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Strength of an Armed Force depends upon some factors such as Manpower in active service, Level of training, Experience and Morale; Leadership profile; Weapons and Equipment profile; Firepower profile; ISTAR Capability; Decision making process; Synergy of Political-Bureaucraric-Military apparatus; Interoperability and Strategic partnership with Foreign Militaries; and last but not the least,Trust of the people.If you analyse these parameters in 2014 and 2020. The comparison is easy to make and results are not rocket science.ASIA DEFENSE Waking the Beast: India’s Defense Reforms Under Modi: Modi and Parrikar deserve credit for shaking things up, but much work remains to be done. “India has done enough to simplify its defense procurement and other norms,” opined Indian Defense Minister Manohar Parrikar at a speech in Washington last December. “It is time for U.S. Government and Industry to reciprocate. It is easy to blame Indian bureaucracy but in some cases, U.S. bureaucracy is much worse.’’With all due respect to Parrikar—who has been a breath of fresh air after the paralytic reign of his predecessor, AK “Mr. No” Antony—few in Washington or Delhi would agree. Fortunately, the reforms he and Prime Minister Narendra Modi have shepherded are steering India in the right direction.When Modi assumed office in June 2014 he inherited a sluggish Leviathan of a defense bureaucracy and a military facing large (and widening) capacity gaps. By one estimate, India’s military is “short of some 300 fighter jets, at least a dozen submarines, over 1,000 combat helicopters, seven frigates and perhaps 3,000 artillery guns.” These shortfalls are partly the byproduct of an under-performing and highly bureaucratized defense industrial complex, and partly the result of broader contradictions in India’s defense strategy. Waking the Beast: India’s Defense Reforms Under ModiHowever, the most talked about initiative of 2018 was the Indian Army's decision to carry out extensive and far reaching reforms with an aim to enhance its war-fighting capabilities and effectively deal with all possible challenges facing India along its borders with China and Pakistan.The reform measures, seen as most significant in decades, will include downsizing of the second largest standing Army in the world and make it “leaner and meaner”, besides equipping the force with modern platforms and weapons. The year also saw the Army finalising one of its biggest procurement plans for infantry modernisation under which a large number of light machine guns, battle carbines and assault rifles are being purchased at a cost of nearly Rs 40,000 crore to replace its ageing and obsolete weapons. Significant steps towards modernization of armed forces, but challenges remainIndia's defense spending is expected to rise as it pursues a modernization drive. Currently, it is estimated that India only spends $46 billion on its budget, and it is slated to become the fourth highest spender by 2020. It is already the world's largest importer of military goods. The 11 Most Powerful Militaries In The WorldFor 2020, India is ranked 4 of 138 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. It holds a PwrIndx* rating of 0.0953 (0.0000 considered 'perfect'). 2020 India Military Strength It was still 4th but with a Power Index: 0.4346 These are the 10 most powerful armies in the worldWhen Jawaharlal Nehru became the prime minister of India at independence in 1947, one of his first acts was to evict the country’s Commander-in-Chief, General Sir Rob Lockhart, from Flagstaff House, among the grandest mansions in Delhi. In a pointed gesture of civilian supremacy, Mr Nehru then moved in himself. A few years later he abolished the post of Commander-in-Chief entirely. The three coequal chiefs of the army, navy and air force have battled it out ever since, often quite heatedly. That changed on January 1st when Bipin Rawat, the Army Chief, was handed a new uniform, a plush house and a newly minted job: Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The creation of such a post had been mooted for decades, especially after the Army and Air Force squabbled during a war against Pakistan in 1999. But there was resistance from civilians, who feared that a CDS might accrue too much authority, and from the Air Force, which saw it as a power grab by the already-dominant Army. Narendra Modi, the prime minister, swept those concerns aside. India’s armed forces get their biggest shake-up in decadesThe three major steps announced Wednesday are: A separate Vigilance Cell under the Chief of Army Staff with tri-services representation, an umbrella organisation under the Vice-Chief of Army Staff for enhanced focus on human rights issues and the relocation of 206 officers from Army HQ to formations/units of the field army. The aim of the reforms is to cut down the overall strength by about 1.5 lakh personnel over the next 5-7 years. The process will not only free up additional resources for modernisation, but will also cut down pension bills in the future. Besides slashing expenditure on personnel, which stands at about Rs 1.8 lakh crore, the reforms aim for a better ratio of combat forces to overall forces. This will include slashing non-operational flab, and downsizing the Army HQs through merging or relocating different directorates and by creating integrated battle groups. The 3 major reforms for Indian Army restructuring and what they will mean for the forceIn his first meeting after taking over as India’s first Chief of Defence Staff, General Bipin Rawat has directed the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff to prepare a proposal for creating the first Air Defence Command and prioritised establishing of common logistics support pools for the defence services. Rawat during the meeting held on Wednesday, also directed the different branch heads to give recommendations for inter-service synergy and jointness. He also emphasised on having a collegiate system of functioning and directed the three defence services- Army, Air force and Navy- and the Coast Guard to be consulted over this. He added that the decisions in this regard will be taken to ensure optimisation of resources. The CDS also added that ‘infructuous’ ceremonial activities, which are manpower intensive, must be cut. “The CDS directed that a proposal to create Air Defence Command be prepared by June 30, 2020,” a defence ministry issued statement said.“He also set out priorities for execution of synergy by June 30 and December, 31 2020. Some of the areas identified for jointness and synergy include creation of common logistics support pools in stations where two or more services have their presence,” according to the statement. CDS Bipin Rawat focuses on preparing roadmap for creation of an air defence commandThese are indicators of fast pace of Defence Reforms in last six years. You can analyze the impact in another Four years.

Unlike most democracies around the world, Pakistan PM has military attache or ADC/MS in his office. There are as many as nine of them. In India, PM has none, nor our political leadership is likely to appoint any. In India, the President and governors have the ADC’s, who are mostly for ceremonial purposes and look after his itinerary.In Pakistan, all nine residences in what is called the Prime Minister’s House Estate, that falls within the premises of the PM’s House, are occupied by military officers, who are part of his personal staff. These include military secretary to the PM; personal physician to the PM; deputy military secretary to the PM; director security; general staff officer; ADC (Army) to the PM; ADC (Navy) to the PM; ADC (Pak Air Force) to the PM; and security officer to the PM.The topmost military officer attached to the Prime Minister is his Military Secretary who mainly deals with the appointments of the Chief Executive. Why this key job has been given to an army officer is beyond understanding. Why can’t a civilian do this job, many analysts are asking, especially when army officers are being pulled out from all civilian jobs. Why have a military secretary at all? But then Pakistan has a military, which dictates its foreign policy, defence policy and most of its internal security policy!!In India, even to get their proper pensions, Indian veterans have to sit on a dharna at Jantar Mantar, or a Chief has to tell publically that our defence equipment is obsolete!

Short Service Commission is a result of the Indo - Chinese War of 1962.The war, which India lost, brought out many lessons for the country. One major lesson learnt was that India required to expand the Armed Forces expeditiously, if it hoped to counter any such threat in the future. The Army, particularly, required immediate attention in this regard. Two Officer Training Academies (OTA) for the Army were set up in 1963 and the Emergency Commission (EC) training began. Emergency Commission courses from 1 to 12 were trained initially at both the Academies, but the Pune academy was shut down in 1964 and only OTA Chennai was retained. Most EC Commissioned Officers were released after the 1965 Indo - Pakistan war. Most of these Officers were absorbed into various other Armed Central Police Organisations, which were raised during the 60s. Some were retained and granted regular commission. OTA Chennai started training Short Service Commissioned Officers post closure of EC entry in the 60s. Air Force and Navy started SSC entry in that period, though the requirement was far lesser than the Army and the required period of training as well as infrastructure being much more, conducted the training at their existing training establishments.All three Armed Forces have SSC entry today. Applying for the entry is slightly different for all three. The Army does it through the CDS exam, the Air Force and Navy have direct application processes without an exam, but with certain educational qualifications and certifications depending on which type of job the applicant is applying for. SSC entry has a some age relaxation as compared to PC entries. SSC is for a period of 5 + 5 + 4 years, ie initially 5 years with two permissible extensions of 5 and 4 years in case the Officer desires so with an option to apply for permanent commission after the initial 5 years. However, for conversion from an SSC Officer to a PC Officer, the Annual Confidential Reports (ACR) of the Officer is taken into account and PC is granted only on satisfactory performance. Deficiencies of Officers plays a part in conversion. The Officer loses a certain amount of seniority on conversion from SSC to PC, usually the training period and seniority of the Officer is adjusted accordingly.BenefitsThe SSC Officer has the option of leaving, converting to PC, or extending their service period which can be counted as an advantage as it affords them a certain amount of freedom of options. The PC Officer is required to serve for 20 years, without the option of leaving, unless he can prove exceptional circumstances, which are seldom accepted. Training cost which includes boarding and lodging is incurred by the Government, though clothing is charged to the trainee,which is the same as PC. A monthly stipend is paid to the trainee for the training period, which is very healthy and more than adequate for daily requirements, the same as PC. SSC accepts married trainees, PC does not. SSC Officers can retain their rank, which is granted for life by the President and Ex Serviceman, called veteran status. Zila Sainik Board makes Identity Cards for them. Financial remunerations on leaving include a Gratuity amount, which depends on their service period. They are allowed CSD (Grocery) facilities and recently they have been granted ECHS facilities, with certain changes in the contribution amount applicable to them, which is understandably higher as their service is shorter. Certain other facilities are available to them such as AWHO schemes, Airline Concessions, access to recreational institutes and facilities etc. A six month resettlement course is granted on full pay and allowances if the Officer applies for it, though that does depend on vacancies available of the course. There is a Resettlement Directorate which assists in applying for and settling into a second career. Socially the SSC Officer is accepted as a part of the organisation, which the Officer served in, though that differs from organisation and unit to unit.SSC Officers do not get pension. They have been ‘released’ not ‘retired’. Only PC Officers, who serve their minimum qualifying service period of 20 years and beyond are termed as ‘retired’ and granted pension. This is the major difference between SSC and PC. A PC Officer gets a lifetime pension, which 50% of last pay drawn and his spouse gets lifetime pension at the rate of 60% of that 50% amount on the Officers demise. However as of now if the Officer takes premature retirement he is not granted OROP. To get OROP the officer has to serve up to his retirement age. As of now NFFU has not been granted to the Armed Forces Officers, which converts into a disadvantage as far as pension is concerned, in relation to all other Government Services including the Central Police Organisations which have recently been granted NFFU. In addition the younger retirement age of 80 to 90% of Armed Forces Officers reduces monetary effect due to lower retirement age profile which means lower pension and loss of pay and allowances for up to 6 years in relation to other Central Government Services.There have been a lot of studies and recommendations to have a large SSC entry and a small PC entry to make more Officers available at the functional junior level, which is the fighting unit, have better promotion profile for PC Officers in relation to the current steep pyramidal structure which has a very dismal status of available vacancies for promotion and reduce the pension bill of the Armed Forces. The theory is that this will benefit the organisation as a whole. There have also been efforts in the past to organise and ensure lateral entry into various other Government organisations especially the Central Armed Police organisations, which in theory will benefit these organisations as the already highly trained a disciplined young human resource, now considered redundant for the Armed Forces can be put to good use for the benefit of the country. All these ideas are sound in theory but have so far not fructified into worthwhile results, primarily because of lack of initiative and firm action on the part of the Government.If and when the organisational theory of larger SSC base and smaller PC intake, is implemented, in my opinion it will lead to a serious loss of quality of and maybe an initial loss of quantity required, which may professionally reduce the Armed Forces to CPO levels, which is not desirable for national security.