurus High School-The Effects of Simulated Gravity on Bacterial Lag Phase in a Micro-Gravitational Environment)NanoRacks-NDC-CHS-The Green Machine (NanoRacks-National Design Challenge-Chatfield High School-The Effect of Microgravity on Two Strains of Biofuel Producing Algae with Implications for the Production of Renewable Fuels in Space Based Applications)NanoRacks-NODeS ()NanoRacks-NovaWurks-SIMPL-Microsat (NanoRacks Kaber Mission 1-NovaWurks-Satlet Initial Mission Proofs and Lessons)NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Oil Bubbles (NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Oil Bubbles)NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Rock Candy in Space (NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Rock Candy in Space)NanoRacks-OSU-Zeolite (NanoRacks-The Ohio State University-Zeolite Crystal)NanoRacks-OTS-Decay Rate in Space (NanoRacks-Ort-Tivon School-Determining the effect of microgravity on the rate of decay of vegetable matter)NanoRacks-PCG Therapeutic Discovery (NanoRacks-Protein crystal growth in microgravity to enable therapeutic discovery)NanoRacks-PCG-1 (NanoRacks-Protein Crystal Growth-1)NanoRacks-Planet Labs-Dove (NanoRacks-Planet Labs-Dove)NanoRacks-Planetary Resources-Arkyd-3 (NanoRacks-Planetary Resources-Arkyd-3)NanoRacks-Project MERCCURI (NanoRacks-Comparison of the Growth Rate and DNA Characterization of Microgravity Exposed Microbial Community Samples)NanoRacks-RCHS-Battery Life (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-Battery Life in Microgravity)NanoRacks-RCHS-E. Coli Growth (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-E. Coli Bacteria Growth in Microgravity)NanoRacks-RCHS-E. Coli Growth with UV Exposure (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-E. Coli Bacteria Growth with UV Exposure in Microgravity)NanoRacks-RCS-Bacteria Growth (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian Schools-Bacteria Growth Experiment)NanoRacks-RCS-Battery Performance (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian Schools-Battery Performance Experiment)NanoRacks-SABOL (NanoRacks-Self-Assembly in Biology and the Origin of Life)NanoRacks-SDSA YSI-Liquid Bridge Deformation and Particle Motion Under Mechanical Rotation (NanoRacks-San Diego Science Alliance Youth Space Institute-Liquid Bridge Deformation and Particle Motion Under Mechanical Rotation)NanoRacks-SDSA YSI-Radiation Blocking (NanoRacks-San Diego Science Alliance Youth Space Institute-Radiation Detection and Mitigation)NanoRacks-SHHS-Polyurethane Repair Kit (NanoRacks-South Houston High School-Polyurethane Repair Kit for ISS)NanoRacks-SkyCube (NanoRacks-SkyCube)NanoRacks-Slime Mold (NanoRacks-Slime Mold Organization)NanoRacks-SyNRGE³ (NanoRacks-Symbiotic Nodulation in a Reduced Gravity Environment-Cubed)NanoRacks-Terpene (NanoRacks-Terpene Extraction in Microgravity)NanoRacks-The Hydrofuge (NanoRacks-The Hydrofuge Plant Chamber Experiment)NanoRacks-UAPSAT-1 (NanoRacks-UAPSAT-1)NanoRacks-UF-Squids-1 (NanoRacks-University of Florida-Squids-1)NanoRacks-VCHS Plant Seed (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School Plant Seed Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Ant Colony Behavior (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Ant Colony Behavior in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCHS-B. Subtilis (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Bacterial Growth and Kanamycin Resistance (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Bacterial Growth and Kanamycin Resistance in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Electromagnetic Ferrofluid (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Electromagnetic Effects on Ferrofluid)NanoRacks-VCHS-Electroplating (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Electroplating)NanoRacks-VCHS-Improved Multiple Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Growing Wisconsin Fast Plants, Chives, and Dandelions in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCHS-ISS Background Radiation (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-ISS Background Radiation Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Memory Loss (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Memory Loss Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Observing Background Radiation and Magnetic Fields in Microgravity (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Observing Background Radiation and Magnetic Fields in Microgravity)NanoRacks-VCHS-Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Plant Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Plant Inoculum (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Plant Inoculum Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Protein Crystallization in Space (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Protein Crystallization in Space)NanoRacks-VCHS-Silver Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Silver Crystal Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Thermal Conductivity (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Thermal Conductivity Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Wisconsin Fast Plant Growth in a Vibration Environment (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Wisconsin Fast Plant Growth in a Vibration Environment Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHSD-Evaluating Solar Liquid Power in Space (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School of Dublin-Evaluating Solar Liquid Power in Space: Converting Electromagnetic Radiation to Electricity)NanoRacks-VCJHS-Fluid Density (NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-Mixing Liquids of Different Densities in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCJHS-High Temperature Dispersion in Microgravity (NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-High Temperature Dispersion in Microgravity)NanoRacks-VCJHS-Penicillin Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-Penicillin Growth Preferences in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-WA-Resurrection Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Wheaton Academy-Resurrection Plant Growth Experiment in Microgravity)NanoRacks-WCHS-E. Coli and Kanamycin (NanoRacks-Whittier Christian High School-E.Coli Bacteria and Kanamycin Antibiotic)NanoRacks-Λ-Sat (NanoRacks-Λ-Sat Hellenic Satellite)Nanoskeleton (Production of High Performance Nanomaterials in Microgravity)Nematode Muscles (Alterations of C. elegans muscle fibers by microgravity)Neocytolysis (Effects of Microgravity on the Haemopoietic System: A Study on Neocytolysis)NeuroMapping (Spaceflight Effects on Neurocognitive Performance: Extent, Longevity, and Neural Bases)NeuroRad (Biological Effects of Space Radiation and Microgravity on Mammalian Cells)Neurospat (Effect of Gravitational Context on EEG Dynamics: A Study of Spatial Cognition, Novelty Processing and Sensorimotor Integration)NICER (Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer)Night Vision (Eyespots and Macular Pigments Extracted from Algal Organisms Immobilized in Organic Matrix with the Purpose to Protect Astronaut's Retina)NIP (Interaction of Sprayed Proteins (luciferin and luciferace) By Bioluminescence Image)NLP-Cells (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Cells)NLP-Cells-Jatropha Biofuels (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Cells - Jatropha Biofuels (NLP-Cells-3,4,6,7))NLP-Vaccine-MRSA (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)NLP-Vaccine-Salmonella (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Salmonella)NLP-Vaccine-Survey (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Survey)NOA-1 (Exhaled Nitric Oxide-1)NOA-2 (Exhaled Nitric Oxide-2)NPBX (Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment)Nutrition (Nutritional Status Assessment)^ back to topOOASIS (Observation Analysis of Smectic Islands in Space)OChB-1 (Influence of Factors of Space Flight on Superoxide Strain Producer)OCT Tech Demo (Optical Coherence Tomography Technology Demonstration)Ocular Health (Prospective Observational Study of Ocular Health in ISS Crews)ODK2 (Evaluation of Onboard Diagnostic Kit 2)OEE (Oil Emulsion Experiment)On-Orbit Crystals (Exploiting On-orbit Crystal properties for Structural Studies of Medically and Economically Important Targets)Onboard Diagnostic Kit (Evaluation of Onboard Diagnostic Kit)OPALS (Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science)ORZS (The Optimization of Root Zone Substrates (ORZS) for Reduced Gravity Experiments Program)Osteo-4 (Osteocytes and mechano-transduction)OsteoOmics (Gravitational Regulation of Osteoblast Genomics and Metabolism)Otolith (Otolith Assessment During Postflight Re-adaptation)OVAR (Off-Vertical Axis Rotation: Eye Movements and Motion Perception Induced By Off-Axis Rotation at Small Angles of Tilt After Spaceflight, DSO 499)^ back to topPPACE (Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment: 100X Oil Test Target)PACE-2 (Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment - 2: 3D Particle Test)PACE-LMM-Bio (Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment - Light Microscopy Module: Biological Samples)PADIAC (PAthway DIfferent ACtivators)Parodont (Parodentium) (Condition of Peridontal Tissues in Space Flight)Particle Flux (Particle Flux Demonstrator)Passages (Scaling Body-Related Actions in the Absence of Gravity)PBRE (Packed Bed Reactor Experiment)PC4NC (Protein Crystals for Neutron Crystallography (PC4NC) Large volume crystal growth of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase complexes by counter-diffusion in microgravity for neutron diffraction studies)PCG-EGN (Protein Crystal Growth-Enhanced Gaseous Nitrogen Dewar)PCG-STES-IDQC (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Improved Diffraction Quality of Crystals)PCG-STES-IMP (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Crystallization of the Integral Membrane Protein Using Microgravity)PCG-STES-MM (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Synchrotron Based Mosaicity Measurements of Crystal Quality and Theoretical Modeling)PCG-STES-MMTP (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Crystallization of the Mitochondrial Metabolite Transport Proteins)PCG-STES-MS (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System - Crystal Growth Model System for Material Science)PCG-STES-RDP (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Engineering a Ribozyme for Diffraction Properties)PCG-STES-RGE (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Regulation of Gene Expression)PCG-STES-SA (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Science and Applications of Facility Hardware for Protein Crystal Growth)PCG-STES-VEKS (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Vapor Equilibrium Kinetics Studies)PCS (Protein Crystallization in Space: Characterization of the Effect of Microgravity on the Crystal Growth Behavior of Lipases)Personal CO2 Monitor (Personal CO2 Monitor)PESTO (Photosynthesis Experiment and System Testing and Operation)PFE-OUM (Periodic Fitness Evaluation with Oxygen Uptake Measurement)PFMI (Toward Understanding Pore Formation and Mobility During Controlled Directional Solidification in a Microgravity Environment)PGBA (Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus)Pharma (Characteristics of Pharmacological Responses (absorption, distribution and elimination of acetominophene) in Long Duration Space Flight)Pharmacokinetics (Pharmacokinetics and Contributing Physiologic Changes During Spaceflight, DSO 632B)Phase Change HX (Phase Change Heat Exchanger Project)Photosynth (PhotosynthTM Three-Dimensional Modeling of ISS Interior and Exterior)Pille-ISS (Pille-MKS: Determine the Value of the Accumulated Radiation Dose in a Visiting Crewmember)Pilot-Robot (Individual Characteristics of Psychophysiological Regulatory Status and Reliaility of Professional Activities of Cosmonauts in Long Duration Space Flight)Pioneering Mars (Pioneering Mars: Turning the Red Planet Green with Earth's Smallest Settlers)PK-4 (Plasma Krystall-4)PKinase (Mechanisms and Functional Consequences of Protein Kinase C Isoform Translocation in Monocytes Exposed to Microgravity)Plankton-Linza-SA (Characterizing the Effects of Atmospheric, Hydrophysical and Geological Factors on Biological Productivity of Oceanic Waters Surrounding The Republic of South Africa)Plant Gravity Sensing (Utilization of the micro gravity condition to examine the cellular process of formation of the gravity sensor and the molecular mechanism of gravity sensing)Plant RNA Regulation (Transcriptional and Post Transcriptional Regulation of Seedling Development in Microgravity)Plant Rotation (Plant circumnutation and its dependence on the gravity response)Plant Signaling (Plant Signaling (formerly known as Seed Growth-1))Plasma Interaction Model (Analysis of International Space Station Plasma Interaction)Platan-Cosmic Rays (Search for Low Energy Heavy Particles of Solar and Galactic Origin)Plazma-MKS (Plasma-ISS: Examination of Plasmic Environments on the External Surface of ISS Through the Characterization of Optical Radiance)Plazma-Progress (Plasma-Progress) (Observation of the Reflective Characteristics of the Spacecraft Plasma Environment from On-Board Thruster Activity Using Ground-Based Instruments)Plazmida (Plasmid) (Transfer of Molecules of DNA by Conjugation in Space Flight)PMDIS (Perceptual Motor Deficits in Space)PMT (Photocatalyst Material Test)PMZ (Bioavailability and Performance Effects of Promethazine During Space Flight)Pnevmocard (Pneumocard) (Examination of the Influencing Factors of Space Flight on Autonomic Regulation of Blood Circulation, Respiration and Cardiac Contractile Function in Long Duration Space Flight)POEMS (Passive Observatories for Experimental Microbial Systems)Polca ()Poligen (Polygene) (Revealing Genotypical Characteristics, Defining Individual Differences in Resistance of Biological Organisms to Factors of Long Duration Space Flight)Popular Mechanics (Commercial Promotion of Popular Mechanics Journal)Portable On Board Printer 3D (Portable On Board Printer 3D)Privyazka (Development of High Precision Orientation of Scientific Devices in Space with Reports of Deformation of the ISS Hull)Pro K (Dietary Intake Can Predict and Protect Against Changes in Bone Metabolism during Spaceflight and Recovery)Profilaktika-1 (Prophylaxis-1) (Mechanisms of Action and Influence, and Effectiveness of Various Methods of Phrophylaxis Directed Toward Prevention of Disturbances of the Human Locomotion System in Weightlessness)Prognoz (Prognosis) (Development of a Method of Operational Prediction of Work Load on Crew Piloting Objectives)Protein Crystal Optimization (Optimization of Protein Crystal Growth for Determination of Enzyme Mechanisms through Advanced Diffraction Techniques)Protein Crystallography (Crystallization of Medically Relevant Proteins Using Microgravity)PS-TEPC (Establishment of dosimetric technique in the International Space Station (ISS) with Position Sensitive Tissue Equivalent Proportional Chamber)PSSC (Pico-Satellite Solar Cell Experiment)PuFF (The Effects of EVA and Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity on Pulmonary Function)Puls (Pulse) (Vegatative (Autonomic) Regulation of the Cardio-Respiratory System of Humans in Conditions of Weightlessness)^ back to topQ^ back to topRRaDI-N (RaDI-N)Radi-N2 (Radi-N2 Neutron Field Study)Radiation Environment Monitor (Radiation Environment Monitor)Radioskaf (Creation of Preparation and Launch in the Prcess of Mini -Satellites)RadSilk (Integrated Assessment of Long-term Cosmic Radiation Through Biological Responses of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori, in Space)RAMBO (Ram Burn Observations)RAMBO-2 (Ram Burn Observations - 2)Rastenia-Gorokh (Plants-Pea) (Growth and Development of Higher Plants through Multiple Generations)RASV (Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine)Ravnovesie (Ravnovesie)Reaction Self Test (Psychomotor Vigilance Self Test on the International Space Station)REBR (ReEntry Breakup Recorder)REBR-W (Reentry Breakup Recorder with Wireless Sensors)Regeneratsia-Planaria (Regeneration-Girardia) (Effect of Weightlessness on Processes of Regeneration by Electrophysiological and Morphological Factors)Relaksatsia-Groza (Relaxation-Thunderstorm) (Processes of Relaxation in the Ultraviolet Band Spectrum by High Velocity Interaction of Exhaust Products on ISS)Renal Stone (Renal Stone Risk During Spaceflight: Assessment and Countermeasure Validation)Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Biological Specimen Repository)Resist Tubule (Mechanisms of Gravity Resistance in Plants From Signal Transformation and Transduction to Response)Resist Wall (Role of Microtubule-Membrane-Cell Wall Continuum in Gravity Resistance in Plants)Reversible Figures (Perspective Reversible Figures in Microgravity)RFID Logistics Awareness (RFID-Enabled Autonomous Logistics Management (REALM))RIGEX (Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment)RJR (Augmented) Microbial Sampling (RJR (Augmented) Microbial Sampling)ROALD (ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression)ROALD-2 (Role of the Endocannabinoid System in human Lymphocytes Exposed to Microgravity-2)Robonaut (Robonaut)Rodent Research-1 (Rodent Research Hardware and Operations Validation)Rodent Research-1 (CASIS) (Muscle Atrophy of Muscle Sparing in Transgenic Mice)Rodent Research-2 (CASIS) (Time-dependency of morphological and molecular changes in the musculoskeletal system of mice exposed to the spaceflight environment)Rodent Research-3-Eli Lilly (Assessment of myostatin inhibition to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness in mice exposed to long-duration spaceflight)Rodent Research-4 (CASIS) (Tissue Regeneration-Bone Defect)ROKVISS (Robotic Component Verification on the ISS: Verification of Lightweight Robotic Hinge Elements in Space)ROSA (Roll-Out Solar Array)RRM (Robotic Refueling Mission)RRM-Phase 2 (Robotic Refueling Mission Phase 2)RTcMISS (Radiation Tolerant Computer Mission on the ISS)Rusalka-MKS (Mermaid-ISS) (Development of Methods to Determine the Carbon Dioxide and Methane (Greenhouse Gases) Content in the Earths Atmosphere from On-Board ISS)^ back to topSSaffire-I (Spacecraft Fire Experiment-I)Saffire-II (Spacecraft Fire Experiment-II)SAGE III-ISS (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III-ISS)Salivary Markers (The Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity on Salivary Markers of Innate Immunity)Sally Ride EarthKAM (Sally Ride Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students)SAME (Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment)Sample (Study of Microbial Communities Exposed to Weightlessness)Sarcolab (Myotendinous and Neuromuscular Adaptation to Long-term Spaceflight)SATS-Interact (Supervision of Autonomous and Teleoperated Satellites - Interact)Saturday Morning Science (Science of Opportunity)SCAN Testbed (Space Communications and Navigation Testbed)Science off the Sphere (Science off the Sphere)SCN (Space Cup Noodle)Scorpion (Scorpion: Development and Acquisition of Multifunctional Control-Measurement Device for Controlling the Environment of Scientific Experiments Inside a Pressurized Station)Sed (Brazilian Seeds Phaseolus vulgaris: Demonstration of gravitropis and Phototropism Effects on Germination of Seed in Microgravity)SEDA-AP (Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment - Attached Payload)Seedling Growth-1 (Seedling Growth-1)Seedling Growth-2 (Seedling Growth-2)Seeds (Seeds in Space)Seiner (Development of Procedures of Interactions of the Crew in the Russian Segment of ISS and the State Fishery Committee During the Process of Searching and Exploring Productive Fishing Regions in World Oceans)SEITE (Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments)SEM (Space Experiment Module)Sensory Adaptation (Study of Vestibular Function and Intersensory Interactions Under Altered Gravity)SETA-2 (Solidification along a Eutectic path in Ternary Alloys-2)SHERE (Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment)SHERE-II (Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment - II)Sidekick (Sidekick: Investigating Immersive Visualization Capabilities)SIMPLEX (Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust Experiments)Skin-B (Skin-B)SkinCare (SkinCare)Skinsuit (Skinsuit)Sleep ISS-12 (Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure on ISS-12)Sleep-Long (Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Long)Sleep-Short (Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Short)SLICE (Structure and Liftoff In Combustion Experiment)Small Sat Deploy-Demo (Small Sat Deploy Demo)Smartphone-MM (HET Smartphone-MM)SMEK (Effect of Microgravity on Kinetic Properties of Enzymtic Reactions - Hydrolysis of Sucrose in Cerevisiae Cells of Saccharomycetes)SMILES (Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder)SNFM (Serial Network Flow Monitor)SODI-Colloid (Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Aggregation of Colloidal Solutions)SODI-Colloid-2 (SODI-Colloid-2)SODI-DCMIX (SODI-DCMIX)SODI-DSC (Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Diffusion and Soret Coefficient)SODI-IVIDIL (Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument-Influence of VIbrations on DIffusion of Liquids)Solar-SOLACES (Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus - SOLar Auto-Calibrating EUV/UV Spectrophotometers)Solar-SOLSPEC (Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus-Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus-SOLar SPECtral Irradiance Measurements)Solar-SOVIM (Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus -SOlar Variable and Irradiance Monitor)SOLO (SOdium LOading in Microgravity)Sonokard (Physiological Functions (cardio-respiratory) of Humans Using Contactless Methods During Sleep in Long Duration Space Flight)Soret-Facet (Study on Soret effect (thermal diffusion process) for the mixed solution by the in-situ observation technique facilitated at SCOF)SoRGE (Soldering in Reduced Gravity Experiment, SDTO 17003-U)Space Aging (Study of the effects of space flight on the aging of C. elegans)Space Food Nutrient (Changes in Nutrient Contents in Space Food After Long-term Space Flight)Space Headaches (Space Headaches)Space Pup (Effect of space environment on mammalian reproduction)SpaceDRUMS (Space Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix System)SpaceSeed (Life Cycles of Higher Plants Under Microgravity Conditions)SPACETEX (SPACETEX)SPC (Soluble Protein Crystallization: Obtaining Crystals of Soluble Proteins FcgIII and FcgeII with a Perfect Crystal Structure)Special Event Meals (Special Event Meals)SPEGIS (Streptococcus pneumoniae Expression of Genes in Space)SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites)SPHERES Halo (Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites - Halo)SPHERES Tether Demo (SPHERES Tether Demo)SPHERES-Slosh (SPHERES-Slosh)SPHERES-UDP (Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Universal Docking Port)SPHERES-VERTIGO (Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites - VERTIGO)SPHERES-Zero-Robotics (Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Zero-Robotics)SPHEROIDS (SPHEROIDS)SPICE (Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment)Spin (Validation of Centrifugation as a Countermeasure for Otolith Deconditioning During Spaceflight)Spinal Elongation (Spinal Elongation and its Effects on Seated Height in a Microgravity Environment)Spinal Ultrasound (Sonographic Astronaut Vertebral Examination)SpinSat (SpinSat)Spore (Study of Space Environment Effects on PY17 Bacterial Spores onboard Space Shuttle)Sprint (Integrated Resistance and Aerobic Training Study)Sprut-MBI (Octopus-MBI) (Determination of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Volume in Humans in Space Flight)Sreda-MKS (Environment-ISS) (Examination of the Features of ISS as an Environment for Conducting Research)SS-HDTV (Super-Sensitive High Definition TV)SSAF2013 (Space Seeds for Asian Future 2013)SSLM (Solid State Lighting Module, SDTO 15008U)Stability-Nutrition (Stability of Nutritional Compounds)Stability-Pharmacotherapeutic (Stability of Pharmacotherapeutic)Statoconia (Otoconium) (Growth Potency of Statoconia (Otoliths) in the Organ of Equilibrium of Gastropod Mollusks in Weightlessness)StelSys (StelSys Liver Cell Function Research)Stem Cell Differentiation (Stem Cell Differentiation)Stem Cells (Study on the Effect of Space Environment to Embryonic Stem Cells to Their Development)STL-Microbial Immunity (Space Tissue Loss - Microbial Immunity)STL-MRMC (High Throughput Pan-omic Approaches to Study the Effect of Microgravity on Responses of Skin Endothelial Cells to Insult)STL-Regeneration (Space Tissue Loss - Stem Cell Regeneration)STL-Regeneration-Keratinocytes (Space Tissue Loss - The Effects Microgravity on Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration: Keratinocyte Differentiation in Wound Healing)STL-TATRC2 (Examination of the effects of microgravity on the trophic capability of stromal vascular fraction cells from lipoaspirated human adipose tissue)STMSat-1 (St. Thomas More School Cathedral Satellite-1)Story Time From Space (Story Time From Space)STP-H2-ANDE (Space Test Program-H2-Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment)STP-H2-MEPSI (Space Test Program-H2-Microelectromechanical System-Based (MEMS) PICOSAT Inspector)STP-H2-RAFT (Space Test Program-H2-Radar Fence Transponder)STP-H3-Canary (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Canary)STP-H3-DISC (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Digital Imaging Star Camera)STP-H3-MHTEX (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Massive Heat Transfer Experiment)STP-H3-VADER (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Variable emissivity radiator Aerogel insulation blanket Dual zone thermal control Experiment suite for Responsive space)STP-H4-ATT (Space Test Program-Houston 4-Active Thermal Tile)STP-H4-FireStation (Space Test Program-Houston 4-FireStation)STP-H4-GLADIS (Space Test Program - Houston 4 - Global Awareness Data-Exfiltration International Satellite)STP-H4-ISE 2.0 (Space Test Program-Houston 4-ISS SpaceCube Experiment 2.0)STP-H4-MARS (Space Test Program-H4-Miniature Array of Radiation Sensors)STP-H4-SWATS (Space Test Program-Houston 4- Small Wind and Temperature Spectrometer)STP-H5 FPS (STP-H5-Fabry Perot Spectrometer for Methane)STP-H5 ICE (STP-H5-Innovative Coatings Experiment)STP-H5 LIS (STP-H5-Lightning Imaging Sensor)STP-H5 LITES (STP-H5-Limb-Imaging Ionospheric and Thermospheric Extreme-Ultraviolet Spectrographs)STP-H5 SHM (STP-H5-Structural Health Monitoring)STP-H5 Space Cube - Mini (STP-H5-SpaceCube - Mini)Straight Ahead in Microgravity (Straight Ahead)Strata-1 (Strata-1)Subregional Bone (Subregional Assessment of Bone Loss in the Axial Skeleton in Long-term Space Flight)SUBSA (Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules)Suitsat-1 (Suit Satellite-1)Surface Telerobotics (Surface Telerobotics)SVS-1 (SHS-1) (CBC: Self-Propogating Hyperthermal Synthesis in Space)SWAB (Surface, Water and Air Biocharacterization - A Comprehensive Characterization of Microorganisms and Allergens in Spacecraft Environment)Synergy (The elucidation of the re-adaptation on the attitude control after return from long term space flight)Synthetic Muscle (Synthetic Muscle: Resistance to Radiation; Ras Labs-CASIS-ISS Project for Synthetic Muscle: Resistance to Radiation)^ back to topTT-Cell Act in Aging (T-Cell Activation in Aging)TAGES (Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System)Taste In Space (Taste In Space)TBone (Assessment of the effect of space flight on bone quality using three-dimensional high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT))TechEdSat (Technology Education Satellite)TechEdSat-3P (The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability (SPQR))TechEdSat-4 (The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability (SPQR))Telescience Resource Kit (Flight Demonstration of Telescience Resource Kit)Telomeres (Assessing Telomere Lengths and Telomerase Activity in Astronauts)TEM (Transport Environment Monitor Packages)Ten-Mayak (Shadow-Beacon) (Study of Transmit/Receive Radio Signal Conditions in the Russian Segment of ISS Using the World-Wide Ham Radio Network)Tendometria (Assessment of Functional Properties of the Neuro-Muscular Apparatus)Tenzor (Tensor) (Definition of Dynamic Characteristics of ISS)Thermolab (Thermoregulation in Humans During Long-Term Spaceflight)Tipologia (Typology) (Study of the Typological Characteristis of ISS Crew Operators Activity at the Stages of Long Term Space Flight)Tomatosphere-III (Tomatosphere-III)Tomatosphere-IV (Tomatosphere-IV)Top (Educational Demonstration of Top Spinning Motions in Space)Torso (Organ Dose Measurement Using the Phantom Torso)Toxichnost (Toxicity) (Development of a Metod of Express Monitoring of Toxicity of Water in Space Flight)TRAC (Test of Reaction and Adaptation Capabilities)Treadmill Kinematics (Biomechanical Analysis of Treadmill Exercise on the International Space Station)TripleLux-A (Gene, Immune and Cellular Responses to Single and Combined Space Flight Conditions - A)TripleLux-B (Gene, Immune and Cellular Responses to Single and Combined Space Flight Conditions - B)TriTel (3D Silicon Detector Telescope)Tropi (Analysis of a Novel Sensory Mechanism in Root Phototropism)TROPICAL CYCLONE (The Cyclone Intensity Measurements from the ISS (CyMISS))Try Zero-G (Try Zero-Gravity)Try Zero-G for Asia (Try Zero-G for Asia )Twins Study (Human Exploration Research Opportunities - Differential Effects on Homozygous Twin Astronauts Associated with Differences in Exposure to Spaceflight Factors)Twins Study - Bailey (Differential Effects on Telomeres and Telomerase in Twin Astronauts Associated with Spaceflight)Twins Study - Basner (HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Cognition on Monozygotic Twin on Earth)Twins Study - Feinberg (Comprehensive Whole Genome Analysis of Differential Epigenetic Effects of Space Travel on Monozygotic Twins)Twins Study - Lee (Metabolomic and Genomic Markers of Atherosclerosis as Related to Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Function in Twin Astronauts)Twins Study - Mason (The Landscape of DNA and RNA Methylation Before, During, and After Human Space Travel)Twins Study - Mignot (HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC): Immunome Changes in Space)Twins Study - Rana (Proteomic Assessment of Fluid Shifts and Association with Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure in Twin Astronauts)Twins Study - Smith (Biochemical Profile: Homozygous Twin Control for a 12 Month Space Flight Exposure)Twins Study - Snyder (HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Longitudinal Integrated Multi-omics Analysis of the Biomolecular Effects of Space Travel)Twins Study - Turek (Metagenomic Sequencing of the Bacteriome in GI Tract of Twin Astronauts)^ back to topUUBNT (Ultrasonic Background Noise Test)UD Space Suit Layup (Improved EVA Suit MMOD Protection using STF-ArmorTM and self-healing polymers)Universal Battery Charger (Universal Battery Charger)UPA (Urine Processor Assembly Hardware Improvements)Uragan-GC (Hurricane-GC) (Hurricane: Experimental Development of Groundbased System of Monitoring and Predicting the Progression of a Naturally Occurring Technogenic Catastrophe)URC-Microbial-1 (University Research Centers - Microbial - 1)UTBI (Under The Background Influence)^ back to topVV-C REFLEX (Plastic alteration of vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex and its countermeasure)Vaktsina-K (Vaccine-K) (Structural Study of Protein Candidats in a Vaccine for AIDS on Earth and in Space)Vascular (Cardiovascular Health Consequences of Long-Duration Space Flight)Vascular Echo (Cardiac and Vessel Structure and Function with Long-Duration Space Flight and Recovery)VCAM (Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor)Veg-01 (Veggie hardware validation test)Veg-03 (Veg-03)Vektor-T (Study of a High Precision System for Prediction Motion of ISS)Vessel ID System (Vessel ID System)Vessel Imaging (Vascular Echography)VIABLE ISS (eValuatIon And monitoring of microBiofiLms insidE International Space Station)VIIP (Vision Impairment and Intracranial Pressure)Visual Performance (Human Factors Assessment of Vibration Effects on Visual Performance During Launch)VO2max (Evaluation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Submaximal Estimates of VO2max Before, During, and After Long Duration International Space Station Missions)Volny-PK-1 (Waves-PK-1) (Waves: Observation in near Infrared Spectral Band Undulatory Disturbance in the Middle Atmosphere Layers of the Earth of Technogenic and Naturally Occurring Origin)Vsplesk (Burst) (Burst: Monitoring of Seismic Effects - Bursts of High Energy Particles in Low Earth Space Region (Orbit))Vzaimodeistvie (Interaction) (Interactions: Monitoring of Space Crew Interactions During Extended Space Flight)Vzglyad (Photographing the Interior of ISS)^ back to topWWAICO (Waving and Coiling of Arabidopsis Roots at Different g-levels)Water Monitoring Suite (Water Monitoring Suite)Wearable Monitoring (Wearable System for Sleep Monitoring in Microgravity)Windows on Earth (Windows on Earth)WISENET (WISENET)WMHP (Miniature Wire Heat Pipes: Study of the Processes of Fluid Dynamics in Microgravity)^ back to topXXenon1 (Effect of Microgravity on the Peripheral Subcutaneous Veno-Arteriolar Reflex in Humans)^ back to topYYeast-GAP (Yeast-Group Activation Packs)YouTube Space Lab (YouTube Space Lab)^ back to topZZag (Ambiguous Tilt and Translation Motion Cues After Space Flight)ZBOT (Zero Boil-Off Tank)ZCG (Zeolite Crystal Growth)Zebrafish Muscle (Effects of the gravity on maintenance of muscle mass in zebrafish)Zhenshen-T (Ginseng-T) (Study of the Development of Cell Cultures to Evaluate the Possibily of Increasing Biological Activity)ZPM (International Space Station Zero-Propellant Maneuver (ZPM) Demonstration)Zvyozdnaya Pochta (Starmail) (ISS Russian Segment Downlink of Text Messages and Earth Pictures)NASA - Experiment List - Alphabetical

- Research how long duration space travel might work- How plants grow in space- 3D printing in spaceHere are the restI got the following list from this NASA webpage: NASA - Experiment List - Alphabetical2D-NanoTemplate (Production of Two Dimensional NanoTemplate in Microgravity)3D Printing In Zero-G (3D Printing In Zero-G Technology Demonstration)3D-Space (Mental Representation of Spatial Cues During Space Flight)3DA1 Camcorder (Panasonic 3D Camera)ACE-H-1 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Heated-1)ACE-H-2 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Heated-2)ACE-M-1 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-1)ACE-M-2 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-2)ACE-M-3 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Microscopy-3)ACE-T-1 (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature control-1)ACE-T-5-Bijels (Advanced Colloids Experiment-Temperature-5 Bijels)Actin (Role of Weightlessness on Metabolism)ADF-Otolith (Avian Development Facility - Development and Function of the Avian Otolith System in Normal Altered Gravity Environments)ADF-Skeletal (Avian Development Facility - Skeletal Development in Embryonic Quail)ADUM (Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity)ADVASC (Advanced AstrocultureTM)AES-1 (Antibiotic Effectiveness in Space-1)AgCam (Agricultural Camera - AgCam name used historically from 2005-2010, later version known as ISSAC)Ageing (Drosophila Motility, Behaviour and Ageing)AIRWAY MONITORING (AIRWAY MONITORING)Akustika-M (Acoustics-M) (Acoustical Investigation of Voice and Audio Links (Conncections) of the Crew on ISS)Akvarium (Aquarium) (Study of the Stability of a Model of Self-Contained (Closed) Ecological System and Elements, Included in the Model in Microgravity)Alloy Semiconductor (Crystal Growth of Alloy Semiconductor Under Microgravity)ALTCRISS (Alteino Long Term Cosmic Ray Measurements on board the International Space Station)ALTEA (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System)ALTEA-Dosi (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' - Dosimetry)ALTEA-GAP (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System-GAP)ALTEA-Shield (Anomalous Long Term Effects in Astronauts' Central Nervous System - Shield)Alteino (Space Radiation Effects on the Central Nervous System)Amine Swingbed (Amine Swingbed)AMO-EXPRESS (Autonomous Mission Operations EXPRESS Autonomous Operations Project)AMO-TOCA (Autonomous Mission Operations TOCA Autonomous Operations Project)Amphibody (The Antibody V(D)J Recombination Machinery in Normal and Altered Gravity)AMS-02 (Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02)ANDE-2 (Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment - 2)Aniso Tubule (Roles of cortical microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins in gravity-induced growth modification of plant stems)ANITA (Analyzing Interferometer for Ambient Air)Antigen (Antigene) (Optimization of Heterological Expresssion in Yeasts-True Yeasts in Microgravity for Example Synthesis of the HBS Antigen of the Virus Hepatitis B)APCF-Camelids (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Extraordinary Structural Features of Antibodies from Camelids)APCF-Crystal Growth (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Solution Flows and Molecular Disorder of Protein Crystals: Growth of High Quality Crystals, Motions of Lumazin Crystals and Growth of Ferritin Crystals)APCF-Crystal Quality (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Effect of Different Growth Conditions on the Quality of Thaumatin and Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase Crystals Grown in Microgravity)APCF-Lipoprotein (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of Human Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Subfractions in Microgravity)APCF-Lysozyme (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Testing New Trends in Microgravity Protein Crystallization)APCF-Octarellins (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of the Next Generation of Octarellins)APCF-PPG10 (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Protein Crystallization in Microgravity, Collagen Model (X-Y-Gly) Polypeptides - the case of (Pro-Pro-Gly) 10)APCF-Rhodopsin (Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility - Crystallization of Rhodopsin in Microgravity)APEX-02-2 (Advanced Plant EXperiments-02-2)APEX-03-1 (Advanced Plant EXperiments 03-1)APEX-03-2 TAGES-Isa (Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System - Intracellular Signaling Architecture)APEX-04 (Epigenetic change in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to spaceflight - differential cytosine DNA methylation of plants on the ISS)APEX-CSA2 (Advanced Plant Experiment - Canadian Space Agency 2)AQH Microscope Checkout (AQH Microscope Checkout)Area PADLES (Area Passive Dosimeter for Life-Science Experiments in Space)ARIL-1 (Influencing Factors of Space Flight on Expression of Strains of Interleukin-1)ARIS-ICE (Active Rack Isolation System - ISS Characterization Experiment)ARTE (Advanced Research Thermal Passive Exchange)Astro Palate (Factors Contributing to Food Acceptability and Consumption, Mood and Stress on Long-Term Space Missions)Astrovaktsina (Cultivation in Weightless of E.coli- Producer of the Caf1 Protein)At Home in Space (Culture, Values, and Environmental Adaptation in Space)AT-Space (Arabidopsis Thaliana in Space: Perception of Gravity, Signal Transduction and Graviresponse in Higher Plants)ATOMIZATION (Detailed validation of the new atomization concept derived from drop tower experiments--Aimed at developing a turbulent atomization simulator)AuroraMAX (Coordinated Aurora Photography from Earth and Space (AuroraMAX))Avatar Explore (Avatar Explore: Autonomous Robotic Operations Performed from the ISS)^ back to topBBacteriophage (Investigation of the Effects of Space Flight Factors on Bacteriophages)Bar-1 (Choice and Development of Methods and Instruments to Detect the Location of a Loss of Pressurization of a Module on ISS)BASE-A (Bacterial Acclimation and Adaptation to the Space Environment Conditions-A)BASS (Burning and Suppression of Solids)BASS-II (Burning and Suppression of Solids - II)BASS-M (Burning and Suppression of Solids-Milliken)BBND (Bonner Ball Neutron Detector)BCAT-3-4-CP (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3 and 4: Critical Point)BCAT-3-BA (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3: Binary Alloys)BCAT-3-SC (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 3: Surface Crystallization)BCAT-4-Poly (Binodal Colloidal Aggregation Test - 4: Polydispersion)BCAT-5-3D-Melt (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Three-Dimensional Melt)BCAT-5-Compete (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Compete)BCAT-5-PhaseSep (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test-5: Phase Separation)BCAT-5-Seeded Growth (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 5: Seeded Growth)BCAT-6-Colloidal Disks (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6 - Colloidal Disks)BCAT-6-Phase Separation (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6 - Phase Separation)BCAT-6-PS-DNA (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6: Polystyrene - Deoxyribonucleic Acid)BCAT-6-Seeded Growth (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - 6: Seeded Growth)BCAT-C1 (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test - C1)BCAT-KP-1-Critical Point (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test Low Gravity Phase Kinetics-Critical Point)BCAT-KP1-Shelf Life (Binary Colloidal Alloy Test Low Gravity Phase Kinetics-1-Product Shelf Life)BEAM (Bigelow Expandable Activity Module)Bif (Investigation of the Effects of Space Flight Factors on the Technological and Biomedical Characteristics of Bifidobacterium)BIMS (Assessment of the Efficiency of the Use of Telemedicine Technologies On-Board ISS)Biochem Profile (Biochemical Profile)Biodegradatsia-1 (Biodegradation-1) (Initial stage of Biodegradation and Biodeterioration in Space)Bioekologia-M (Bioecology-M) (Generation of High Efficiency of Microorganisms for the Production of Preparations of Biodegradable Oil, Organophosphorus Material, Measures for the Protection of Plants, as well as, of Exopolysaddharides Uses in the Petroleum Industry)Bioemulsia-Bioreactor-1 (Research and Development of a Self-Contained Reactor of the Shielded Type For Production of Biomass of Microorganisms and Biologically Active Substances)Biokin-4 (Microbial Growth Kinetics Under Conditions of Microgravity)BIOKIS (BIOKon In Space)Biokultura (Bioculture) (Effects of Space Radiation on Food Biocultures)Biological Rhythms (The Effect of Long-term Microgravity Exposure on Cardiac Autonomic Function by Analyzing 24-hours Electrocardiogram)Biological Rhythms 48hrs (The effect of long-term microgravity exposure on cardiac autonomic function by analyzing 48-hours electrocardiogram)Biological Rhythms 48hrs (for 1YM) (The effect of long-term microgravity exposure on cardiac autonomic function by analyzing 48-hours electrocardiogram (for 1YM))Biopsy (Effect of Prolonged Space Flight on Human Skeletal Muscle)Biorisk-KM-metally (metals) and Biorisk-KM-polimery (polimers) (Influence of Factors of the Space Environment on the Condition of the System of Microorganisms-Hosts Relating to the Problem of Environmental Safety of Flight Techniques and Planetary Quarantine)Biosfera (Investigation of a Closed Ecological System)Biotest (Biochemical Status of Humans in Long Duration Space Flight)Biotrack-A (Influence of the Flow of Heavily Charged Particles of Space Radiation on Gentic Properties of Cell Production)Biotube-MICRO (Biotube-Magnetophoretically Induced Curvature in Roots)BISE (Bodies In the Space Environment: Relative Contributions of Internal and External Cues to Self - Orientation, During and After Zero Gravity Exposure)Bisphosphonates (Bisphosphonates as a Countermeasure to Space Flight Induced Bone Loss)Blind and Imagined (SLINK: move Short bLind plus shrink - Moving blind and throwing an imagery ball)BLT (Boundary Layer Transition, Detailed Test Objective 854)Body Measures (Quantification of In-Flight Physical Changes - Anthropometry and Neutral Body Posture)Bone Densitometer Validation (Bone Densitometer Hardware Validation)BONEMAC (Differentiation of Bone Marrow Macrophages in Space)BOP (Bone Proteomics)BP Reg (A Simple In-flight Method to Test the Risk of Fainting on Return to Earth After Long-Duration Spaceflights)BPS (Biomass Production System)Brados (Acquisition of Data About the Radiological, Electromagnetic and Different Physical Environments on Board ISS, and Their Effects on the Safety of the Crew, Space Equipment and Materials)Brain-DTI (Brain-DTI)Braslet (Validation of On-Orbit Methodology for the Assessment of Cardiac Function and Changes in the Circulating Volume Using Ultrasound and Braslet-M Occlusion Cuffs, SDTO 17011 U/R)BRIC-16-Cytoskeleton (Biological Research In Canisters - 16: Investigations of the plant cytoskeleton in microgravity with gene profiling and cytochemistry)BRIC-16-DNA (Biological Research In Canisters - 16: The Impact of Spaceflight on Arabidopsis: Deep Sequencing and DNA Arrays as Collaborative Readouts of the Transcriptome of Arabidopsis Seedlings and Undifferentiated Cells in Space)BRIC-16-Regulation (Biological Research In Canisters -16: Actin Regulation of Arabidopsis Root Growth and Orientation During Space Flight)BRIC-17-1 (Biological Research In Canisters-17-1: Undifferentiated Cell development in Arabidopsis plants in Microgravity)BRIC-17-2 (Biological Research in Canisters-17-2: Understanding Anoxic Response in Arabidopsis)BRIC-18-1 (Development of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance By Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens During Human Space Flight)BRIC-18-2 (Mechanisms for plant adaptation to space environment)BRIC-19 (Biological Research in Canisters-19)BRIC-20 (Biological Research in Canisters-20)BRIC-21 (Biological Research in Canisters-21 (BRIC-21))BRIC-SyNRGE (Biological Research in Canisters Symbiotic Nodulation in a Reduced Gravity Environment)BTN-Neutron-Radiation-ISS (Examination of the Flow of High Speed and Thermal Neutrons)Buzz Lightyear (Buzz Lightyear)^ back to topCCALET (CALorimetric Electron Telescope)Cambium (Cambium)Capillary Beverage (Capillary Effects of Drinking in the Microgravity Environment)CARA (Molecular Biology of Plant Development in the Space Flight Environment)Card (Long Term Microgravity: A Model for Investigating Mechanisms of Heart Disease with New Portable Equipment)Cardio Ox (Defining the Relationship Between Biomarkers of Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress and the Risk for Atherosclerosis in Astronauts During and After Long-duration Spaceflight)Cardio-ODNT (Dynamics of the Main Factors of Cardiac Function, of Central and Regional Circulation in Rest and During the Influence of Lower Body Negative Pressure)Cardiocog-2 (Cognitive Cardiovascular Experiment)CardioRespir (Cardiorespiratory Adaptation to the Space Environment)CardioScience (Study of Cardiovascular Deconditioning Under Weightlessness Conditions)CARTILAGE (CARTILAGE)CASIS PCG 3 (CASIS PCG 3)CASIS PCG HDPCG-1 (Crystallization of Huntingtin Exon 1 Using Microgravity)CASIS PCG HDPCG-2 (Advancing Membrane Protein Crystallization By Using Microgravity)CASPER (Cardiac Adapted Sleep Parameter Electrocardiogram Recorder)CATS (Cloud-Aerosol Transport System)CBOSS-01-02-Renal (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Human Renal Cortical Cell Differentiation and Hormone Production)CBOSS-01-Colon (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Use of NASA Bioreactor to Study Cell Cycle Regulation: Mechanisms of Colon Carcinoma Metastasis in Microgravity)CBOSS-01-Ovarian (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Evaluation of Ovarian Tumor Cell Growth and Gene Expression)CBOSS-01-PC12 (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells - A Proven Model System for Optimizing 3-D Cell Culture Biotechnology in Space)CBOSS-02-Erythropoietin (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Production of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin by Mammalian Cells)CBOSS-02-HLT (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: The Effect of Microgravity on the Immune Function of Human Lymphoid Tissue)CBOSS-FDI (Cellular Biotechnology Operations Support Systems: Fluid Dynamics Investigation)CBTM (Commercial Biomedical Testing Module: Effects of Osteoprotegerin on Bone Maintenance in Microgravity)CBTM-2 (Commercial Biomedical Test Module - 2)CBTM-3-Sclerostin Antibody (Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3: Assessment of sclerostin antibody as a novel bone forming agent for prevention of spaceflight-induced skeletal fragility in mice)CBTM-3-Vascular Atrophy (Commercial Biomedical Testing Module-3: STS-135 space flight's affects on vascular atrophy in the hind limbs of mice)CCE (Cardiovascular Responses During Rest and Exercise, and Evaluation of Energy Inputs During Exercise)CCF (Capillary Channel Flow)CCISS (Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Control on Return from ISS)CCM-Immune Response (Cell Culture Module - Immune Response of Human Monocytes in Microgravity)CCM-Wound Repair (Cell Culture Module - Effect of Microgravity on Wound Repair: In Vitro Model of New Blood Vessel Development)Celebral Autoregulation (Human Cerebral Autoregulation during Long-duration Spaceflight)Cell Bio Tech Demo (Cell Bio Tech Demo)Cell Mechanosensing (Identification of gravity-transducers in skeletal muscle cells: Physiological relevance of tension fluctuations in plasma membrane)Cell Shape and Expression (Microgravity and Cells: Morphotype and Phenotype Correlation)Cell Wall (Reverse Genetic Approach to Exploring Genes Responsible for Cell Wall Dynamics in Supporting Tissues of Arabidopsis Under Microgravity Conditions)Cemex (Assessment of the Technical Characteristics of a Capillary Evaporator in Microgravity)CEO (Crew Earth Observations)CEO-IPY (Crew Earth Observations - International Polar Year)Cerebral Autoregulation (Human cerebral autoregulation during long-duration spaceflight)CERISE (RNA Interference and Protein Phosphorylation in Space Environment Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans)CETSOL-2 (Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing-2)CFE (Capillary Flow Experiment)CFE-2 (Capillary Flow Experiment - 2)CFS-A (Growth and Survival of Colored Fungi in Space)CGBA-APS (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus - Antibiotic Production in Space)CGBA-KCGE (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus - Kidney Cell Gene Expression)CGBA-SM (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus - Synaptogenesis in Microgravity)Check-Saliva (Salivary Markers of Metabolic Changes during Space Missions)Chondro (Study on the Development of Methods to Produce Artificial Cartilage)Chromosome-1 (Chromosomal Aberrations in Blood Lymphocytes of Astronauts-1)Chromosome-2 (Cytogenetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation in Peripheral Lymphocytes of ISS Crewmembers)Circa (24-Hour Pattern of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Weightlessness)Circadian Rhythms (Circadian Rhythms)CIS (Effect of Microgravity and Radiation on Eukaryotic, Endothelial and Osteoblasts)Clinical Nutrition Assessment (Clinical Nutrition Assessment of ISS Astronauts, SMO-016E)Cogni (Cognitive Process for 3-D Orientation perception and Navigation in Weightlessness)Cognition (Individualized Real-Time Neurocognitive Assessment Toolkit for Space Flight Fatigue)Comm Delay Assessment (Assessing the Impact of Communication Delay on Behavioral Health and Performance: An Examination of Autonomous Operations Utilizing the International Space Station)Communications and Outreach 2-ARISS (Communications and Outreach 2 - ARISS)Communications and Outreach 2-Podcasts (Communications and Outreach 2 - Podcasts)Communications and Outreach-2 Flight Kit Photos (Communications and Outreach-2 Flight Kit Photos)CPCF-2 (Commercial Protein Crystallization Factory - 2: Producing Protein Crystals with Highly Refined Crystal Structure for the Development of New-Generation Medicines)CPCG-H (Commercial Protein Crystal Growth - High Density)CPCG-HM (Commercial Protein Crystal Growth - High density protein crystal growth Modified)CRE-1 (Component Repair Experiment - 1, SDTO 17012U)CRUISE (CRUISE)CSA Comm and Outreach (Canadian Space Agency Communication and Outreach)CSI-01 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 01: C. elegans and Seed Germination)CSI-02 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 02: Silicate Garden, Seed Germination, Plant Cell Culture and Yeast)CSI-03 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 03: Spiders and Butterflies)CSI-05 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 05: Spiders, Fruit Flies and Directional Plant Growth)CSI-06 (Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus Science Insert - 06: Ants in Space)CSLM-2 (Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-2)CSLM-3 (Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-3)CSLM-4 (Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixtures-4)CsPINs (Dynamism of Auxin Efflux Facilitators, CsPINs, Responsible for Gravity-regulated Growth and Development in Cucumber)Cult (Cultural Determinations of Co-working, Performance and Error Management in Space Operations)CVB (Constrained Vapor Bubble)CVB-2 (Constrained Vaper Bubble-2)Cyclops Demo (Cyclops Hardware Validation Demonstration)CYTOSKELETON (CYTOSKELETON)^ back to topDDAFT (Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test)DCPCG (Dynamically Controlled Protein Crystal Growth)DECLIC DSI-R (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - Directional Solidification Insert-Reflight)DECLIC HTI-R (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - High Temperature Insert-Reflight)DECLIC-ALI (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - Alice Like Insert)DECLIC-DSI (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - Directional Solidification Insert)DECLIC-HTI (DEvice for the study of Critical LIquids and Crystallization - High Temperature Insert)DIAPASON (Very high-accuracy environmental automatic control, and pollution monitoring and recording.)Diatomeya (Diatom) (Stability of Geographical Position and Configuration of Borders of Bioproductive Water Zones of the World Oceans, Observations by Orbiting Station Crews)Diurez (Diuresis) (Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism and Hormonal Regulaltion of Fluid Volume)DNARM (DNA Repair in Microgravity: Investigation of the Effects of High Levels of Radiation on DNA Repair Mechanisms in Microgravity)DOD SPHERES-CSAC (Department of Defense Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Chip Scale Atomic Clock)DOD SPHERES-RINGS (Department of Defense Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-RINGS)DomeGene (Dome Gene Experiment)Dose Tracker (Dose Tracker Application for Monitoring Medication Usage, Symptoms, and Adverse Effects During Missions)DOSIS-3D (Dose Distribution Inside the International Space Station - 3D)DOSIS-DOBIES (Dose Distribution Inside ISS - Dosimetry for Biological Experiments in Space)DOSMAP (Dosimetric Mapping)DOSTEL (DOSimetry TELescopes)DRAGONSat (Dual RF Astrodynamic GPS Orbital Navigator Satellite)Drain Brain (Strain-gauge Plethysmographic Analysis of the CErebral DRainage Experimented and Assessed in the Micro-gravitational Setting)DREAMTiME (DREAMTiME)Drug Metabolism (Repurposing Metformin as an anti-cancer agent: microgravity studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae)DTN (Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations)Dykhanie (Regulation and Biomechanics of Respiration in Space Flight)Dynamic Surf (Experimental Assessment of Dynamic Surface Deformation Effects in Transition to Oscillatory Thermo capillary Flow in Liquid Bridge of High Prandtl Number Fluid)^ back to topEE-Learning (Electronic - Learning)EDOS (Early Detection of Osteoporosis in Space)Education-SA (Education - South Africa: Demonstration of Mass and Weight of Objects, and Action of Reactive Forces in Microgravity)Education-SEEDS (Space Exposed Experiment Developed for Students)Education-Solar Cells (Education - How Solar Cells Work)EKE (Assessment of Endurance Capacity by Gas Exchange and Heart Rate Kinetics During Physical Training)Ekon (Experimental Survey on Evaluating the Possibility of Using the Russian Segment of ISS for Environmental Inspection of Work Areas of Various Facilities (Features))ELITE-S2 (ELaboratore Immagini TElevisive - Space 2)Embryo Rad (Lifetime Heritable Effect of Space Radiation on Mouse embryos Preserved for a long-term in ISS)EMCH (Elastic Memory Composite Hinge)EML Batch 1 - CCEMLCC Experiment (EML Batch 1 - CCEMLCC Experiment)EML Batch 1 - COOLCOP Experiment (EML Batch 1 - COOLCOP Experiment)EML Batch 1 - MAGNEPHAS Experiment (EML Batch 1 - MAGNEPHAS Experiment)EML Batch 1 - METCOMP Experiment (EML Batch 1 - METCOMP Experiment)EML Batch 1 - NEQUISOL Experiment (EML Batch 1 - NEQUISOL Experiment)EML Batch 1 - SEMITHERM Experiment (EML Batch 1 - SEMITHERM Experiment)EML Batch 1 - THERMOLAB Experiment (EML Batch 1 - THERMOLAB Experiment)Endothelial Cells (Effects of Spaceflight on endothelial function: molecular and cellular characterization of interactions between genome transcription, DNA damage and induction of cell senescence)Energy (Astronaut's Energy Requirements for Long-Term Space Flight)ENose (JPL Electronic Nose)Epigenetics (Epigenetics in spaceflown C. elegans)EPO (Education Payload Operations)EPO-Demos (Education Payload Operation-Demonstrations)EPO-Educator (Education Payload Operations-Educator)EPO-Kit C (Education Payload Operations - Kit C: Plant Growth Chambers)EPO-Kit D (Education Payload Operation - Kit D)EPO-Lewis and Clark-Demo (Education Payload Operations- Lewis and Clark- Demonstrations)EPO-MAEA (Education Payload Operations-Museum Aerospace Education Alliance)EPO-Robo (Education Payload Operations - Robotics)EPO-Tomatosphere II (Education Payload Operations-Tomatosphere II)Epstein-Barr (Space Flight Induced Reactivation of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus)ERB (Erasmus Recording Binocular)ERB-2 (Erasmus Recording Binocular - 2)ESA NightPod (ESA NightPod)ESA-EPO (European Space Agency - Education Payload Operations)ESA-EPO-Convection (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Convection)ESA-EPO-Cristoforetti (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Convection-Cristoforetti)ESA-EPO-FLYING CLASSROOM (EPO-FLYING CLASSROOM)ESA-EPO-FOAM Stability (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-FOAM Stability)ESA-EPO-GERST (European Space Agency - Education Payload Operations GERST)ESA-EPO-LaPlace (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations -LaPlace)ESA-EPO-Mission X (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Mission X)ESA-EPO-PARMITANO (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-PARMITANO)ESA-EPO-Peake (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operation-Peake)ESA-EPO-Scripts (European Space Agency-Education Payload Operations-Scripts)ESA-GCF (European Space Agency - Granada Crystallisation Facility)ESA-Haptics-1 (ESA-Haptics-1)ESCD (Study of Embryonic and Stem Cell Development in Microgravity)ETD (Eye Tracking Device)EuTEF-EVC (European Technology Exposure Facility-Earth Viewing Camera)EVARM (A Study of Radiation Doses Experienced by Astronauts in EVA)Exerc-Orthostatic Tolerance (Structured Exercise Training as Countermeasure to Space Flight-Induced Orthostatic Intolerance)ExHAM-Array Mark (On-orbit demonstration of target marker for space robotics)ExHAM-CFRP Mirror (Space Environmental Testing of Lightweight and High-Precision Carbon Composite Mirrors)ExHAM-MDM2 (Material Degradation Monitor on ExHAM)ExHAM-PEEK (Space Environmental Testing of PEEK and PFA sample)ExHAM-Solar Sail (Space Environment Exposure Tests of Functional Thin-Film Devices for Solar Sail)Expert-1 (Investigation of Early Symptoms of Microdestruction of Structures and Instrument Modules in the Russian Segment of ISS)Expose-E (Expose-E)Expose-R (Expose-R)EXPPCS (EXPRESS Physics of Colloids in Space)ExPRESS Payload Simulator (ExPRESS Payload Simulator)^ back to topFFacet (Investigation of Mechanism of Faceted Cellular Array Growth)FASES (Fundamental and Applied Studies of Emulsion Stability)FASTER (Facility for Absorption and Surface Tension)Ferulate (Regulation by Gravity of Ferulate Formation in Cell Walls of Rice Seedlings)Field Test (Recovery of Functional Sensorimotor Performance Following Long Duration Space Flight)Fine Motor Skills (Effects of Long-Duration Microgravity on Fine Motor Skills: 1 year ISS Investigation)FIS (Sensory (Taste) Evaluation of Malaysian Food on Earth and in Space)Fischer Rat Thyroid Low Serum 5 (Fischer Rat Thyroid Low Serum 5%)Fish Scales (Investigation of the Osteoclastic and Osteoblastic Responses to Microgravity Using Goldfish Scales)FIT (Fungal Pathogenesis, Tumorigenesis, and Effects of Host Immunity in Space)Fizika-Obrazovanie (Educational Demonstration of Basic Physics Laws of Motion)Flatworm Regeneration (KS5: Role of Gravity and Geomagnetic Field in Flatworm Regeneration)FLEX (Flame Extinguishment Experiment)FLEX-2 (Flame Extinguishment Experiment - 2)FLEX-2J (Flame Extinguishment Experiment -2 JAXA)Fluid Shifts (Fluid Shifts Before, During and After Prolonged Space Flight and Their Association with Intracranial Pressure and Visual Impairment)FMVM (Fluid Merging Viscosity Measurement)Foam (Viscous Liquid Foam - Bulk Metallic Glass)Foam-Stability (Foam Optics And Mechanics - Stability)FOB (Forward Osmosis Bag)FOCUS (Foam Casting and Utilization in Space)Foot (Foot Reaction Forces During Space Flight)Force Shoes (In-flight Demonstration of Portable Load Monitoring Devices-Phase I: XSENS ForceShoeTM)Free-Space PADLES (Space Radiation Dosimeter by Free-Space PADLES in ISS JEM Exposed area)Fruit Fly Lab-01 (FFL-01) (ARC ISS Drosophila Experiment)Functional Task Test (Physiological Factors Contributing to Postflight Changes in Functional Performance)^ back to topGGEARRSAT (Globalstar Experiment And Risk Reduction Satellite)Gematologia (Haematology) (Morphofunctional Characteristic of Blood Cells and the Intensity of Erythropoiesis in Humans by the Influence of Factors of Space Flight)Genara-A (Gravity Related Genes in Arabidopsis - A)Geoflow-1 (Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow Under Microgravity-1)Geoflow-2 (Simulation of Geophysical Fluid Flow Under Microgravity - 2)Get Fit for Space (Get Fit for Space Challenge with Bob Thirsk)Glykoproteid-K (Extraction and Investigation of surface glycoproteins E1-E2 Alphavirises on Earth and in Space)Golf (Photo and Video Filming Onboard the Russian Segment of ISS)Gosum (Comparison of Seed Growth on Earth and in Space)Gravi-2 (Threshold Acceleration for Gravisensing - 2)Group Combustion (Elucidation of Flame Spread and Group Combustion Excitation Mechanism of Randomly-distributed Droplet Clouds)GTS-2 (Global Transmission Services 2)^ back to topHH-Reflex (Effects of Altered Gravity on Spinal Cord Excitability)Habitability (Habitability Assessment of International Space Station)Hair (Biomedical Analyses of Human Hair Exposed to a Long-term Space Flight)HDEV (High Definition Earth Viewing)Heart (Physiological Parameters that Predict Orthostatic Intolerance After Spaceflight)HET-Smartphone (Human Exploration Telerobotics Smartphone)Hicari (Growth of Homogeneous SiGe Crystals in Microgravity by the TLZ Method)HiMassSEE (Spacecraft Single Event Environments at High Shielding Mass)Hip QCT (Feasibility Study: QCT Modality for Risk Surveillance of Bone - Effects of In-flight Countermeasures on Sub-regions of the Hip Bone)HMD (Demonstration of Head Mounted Display (HMD) System for Crew)Holter ECG (Digital Holter ECG)HPA (Hand Posture Analyzer)HREP-HICO (HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean)HREP-RAIDS (HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System (RAIDS))HTV-Environmental Monitoring (Transport Environment Monitoring Package at HTV Cargo Transfer Bag)Hybrid Training (Effect of the Hybrid Training Method on the Disuse Atrophy of the Musculoskeletal System of the Astronauts Staying in the International Space Station for a Long Term-initial verification in ISS)HydroTropi (Hydrotropism and Auxin-Inducible Gene expression in Roots Grown Under Microgravity Conditions)Hypersole (Cutaneous Hypersensitivity and Balance Control in Humans)^ back to topII BALL (Reentry data acquisition using I Ball Reentry Recorder)I-APE (Italian-Astronaut Personal Eye)I-ENOS (Italian-Electronic NOse for Space exploration)I-FOAM (Italian-Foam)Ice Crystal (Pattern Formation during Ice Crystal Growth)Ice Crystal 2 (Crystal growth mechanisms associated with the macromolecules adsorbed at a growing interface - Microgravity effect for self-oscillatory growth - 2)ICE-First-Aging (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Aging)ICE-First-Apoptosis (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Apoptosis)ICE-First-Cells (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Cells)ICE-First-Development (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Development)ICE-First-Genomics (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Genomics)ICE-First-Muscle Proteins (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Muscle Proteins)ICE-First-Radiobiology (International Caenorhabditis elegans Experiment First Flight-Radiobiology)ICE-GA (Italian Combustion Experiment for Green Air)Identifikatsia (Identification) (Identification of the Sources of Dynamic Loads on ISS)IMAX (IMAX Documentary film: A PERFECT PLANET)Imedias (Observation of Environmental Phenomena)Immuno (Neuroendocrine and Immune Responses in Humans During and After Long Term Stay at ISS)Immuno-2 (Immuno-2)Impuls (1st stage)-IPO (Impulse (1st stage)-IPO) (Impulse)In-flight Education Downlinks (International Space Station In-flight Education Downlinks)InfoTekh (S Band Radio Signal Passage Through ISS and Test of Data Downlink)Infrazvuk-M (Infrasound-M) (Integrated Research of Electromagnetic and Acoustical Fields of Extremely Low Frequency Bands Inside the Russian Modules on ISS)InSPACE (Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions)InSPACE-2 (Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions - 2)InSPACE-3 (Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions-3)Integrated Cardiovascular (Cardiac Atrophy and Diastolic Dysfunction During and After Long Duration Spaceflight: Functional Consequences for Orthostatic Intolerance, Exercise Capability and Risk for Cardiac Arrhythmias)Integrated Immune (Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crewmember Immune Function)Integrated Immune-SDBI (Validation of Procedures for Monitoring Crewmember Immune Function - Short Duration Biological Investigation)Interactions (Crewmember and Crew-Ground Interaction During International Space Station Missions)Interfacial Energy 1 (Interfacial phenomena and thermophysical properties of high-temperature liquids-Fundamental research of steel processing using electrostatic levitation)InterleIkin-K (Production of Hight Quality Crystals of Interleukin -1Alpha, -1Beta and Receptor of Antagonist of Interleukin-1)Intervertebral Disc Damage (Risk of Intervertebral Disc Damage after Prolonged Space Flight)IPVI (Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure for space flight and related visual impairment)IPVI for 1YM (Non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure for space flight and related visual impairment)Iris (Image Reversal In Space)ISERV (ISS SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System)Iskazhenie (Determination and Analysis of Magnetic Interference on ISS)ISS Acoustics (International Space Station Acoustic Measurement Program)ISS External Leak Locator (ISS Robotic External Ammonia Leak Locator)ISS Ham Radio (ARISS) (International Space Station Ham Radio (also known as Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS)))ISS High Efficiency Particle Filter Analysis (International Space Station High Efficiency Particle Filter Analysis)ISS Internal Environments (International Space Station Internal Environments)ISS Internal Radiation Monitoring (International Space Station Internal Radiation Monitoring)ISS Medical Monitoring (International Space Station Medical Monitoring)ISS RapidScat (ISS-RapidScat)ISSAC (International Space Station Agricultural Camera)ISSI (In Space Soldering Investigation)ISSpresso (ISSpresso)ISTAR Comm Delay Prep (ISS Testbed for Analog Research Communication Delay Preparation)ISTAR Crew Autonomous Procedures (ISS Testbed for Analog Research Crew Autonomous Procedures)IVA Clothing Study (Intravehicular Activity Clothing Study)IVGEN (IntraVenous Fluid GENeration for Exploration Missions)Izgib (Effect of Performance of Flight and Science Activities on the Function of On-Orbit Systems on ISS (Mathematical Model))Izokinez (Evaluation of Work Capacity and Functions of Skeletal Muscles in Humans)^ back to topJJAXA EPO 1 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 1)JAXA EPO 10 (JAXA Education Payload Observation 10)JAXA EPO 12 (JAXA Education Payload Observation 12)JAXA EPO 2 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 2)JAXA EPO 3 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 3)JAXA EPO 4 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 4)JAXA EPO 5 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 5)JAXA EPO 6 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 6)JAXA EPO 7 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 7)JAXA EPO 8 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 8)JAXA EPO 9 (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Education Payload Observation 9)JAXA PCG (JAXA PCG#11)JAXA PCG Demo (JAXA High Quality Protein Crystal Growth Demonstration Experiment)JAXA-AstroReport (Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency - Astronaut Report)JAXA-Commercial (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - Commercial Payload Program)JAXA-GCF (Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency - Granada Crystallization Facility High Quality Protein Crystallization Project)JAXA-HDTV (Activation and Test Downlink of HDTV System)Journals (Behavioral Issues Associated with isolation and Confinement: Review and Analysis of Astronaut Journals)^ back to topKKaf (Crystalization of th Protein Caf1M and its Combination with the Terminal Peptide Caf1 as the Elements for the Development of a New Generation of Antimicrobial Medicinal Preparations and Components of Vaccines from Yeasts)Kaskad (Cascade) (Investigation of the Processes of Cultivation of Different Types of Cells)Khlorophyl (Observation of the Chlorophyll Chromatography Process in Weightlessness)Kibo Kids Tour (Kibo Kids Tour)Kids In Micro-g (Kids In Micro-gravity (2009-2010))Kids In Micro-g-2 (Kids In Microgravity-2 (2010-2011))Kikuchi-Kossel (Structure analyses and particle interaction studies of Colloid by laser diffractometry in microgravity)Kolibri-2000 (Hummingbird-2000) (Developmental Testing of the Kolibry Microsatellite Deployment Profile)Konstructor (Filming of Space Robot "Jitter" Assembled out of Legos)Kontur (Contour) (Development of a System of Supervisory Control Over the Internet of the Robotic Manipulator in the Russian Segment of ISS)Konyugatsia-EFR (Development of Methods for Designing New Recombinants Producing Strains of Bacteria in Space Flight)Kristallizator (Crystalization of Biological Macromolecules and Generation of Biocrystal Film in the Conditions of Microgravity)Kromka (Verification of the Effectiveness of Devices for the Protection of the Exterior Surface of ISS from Contaminants Deposited by Pulsed Cycling of Liquid-Jet)^ back to topLLactolen (Influence of Factors of Space Flight on Lactolen Producer Strains)Lada-VPU-P3R (Validating Vegetable Production Unit (VPU) Plants, Protocols, Procedures and Requirements (P3R) Using Currently Existing Flight Resources)Latent Virus (Incidence of Latent Virus Shedding During Space Flight)LDST (Long Duration Sorbent Testbed)LEGO (Commercial Promotion of LEGO® Toys)LEGO Bricks (LEGO® Bricks, formerly known as NLO-Education-2)LEON-2 (On-Orbit Demonstration of a Novel LEON-2 Based Computer System and Its Application for Acquisition and Transmission of Milli-g Environment and Acoustic Noise Data in the Columbus Attached Pressurized Module, SDTO 15010-E)Leukin-2 (Role of Interleukin-2 Receptor in Signal Transduction and Gravisensing Threshold of T-Lymphocytes-2)LIRIS Demonstratror (LIRIS Demonstratror)LMM Biophysics 1 (The Effect of Macromolecular Transport of Microgravity Protein Crystallization)LMM Biophysics 3 (Growth Rate Dispersion as a Predictive Indicator for Biological Crystal Samples Where Quality Can be Improved with Microgravity Growth)LOCAD-PTS (Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System)LOCAD-PTS-Exploration (Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development-Portable Test System - Exploration)Lokomotsii (Effect of Microgravity Upon Kinematic, Dynamic and Electromyographic Characteristics of Human Locomotion)LONESTAR (Low Earth Orbiting Navigation Experiment for Spacecraft Testing Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking)^ back to topMMABE (Microheater Array Boiling Experiment)MACE-II (Middeck Active Control Experiment-II)MAGVECTOR (MAGVECTOR)MAI-75 (Space Devices and Modern Technology for Personal Communication)Manual Control (Assessment of Operator Proficiency Following Long-Duration Space Flight)Marangoni-Exp (Chaos, Turbulence and its Transition Process in Marangoni Convection-Exp)Marangoni-UVP (Spatio-temporal Flow Structure in Marangoni Convection)Maritime Awareness (Global AIS on Space Station (GLASS))Marrow (The MARROW study (Bone Marrow Adipose Reaction: Red Or White?))MATI-75 (Educational Demonstration of the Effects of Shape and Size on the Recovery of Precompressed Plastic Material)Matritsa-Z1 (Matrix-Z1) (Study of the Condition of CCD Matrices of Video Cameras On-Board ISS)Matryeshka-R BUBBLE (Matryeshka-R BUBBLE)MAUI (Maui Analysis of Upper Atmospheric Injections)MAXI (Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image)MCE (Multi-mission Consolidated Equipment)MDRV (Microbial Drug Resistance and Virulence)MDS (Mice Drawer System)Medaka Osteoclast (Medaka Osteoclast)Medaka Osteoclast 2 (Effect of microgravity on osteoclasts and the analysis of the gravity sensing system in medaka)Medical Consumables Tracking (Medical Consumables Tracking)MEPS (Microencapsulation Electrostatic Processing System)Meteor (Meteor Composition Determination)Meteoroid (Recording Meteoroidal and Technogenic Particles on the External Surface of the Service Module of the Russian Segment of ISS)METERON (METERON Quick Start a / DTN)Mezhkletochnoe Vzaimodeistvie (Intercellular Interactions in Space Flight)MFMG (Miscible Fluids in Microgravity)MICAST-2 (The Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions-2)Micro-10 (Space Flight-Altered Motility Activation and Fertility-Dependent Responses in Sperm from Sea Urchin and Rodents)Micro-2 (Gravitational Effects on Biofilm Formation During Space Flight)Micro-2A (Microbial biofilm formation during space flight)Micro-4 (Genotypic and Phenotypic Changes in Yeast Related to Selective Growth Pressures Unique to Microgravity)Micro-5 (Investigation of host-pathogen interactions, conserved cellular responses, and countermeasure efficacy during spaceflight using the human surrogate model Caenorhabditis elegans)Micro-6 (Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses of Candida albicans to Spaceflight)Micro-7 (MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Cultured Human Fibroblasts in Space)Micro-8 (Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses of Candida albicans to Spaceflight)Micro-9 (Yeast colony survival in microgravity depends on ammonia mediated metabolic adaptation and cell differentiation)Microbe (Effect of Spaceflight on Microbial Gene Expression and Virulence)Microbe-A1 (On-board Microorganism Monitoring in Spacecrafts)Microbe-I (Microbial Dynamics in International Space Station - I)Microbe-III (Microbe-III)Microbe-IV (Microbiological monitoring in the International Space Station-KIBO)Microbial Observatory-1 (Microbial Tracking Payload Series)Microbiome (Study of the Impact of Long-Term Space Travel on the Astronauts' Microbiome)Microchannel Diffusion (Microchannel Diffusion)Microflow1 (Microflow 1 technology demonstration)Microgravity Growth of Antibody Crystals in the Hand Held High Density Protein Crystal Growth (Microgravity Growth of Single Antibody Crystals for Structure Determination)Microspace (Microbial Life in Space: Response to Environmental Factors in a Space Vehicle)Midodrine-Long (Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Long)Midodrine-SDBI (Test of Midodrine as a Countermeasure Against Post-flight Orthostatic Hypotension - Short Duration Biological Investigation)Mimetik-K (Crystalization of antigen Binding Fragment of Monoclonalical Antibody to Glucosaminilmuramildepeptide)MIS (Microbes In Space: Effects of Microgravity and Space Radiation on Growth Kinetics and Mutation Processes in E. Cloacae and Acinetobacer Baumanii Cells)MISSE-1 and 2 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 1 and 2)MISSE-3 and 4 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 3 and 4)MISSE-5 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 5)MISSE-6A and 6B (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 6A and 6B)MISSE-7 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 7)MISSE-8 (Materials International Space Station Experiment - 8)MISSE-8 FSE (MISSE-8 FSE)Mobility (Promoting Sensorimotor Response Generalizability: A Countermeasure to Mitigate Locomotor Dysfunction After Long-Duration Space Flight)Molniya-SM (Lightening-SM) (Investigation of Lightning Discharges in the Earth's Atmosphere and Lower Ionosphere)Moon Imagery (Moon Imagery)MOP (Motion Perception: Vestibular Adaptation to G-Transitions)Mouse Immunology (Mouse Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Priming and Memory Response during Spaceflight)Mouse Immunology-2 (Effect of Space Flight on Innate Immunity to Respiratory Viral Infections)MSK-1 (Cultivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bone Marrow in Space Flight)MSL-CETSOL and MICAST (Materials Science Laboratory - Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Solidification Processing and Microstructure Formation in Casting of Technical Alloys under Diffusive and Magnetically Controlled Convective Conditions)Multi-Gas Monitor (Multi-Gas Monitor)Multi-Omics (Multi-omics analysis of human microbial-metabolic cross-talk in the space ecosystem)Multigen (Molecular and Plant Physiological Analyses of the Microgravity Effects on Multigeneration Studies ofArabidopsis thaliana)Muscle (Study of Low Back Pain in Crewmembers During Space Flight)MUSCLE BIOPSY (MUSCLE BIOPSY)MVIS Controller-1 (MVIS Controller-1)Myco (Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air)Myco-2 (Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air - 2)Myco-3 (Mycological Evaluation of Crew Exposure to ISS Ambient Air - 3)MyoLab (Molecular Mechanism of Microgravity-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy - Physiological Relevance of Cbl-b Ubiquitin Ligase)^ back to topNNano Step (In-situ Observation of Growth Mechanisms of Protein Crystals and Their Perfection Under Microgravity)Nanoparticles and Osteoporosis (NAnoparticles based countermeasures for Treatment of microgravity induced Osteoporosis.)NanoRacks-AAUSat5 (NanoRacks-AAUSAT5)NanoRacks-AFEX (NanoRacks-Ames Fruit-Fly Experiment)NanoRacks-AGAR (NanoRacks-Algal Growth and Remediation)NanoRacks-AHS-Pollen Propulsion (NanoRacks-Ambassador High School-Pollen Propulsion in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-AHS-Rust Development (NanoRacks-Atidim High School-Rust Development in Space)NanoRacks-ArduLab-1 (NanoRacks-ArduLab-1 Tech Demo)NanoRacks-ArduSat-1 (NanoRacks-ArduSat-1)NanoRacks-ArduSat-2 (NanoRacks-ArduSat-2)NanoRacks-ArduSat-X (NanoRacks-ArduSat-X)NanoRacks-Awty-BE-HDPE Rad Shielding (NanoRacks-Awty-Radiation Shielding and Monitoring)NanoRacks-Awty-Yeast Cell Growth in a Microgravity Environment (NanoRacks-Awty-Yeast Cell Growth in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-BE WiSE-Alum Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-Better Education for Women in Science and Engineering-Alum Crystal Growth)NanoRacks-BSYVHS-Yeast Activity (NanoRacks-Ben Shemen Youth Village High School-Yeast Breathing Activity)NanoRacks-CADRE (NanoRacks-CADRE)NanoRacks-CCHS-The Effect of Microgravity on the Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids Over Time (NanoRacks-Carmel Christian High School-The Effect of Microgravity on the Magnetic Qualities of Magnetorheological Fluids Over Time)NanoRacks-CellBox-PRIME (NanoRacks-CellBox-Primary Human Macrophages in Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-CellBox-Thyroid Cancer (NanoRacks-CellBox-Effect of Microgravity on Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells)NanoRacks-Centennial-1 (NanoRacks-Ground-Based Sodium Laser Guide Star Imaging of 1U CubeSats)NanoRacks-CMS-Styrofoam Recycling (NanoRacks-Chevel Modiin Shoham-Styrofoam recycling process in microgravity)NanoRacks-COBRA PUMA GOLF Project (NanoRacks-COBRA PUMA GOLF Project)NanoRacks-DBYHS-Artemia (NanoRacks-Darca Bat Yam High School-Emergence of Artemia Eggs)NanoRacks-DCHS-Microgravity Effects on Graphene Based Supercapacitors (NanoRacks-Desert Christian High School-Microgravity Effects on Graphene Based Supercapacitors Experiment)NanoRacks-DHS-Cheeseballs (NanoRacks-Dickinson High School-Space Cheeseballs)NanoRacks-Duchesne-Light Wavelengths on Algae Production (NanoRacks-Duchesne-Algae Production in Microgravity with Variable Wavelengths of Light)NanoRacks-Duchesne-Plant Growth Chamber (NanoRacks-Duchesne-The Effects of Microgravity and Light Wavelength on Plant Growth)NanoRacks-ECS-Fungus Growth (NanoRacks-Espoo Christian School-Fungus Mycelium Growth Research Comparison in Microgravity and on Earth)NanoRacks-ECS-Funky Fungus (NanoRacks-Espoo Christian School-Fungus Growth Experiment)NanoRacks-EGAHEP ( NanoRacks-Egypt Against Hepatitis C Virus Microgravity Protein Crystal Growth)NanoRacks-FCA-Concrete Mixing (NanoRacks-Faith Christian Academy-Concrete Mixing Experiment)NanoRacks-FCC-Coagulation Crystallization (NanoRacks-Fremont Christian School-Microgravity Crystallization and Protein Coagulation Research Comparison)NanoRacks-FCHS-Robot (NanoRacks-Fremont Christian High School-Micro-Robot)NanoRacks-FPTU CubeSat-1 (NanoRacks-FPT University CubeSat-1)NanoRacks-Gadsden State-Organic Solvents in H₂O (NanoRacks-Gadsden State-Organic Solvents in H2O)NanoRacks-GOMX-2 (NanoRacks-GOMX-2: Small Photon Entangling Quantum System)NanoRacks-GOMX-3 (NanoRacks-GOMX-3)NanoRacks-GSH-Arugula Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Girl Scouts of Hawai`i- Arugula Plant Growth)NanoRacks-GSH-Microgreen Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Girl Scouts of Hawai`i-Microgreen Plant Growth)NanoRacks-HBES-Antibacterial Products (NanoRacks-Henry Bauerschlag Elementary School-Antibacterial Products)NanoRacks-Heart Flies (NanoRacks-Heart Effect Analysis Research Team conducting FLy Investigations and Experiments in Spaceflight)NanoRacks-IComp-Space Cowboy Builders (NanoRacks-Irish Centre for Composites Research-St. Nessan’s Community College: Effects of microgravity on the solidification of reinforced concrete)NanoRacks-ISS University Research (UR) - 1 (NanoRacks-The Investigation of Countermeasures to Modulate and Augment the Immune System)NanoRacks-JAMSS-2, Lagrange-1 (NanoRacks-JAMSS-2, Lagrange-1)NanoRacks-JKHA-Composting in Space (NanoRacks-Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy-Determining the effect of microgravity on the decay of vegetable mater)NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-1 and -3 (NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-1 and -3)NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-2 and-4 (NanoRacks-Kentucky Space Test-2 and -4)NanoRacks-LCS-Protein Aggregation (NanoRacks-Loomis Chaffee School-Effect of microgravity on protein aggregation)NanoRacks-LGHS-Iron Corrosion (NanoRacks-Los Gatos High School-Corrosion Behavior of Pure Iron)NanoRacks-Lipid Mimic Self-Assembly (NanoRacks-Self-Assembly of Mesoscopic Lipid Mimics)NanoRacks-LitSat-1 (NanoRacks-LitSat-1)NanoRacks-LituanicaSAT-1 (NanoRacks-LituanicaSAT-1)NanoRacks-MA-Effect of Microgravity on Bacterial Growth (NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-Effect of Microgravity on Bacterial Growth)NanoRacks-MA-Fluid Flow (NanoRacks-Minnehaha Academy-The Effect of Microgravity on Fluid Flow Efficiency)NanoRacks-MA-Latex Polymer Coalescence (NanoRacks-Minnehaha Christian Academy-Coalescence of Water-Based Latex Polymers)NanoRacks-MBG-Cuscuta (NanoRacks-Midreshet Ben-Gurion-Cuscuta Parasitic Plant Growth)NanoRacks-MCHS-CO2 Monitor (NanoRacks-Maranatha Christian High School-Carbon Dioxide Monitor)NanoRacks-MCS-CO2 Sensor (NanoRacks-Maranatha Christian Schools-Measuring CO2 levels aboard the International Space Station)NanoRacks-MH EASA-Corrosion of Metals in Microgravity (NanoRacks-McMinnville High Engineering Aerospace & Sciences Academy-Corrosion of Metals in Microgravity)NanoRacks-MHS-Exoskeleton Density (NanoRacks-McMinnville High School-Exoskeleton Density Analysis of Mealworms in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-Micro-gRx (NanoRacks-Fluorescent Polarization in Microgravity)NanoRacks-MicroMAS (NanoRacks-Microsized Microwave Atmospheric Satellite)NanoRacks-Mission Discovery (NanoRacks-Mission Discovery ISS Bio-Medical Experiments)NanoRacks-NanoRocks (NanoRacks-NanoRocks: Collisional Evolution of Particles and Aggregates in Microgravity)NanoRacks-NCESSE-1 (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education -1)NanoRacks-NCESSE-2 (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education -2)NanoRacks-NCESSE-Antares (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Antares (SSEP Mission 2))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Aquarius (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Aquarius (SSEP Mission 1))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Charlie Brown (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Charlie Brown (SSEP Mission 5))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Falcon (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Falcon (SSEP Mission 3))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Odyssey (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Odyssey (SSEP Mission 7))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Orion (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science Education-Orion (SSEP Mission 4))NanoRacks-NCESSE-Yankee Clipper (NanoRacks-National Center for Earth and Space Science-Yankee Clipper (SSEP Mission 6))NanoRacks-NDC-BMS-Vermicomposting (NanoRacks-NDC-Bell Middle School-Efficiency of Vermicomposting in a Closed System)NanoRacks-NDC-CHS-Bacterial Lag Phase (NanoRacks-National Design Challenge-Centaurus High School-The Effects of Simulated Gravity on Bacterial Lag Phase in a Micro-Gravitational Environment)NanoRacks-NDC-CHS-The Green Machine (NanoRacks-National Design Challenge-Chatfield High School-The Effect of Microgravity on Two Strains of Biofuel Producing Algae with Implications for the Production of Renewable Fuels in Space Based Applications)NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Oil Bubbles (NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Oil Bubbles)NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Rock Candy in Space (NanoRacks-NSL Satellites Ltd-Rock Candy in Space)NanoRacks-OSU-Zeolite (NanoRacks-The Ohio State University-Zeolite Crystal)NanoRacks-OTS-Decay Rate in Space (NanoRacks-Ort-Tivon School-Determining the effect of microgravity on the rate of decay of vegetable matter)NanoRacks-PCG Therapeutic Discovery (NanoRacks-Protein crystal growth in microgravity to enable therapeutic discovery)NanoRacks-PCG-1 (NanoRacks-Protein Crystal Growth-1)NanoRacks-Planet Labs-Dove (NanoRacks-Planet Labs-Dove)NanoRacks-Planetary Resources-Arkyd-3 (NanoRacks-Planetary Resources-Arkyd-3)NanoRacks-Project MERCCURI (NanoRacks-Comparison of the Growth Rate and DNA Characterization of Microgravity Exposed Microbial Community Samples)NanoRacks-RCHS-Battery Life (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-Battery Life in Microgravity)NanoRacks-RCHS-E. Coli Growth (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-E. Coli Bacteria Growth in Microgravity)NanoRacks-RCHS-E. Coli Growth with UV Exposure (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian High School-E. Coli Bacteria Growth with UV Exposure in Microgravity)NanoRacks-RCS-Bacteria Growth (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian Schools-Bacteria Growth Experiment)NanoRacks-RCS-Battery Performance (NanoRacks-Riverside Christian Schools-Battery Performance Experiment)NanoRacks-SABOL (NanoRacks-Self-Assembly in Biology and the Origin of Life)NanoRacks-SDSA YSI-Liquid Bridge Deformation and Particle Motion Under Mechanical Rotation (NanoRacks-San Diego Science Alliance Youth Space Institute-Liquid Bridge Deformation and Particle Motion Under Mechanical Rotation)NanoRacks-SDSA YSI-Radiation Blocking (NanoRacks-San Diego Science Alliance Youth Space Institute-Radiation Detection and Mitigation)NanoRacks-SHHS-Polyurethane Repair Kit (NanoRacks-South Houston High School-Polyurethane Repair Kit for ISS)NanoRacks-SkyCube (NanoRacks-SkyCube)NanoRacks-Slime Mold (NanoRacks-Slime Mold Organization)NanoRacks-SyNRGE³ (NanoRacks-Symbiotic Nodulation in a Reduced Gravity Environment-Cubed)NanoRacks-Terpene (NanoRacks-Terpene Extraction in Microgravity)NanoRacks-The Hydrofuge (NanoRacks-The Hydrofuge Plant Chamber Experiment)NanoRacks-UAPSAT-1 (NanoRacks-UAPSAT-1)NanoRacks-UF-Squids-1 (NanoRacks-University of Florida-Squids-1)NanoRacks-VCHS Plant Seed (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School Plant Seed Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Ant Colony Behavior (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Ant Colony Behavior in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCHS-B. Subtilis (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Bacterial Growth and Kanamycin Resistance (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Bacterial Growth and Kanamycin Resistance in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Electromagnetic Ferrofluid (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Electromagnetic Effects on Ferrofluid)NanoRacks-VCHS-Electroplating (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Electroplating)NanoRacks-VCHS-Improved Multiple Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Growing Wisconsin Fast Plants, Chives, and Dandelions in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCHS-ISS Background Radiation (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-ISS Background Radiation Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Memory Loss (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Memory Loss Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Observing Background Radiation and Magnetic Fields in Microgravity (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Observing Background Radiation and Magnetic Fields in Microgravity)NanoRacks-VCHS-Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Plant Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Plant Inoculum (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Plant Inoculum Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Protein Crystallization in Space (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Protein Crystallization in Space)NanoRacks-VCHS-Silver Crystal Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Silver Crystal Growth)NanoRacks-VCHS-Thermal Conductivity (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Thermal Conductivity Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHS-Wisconsin Fast Plant Growth in a Vibration Environment (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School-Wisconsin Fast Plant Growth in a Vibration Environment Experiment)NanoRacks-VCHSD-Evaluating Solar Liquid Power in Space (NanoRacks-Valley Christian High School of Dublin-Evaluating Solar Liquid Power in Space: Converting Electromagnetic Radiation to Electricity)NanoRacks-VCJHS-Fluid Density (NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-Mixing Liquids of Different Densities in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-VCJHS-High Temperature Dispersion in Microgravity (NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-High Temperature Dispersion in Microgravity)NanoRacks-VCJHS-Penicillin Growth (NanoRacks-Valley Christian Junior High School-Penicillin Growth Preferences in a Microgravity Environment)NanoRacks-WA-Resurrection Plant Growth (NanoRacks-Wheaton Academy-Resurrection Plant Growth Experiment in Microgravity)NanoRacks-WCHS-E. Coli and Kanamycin (NanoRacks-Whittier Christian High School-E.Coli Bacteria and Kanamycin Antibiotic)NanoRacks-Λ-Sat (NanoRacks-Λ-Sat Hellenic Satellite)Nanoskeleton (Production of High Performance Nanomaterials in Microgravity)Nematode Muscles (Alterations of C. elegans muscle fibers by microgravity)Neocytolysis (Effects of Microgravity on the Haemopoietic System: A Study on Neocytolysis)NeuroMapping (Spaceflight Effects on Neurocognitive Performance: Extent, Longevity, and Neural Bases)NeuroRad (Biological Effects of Space Radiation and Microgravity on Mammalian Cells)Neurospat (Effect of Gravitational Context on EEG Dynamics: A Study of Spatial Cognition, Novelty Processing and Sensorimotor Integration)Night Vision (Eyespots and Macular Pigments Extracted from Algal Organisms Immobilized in Organic Matrix with the Purpose to Protect Astronaut's Retina)NIP (Interaction of Sprayed Proteins (luciferin and luciferace) By Bioluminescence Image)NLP-Cells (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Cells)NLP-Cells-Jatropha Biofuels (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Cells - Jatropha Biofuels (NLP-Cells-3,4,6,7))NLP-Vaccine-MRSA (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)NLP-Vaccine-Salmonella (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Salmonella)NLP-Vaccine-Survey (National Laboratory Pathfinder - Vaccine - Survey)NOA-1 (Exhaled Nitric Oxide-1)NOA-2 (Exhaled Nitric Oxide-2)NPBX (Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment)Nutrition (Nutritional Status Assessment)^ back to topOOASIS (Observation Analysis of Smectic Islands in Space)OChB-1 (Influence of Factors of Space Flight on Superoxide Strain Producer)OCT Tech Demo (Optical Coherence Tomography Technology Demonstration)Ocular Health (Prospective Observational Study of Ocular Health in ISS Crews)ODK2 (Evaluation of Onboard Diagnostic Kit 2)OEE (Oil Emulsion Experiment)On-Orbit Crystals (Exploiting On-orbit Crystal properties for Structural Studies of Medically and Economically Important Targets)Onboard Diagnostic Kit (Evaluation of Onboard Diagnostic Kit)OPALS (Optical PAyload for Lasercomm Science)ORZS (The Optimization of Root Zone Substrates (ORZS) for Reduced Gravity Experiments Program)Osteo-4 (Osteocytes and mechano-transduction)OsteoOmics (Gravitational Regulation of Osteoblast Genomics and Metabolism)Otolith (Otolith Assessment During Postflight Re-adaptation)OVAR (Off-Vertical Axis Rotation: Eye Movements and Motion Perception Induced By Off-Axis Rotation at Small Angles of Tilt After Spaceflight, DSO 499)^ back to topPPACE (Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment: 100X Oil Test Target)PACE-2 (Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment - 2: 3D Particle Test)PACE-LMM-Bio (Preliminary Advanced Colloids Experiment - Light Microscopy Module: Biological Samples)PADIAC (PAthway DIfferent ACtivators)Parodont (Parodentium) (Condition of Peridontal Tissues in Space Flight)Particle Flux (Particle Flux Demonstrator)Passages (Scaling Body-Related Actions in the Absence of Gravity)PBRE (Packed Bed Reactor Experiment)PC4NC (Protein Crystals for Neutron Crystallography (PC4NC) Large volume crystal growth of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase complexes by counter-diffusion in microgravity for neutron diffraction studies)PCG-EGN (Protein Crystal Growth-Enhanced Gaseous Nitrogen Dewar)PCG-STES-IDQC (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Improved Diffraction Quality of Crystals)PCG-STES-IMP (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Crystallization of the Integral Membrane Protein Using Microgravity)PCG-STES-MM (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Synchrotron Based Mosaicity Measurements of Crystal Quality and Theoretical Modeling)PCG-STES-MMTP (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Crystallization of the Mitochondrial Metabolite Transport Proteins)PCG-STES-MS (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System - Crystal Growth Model System for Material Science)PCG-STES-RDP (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Engineering a Ribozyme for Diffraction Properties)PCG-STES-RGE (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Regulation of Gene Expression)PCG-STES-SA (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Science and Applications of Facility Hardware for Protein Crystal Growth)PCG-STES-VEKS (Protein Crystal Growth-Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System-Vapor Equilibrium Kinetics Studies)PCS (Protein Crystallization in Space: Characterization of the Effect of Microgravity on the Crystal Growth Behavior of Lipases)Personal CO2 Monitor (Personal CO2 Monitor)PESTO (Photosynthesis Experiment and System Testing and Operation)PFE-OUM (Periodic Fitness Evaluation with Oxygen Uptake Measurement)PFMI (Toward Understanding Pore Formation and Mobility During Controlled Directional Solidification in a Microgravity Environment)PGBA (Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus)Pharma (Characteristics of Pharmacological Responses (absorption, distribution and elimination of acetominophene) in Long Duration Space Flight)Pharmacokinetics (Pharmacokinetics and Contributing Physiologic Changes During Spaceflight, DSO 632B)Photosynth (PhotosynthTM Three-Dimensional Modeling of ISS Interior and Exterior)Pille-ISS (Pille-MKS: Determine the Value of the Accumulated Radiation Dose in a Visiting Crewmember)Pilot-Robot (Individual Characteristics of Psychophysiological Regulatory Status and Reliaility of Professional Activities of Cosmonauts in Long Duration Space Flight)Pioneering Mars (Pioneering Mars: Turning the Red Planet Green with Earth's Smallest Settlers)PK-4 (Plasma Krystall-4)PKinase (Mechanisms and Functional Consequences of Protein Kinase C Isoform Translocation in Monocytes Exposed to Microgravity)Plankton-Linza-SA (Characterizing the Effects of Atmospheric, Hydrophysical and Geological Factors on Biological Productivity of Oceanic Waters Surrounding The Republic of South Africa)Plant Gravity Sensing (Utilization of the micro gravity condition to examine the cellular process of formation of the gravity sensor and the molecular mechanism of gravity sensing)Plant RNA Regulation (Transcriptional and Post Transcriptional Regulation of Seedling Development in Microgravity)Plant Rotation (Plant circumnutation and its dependence on the gravity response)Plant Signaling (Plant Signaling (formerly known as Seed Growth-1))Plasma Interaction Model (Analysis of International Space Station Plasma Interaction)Platan-Cosmic Rays (Search for Low Energy Heavy Particles of Solar and Galactic Origin)Plazma-MKS (Plasma-ISS: Examination of Plasmic Environments on the External Surface of ISS Through the Characterization of Optical Radiance)Plazma-Progress (Plasma-Progress) (Observation of the Reflective Characteristics of the Spacecraft Plasma Environment from On-Board Thruster Activity Using Ground-Based Instruments)Plazmida (Plasmid) (Transfer of Molecules of DNA by Conjugation in Space Flight)PMDIS (Perceptual Motor Deficits in Space)PMT (Photocatalyst Material Test)PMZ (Bioavailability and Performance Effects of Promethazine During Space Flight)Pnevmocard (Pneumocard) (Examination of the Influencing Factors of Space Flight on Autonomic Regulation of Blood Circulation, Respiration and Cardiac Contractile Function in Long Duration Space Flight)POEMS (Passive Observatories for Experimental Microbial Systems)Polca ()Poligen (Polygene) (Revealing Genotypical Characteristics, Defining Individual Differences in Resistance of Biological Organisms to Factors of Long Duration Space Flight)POP 3D (Portable Onboard Printer 3D)Popular Mechanics (Commercial Promotion of Popular Mechanics Journal)Privyazka (Development of High Precision Orientation of Scientific Devices in Space with Reports of Deformation of the ISS Hull)Pro K (Dietary Intake Can Predict and Protect Against Changes in Bone Metabolism during Spaceflight and Recovery)Profilaktika-1 (Prophylaxis-1) (Mechanisms of Action and Influence, and Effectiveness of Various Methods of Phrophylaxis Directed Toward Prevention of Disturbances of the Human Locomotion System in Weightlessness)Prognoz (Prognosis) (Development of a Method of Operational Prediction of Work Load on Crew Piloting Objectives)Protein Crystal Optimization (Optimization of Protein Crystal Growth for Determination of Enzyme Mechanisms through Advanced Diffraction Techniques)Protein Crystallography (Crystallization of Medically Relevant Proteins Using Microgravity)PS-TEPC (Establishment of dosimetric technique in the International Space Station (ISS) with Position Sensitive Tissue Equivalent Proportional Chamber)PSSC (Pico-Satellite Solar Cell Experiment)PuFF (The Effects of EVA and Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity on Pulmonary Function)Puls (Pulse) (Vegatative (Autonomic) Regulation of the Cardio-Respiratory System of Humans in Conditions of Weightlessness)^ back to topQ^ back to topRRaDI-N (RaDI-N)Radi-N2 (Radi-N2 Neutron Field Study)Radiation Environment Monitor (Radiation Environment Monitor)Radioskaf (Creation of Preparation and Launch in the Prcess of Mini -Satellites)RadSilk (Integrated Assessment of Long-term Cosmic Radiation Through Biological Responses of the Silkworm,Bombyx mori, in Space)RAMBO (Ram Burn Observations)RAMBO-2 (Ram Burn Observations - 2)Rastenia-Gorokh (Plants-Pea) (Growth and Development of Higher Plants through Multiple Generations)RASV (Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine)Ravnovesie (Ravnovesie)Reaction Self Test (Psychomotor Vigilance Self Test on the International Space Station)REBR (ReEntry Breakup Recorder)REBR-W (Reentry Breakup Recorder with Wireless Sensors)Regeneratsia-Planaria (Regeneration-Girardia) (Effect of Weightlessness on Processes of Regeneration by Electrophysiological and Morphological Factors)Relaksatsia-Groza (Relaxation-Thunderstorm) (Processes of Relaxation in the Ultraviolet Band Spectrum by High Velocity Interaction of Exhaust Products on ISS)Renal Stone (Renal Stone Risk During Spaceflight: Assessment and Countermeasure Validation)Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Biological Specimen Repository)Resist Tubule (Mechanisms of Gravity Resistance in Plants From Signal Transformation and Transduction to Response)Resist Wall (Role of Microtubule-Membrane-Cell Wall Continuum in Gravity Resistance in Plants)Reversible Figures (Perspective Reversible Figures in Microgravity)RIGEX (Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment)RJR (Augmented) Microbial Sampling (RJR (Augmented) Microbial Sampling)ROALD (ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression)ROALD-2 (Role of the Endocannabinoid System in human Lymphocytes Exposed to Microgravity-2)Robonaut (Robonaut)Rodent Research-1 (Rodent Research Hardware and Operations Validation)Rodent Research-1 (CASIS) (Muscle Atrophy of Muscle Sparing in Transgenic Mice)Rodent Research-2 (CASIS) (Time-dependency of morphological and molecular changes in the musculoskeletal system of mice exposed to the spaceflight environment)Rodent Research-3-Eli Lilly (Assessment of myostatin inhibition to prevent skeletal muscle atrophy and weakness in mice exposed to long-duration spaceflight)ROKVISS (Robotic Component Verification on the ISS: Verification of Lightweight Robotic Hinge Elements in Space)ROSA (Roll-Out Solar Array)RRM (Robotic Refueling Mission)RRM-Phase 2 (Robotic Refueling Mission Phase 2)Rusalka-MKS (Mermaid-ISS) (Development of Methods to Determine the Carbon Dioxide and Methane (Greenhouse Gases) Content in the Earths Atmosphere from On-Board ISS)^ back to topSSAGE III-ISS (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III/ISS)Salivary Markers (The Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Microgravity on Salivary Markers of Innate Immunity)Sally Ride EarthKAM (Sally Ride Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students)SAME (Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment)Sample (Study of Microbial Communities Exposed to Weightlessness)Sarcolab (Myotendinous and Neuromuscular Adaptation to Long-term Spaceflight)SATS-Interact (Supervision of Autonomous and Teleoperated Satellites - Interact)Saturday Morning Science (Science of Opportunity)SCAN Testbed (Space Communications and Navigation Testbed)Science off the Sphere (Science off the Sphere)SCN (Space Cup Noodle)Scorpion (Scorpion: Development and Acquisition of Multifunctional Control-Measurement Device for Controlling the Environment of Scientific Experiments Inside a Pressurized Station)Sed (Brazilian Seeds Phaseolus vulgaris: Demonstration of gravitropis and Phototropism Effects on Germination of Seed in Microgravity)SEDA-AP (Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment - Attached Payload)Seedling Growth-1 (Seedling Growth-1)Seedling Growth-2 (Seedling Growth-2)Seeds (Seeds in Space)Seiner (Development of Procedures of Interactions of the Crew in the Russian Segment of ISS and the State Fishery Committee During the Process of Searching and Exploring Productive Fishing Regions in World Oceans)SEITE (Shuttle Exhaust Ion Turbulence Experiments)SEM (Space Experiment Module)Sensory Adaptation (Study of Vestibular Function and Intersensory Interactions Under Altered Gravity)SETA-2 (Solidification along a Eutectic path in Ternary Alloys-2)SHERE (Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment)SHERE-II (Shear History Extensional Rheology Experiment - II)Sidekick (Sidekick: Investigating Immersive Visualization Capabilities)SIMPLEX (Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust Experiments)Skin-B (Skin-B)SkinCare (SkinCare)Skinsuit (Skinsuit)Sleep ISS-12 (Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure on ISS-12)Sleep-Long (Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Long)Sleep-Short (Sleep-Wake Actigraphy and Light Exposure During Spaceflight-Short)SLICE (Structure and Liftoff In Combustion Experiment)Small Sat Deploy-Demo (Small Sat Deploy Demo)Smartphone-MM (HET Smartphone-MM)SMEK (Effect of Microgravity on Kinetic Properties of Enzymtic Reactions - Hydrolysis of Sucrose in Cerevisiae Cells of Saccharomycetes)SMILES (Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder)SNFM (Serial Network Flow Monitor)SODI-Colloid (Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Aggregation of Colloidal Solutions)SODI-Colloid-2 (SODI-Colloid-2)SODI-DCMIX (SODI-DCMIX)SODI-DSC (Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument - Diffusion and Soret Coefficient)SODI-IVIDIL (Selectable Optical Diagnostics Instrument-Influence of VIbrations on DIffusion of Liquids)Solar-SOLACES (Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus - SOLar Auto-Calibrating EUV/UV Spectrophotometers)Solar-SOLSPEC (Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus -Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus -SOLar SPECtral Irradiance Measurements)Solar-SOVIM (Sun Monitoring on the External Payload Facility of Columbus -SOlar Variable and Irradiance Monitor)SOLO (SOdium LOading in Microgravity)Sonokard (Physiological Functions (cardio-respiratory) of Humans Using Contactless Methods During Sleep in Long Duration Space Flight)Soret-Facet (Study on Soret effect (thermal diffusion process) for the mixed solution by the in-situ observation technique facilitated at SCOF)SoRGE (Soldering in Reduced Gravity Experiment, SDTO 17003-U)Space Aging (Study of the effects of space flight on the aging of C. elegans)Space Food Nutrient (Changes in Nutrient Contents in Space Food After Long-term Space Flight)Space Headaches (Space Headaches)Space Pup (Effect of space environment on mammalian reproduction)SpaceDRUMS (Space Dynamically Responding Ultrasonic Matrix System)SpaceSeed (Life Cycles of Higher Plants Under Microgravity Conditions)SPACETEX (SPACETEX)SPC (Soluble Protein Crystallization: Obtaining Crystals of Soluble Proteins FcgIII and FcgeII with a Perfect Crystal Structure)Special Event Meals (Special Event Meals)SPEGIS (Streptococcus pneumoniae Expression of Genes in Space)SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites)SPHERES Halo (Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites - Halo)SPHERES-Slosh (SPHERES-Slosh)SPHERES-UDP (Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Universal Docking Port)SPHERES-VERTIGO (Synchronized Position, Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites - VERTIGO)SPHERES-Zero-Robotics (Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites-Zero-Robotics)SPHEROIDS (SPHEROIDS)SPICE (Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment)Spin (Validation of Centrifugation as a Countermeasure for Otolith Deconditioning During Spaceflight)Spinal Elongation (Spinal Elongation and its Effects on Seated Height in a Microgravity Environment)Spinal Ultrasound (Sonographic Astronaut Vertebral Examination)SpinSat (SpinSat)Spore (Study of Space Environment Effects on PY17 Bacterial Spores onboard Space Shuttle)Sprint (Integrated Resistance and Aerobic Training Study)Sprut-MBI (Octopus-MBI) (Determination of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Volume in Humans in Space Flight)Sreda-MKS (Environment-ISS) (Examination of the Features of ISS as an Environment for Conducting Research)SS-HDTV (Super-Sensitive High Definition TV)SSAF2013 (Space Seeds for Asian Future 2013)SSLM (Solid State Lighting Module, SDTO 15008U)Stability-Nutrition (Stability of Nutritional Compounds)Stability-Pharmacotherapeutic (Stability of Pharmacotherapeutic)Statoconia (Otoconium) (Growth Potency of Statoconia (Otoliths) in the Organ of Equilibrium of Gastropod Mollusks in Weightlessness)StelSys (StelSys Liver Cell Function Research)Stem Cell Differentiation (Stem Cell Differentiation)Stem Cells (Study on the Effect of Space Environment to Embryonic Stem Cells to Their Development)STL-Microbial Immunity (Space Tissue Loss - Microbial Immunity)STL-MRMC (High Throughput Pan-omic Approaches to Study the Effect of Microgravity on Responses of Skin Endothelial Cells to Insult)STL-Regeneration (Space Tissue Loss - Stem Cell Regeneration)STL-Regeneration-Keratinocytes (Space Tissue Loss - The Effects Microgravity on Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration: Keratinocyte Differentiation in Wound Healing)STL-TATRC2 (Examination of the effects of microgravity on the trophic capability of stromal vascular fraction cells from lipoaspirated human adipose tissue)STMSat-1 (St. Thomas More School Cathedral Satellite-1)Story Time From Space (Story Time From Space)STP-H2-ANDE (Space Test Program-H2-Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment)STP-H2-MEPSI (Space Test Program-H2-Microelectromechanical System-Based (MEMS) PICOSAT Inspector)STP-H2-RAFT (Space Test Program-H2-Radar Fence Transponder)STP-H3-Canary (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Canary)STP-H3-DISC (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Digital Imaging Star Camera)STP-H3-MHTEX (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Massive Heat Transfer Experiment)STP-H3-VADER (Space Test Program - Houston 3 - Variable emissivity radiator Aerogel insulation blanket Dual zone thermal control Experiment suite for Responsive space)STP-H4-ATT (Space Test Program-Houston 4-Active Thermal Tile)STP-H4-FireStation (Space Test Program-Houston 4-FireStation)STP-H4-GLADIS (Space Test Program - Houston 4 - Global Awareness Data-Exfiltration International Satellite)STP-H4-ISE 2.0 (Space Test Program-Houston 4-ISS SpaceCube Experiment 2.0)STP-H4-MARS (Space Test Program-H4-Miniature Array of Radiation Sensors)STP-H4-SWATS (Space Test Program-Houston 4- Small Wind and Temperature Spectrometer)Straight Ahead in Microgravity (Straight Ahead)Subregional Bone (Subregional Assessment of Bone Loss in the Axial Skeleton in Long-term Space Flight)SUBSA (Solidification Using a Baffle in Sealed Ampoules)Suitsat-1 (Suit Satellite-1)Surface Telerobotics (Surface Telerobotics)SVS-1 (SHS-1) (CBC: Self-Propogating Hyperthermal Synthesis in Space)SWAB (Surface, Water and Air Biocharacterization - A Comprehensive Characterization of Microorganisms and Allergens in Spacecraft Environment)Synergy (The elucidation of the re-adaptation on the attitude control after return from long term space flight)Synthetic Muscle (Synthetic Muscle: Resistance to Radiation; Ras Labs-CASIS-ISS Project for Synthetic Muscle: Resistance to Radiation)^ back to topTT-Cell Act in Aging (T-Cell Activation in Aging)TAGES (Transgenic Arabidopsis Gene Expression System)Taste In Space (Taste In Space)TBone (Assessment of the effect of space flight on bone quality using three-dimensional high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT))TechEdSat (Technology Education Satellite)TechEdSat-3P (The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability (SPQR))TechEdSat-4 (The Development of On-Demand Sample Return Capability (SPQR))Telescience Resource Kit (Flight Demonstration of Telescience Resource Kit)Telomeres (Assessing Telomere Lengths and Telomerase Activity in Astronauts)TEM (Transport Environment Monitor Packages)Ten-Mayak (Shadow-Beacon) (Study of Transmit/Receive Radio Signal Conditions in the Russian Segment of ISS Using the World-Wide Ham Radio Network)Tendometria (Assessment of Functional Properties of the Neuro-Muscular Apparatus)Tenzor (Tensor) (Definition of Dynamic Characteristics of ISS)Thermolab (Thermoregulation in Humans During Long-Term Spaceflight)Tipologia (Typology) (Study of the Typological Characteristis of ISS Crew Operators Activity at the Stages of Long Term Space Flight)Tomatosphere-III (Tomatosphere-III)Tomatosphere-IV (Tomatosphere-IV)Top (Educational Demonstration of Top Spinning Motions in Space)Torso (Organ Dose Measurement Using the Phantom Torso)Toxichnost (Toxicity) (Development of a Metod of Express Monitoring of Toxicity of Water in Space Flight)TRAC (Test of Reaction and Adaptation Capabilities)Treadmill Kinematics (Biomechanical Analysis of Treadmill Exercise on the International Space Station)TripleLux-A (Gene, Immune and Cellular Responses to Single and Combined Space Flight Conditions - A)TripleLux-B (Gene, Immune and Cellular Responses to Single and Combined Space Flight Conditions - B)TriTel (3D Silicon Detector Telescope)Tropi (Analysis of a Novel Sensory Mechanism in Root Phototropism)TROPICAL CYCLONE (The Cyclone Intensity Measurements from the ISS (CyMISS))Try Zero-G (Try Zero-Gravity)Twins Study (Human Exploration Research Opportunities - Differential Effects on Homozygous Twin Astronauts Associated with Differences in Exposure to Spaceflight Factors)Twins Study - Bailey (Differential Effects on Telomeres and Telomerase in Twin Astronauts Associated with Spaceflight)Twins Study - Basner (HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Cognition on Monozygotic Twin on Earth)Twins Study - Feinberg (Comprehensive Whole Genome Analysis of Differential Epigenetic Effects of Space Travel on Monozygotic Twins)Twins Study - Lee (Metabolomic and Genomic Markers of Atherosclerosis as Related to Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Function in Twin Astronauts)Twins Study - Mason (The Landscape of DNA and RNA Methylation Before, During, and After Human Space Travel)Twins Study - Mignot (HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC): Immunome Changes in Space)Twins Study - Rana (Proteomic Assessment of Fluid Shifts and Association with Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure in Twin Astronauts)Twins Study - Smith (Biochemical Profile: Homozygous Twin Control for a 12 Month Space Flight Exposure)Twins Study - Snyder (HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Longitudinal Integrated Multi-omics Analysis of the Biomolecular Effects of Space Travel)Twins Study - Turek (Metagenomic Sequencing of the Bacteriome in GI Tract of Twin Astronauts)^ back to topUUBNT (Ultrasonic Background Noise Test)Universal Battery Charger (Universal Battery Charger)UPA (Urine Processor Assembly Hardware Improvements)Uragan-GC (Hurricane-GC) (Hurricane: Experimental Development of Groundbased System of Monitoring and Predicting the Progression of a Naturally Occurring Technogenic Catastrophe)URC-Microbial-1 (University Research Centers - Microbial - 1)UTBI (Under The Background Influence)^ back to topVV-C REFLEX (Plastic alteration of vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex and its countermeasure)Vaktsina-K (Vaccine-K) (Structural Study of Protein Candidats in a Vaccine for AIDS on Earth and in Space)Vascular (Cardiovascular Health Consequences of Long-Duration Space Flight)Vascular Echo (Cardiac and Vessel Structure and Function with Long-Duration Space Flight and Recovery)VCAM (Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor)Veg-01 (Veggie hardware validation test)Veg-03 (Veg-03)Vektor-T (Study of a High Precision System for Prediction Motion of ISS)Vessel ID System (Vessel ID System)Vessel Imaging (Vascular Echography)VIABLE ISS (eValuatIon And monitoring of microBiofiLms insidE International Space Station)VIIP (Vision Impairment and Intracranial Pressure)Visual Performance (Human Factors Assessment of Vibration Effects on Visual Performance During Launch)VO2max (Evaluation of Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Submaximal Estimates of VO2max Before, During, and After Long Duration International Space Station Missions)Volny-PK-1 (Waves-PK-1) (Waves: Observation in near Infrared Spectral Band Undulatory Disturbance in the Middle Atmosphere Layers of the Earth of Technogenic and Naturally Occurring Origin)Vsplesk (Burst) (Burst: Monitoring of Seismic Effects - Bursts of High Energy Particles in Low Earth Space Region (Orbit))Vzaimodeistvie (Interaction) (Interactions: Monitoring of Space Crew Interactions During Extended Space Flight)Vzglyad (Photographing the Interior of ISS)^ back to topWWAICO (Waving and Coiling of Arabidopsis Roots at Different g-levels)Wearable Monitoring (Wearable System for Sleep Monitoring in Microgravity)Windows on Earth (Windows on Earth)WISENET (WISENET)WMHP (Miniature Wire Heat Pipes: Study of the Processes of Fluid Dynamics in Microgravity)^ back to topXXenon1 (Effect of Microgravity on the Peripheral Subcutaneous Veno-Arteriolar Reflex in Humans)^ back to topYYeast-GAP (Yeast-Group Activation Packs)YouTube Space Lab (YouTube Space Lab)^ back to topZZag (Ambiguous Tilt and Translation Motion Cues After Space Flight)ZBOT (Zero Boil-Off Tank)ZCG (Zeolite Crystal Growth)Zebrafish Muscle (Effects of the gravity on maintenance of muscle mass in zebrafish)Zhenshen-T (Ginseng-T) (Study of the Development of Cell Cultures to Evaluate the Possibily of Increasing Biological Activity)ZPM (International Space Station Zero-Propellant Maneuver (ZPM) Demonstration)Zvyozdnaya Pochta (Starmail) (ISS Russian Segment Downlink of Text Messages and Earth Pictures)Hope this helps!

Medical Micro Biology chapter 62 quotation:“Human Endogenous and Exogenous RetrovirusesSimilar to other vertebrate animals, humans possess retroviruses that exist in two forms: as normal genetic elements in their chromosomal DNA (endogenous retroviruses) and as horizontally-transmitted infectious RNA-containing viruses which are transmitted from human-to-human (exogenous retroviruses, e.g. HIV and human T cell leukemia virus, HTLV). Endogenous retroviruses in animals and humans probably evolved from transposable elements, some of them gaining the ability to package themselves in a virion structure, leave the cell and infect another cell.Clinical ManifestationsIn general, endogenous human retroviruses are not pathogenic and many of them are not complete viruses. The human genome contains between 100–1,000 copies of such viruses and many of them have become pseudogenes or have various defects. However, some are complete viruses and the genes of some are transcribed and make virus-encoded proteins. Expression of such genes have been found in certain autoimmune diseases in humans such as systemic lupis erythematosis and Sjögren's syndrome. Endogenous virus gene expression has also been observed in human placentas and in reproductive tissues of humans without any apparent pathology.Human T-Cell Leukemia virusesHuman T-cell leukemia viruses are horizonatally transmitted from human-to-human (i.e. exogenous virus) and are associated with development of some rare diseases. They are believed to have originated from highly-related simian viruses.Clinical ManifestationsHTLVs are associated with three presentations: (1) asymptomatic infection (most common); (2) adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) (pre-adult T-cell leukemia, chronic, acute, and lymphoma forms); and (3) tropical spastic paraparesis, a neurologic disease.StructureHTLVs are spherical particles, l00 nm in diameter, made up of an external lipid bilayer/glycoprotein envelope covering an internal protein core. The core contains several copies of reverse transcriptase (the enzyme that transcribes RNA to DNA) bound to two identical single-stranded RNA molecules. The RNA codes for internal core proteins (gag), external envelope proteins (env), reverse transcriptase (polymerase) (pol), and regulatory proteins (tax, rex). The lengths of the HTLV-l and HTLV-2 proviral genomes are about 9.0 and 8.9 kilobases, respectively.Classification and Antigenic TypesThree types of HTLV are recognized: HTLV- l, HTLV-2, and HTLV-5. HTLVs are classified on the basis of (l) isolation from and ability to infect mature T cells and (2) the presence of reverse transcriptase and cross-reacting internal core proteins. The coding regions of HTLV-l and HTLV-2 share about 60 percent homology.MultiplicationAfter the virion enters the cell, viral reverse transcriptase transcribes the viral RNA into DNA, which integrates into the host cell genome. The integrated viral DNA may remain inactive or be transcribed into progeny viral RNA and into messenger RNA that is translated to produce the viral structural and regulatory proteins. Progeny virions assemble at the cell surface and acquire an envelope by budding.PathogenesisHTLV- l and HTLV-2 infect T cells. The viral transactivator protein (tax) turns on the expression of cellular proteins and may lead to uncontrolled proliferation of target cells. The long incubation period (3O to 40 years) between infection and the development of leukemia suggests that additional events are required for leukemogenesis. The pathogenic mechanisms of tropical spastic paraparesis are unknown. Between 2–4% of infected people develop disease.Host DefensesHTLV-specific antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, and interferon have been identified in individuals with persistent infection, but their roles in protection and pathogenesis are unclear.EpidemiologyHTLV-l is endemic in southwestern Japan, the Caribbean basin, southeastern United States, southern Italy, and sub-Saharan Africa. Up to 15 percent of normal blood donors in endemic areas of Japan and the Caribbean basin are positive for antibodies to HTLV-l; in nonendemic areas, fewer than 1 percent are positive. Data for HTLV-2 are incomplete. HTLVs can be transmitted by transfusion of blood from infected donors, by sexual contact, and from mothers to babies via breast milk.DiagnosisHTLV diseases are diagnosed by the presence of HTLV-specific antibodies and by clinical manifestations. The polymerase chain reaction detects the HTLV genome in infected cells and distinguishes between HTLV-l and HTLV-2 infection. Pre-adult T-cell leukemia is diagnosed on the basis of leukocytosis and abnormal lymphocytes. Acute adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma is characterized by the presence of pleomorphic neoplastic cells with mature T-cell markers. Chronic adult T-cell leukemia is diagnosed on the basis of skin lesions, low levels of circulating leukemic cells, and the absence of visceral involvement. Tropical spastic paraparesis is characterized by a meningeal inflammatory process, largely limited to the spinal cord, with progressive weakness in the lower extremities.ControlInfection is prevented by (1) screening blood products for HTLV antibodies and (2) education to prevent transmission by sexual contact or the sharing of needles. Glucocorticoids have been of limited value in treating some cases of tropical spastic paraparesis. Various combined chemotherapy regimens have been tried for adult T-cell leukemia with limited success.Human Immunodeficiency VirusClinical ManifestationsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is another horizontally-transmitted exogenous retrovirus and is associated with three presentations: (1) asymptomatic infection; (2) acute infection with symptoms that may include fever, sweats, myalgia or arthralgia, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and rash; and (3) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), characterized by progressive immune deficiency accompanied by a wide range of opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and neurologic abnormalities, including progressive dementia and peripheral neuropathy.StructureHIV is, in general, similar to HTLV, although the genome is larger (approximately 10 kilobases). As with HTLV, the HIV genome codes for core structural proteins, envelope proteins, reverse transcriptase, and a set of regulatory proteins more complex than those of HTLV.Classification and Antigenic TypesTechniques of identification are similar to those used for HTLV. Two antigenic types (HIV-l and HIV-2) are distinguished by antibody reactivity to envelope glycoproteins.MultiplicationHIV recognizes host cells by binding to the CD4 cell membrane receptor. Multiplication within the host cell is similar to that of HTLV.PathogenesisHIV infects CD4-bearing cells (T4 lymphocytes and monocyte-macrophages). Infection may be latent or chronic low level. Activation leads to the development of immune dysfunction as a result of direct and indirect killing of T4 cells and functional impairment of viable T4 cells. Macrophages appear to be the primary target cells in brain infection. The pathogenic mechanisms of neurologic disease are not known.Host DefensesPersistent infection stimulates humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and interferon production, but the role of these responses in preventing pathogenesis or disease progression is not known.EpidemiologyHIV infection occurs worldwide and is endemic in central Africa. In the United States and other developed countries, infection is found primarily in homosexual and bisexual men, intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs, transfusion recipients, sexual partners of infected persons, and infants born to infected mothers. Transmission occurs through sexual contact, exposure to contaminated blood or blood products, and perinatally.DiagnosisHIV infection is determined by demonstrating HIV-specific antibodies, which usually appear at some interval of time after infection. The polymerase chain reaction detects the HIV genome in infected cells. Detection of the p24 core antigen in serum also indicates HIV infection. AIDS is diagnosed mainly on the basis of specific opportunistic infections or cancers coinciding with a T4 cell defect in the absence of other known causes of immunodeficiency. In addition, HIV infections with neuropsychiatric manifestations or severe wasting are classified as AIDS.ControlInfection is prevented by screening blood products for HIV and by education to prevent transmission by sexual contact and sharing of needles. Azidothymidine (AZT) and other antiviral agents are used for prophylaxis against progression to disease and for treatment. Opportunistic infections and neoplasms are treated individually.Go to:Types of Endogenous and Exogenous RetrovirusesRetroviruses, as virions contain RNA genomes, but the infectious cycle requires copying the RNA genome into DNA from which transcription occurs. The virus therefore encodes and carries within the virion an enzyme called RNA dependent DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase which will transcribe the RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA intermediate. This DNA intermediate usually covalently integrates into the chromosomal DNA of the cell and therefore becomes a permanent genetic element within that host cell. Retroviruses exist, therefore, in two forms; as RNA-containing virions which bud from a producing cell and can infect another cell, and as DNA proviruses which may be active or silent. Proviruses exist naturally in most vertebrates, as well as some non-vertebrates, and are present in the germ line as “normal” genes. Retroviruses are unique in this respect. Humans contain a number of retroviral-like or retroviral sequences within their genomic DNA but most of these are silent or have become pseudogenes. Nevertheless, one or more of these genes can be expressed during normal or pathological conditions, and such “endogenous retroviruses” are known to play roles in naturally-occurring leukemias and certain immunological diseases in non-human animals. The endogenous retroviruses are believed to have evolved from transposable elements which today are still present in lower life forms (yeast, maze, drosophila).Some retroviruses, however, have evolved to be transmitted horizontally from animal to animal or person-to-person and these are the ones which usually cause diseases. In man, three such horizontally-transmitted “exogenous” viruses are associated with disease: HTLV-1 is associated with adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis; HTLV-2 is associated with hairy cell leukemia; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Retroviruses are classified into three families: Oncoviruses, Lentiviruses, and Spumaviruses. Retroviruses are also classified based on their morphological types in the electron microscope as A-type, B-type, C-type, and D-type. The A-type viruses bud intracellularly, either into the cytoplasm or within endoplasmic reticulum, are not considered to be infectious, and have an electron lucent core. These are endogenous viruses and some animal species have thousands of copies of these A-type viruses in their chromosomal DNA. Their function remains unknown. B-type viruses have an eccentric core and the mammary tumor viruses exclusively have this structure. These viruses exist as endogenous and exogenous viruses in some animals and when expressed can cause mammary tumors. C-type viruses have a central electron-dense core, and most of the oncoviruses and endogenous viruses are of this type. The D-type viruses have a rod-shaped core and Lentiviruses are of this type.While most of the endogenous retroviruses are not pathogenic, the exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses usually are. Diseases in animals or humans which are induced by or associated with horizontally-transmitted exogenous retroviruses, include feline leukemias or sarcomas, chicken leukemias or sarcomas, mouse leukemias or sarcomas, equine infectious anemia, bovine leukemia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, human adult T-cell leukemia, human tropic spastic paraparesis, and AIDS. Spumavirus (human foamy virus) has not yet been definitely associated with disease in humans.Go to:Human T-Cell Leukemia VirusesClinical ManifestationsInfection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-l), an exogenous C-type oncovirus, results in a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to lymphoproliferative and neurologic disorders (Fig. 62-1). Most HTLV-l-infected individuals are asymptomatic, with normal white blood cell and differential counts. However, some asymptomatic individuals may present with moderate lymphocytosis and aberrant lymphocytes. Approximately half of these latter individuals will progress to a chronic form of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), characterized by small numbers of leukemic cells in the peripheral blood, by skin lesions, and by a lack of involvement of other organ systems. Only 2-4% of HTLV-I infected individuals eventually develop ATL. Approximately 15 to 20 percent of adult T-cell leukemia cases follow a chronic course. T cell lymphomas occur and may involve a variety of organ systems. The most common malignant sequela of HTLV-l infection is acute adult T-cell leukemia, which follows an aggressive course characterized by polylobular malignant T cells, hypercalcemia, leukemic cell infiltrates of the dermis and epidermis, and immunosuppression leading to opportunistic infections.Figure 62-1Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections.Infection with HTLV-l may also result in a slowly progressive encephalomyelopathy called tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. The predominant clinical manifestation is progressive weakness and partial paralysis of the lower extremities. The clinical features may mimic those of multiple sclerosis. In fact, there is some speculation that an HTLV-related virus is involved in multiple sclerosis. There have also been reports that HTLV-l is associated with large granular lymphocytic leukemia and malignant hypereosinophilic syndrome. However, these claims have not been substantiated.Two other HTLVs, HTLV-2 and HTLV-5, have been identified. The relation of these viruses to human disease is unclear. HTLV-2 has been associated with two cases of hairy-cell leukemia and has been reported in one case of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and one of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. HTLV-5 has been isolated from a patient with Tac-antigen-negative cutaneous T cell lymphoma-leukemia (mycosis fungoides). HTLV-5 DNA sequences have been found in the tumor cells of an additional seven patients with mycosis fungoides.StructureHTLVs are members of the oncovirus family of retroviruses, which are distinguished from other viruses by the presence of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that transcribes RNA into DNA. Most retroviruses are spherical particles, approximately 100 nm in diameter, consisting of an internal protein core surrounded by an envelope of glycoproteins embedded in a lipid bilayer. The core contains several copies of reverse transcriptase bound to two identical single-stranded RNA molecules. The DNA copy (provirus) of genomic viral RNA (Fig. 62-2) is flanked on each end by a long terminal repeat (LTR) that contains sequences for the integration of the virus into the cellular DNA and the regulation of virus expression. In the viruses that cause chronic leukemias, the viral genes encode the core proteins (gag), envelope proteins (env), replication enzymes (pol), and regulatory proteins (tax and rex). Some animal retroviruses, in contrast, are acutely transforming. The env gene of these viruses is truncated and replaced with a cellular gene (onc) that causes acute transformation of the target cells.Figure 62-2HTLV genome (proteins encoded).The envelope of HTLV consists of two glycoproteins of molecular weights approximately 20,000 and 46,000 daltons. Three gag proteins (molecular weights of 9,000, 15,000, 24,000 to 26,000 daltons) constitute the viral core. Unlike most animal retroviruses, the genome of HTLV codes for two nonstructural proteins, tax and rex, which are involved in the regulation of HTLV expression. Tax may also be indirectly involved in HTLV transformation of lymphocytes.Classification and Antigenic TypesA virus is classified as an HTLV by the presence of reverse transcriptase and by its isolation from and infection of mature T cells. In vitro, HTLV infection of T cells results in their immortilization (i.e., in the continuous proliferation of the cells in the absence of exogenous growth factors). The genomes of HTLV hybridize only weakly with the genomes of other animal retroviruses. HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HTLV-5 are the antigenic types recognized currently. The HTLVs are only remotely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HTLVs share cross-reacting internal core proteins which differ slightly in molecular weight. The HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 proviral genomes are approximately 9.0 and 8.9 kilobases in length, respectively, and have approximately 60 percent overall homology. Although the long terminal repeat sequences of these two viruses are quite dissimilar, specific regulatory regions in the long terminal repeat are highly conserved. The other highly (more than 80 percent) homologous region of the genomes of HTLV-l and HTLV-2 is the tax gene. The genome of HTLV-5 is less well characterized. The DNA of HTLV-5 hybridizes only weakly to HTLV-1 and does not hybridize to HTLV-2. The different HTLVs are distinguished by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to amplify HTLV sequences and by hybridization with specific viral probes.MultiplicationRetroviruses have a common mode of viral replication that is based on the function of the reverse transcriptase molecules (Fig. 62-3). The initial event in retroviral infection is the attachment of the virus to the cell membrane. The specific cellular receptor(s) for HTLV has not yet been identified, but recent experiments have shown that a receptor is encoded by a gene on human chromosome 17. After binding to the cell membrane, the virion enters the cell and is uncoated to release the viral RNA. The reverse transcriptase, which is complexed to the viral RNA, transcribes the RNA into DNA. The virion-associated integrase then enables the viral DNA to integrate into the host cell genome. The integrated viral DNA, now called a provirus, can either remain inactive or be transcribed into viral RNA and into messenger RNA that is translated into viral structural and regulatory proteins. Progeny viral RNA and structural proteins assemble at the cell surface and bud from the cell membrane. Since the provirus is duplicated along with the cellular DNA during the replication cycle of the cell, infection of the cell will persist throughout the lifespan of the clone.Figure 62-3Multiplication of human retroviruses.PathogenesisThe HTLVs appear to induce disease in a fundamentally different way from other oncogenic animal retroviruses. The acutely transforming animal retroviruses cause malignant transformation by their onc genes which were originally derived from cellular growth genes, but are no longer under cellular control and rather are under the control of the viral promoter. The chronic oncogenic animal retroviruses induce leukemia after a long latent period. Often the provirus inserts near a cellular onc gene. As a result, the cellular gene comes under the control of the viral promoter, thereby enhancing its expression. Therefore, the virally transformed animal leukemic cells have proviral copies integrated at specific sites in the cellular DNA. In contrast, the HTLVs do not possess an onc gene, nor do they integrate in the same site in different tumors (i.e., they show random integration).HTLVs possess two unique genes, tax and rex, which are required for viral replication and efficient transcription of the HTLV genome. The rex gene encodes a protein of molecular weight 26,000 to 27,000 daltons that is localized in the nucleus and is required for the accumulation of unspliced gag mRNA and for efficient expression of the gag gene products. The tax gene product is a nuclear protein of molecular weight 37,000 to 40,000 daltons that transactivates viral gene expression. The exact mechanism of tax-induced transactivation is unknown, but it has been suggested that the tax gene product may activate a constitutively expressed cellular transcription factor that binds to the viral promoter and indirectly enhances viral gene expression. Although expression of the tax gene can lead to cancer in some strains of transgenic mice, the resulting tumors are neurofibromas and do not demonstrate a direct effect of tax on leukemogenesis.One mechanism by which the HTLV tax gene product may play a role in leukemogenesis is by activating cellular genes that are involved in T-cell growth (Fig.62-4). Mitogen- or antigen-stimulated T cells produce a factor, interleukin-2 (IL-2), that binds to a receptor on the surface of activated T cells and induces T-cell multiplication. Primary tumor cells from patients infected with HTLV-1 and from T-cell lines that have been transformed in vitro with HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 express large numbers of receptors for IL-2 on their surface. In addition, cells transfected with HTLV-1 gag-tax genes release high levels of IL-2 receptors constitutively. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that the tax gene product is responsible for stimulating the production of IL-2 receptors through the induction of host transcription factors that bind to the IL-2 receptor gene. Research has identified in the IL-2 receptor gene a region that is essential for tax-mediated regulation of gene expression. It has also been suggested that the tax protein can transactivate the IL-2 gene itself, although less strongly than the IL-2 receptor gene. HTLV can also stimulate T-cell growth without actually infecting the cell. Exposure of T cells to inactivated HTLV-1 or to partially purified viral proteins can result in mitogenic stimulation and proliferation of the T cells in the absence of exogenous IL-2.Figure 62-4Pathogenesis of HTLV-induced leukemia.Two features of infection indicate that HTLV-induced leukemogenesis must involve additional pathogenic events. The first is the long incubation period between infection with HTLV and the appearance of leukemic cells: it is thought that leukemia may take several decades to develop. The second feature is the monoclonal nature of the malignant cells in adult T-cell leukemia patients. Although HTLV integrates randomly into the cellular DNA of target T cells, the adult T-cell leukemia cells in an individual patient originate from a single HTLV-infected cell. Therefore, although HTLV may polyclonally stimulate the growth of T cells via either tax-mediated mechanisms or mitogenic stimulation, the outgrowth of leukemic cells presumably depends on as yet unidentified secondary events.Infection with HTLV-1 also results in immunosuppression. In vitro, HTLV-1 infection not only alters helper T-cell function by causing increased proliferation, but also induces nonspecific polyclonal immunoglobulin production by B cells regardless of the type of antigen-presenting cell. Infection of cytotoxic T-cell clones leads to reduction or loss of cytotoxic function. Cells expressing HTLV-1 have abnormal expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (cell surface proteins essential for the functional interaction of immune cells). Inappropriate expression of these antigens on infected T-cells would impede or abolish their normal function. In addition, the HTLV-1 envelope and major histocompatibility complex proteins share certain antigenic determinants, so the immune system may be tricked into thinking that the HTLV-infected cell is self and need not be eliminated by the cytotoxic T-cell response.The pathogenesis of the second major clinical manifestation of HTLV-1 infection, tropical spastic paraparesis, is unknown. Several animal retroviruses, particularly members of the lentivirus family, can infect the central nervous system and cause chronic neurologic disease in animals. The damage to the central nervous system is generally considered to result not from direct infection of neuronal cells but rather from the release of toxic factors by cells infected with HTLV-1. Another hypothesis is that neural tissue is damaged by the host immune system via an autoimmune mechanism. Like adult T-cell leukemia, tropical spastic paraparesis occurs with very low frequency in HTLV-1-infected individuals (~1-3%). Even rarer is the occurrence of both diseases in the same individual. Possible explanations for these observations include the existence of distinct adult T-cell leukemia-inducing strains and tropical spastic paraparesis-inducing strains of HTLV-1 or genetic determinants or host cell factors that contribute to variable disease expression.Host DefensesA hallmark of HTLV infection is its persistence. Once an individual is infected with HTLV, the virus remains in that individual for life. Specific antibodies are produced against a variety of HTLV proteins, including env, gag, and tax. Cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize viral proteins have also been identified. In patients with tropical spastic paraparesis, antibody against HTLV-1 is synthesized intrathecally. The role of HTLV-specific antibodies and T-cell cytotoxicity in the prevention of new infections or in disease progression is unclear. It is also unclear whether interferon, which is produced by HTLV-1-infected cells in culture, is beneficial in HTLV infections. HTLV-1 is not lysed by human serum, although human complement can lyse other animal retroviruses. The persistence of HTLV infection in vivo indicates that completely effective immune responses do not occur naturally.EpidemiologyHTLV-l infection occurs, with varying degrees of prevalence, in several regions of the world (Table 62-1). The highest prevalence is in southwestern Japan, where six endemic areas have been identified. The prevalence of anti-HTLV-1 antibodies in inhabitants of these areas ranges from 6 to 37 percent. The Caribbean is another region where HTLV-1 is endemic, with an overall seropositivity rate of 4 percent. Between 19 and 48 percent of family members of HTLV-1 -infected individuals in these two endemic areas are seropositive. In both regions, the prevalence of anti-HTLV-1 antibodies increases with age, from 2 percent in young children to 30 percent in adults in their mid-forties. Although fewer data are available for Africa, HTLV- 1 infection is also endemic there, with seropositivity rates ranging from 4 to 7 percent. HTLV infection is also found in defined populations (e.g., predominantly in intravenous drug users and homosexuals in developed countries such as the United States and Italy). It is not clear whether the HTLV type in these populations is HTLV-1 or HTLV-2.Table 62-1Geographic Distribution of HTLV.The predominant modes of transmission of HTLV infection are by sexual contact, via contaminated blood or blood products, and from mother to child via breast milk. Studies in Japan have shown that between 48 and 82 percent of recipients of seropositive blood seroconverted. The rising prevalence with age of antibodies to HTLV-1 is consistent with sexual transmission of HTLV-1.One unique characteristic of HTLV-1 infection is the extremely long incubation period between initial infection and the occurrence of disease. The incubation period for adult T-cell leukemia can range from years to decades and may be as long as 40 years; the incubation period for tropical spastic paraparesis is thought to be shorter but is still several years. Antibodies to HTLV-1 are found in the vast majority of patients with adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis. However, the incidence of T-cell cancers or tropical spastic paraparesis in HTLV-1-infected individuals is extremely low. Studies on the incidence of adult T-cell leukemia in Japan estimate that fewer than 0.1 percent of HTLV-1-infected individuals develop adult T-cell leukemia each year. Adult T-cell leukemia is usually found in individuals older than 40 years, and mostly in individuals who were infected as infants.DiagnosisThe determination of HTLV infection is usually made on the basis of a positive anti-HTLV antibody test. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most common screening test for the presence of anti-HTLV antibodies. A positive assay is confirmed by direct radioimmunoprecipitation assays or Western immunoblots. Owing to immunogenic cross-reactivity, these tests do not distinguish between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection. The polymerase chain reaction assay, which is based on the amplification of viral DNA segments, is used to distinguish between these two viruses. Since the interval between HTLV infection and the appearance of antibodies is not known, the polymerase chain reaction can also be used to diagnose HTLV infection in antibody-negative individuals.The presence of modest leukocytosis with abnormal-appearing lymphocytes in an asymptomatic, HTLV-infected individual is indicative of pre-adult T-cell leukemia. Acute adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma is characterized by the presence of pleomorphic neoplastic cells with mature T lymphocyte markers. Since adult T-cell leukemia cells express high levels of Tac antigen (a protein chain that is part of the IL-2 receptor), diagnosis should include staining for the Tac antigen. Clinical features may include dermal or epidermal infiltrates, hypercalcemia, osteolytic bone lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Chronic (smoldering) adult T-cell leukemia is diagnosed on the basis of skin lesions, low levels of circulating leukemic cells, and an absence of visceral involvement. Not all cases of adult T-cell leukemia are associated with HTLV-1 infection.Tropical spastic paraparesis is characterized by a meningeal inflammatory process largely limited to the spinal cord, with progressive weakness in the lower extremities and sensory abnormalities. HTLV-1 can be isolated from the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of many patients with tropical spastic paraparesis.ControlControl of HTLV infection and disease involves three approaches: therapy, education and public health, and vaccination (Table 62-2). Treatment of HTLV-1 infection and its sequelae is extremely difficult. Current treatment regimens for adult T cell leukemia involve combination chemotherapy protocols which have not significantly increased survival. The elimination of Tac-positive cells by anti-Tac antibodies coupled to toxin is being considered as an experimental therapy. Glucocorticoids have been used in treating tropical spastic paraparesis, but with only limited success. In vitro, azidothymidine (AZT) and dideoxycytidine (DDC) inhibit the infectivity of HTLV-1 in T4 cells and reduce the growth of HTLV-1-infected T cells. The effect of these agents on HTLV in vivo is unknown.Table 62-2Control of HTLV.Although there is no treatment for HTLV infection, asymptomatic HTLV-infected individuals should be routinely screened for evidence of disease progression and counseled on ways to avoid spreading the infection. Methods to prevent the spread of HTLV infection include screening of blood products for antibodies to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, educating people about prevention of HTLV transmission via sexual intercourse and the sharing of needles, and advising mothers to refrain from breast-feeding.There is no vaccine against HTLV infection or disease. The development of vaccines for retrovirus infections in general has proven extremely difficult. Several experimental HTLV-1 vaccines have been designed that use the envelope portion of the virus as the immunogen. One HTLV-1 recombinant hybrid envelope product has been tested in cynomolgus monkeys. The monkeys that developed anti-HTLV-1 envelope antibody titers of 20 or higher were protected from challenge with HTLV-1 producing cells. Control monkeys and those with antibody titers below 20 developed signs of infection between 2 and 6 weeks after inoculation. Rabbits have been successfully immunized with vaccinia virus-env constructs. These products have not been tested in humans.Because the development of adequate therapeutic approaches and vaccines may take many years, the most effective strategy to reduce the number of individuals with HTLV infection and disease is education .Go to:Human Immunodeficiency VirusClinical ManifestationsInitial infection with HIV may result in an acute syndrome with symptoms including fever, sweats, myalgia or arthralgia, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and rash (Fig. 62-5). During the acute infection there may be a drop in the number of circulating T4 lymphocytes. It is not known what proportion of new HIV infections present with an acute syndrome and it is not clear that these symptoms are due to HIV, perse. Often other infectious agents are co-transmitted with HIV. Following initial infection, there is a long and variable asymptomatic period. During this period there may be a slow, progressive decline in T4-cell numbers and an increase in T8 cells. Some individuals may maintain relatively constant, normal levels of T4 cells during the asymptomatic period.Figure 62-5Pathogenesis of HIV infection.Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a late manifestation of infection with HIV (Fig. 62-6). AIDS is characterized by a marked depletion of T4 cells, resulting in a reversal of the T4/T8-cell ratio (normally 1.5:1 to 2.0:1) (Fig. 62-7). The progressive immune deficiency is accompanied by a wide range of life-threatening opportunistic infections and neoplasms, the most common being Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi sarcoma, respectively. Another manifestation of HIV infection is the AIDS-dementia complex (AIDS encephalopathy). This syndrome is characterized by neurologic abnormalities, including progressive dementia and peripheral neuropathy, and may occur in the absence of known opportunistic diseases.Figure 62-6Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of HIV infection.Figure 62-7Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection.StructureThe general structure of HIV is similar to that of HTLV (see above); the virus consists of an external lipid bilayer glycoprotein envelope (including envelope proteins gp 120 and gp 41), an internal protein core (proteins p15, p17, and p24), a viral RNA complexed with reverse transcriptase. The HIV genome is approximately 10 kilobases, which is larger than that of HTLV. In addition to the structural gag, pol, and env genes and the regulatory tat (analogous to HTLV tax) and rev (analogous to HTLV rex) genes, the HIV-l genome contains at least four regulatory genes (nef, vif, vpu, and vpr). HIV-2 does not have sequences for vpu, but does encode a novel gene, vpx, that is also found in the simian immunodeficiency virus.Classification and Antigenic TypesHIV is classified as a retrovirus because it contains reverse transcriptase. It is a D-type virus in the Lentivirus family. Infection of cultured T4 cells with HIV usually results in cell death. Two major antigenic types (HIV-l and HIV-2) have been identified and are readily distinguished by differences in antibody reactivity to the envelope glycoprotein. The two HIV types share approximately 40 percent genetic identity. There is some disagreement about whether they are equally pathogenic. Both apparently cause AIDS, but some researchers think that HIV-2 is less efficient in causing disease.Different isolates of HIV-l and HIV-2 exhibit considerable genomic variation and antigenic heterogeneity. The most variable regions of the genome are in the env gene. This type of variation is also observed in HIV isolates obtained from individuals over the course of their infection. HIV strains often display differences in replicative capacity and cytopathicity. The significance of these variations for the disease process is unclear.MultiplicationThe first step in HIV infection is the high-affinity binding of the gp 120 envelope glycoprotein to the CD4 receptor. The CD4 receptor is present on the surface of several cell types, including T4 cells and monocyte-macrophages. Following attachment to the CD4 receptor, HIV multiplication proceeds in a manner similar to that of HTLV (see above). In contrast to HTLV infection, however, the final step in HIV replication often involves the budding of massive numbers of virions from the cell surface, resulting in cell lysis.PathogenesisThe high-affinity binding of the HIV envelope glycoprotein to the CD4 receptor is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of HIV, since the major cell expressing CD4 is the T4 lymphocyte (often a helper cell). The T4 cell plays a central role in all aspects of immune system function, so that death or impairment of this cell results in widespread immune dysfunction. There are several potential ways that HIV can damage T4 cells. (1) HIV replication may kill T4 cells as a result of destruction of the cell membrane by viral proteins. (2) The production of large quantities of viral genetic material and proteins may interfere with normal cell metabolism. (3) HIV may also infect and destroy the progenitor cells that are responsible for the propagation of the lymphoid cell pool.In addition to direct cytopathicity, HIV infection may indirectly cause T4-cell death. One mechanism of indirect cell killing may involve autoimmune phenomena in which anti-HIV immune responses are targeted to uninfected T4 cells that either have free envelope protein bound to their membrane or present processed envelope antigens. In addition, since both the HIV envelope protein and the class II major histocompatibility complex antigens bind to the CD4 receptor, their common binding sites may represent cross-reacting antigens. Therefore, anti-HIV antibodies may react with uninfected T4 cells that express class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Also, it is very likely that anti-HIV immune effectors kill many infected cells.HIV-infected individuals usually exhibit immune dysfunction prior to a depletion of their T4 cells. HIV may induce these functional abnormalities by a variety of pathways not necessarily involving a spreading infection of T4 cells. For example, by binding to the CD4 receptor, HIV or its envelope protein can interfere with the CD4-mediated monocyte-T-cell interactions that are necessary for antigen-specific responses. In addition, crosslinking of the CD4 molecules by the envelope protein may render the cell nonresponsive to subsequent antigenic stimulation.During the long asymptomatic period of HIV infection, the virus resides predominantly in a latent state and at low-level chronic form within lymph node T4 cells and, to a lesser extent, within monocytes-macrophages. The mechanisms by which the virus is maintained in this relatively quiescent state are unclear. Similarly, little is known about the events that provoke activation. In vitro, a number of factors have been identified that are associated with the activation of HIV expression. These factors include antigens, mitogens, cotransfection, or coinfection of heterologous viruses, and cytokines. It is thought that HIV upregulation by these factors involves the induction of cellular proteins that bind to the promotor region of the HIV DNA and boost its expression.The monocyte-macrophage is a target cell for HIV infection both in vivo and in vitro. Infection of these cells may occur through the CD4 receptor or via phagocytosis. In contrast to T4 cells, monocyte-macrophages appear to be resistant to cell lysis. Moreover, the virus can replicate intracellularly in monocyte-macrophages, with virions budding into intracytoplasmic vesicles. As a result, viral antigens may not be expressed on the cell surface, potentially enabling the monocyte-macrophages to escape immune surveillance and to transport the infection to other organ systems, particularly the lungs and brain. Although the mechanisms by which HIV induces neuropsychiatric abnormalities are unknown, the macrophage is thought to play an important role. HIV infection in the brain appears to be largely restricted to macrophages, which may indirectly damage neuronal tissue by releasing neurotoxic factors or factors that induce inflammation. HIV may also interfere with the binding of neurotropic factors to their receptors on neurons. Another mechanism of HIV-induced neuropathology may involve autoimmune phenomena.Clearly, some fraction of the neurologic abnormalities in HIV-induced disease is due to the wide range of opportunistic infections and tumors that afflict AIDS patients. Although other retroviruses can directly cause cancers, HIV does not transform cells in vivo or in vitro. The multitude of tumors found in AIDS patients may result from widespread immunosuppression and/or the induction of factors that induce cellular proliferation, as may be the case with Kaposi sarcoma. HIV proviral DNA has not been found in any of these tumors.Host DefensesA broad range of immune responses to HIV has been observed in all stages of HIV infection. Antibodies to both the structural and regulatory proteins of HIV generally appear several weeks to months after initial infection. During the progression of HIV infection, antibody titers to the p24 core antigen decline, while antibody titers to the envelope protein remain relatively constant. HIV-infected individuals produce virus-neutralizing antibodies, and these decline in late stages of AIDS. Antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have also been observed in the sera of AIDS patients. Cell-mediated responses to HIV include T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity mediated by both T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Interferon has been found in some AIDS patients, but coinfecting opportunistic viruses may be responsible. Since it is thought that HIV ultimately causes a slowly progressive, persistent infection in all infected individuals, the role of immune responses in preventing HIV-induced disease is unclear. The emergence of genetic variants of HIV in vivo during the disease may be one way that HIV evades both humoral and cellular immune responses.EpidemiologyHIV-1 infection has been reported throughout the world in both developed and developing countries. In the United States and other developed countries, HIV infection is found predominantly in homosexual and bisexual men and intravenous drug users. Hemophiliacs, transfusion recipients, sexual partners of infected persons, and infants born to infected mothers are also at high risk. In many parts of Africa and the Caribbean, HIV-1 is found predominantly in heterosexuals, transfusion recipients, and infants born to infected mothers. HIV-2 is found predominantly in West Africa, Portugal, and Brazil. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are spread through sexual contact, exposure to contaminated blood or blood products, and perinatally from an infected mother to her offspring. It is estimated that as of 1990, between 800,000 and 1.3 million individuals in the United States are infected with HIV. It is not known what proportion of these individuals will develop AIDS. The median incubation period is thought to be approximately 10 years.DiagnosisHIV infection is determined by the presence of HIV-specific antibodies, which usually occur weeks after infection. An HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is commonly used as the initial screening assay, but the current FDA-approved assays may miss many early-infected people. There are sporadic reports of individuals in whom anti-HIV antibodies could not be detected for several years after infection. An individual is considered to be infected with HIV if a positive assay is confirmed by a positive Western blot or a similar, more specific assay. Diagnosis of HIV-2 infections requires HIV-2-specific assays. Detection of virus nucleic acid by the polymerase chain reaction may be used to diagnose HIV infection in antibody-negative individuals.AIDS is diagnosed predominantly on the basis of opportunistic infections or cancers indicative of a T4 cell defect in the absence of a known cause of immunodeficiency. Neuropsychiatric manifestations are also indicative of AIDS. Although neurologic complications may arise from opportunistic infections of the central nervous system, tumors, and vascular problems, AIDS may present in the absence of these conditions as an HIV encephalopathy that is diagnosed by clinical findings of cognitive or motor dysfunction that interferes with daily activities. AIDS may also be diagnosed in an HIV-infected individual on the basis of unexplained weight loss with either chronic diarrhea or chronic weakness and fever, known as HIV wasting syndrome.ControlStrategies for the control of HIV infection and disease are similar to those for HTLV infection: therapy, education and public health, and vaccination. Therapeutic categories for HIV include antiviral therapies, immune modulators, and therapies to treat and prevent opportunistic diseases. Serveral nucleoside analogs, are currently the only anti-HIV agents that have been shown to significantly improve survival in AIDS patients. Additional nucleoside analogs, as well as other potential antiviral agents, are undergoing clinical trials. A combination of antiviral agents may prove to be the most effective treatment for AIDS since it may allow the use of lower doses of drugs to minimize toxicity. Owing to the persistence of HIV infection, lifelong antiviral treatment will probably be necessary. In addition to the antiviral agents, several immunomodulatory agents are undergoing clinical trials. With regard to treatment of opportunistic infections, the use of aerosolized pentamidine has brought about a major advance in preventing P carinii pneumonia. Since P carinii pneumonia is the most common cause of death in AIDS patients, aerosolized pentamidine can greatly improve survival in these patients.Intensive educational efforts are needed to prevent transmission of HIV by sexual intercourse, intravenous drug use, and exposure to blood or blood products. Sexual abstinence, monogamous sexual relationships with uninfected partners, the use of condoms, and abstinence from intravenous drug use or the use of clean needles are necessary for the control of HIV through sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use. Transmission of HIV can be prevented in health care workers and other medical settings by the application of universal precautions (i.e., treating all blood as potentially infected by HIV). HIV infection via blood products is prevented by screening donated blood for anti-HIV antibodies and by excluding donors at high risk of HIV infection. HIV-infected women of childbearing age should be counseled about the 20 to 30 percent risk of transmitting HIV infection perinatally.One important obstacle to the development of a vaccine against HIV is that the relation of immunity to HIV infection is not understood. The experience gained in developing a vaccine against an animal retrovirus, feline leukemia virus, suggests that immunity to the viral envelope protein is crucial for prevention of infection. Efforts have therefore been made to develop HIV vaccines that use the precursor HIV glycoprotein (gpl60) or its external subunit (gpl20) as immunogens. 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