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Harriet Martineau c1834, by Richard Evans. (Harriet Martineau - Wikipedia)In 1855, Harriet Martineau, aged 52, prepared to die of a heart condition diagnosed by her London physician. She hastily finished her autobiography and wrote her own obituary for The Daily News, the newspaper she had served since 1852, leaving a space for someone to enter the date of death when it finally occurred.[1] That date turned out to be 21 years later, in 1876. Over time, her fame declined. ‘I had no idea she was still alive even, much less contributing to The Daily News,’ admitted her near-contemporary, the actress Fanny Kemble, in 1874.[2] Martineau herself added not another word to her Autobiography (1877).[3]Best remembered today as a journalist, educationalist and early feminist sociologist, Martineau was also the author of an amazingly outspoken Autobiography. So far as journalism is concerned, she started young, published in all the leading periodicals, and could write about anything and everything, from China (past and present) to the fire hazards of crinolines. In 1852, The Quarterly Review joked:When she speaks of Continental politics, her proper post seems the Foreign Office; but when she touches on religious matters, and disposes of Presbyterian schism and Tractarian mummery, we are at a loss to say whether she should have been Moderator of the General Assembly or Archbishop of Canterbury.[4]In her heyday, however, when she first shot to fame in 1832, it seemed that everyone knew who Martineau was, and talked about her as an unlikely new celebrity: ‘the little deaf woman at Norwich’, as Lord Chancellor Henry Brougham nicknamed her.[5] How then, do we explain her extraordinary success, followed by decades of oblivion, and now, strangely enough, a new kind of popularity, especially with feminist critics and historians?Born in 1802 into an earnest, middle-class family in Norwich, Harriet was the sixth child of a bombazine manufacturer, Thomas Martineau, and his Newcastle wife, Elizabeth Rankin.[6] The Martineau family was of French Huguenot ancestry and professed Unitarian views.[7] Her adored younger brother, James Martineau (1805-1900), became a prominent Unitarian minister and philosopher the tradition of the English Dissenters,[8] and her older sister Rachel (1800-78) headmistress of a Liverpool girls’ school attended by Elizabeth Gaskell’s second daughter, Meta.[9] Her uncles included the surgeon Philip Meadows Martineau (1752–1829), whom she had enjoyed visiting at his nearby estate, Bracondale Lodge[10] , and businessman and benefactor Peter Finch Martineau.[11]Harriet Martineau's childhood home (Harriet Martineau - Wikipedia)Her ideas on domesticity and the "natural faculty for housewifery", as described in her book Household Education (1848)[12] , stemmed from her lack of nurture growing up. Although their relationship was better in adulthood, Harriet saw her mother as the antithesis of the warm and nurturing qualities which she knew to be necessary for girls at an early age, claiming her mother abandoned her to a wet nurse.[13]Her mother urged all her children to be well read, but at the same time opposed female pedantics "with a sharp eye for feminine propriety and good manners. Her daughters could never be seen in public with a pen in their hand." Her mother strictly enforced proper feminine behaviour, pushing her daughter to "hold a sewing needle" as well as the (hidden) pen.[14]By the time she was sixteen, she was forced to face and deal with increasing deafness, which she described as ‘very noticeable, very inconvenient, and excessively painful.’[15] Over time, Martineau would go on to lose her senses of taste and smell. She taught herself how to manage her handicap with the assistance of an ear trumpet, so that she could take in what she needed in unobtrusive ways.[16] She would be plagued by poor health for the remainder of her life, including two extended periods of ill-health, from 1839 to 1844, and from 1855 until her death.biography and bibliographyHer brother James introduced her to his college friend, John Hugh Worthington, to whom she became engaged, but the relationship was beset by doubts and difficulties and later came to an end when Worthington became seriously ill and eventually died.[17] Harriet writes in the Autobiography that despite her grief at his death, she was relieved when circumstances intervened to prevent their marrying.After her father’s death in 1826, followed by the collapse of the family textile business in 1829[18], Martineau, then 27 years old, stepped out of the traditional roles of feminine propriety to earn a living for her family. Too deaf to work as a governess, yet passionate about educating the public, she pitched herself into serious-minded journalism. Along with her needlework, she began selling her articles to the Monthly Repository, earning accolades, including three essay prizes from the Unitarian Association.[19] Her regular work with the Repository helped establish her as a reliable and popular freelance writer.Martineau began quietly enough, by submitting articles on religious themes to the Unitarian Monthly Repository from 1822.[20] But soon she developed the confidence to tackle the distinctly ‘masculine’ field of political economy. Aware that the textbooks on the subject were intimidating for nonspecialists, she wanted to explain to the public how and why economic laws worked as they did via a series of short tales, each set in a different kind of community.[21] Derived principally from Adam Smith’s TheWealth of Nations (1776)[22] , James Mill’s Elements of Political Economy (1821)[23] , and the theories of Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo, Martineau’s 25-volume series Illustrations of Political Economy (1832-4) was also inspired by Jane Marcet’s Conversations on Political Economy(1816), which showed her how to connect economic theory with the realities of people’s lives.[24] As she read Marcet’s book, Martineau recalls in her Autobiography, ‘groups of personages rose up from the pages, and a procession of action glided through its arguments, as afterwards from the pages of Adam Smith, and all the other Economists’.[25]Martineau’s social and geographical range in these tales was enormous, her characters including the aristocracy, an actress, trades unionists, Irish ‘Whiteboys’, workhouse inmates, clergymen, children, even a mob storming the Bastille in a tale called French Wines and Politics (1833).[26] Each Illustration ended with a ‘Summary of Principles’ – in the case of A Manchester Strike, on wages, population and ‘Combinations of labourers against capitalists’ – to ensure that readers who had lost themselves in the story remembered the takeaway message.[27]It remains difficult for modern readers to understand why her Illustrations were such a roaring success with the public. Even the teenage Princess Victoria loved them, though Martineau worried that she might be skipping the summaries of principles at the end of each tale.[28] Conditions at the time were febrile. Not only was there a dearth of significant imaginative literature in the early 1830s, but the country was also in a state of high anxiety, blamed on social unrest, the 1832 Reform Bill[29] , industrialisation, extreme poverty in expanding cities such as Manchester, and finally a cholera epidemic[30] .When Martineau was tramping around London, personally lobbying publishers to consider her work, she was repeatedly fobbed off, as she records in her Autobiography, with cries of ‘the Reform Bill and the Cholera’, as well as ‘the disturbed state of the public mind, which afforded no encouragement to put out new books’.[31]As it happened, her Illustrations addressed many of the same social concerns, including industrial strikes, wages, poverty and the Poor Laws, that supposedly made the country too preoccupied for fiction. When the publisher Charles Fox grudgingly accepted her proposal[32] , he suddenly found himself with a bestseller on his hands. Each volume in the series is thought to have sold about 10,000 copies.[33]While she was an instinctive sociologist, in that she retained a lifelong interest in people and social structures, Martineau first laid down her methodology in How to Observe: Morals and Manners (1838), a guide for travellers such as herself to other countries and cultures.[34] It was not for her just a matter of wandering randomly, open to impression: the traveller, she insisted, ‘must have made up his mind as to what it is that he wants to know’. [35] The traveller must also be disciplined and principled, and must judge what he finds according to its potential to provide happiness.This was by no means the end of it: Martineau was famous for one thing after another. If in 1832 it was for popularising the fundamental theories of political economy[36] , by 1838 it was for outing herself as an abolitionist in the American antislavery campaign[37] , and publicly adopting a protofeminist stance against the inequalities of the United States constitution. By 1845, however, it was for promoting the cause of mesmerism[38] , and in 1851, in collaboration with the freethinker and phrenologist Henry George Atkinson, for dismissing Christian theology in favour of an agnosticism based on a more scientific understanding of the human mind and body.[39]Page:Once a Week June to Dec 1863.pdf/557Martineau was travelling in Europe in 1839 when she fell ill and was brought to Newcastle to be treated nearby, by her medical brother-in-law, Thomas Michael Greenhow. Moving to lodgings in Tynemouth, she spent five years as an invalid, suffering from a prolapsed uterus and ovarian cyst. Fully expecting to die, she claimed to have been cured by mesmerism, on the basis of which she eagerly resumed work.[40]In the early 1850s, Martineau provided Dickens with a survey of manufacturing industries for Household Words[41] , followed in the 1860s by a whole series for Once a Week on what we would now call ‘health and safety’ in numerous professions, from maid-of-all-work to the steel grinder. Men’s health interested her no less than women’s, down to the details of a metropolitan police officer’s meat-heavy diet, or the advisability of ‘strenuous and varied bodily exercise’ (including the gym) for students, and those of other sedentary professions.[42]As an early feminist, writing about women at a time before the term was first used in its modern sense in the 1890s, Martineau was both outspoken and cautious. In this respect, she is similar to many of her contemporaries: anxious to dissociate herself (as she does openly in her Autobiography) from the notorious example of Mary Wollstonecraft, who was driven by personal circumstances to demand new freedoms for women. [43] Martineau instead emphasised the need for dispassionate, objective grounds for claiming women’s rights. Given her own immaculate personal life, she was more interested in employment opportunities than in sexual freedoms, though she did support divorce reform.[44]In How to Observe, Martineau noted that, while in the US women could earn money only by the traditional routes of teaching, sewing, factory work or other semidomestic occupations, France was the world leader in enabling women to be anything from shopkeepers to ‘professional accountants’, even editors of newspapers.[45] Much as she admired some US attitudes to women, she thought their treatment was comparable with that of slaves.[46] One section of Society in America (1837) is even headed ‘Political Non-Existence of Women’, in that women (like slaves) have to obey laws to which they have never consented, let alone helped to formulate.[47] She also blamed the ‘chivalry’ of US middle-class husbands who were determined to protect their wives from having to work.Her most important statement on employment for women, however, came in ‘Female Industry’ (1859), an extensive overview for The Edinburgh Review. In her characteristically incisive voice, Martineau opened her article by reminding readers that, although ‘we go on talking as if it were true that every woman is, or ought to be, supported by father, brother, or husband’, ‘a very large proportion of the women of England earn their own bread’.[48]Nonetheless, too few of the professions were open to them, and even where women did work (for example, as domestic servants) they rarely earned enough money to save for a comfortable retirement. While safeguarding her identity with a male persona[49] , despite the anonymity of the article (‘every man of us … Our wives’), Martineau’s solution was forthright and practical. The answer was to end male monopolies, and open up all trades and professions, from watch-making to medicine, to suitably qualified women.[50]Harriet MartineauThe final years of her active life were spent touring the Middle East, Ireland and Birmingham’s industrial centres, and writing regularly, not just for The Daily News, but also for many of the mainstream heavyweight Victorian periodicals, including The Edinburgh Review and The Westminster Review, as well as Charles Dickens’s Household Words.[51] Somehow she also found time to write The History of England During the 30 Years’ Peace: 1816-1846(1849-50)[52] , and make regular contributions to another periodical, Once a Week.[53]In her 60s, Martineau campaigned with Florence Nightingale for nursing reform[54]. In 1863, she used her platform at The Daily News to support the campaign against the Contagious Diseases Acts, which authorised the enforced medical examination in garrison towns of any woman suspected of carrying a sexually transmitted infection.[55]On the burgeoning campaigns for the vote, she was more reticent, but signed John Stuart Mill’s petition of 1866.[56]‘Nobody can be further than I am from being satisfied with the condition of my own sex, under the law and custom of my own country,’ she conceded in her Autobiography, but she believed the way forward was for women to ‘obtain whatever they show themselves fit for’. In due course, she argued, when the time was right, women would find their way into political life, much as they had done in other fields.[57]By then, she was confined to her home living a sound ecological life in Ambleside in the Lake District, organising a local building society, and educating her working-class neighbours on what she politely called ‘sanitary matter’.[58] Martineau ceased writing only at the very end of her life.Harriet Martineau, 1861 (Harriet Martineau | Wikiwand)Harriet Martineau died of bronchitis at "The Knoll" on 27 June 1876.[59] She was buried alongside her mother in Key Hill Cemetery, Hockley, Birmingham. The following April, at Bracondale, her cousin's estate, much of Martineau's extensive art collection was sold at auction.[60]By the time she died in 1876, there were few fields, other than the purely scientific, that she had not mastered and made her own. In 1877 her autobiography was published. It was rare for a woman to publish such a work, let alone one secular in nature. Her book was regarded as dispassionate, "philosophic to the core" in its perceived masculinity[61] , and a work of necessitarianism (a metaphysical principle that denies all mere possibility; there is exactly one way for the world to be)[62] .The question of Martineau’s originality remains key to any analysis of her lasting reputation and relevance to today’s debates on the causes she espoused across the middle years of the 19th century. There is a case for saying that, while she started out as a populariser, her two years in the US (1834-6) forced her to formulate her own opinions, not just on the slavery issue, but on women’s equality[63] ; a similar process occurred when she visited the Middle East (1846-7) and was appalled by the harems.[64]Visiting harems in Cairo and Damascus, she was dismayed, not just by the evidence of polygamy, but also by the women’s enforced idleness and brainwashed complicity in a custom she believed could never be eradicated from their country.[65] She called them ‘the most injured human beings I have ever seen’.[66]If anything, Martineau was quickly condemned by her first reviewers for being too outspoken on ‘unfeminine’ subjects, such as the ‘preventive check’ (an early form of contraception)[67] , and independently testing the morality and validity of institutions by measuring their practice against their professed principles.On the other hand, while interdisciplinarity is encouraged in today’s academic landscape, Martineau’s ability to flit from political economy to the history of India and to Auguste Comte’s Positive Philosophy, interrupted by brief forays into realist fiction – Deerbrook (1839) – and children’s literature – The Playfellow (1841) – could condemn her as a self-appointed amateur expert on just about everything.[68]After all, despite her above-average schooling for a middle-class provincial girl born at the start of the 19th century, Martineau was never formally trained in any discipline, and, as a woman, was barred from attending university. At the same time, academic disciplines were less rigorously demarcated than they are today, and it was not unusual even for men to pass seamlessly from one to another.[69] One only has to think of polymaths such as Charles Kingsley[70] , Sir Francis Galton[71] or William Morris, or to see the range of subjects covered by contributors to the serious periodicals, to acknowledge that the disciplines, in Martineau’s time, were less compartmentalised than they became.Harriet Martineau, 1882, (Davis Museum, Wellesley College)The one thing that links all her multifarious interests is her fascination with how societies work, and how they construct their communities, starting with the smallest unit, the family.[72] The first sections of her Autobiography show how angry she was about the way she was brought up, especially the lack of open, demonstrative affection between the parents and children.Many of these episodes still rankled years later when she used her own experiences in Household Education (1849), arguing that all members of a family should go through a shared learning process together, supported by mutual love and respect.[73] Making allowances for its more obvious datedness in terms of details (there is still mention of womanly ‘duty’ and naturally domestic tastes, alongside a real fervour for women’s education), much of what Martineau says accords with modern attitudes to bringing out the best in children and identifying their individual emotional needs.Here perhaps lies the clue to Martineau’s success. Although the lampoonists and satirists of the 1830s portrayed her as an angular bluestocking, devoid of feeling, what she actually did was humanise economic theory by creating characters and scenarios her readers could relate to.[74] One such character is William Allen of A Manchester Strike (1832), a thoughtful factory worker with a lame eight-year-old daughter and a tearful wife, whom we first see being bullied by the neighbourhood ‘scold’.[75] Within a few pages, Martineau has established a set of personal circumstances, much as Gaskell would do more than a decade later in Mary Barton (1848)[76] , followed by a narrative of interlocking cause and effect leading to Allen’s finishing up as a street sweeper.Although Martineau became an overnight celebrity with her Illustrations, she left no permanent mark on economic theory, nor did she make any kind of lasting difference to its application.[77] Perhaps this is inevitable for someone who never pretended to be an original economic theorist. As the Victorian literature scholar Deborah Logan argues in a Broadview Press edition of four selected Illustrations(2004), Martineau instead made an impact as a ‘cultural force whose influence extended far beyond the Reform Bill era’.[78]Harriet Martineau's name on the lower section of the Reformers memorial, Kensal Green Cemetery (Harriet Martineau - Wikipedia)Martineau broke the mould by making complex ideas accessible to a wider readership via entertaining stories that connected grand theories with personal circumstances.[79] While her delight in creating characters and human narratives gradually waned in favour of more direct campaigning for her favourite causes, she never lost her preference for example over theory, or (until her health gave out in 1855) for visiting places in person, so that she could see things for herself.In her early years as a writer, she advocated for free market economic principles in keeping with the philosophy of Adam Smith.[80] Later in her career, however, she advocated for government action to stem inequality and injustice, and is remembered by some as a social reformer due to her belief in the progressive evolution of society.What makes her career so remarkable was the number of times she made a fresh start on a new topic by mastering it for herself, from whatever information she could find to hand, and constantly updating her expertise so that her interventions might offer some practical support. Inevitably, some of these fields dated faster than others, but after a century of critical neglect, Martineau is now being widely reclaimed as a forthright thinker with a distinctive voice.Footnotes[1] Harriet Martineau[2] Frances Anne Kemble Facts[3] Online Library of Liberty[4] Harriet Martineau: gender, national identity, and the contemporary historian[5] "The Little Deaf Woman from Norwich"[6] Harriet Martineau[7] http://Martineau family - Wikipedia [8] James Martineau (1805 - 1900)[9] "Harriet Martineau and the transmission of social knowledge"[10] http://martineau%2C%20harriet%20%282007%29.%20peterson%2C%20linda%20h.%20%28ed.%29.%20autobiography.%20broadview%20press.%20p.%2049/[11] "Peter Finch Martineau" on Revolvy.com[12] Household Education by Harriet Martineau[13] http://Postlethwaite, Diana (Spring 1989). "Mothering and Mesmerism in the Life of Harriet Martineau". Signs. University of Chicago Press. 14 (3): 583–609.[14] http://Postlethwaite, Diana (Spring 1989). "Mothering and Mesmerism in the Life of Harriet Martineau". Signs. University of Chicago Press. 14 (3): 583–609.[15] biography and bibliography[16] biography and bibliography[17] Harriet Martineau (1802-76)[18] Harriet Martineau at The Armitt Museum and Library Cumbria[19] Harriet_Martineau,_Utilitarianism,_Social_Political_Philosophy[20] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://archive.org/details/monthlyreposito11unkngoog&ved=2ahUKEwitrIfCtv7jAhXSWc0KHS9aCuMQFjACegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw25voKcPjwPfwk_vJnS4EFt[21] Lana L. Dalley, “On Martineau’s Illustrations of Political Economy, 1832-34″[22] The Wealth of Nations — Adam Smith Institute[23] Online Library of Liberty[24] Online Library of Liberty[25] Online Library of Liberty[26] Family Fictions and Family Facts[27] Life and Labour in the Nineteenth Century[28] The benefits of a feminist in the family [29] Page on bl.uk[30] Why Half of New York City's Population Fled in 1832[31] Online Library of Liberty[32] A Tale of the Tyne[33] https://www.jstor.org/stable/41810454?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents[34] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/jhamlin/4111/Martineau/Martineau.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiZ_eWSxP7jAhXNKM0KHd9VBgcQFjAKegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw1BPdEA2o2d-5JoaouBFBxP[35] A New Way of Thinking. The Sociological Imagination of Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)[36] Harriet Martineau[37] Harriet Martineau[38] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174403[39] Letters on the laws of man's nature and development. By Henry George Atkinson ... and Harriet Martineau .. : Atkinson, Henry George, 1812-1890? : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[40] Harriet Martineau (1802-76)[41] Household Words[42] Harriet martineau, health, and journalism[43] The Next Generation: Harriet Martineau’s Literary Reviews for the Monthly Repository[44] Harriet Martineau and the Birth of Disciplines[45] Harriet Martineau: A Brief Biography and Intellectual History[46] Was the suffragettes’ description of women as slaves justifiable? – Ana Stevenson | Aeon Essays[47] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://minerva.union.edu/kleind/eco024/documents/suffrage/martineau.doc&ved=2ahUKEwjc6ejl4f7jAhWDZ80KHYiuDasQFjAHegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw0pxhSk8KIj4EGHqhuF8sj_[48] Charles Petzold[49] Harriet Martineau and the Birth of Disciplines[50] Worlds are Colliding: Authorship, Gender, and Self-Formation in the lives of Harriet Martineau and Elizabeth Gaskell[51] Authorship, Gender and Power in Victorian Culture: Harriet Martineau and the Periodical Press[52] The history of England during the thirty years' peace : 1816-1846 : Martineau, Harriet, 1802-1876 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[53] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/466016&ved=2ahUKEwjI_svsuv7jAhXDLs0KHf9LAuIQFjAKegQIBBAC&usg=AOvVaw3jsHOUho4etzkWT-KOf9Q-&cshid=1565651655164[54] A statistical campaign: Florence Nightingale and Harriet Martineau’s 'England and her Soldiers'[55] The British Contagious Diseases Acts (1864, 1866, and 1869)[56] John Stuart Mill and the 1866 petition[57] Online Library of Liberty[58] Online Library of Liberty[59] http://Harriet Martineau". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 7 August 2019.[60] Mocavo and Findmypast are coming together[61] Harriet Martineau (1802–1876), from Unitarianism to Agnosticism[62] Necessitarianism - Wikipedia[63] https://www.jstor.org/stable/20083989?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents[64] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1018%26context%3Dsociologydiss&ved=2ahUKEwiUhbqKw_7jAhXNbc0KHVqvCt4QFjALegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw1JX0aAArKimM96d6B4Sh0p[65] Harriet Martineau, Victorian Imperialism, and the Civilizing Mission[66] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2385%26context%3Dthesesdissertations&ved=2ahUKEwiAt-uyxv7jAhWXQc0KHSxeCVMQFjAPegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw0tUaT949UUUamF2tsLJVFx[67] Encounters With Harriet Martineau[68] Harriet Martineau and the Birth of Disciplines[69] The Basics of Sociology[70] Charles Kingsley[71] Francis Galton[72] Harriet Martineau[73] Household education. By Harriet Martineau : Martineau, Harriet, 1802-1876 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive[74] https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347122[75] From 'Political' to 'Human' Economy: The Visions of Harriet Martineau and Frances Wright[76] Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life (1848)[77] https://www.jstor.org/stable/3828901?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents[78] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.amazon.com/Illustrations-Political-Economy-Selected-Tales/dp/1551114410&ved=2ahUKEwjIno_C1v7jAhWMWM0KHTdGDPIQFjABegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw3jAoTMGp8jYFpZr9Ov-UMm[79] Harriet Martineau[80] Harriet Martineau on the Theory and Practice of Democracy in America - Lisa Pace Vetter, 2008

As a Pakistani nothing inspires me more than The ‘Charity’ Pakistan does.No other third World[1] country does as much Charity and has local Non-Profit Organizations as Pakistan does.Pakistanis give ‘Rs 650b’ in charity every yearRead: Pakistanis give Rs 650b in charity every year: studyThe World Giving Index measures charitable behaviors in three key areas: donating money, volunteering time and helping a stranger. Here is how Pakistanis behaved in these areas:Pakistanis give Charity to mosques, seminaries, poor and homeless people, needy relatives, victims of terrorism and hospitals.78 percent Pakistanis give charity while 69 percent give charity mostly in the form of money.Some 14% people said they give charity in kind like free teaching in schools or help in a local clinic. Around 16 percent people said they give charity in kind and cash. Out of the total population, nearly 84 percent males and 67 percent females give charity.73 percent people consider giving charity in the form of money to mosques and religious seminaries, 66 percent consider giving charity in the form of money to poor and homeless, 54 percent consider giving charity to needy relatives, 14 percent consider giving charity to help educate poor children, 13 percent consider giving charity in the form of money to victims of terrorism and only six percent consider giving charity to hospitals.68 percent people give charity in Ramzan, 52 percent every month, 42 percent at Eid, 20 percent at religious festivals, 19 percent during difficult times for family, 14 percent on family celebrations, 14 percent on Ashura days and 13 percent during natural disasters.The 10 most notable Non-Profit Organizations which range from Social Work to Health & Education sector, to shelter for Homeless. These Organizations are working tirelessly even today, giving the poor and unprivileged of Pakistanis the best that they can offer. It is so inspiring to see the work these Organizations are doing.Everyone, at least in Pakistan, knows about the great job the Edhi[2] Foundation is doing in different spheres – from running cancer hospices and ambulance services (Edhi Foundation has the largest fleet in the world, as the Guinness Book of Records mentions) to providing shelter to battered women and education to poor children. Mr. Edhi, who deserves nothing less than a Nobel Prize for Peace, is used to go when he was alive everywhere despite his old age. Wherever there is a calamity, he rushes to the site to provide help. If an unwanted child is left in one of his centers, he (and his wife, Bilqees) is there to take the infant under his protective wing.The Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital[3] in Lahore is doing a remarkable job too. Most of its patients are poor and unable to pay for the long drawn and expensive treatment provided by the hospital. The model is recently completed in Peshawar the North Frontier Province of Pakistan and gives Medical treatments to Afghans as well. Another model is replicated in Karachi the biggest metropolis of Pakistan.A state of the art health institution, the SIUT [4](Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation) and the Indus Hospital are both providing excellent services in the health sector. What is more, they don’t charge anything. That goes for the LRBT (Layton Rehmatullah Benevolent Trust) as well, it is a lot cleaner than most private hospitals in Karachi and where treatment can be described as state-of-the-art. Cured and satisfiedLRBT [5]has 16 hospitals all over Pakistan, two of which – one in Karachi and the other in Lahore – are the best equipped ophthalmic institutions in the country. There are also 41 community centers where ophthalmic technicians examine patients and decide whether they can be treated as outpatients or are in need of surgery. As many as one-third of all OPD patients with problems of vision in the country are treated in one of the LRBT institutions and one-fourth of ophthalmic surgeries are done in the 16 eye hospitals run by the not-for-profit organization.The Citizens Foundation or TCF. Fifteen years ago, five or six friends from affluent families, who met every weekend, grumbled about the flaws in our country. Finally, one of them said “OK, enough is enough. Either we make a positive contribution to alleviating the miseries of the unprivileged people in Pakistan or we just shut up.” There was a pause and then everyone was convinced that they ought to join hands and work in one field. The one they chose was education, for the lack of it was the main cause of many ills that the country suffered from. They agreed on a target of setting up five schools for children of economically underprivileged parents in the first year.The goal was achieved and the bar was raised. Today they have as many as 731 schools in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir (also Northern Areas). The fee structure is incredibly low because Pakistanis in and out of the country have been donating generously to TCF. Non-Pakistanis are also impressed with the institution and try to help it in many ways. The well known Indian novelist and columnist Shobhaa De donated more than Rs 50,000.TCF - The Citizens FoundationTCF is the Honehar Foundation which provides vocational training to young men in Karachi.The Akhuwat Foundation has set up a model which should be shown to the loan sharks in the organized and unorganized sectors. They give interest-free income enhancement loans to people who are already running very small scale businesses. Since they don’t charge interest their overheads are very low. In Karachi, as many as 1,400 families in the Landhi and Korangi areas have benefited from the scheme. Akhuwat doesn’t have an office. The committee members meet once a week in a school or a community center when heads of the families seeking financial help are interviewed. There are only three employees of Akhuwat in Karachi. Their job is to keep a tab on the borrowers and in rare cases help them professionally.Aurat Foundation is non-profit and non-governmental charity organization in Pakistan under the Societies’ Registration Act 1860, Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation (Aurat Foundation/AF) is committed to create widespread awareness and commitment for a just, democratic and caring society in Pakistan, where women and men are recognized as equals, with the right to lead their lives with self-respect and dignity. Over the last 29 years, Aurat Foundation is recognized nationally and internationally as one of the leading institutions creating, facilitating and strengthening civil society groups and networks for promoting trust and collaboration among citizens to mobilize public pressure for women’s empowerment in the country.The Ansar Burney Trust is a non-governmental, non-political, non-profitable and a charity organization in Pakistan that is working to fight against all forms of injustices, cruel inhuman and degrading treatment, child abuse, cruelty to women and other more subtle forms of human and civil rights violations without any discrimination of affiliation. The NGO is run by Ansar Burney himself and it’s striving to raise awareness, provide free legal advice and services and humanitarian assistance where needed. They have also established “Prisoners Aid Society” to bring reform in police stations, prisons, and mental institutions and work for the aid, advice, release, rehabilitation, and welfare of the illegally and unlawfully detained prisoners and mental patients.Al-Khidmat Foundation is a non-profit charitable organization based in Lahore that focuses on a wide range of humanitarian services across Pakistan. Al-Khidmat Foundation has been active in flood relief and other disaster relief work for many years. In addition, the organization runs schools and orphan homes, manages clean water projects, runs ambulances, sets up medical camps, provides help to those in jail and offers goods and supplies to those in need.All these organizations have their Websites, they provide much information if you want to check out.The spirit of Pakistanis does not end here, only by giving Charities to these Non-Profit Organizations, There are numerous restaurants in Pakistan that give free food to the Poor. Our metropolis is dotted with what is more than mere soup kitchens. A large number of rag pickers, laborers, sanitary workers, not to speak of women and children, sitting on two separate lines. Each of them gets a paratha and a hot cup of tea.A famous Pakistani self-made Billionaire Malik Riaz also has what he calls Bahria Dastarkhan, which are basically shops built all across Pakistan which provides free 3-time food to the Poor.A new campaign which has attracted my eyes is; Aik Allah Kafi Hai Trust which aims to build a state of the Art School for 1 Crore Students or 10 million students.This Non-Profit aims to gather students from all across the Country and provide them with an excellent education, including free food and hostel facilities. This project will prove to be revolutionary for Street children and underprivileged children who have no access to Education.Read:Aik Allah Kaafi Hai Trust to educate one crore Pakistani childrenAik Allah Kaafi HaySome notable contributions of the famous Pakistanis for the Charity and Betterment of Pakistan:Yasmeen LariPakistan’s first female Architect, her work has been Appreciated by Royal Institute of British Architects. She has designed & built homes for the Poor. Not just any homes but those which provide relief in Floods and Earthquakes. She worked tirelessly for the new designs and eliminate the existing ones which do not address the Natural Issues. One such famous house is built by Bamboo and has proven to be an excellent shelter in floods. She understood the need of Elevated homes.Her work is appreciated InternationallyPakistan: A Traditional FutureYasmeen Lari: 'On the road to self-reliance'Creation from Catastrophe show presents disaster-relief projects at the RIBAAbrar-ul-HaqFamous Pakistani singer turned Philanthropist and now a Politician. He has worked to build a state of the art Hospital aimed to provide free Medical. He was inspired by the death of his Mother who died due to lack of hospitals for poor.Sahara For Life TrustShahid AfridiInternationally famous Cricket star and former Captain for Pakistan Cricket Team, Shahid Afridi, after retirement is running a foundation made on his name Shahid Afridi Trust, which aims to help the poor in Education.Helping children to make a better worldAlthoughPakistan now ranks at:92 in 201694 in 2015Out of a total of 153 countries in the World Giving Index[6]. Pakistan’s position in the ranking has dropped significantly as it was ranked at ‘number 34’ in 2011. This drastically dropped due to increase in Terrorism.As a Pakistani this is so heartwarming to see; we despite all challenges are doing the very best for our People. The major credit goes to the Overseas Pakistanis, they have shown their true patriotic spirit to help the people back home by their hard earned money.After all this; losing hope for Pakistan is not an Option. So Keep up the good work my fellow Pakistanis.Readings: Well done Pakistanis!learn more about Charities in Pakistan: List of Top 15 Charity Organizations in Pakistan - TransparentHands TrustFootnotes[1] Well done Pakistanis![2] Make Donate Pay Donations Zakat Fitrah Sadqah online Bank Paypal Edhi Foundation[3] Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre[4] Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation[5] LRBT | Free Eye Care for Poor in Pakistan. Support LRBT with Your Donations and Zakat[6] World Giving Index - Wikipedia

Interesting that you should ask. Just a week or so ago, I ran across a list of Trump’s accomplishments in just 24 months in office. Just to compare, I also looked up Joe Biden’s record of accomplishments made in 44 years of service.I’ll list Joe’s first…1960: “[O]ne of the best pass receivers I had in 16 years as a coach.” — E. John Walsh, football coach at Archmere Academy.1965: Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Delaware in Newark, with a double major in history and political science and a minor in English.1968: Graduated from Syracuse University College of Law with a law degree.1969: Admitted to the Delaware bar.1970-72: Served on New Castle County Council.1972-77: Single parent to two sons, commuting on Amtrak 75 minutes each way between his home in Wilmington, Delaware and Washington, D.C.Joe Biden: Senate accomplishments1973-2009: U.S. Senator from Delaware, initially focussing on consumer protection, environmental issues, government accountability, and arms control. In his 6 terms as a senator, Joe Biden sponsored or co-sponsored 348 pieces of legislation that became law.1981-97: Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee for 17 years.1986: Introduced his Global Climate Protection Act, one of the first bills aimed at addressing climate change.1990s: Authored every major piece of crime legislation this decade, including the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.1992-1995: Strongly guided Balkans policy in the mid-1990s during the Bosnian War, producing a successful NATO peacekeeping effort.1994: Spearheaded the Violence Against Women Act, criminalizing violence against women and creating unprecedented resources for survivors of assault, which was followed by a 64% drop in domestic violence from 1993 to 2010.1997-2009: Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years, leading legislation related to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, post-Cold War Europe, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia.1997: Led the Senate to approve ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention.1998: Led the Senate to approve NATO enlargement and passage of bills to streamline foreign affairs agencies and punish religious persecution overseas.1999: Co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on President Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions in Kosovo.2000: Sponsored the Kids 2000 Act, establishing a public-private partnership to provide computer centers, teachers, Internet access, and technical training to young people, particularly low-income and at-risk youth.Joe Biden: Vice President accomplishments-2017: Vice President of the United States.2009: Implemented and oversaw the $840 billion stimulus package in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.2009: Chaired the Middle Class Working Families Task Force.2010: Fought for Congressional approval of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which inserted accountability into the financial sector and fortified the stability of the financial system.2011: Led negotiations between Congress and the White House in resolving federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoiding a government shutdown. Negotiated with Mitch McConnell to agree on deficit-reducing Budget Control Act of 2011.2012: Headed the Gun Violence Task Force in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.2012: Negotiated a deal with Mitch McConnell that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, averting a fiscal cliff and implementing the largest middle-class tax cut in history.2014: Co-chaired White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.2014: Served as the Obama administration’s emissary to Eastern European governments like Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine worried over Vladimir Putin’s ambitions in the region.Here’s Trumps list…..Economic Growth4.2 percent growth in the second quarter of 2018.For the first time in more than a decade, growth is projected to exceed 3 percent over the calendar year.Jobs4 million new jobs have been created since the election, and more than 3.5 million since Trump took office.More Americans are employed now than ever before in our history.Jobless claims at lowest level in nearly five decades.The economy has achieved the longest positive job-growth streak on record.Job openings are at an all-time high and outnumber job seekers for the first time on record.Unemployment claims at 50 year lowAfrican-American, Hispanic, and Asian-American unemployment rates have all recently reached record lows.African-American unemployment hit a record low of 5.9 percent in May 2018.Hispanic unemployment at 4.5 percent.Asian-American unemployment at record low of 2 percent.Women’s unemployment recently at lowest rate in nearly 65 years.Female unemployment dropped to 3.6 percent in May 2018, the lowest since October 1953.Youth unemployment recently reached its lowest level in more than 50 years.July 2018’s youth unemployment rate of 9.2 percent was the lowest since July 1966.Veterans’ unemployment recently hit its lowest level in nearly two decades.July 2018’s veterans’ unemployment rate of 3.0 percent matched the lowest rate since May 2001.Unemployment rate for Americans without a high school diploma recently reached a record low.Rate for disabled Americans recently hit a record low.Blue-collar jobs recently grew at the fastest rate in more than three decades.Poll found that 85 percent of blue-collar workers believe their lives are headed “in the right direction.”68 percent reported receiving a pay increase in the past year.Last year, job satisfaction among American workers hit its highest level since 2005.Nearly two-thirds of Americans rate now as a good time to find a quality job.Optimism about the availability of good jobs has grown by 25 percent.Added more than 400,000 manufacturing jobs since the election.Manufacturing employment is growing at its fastest pace in more than two decades.100,000 new jobs supporting the production & transport of oil & natural gas.American IncomeMedian household income rose to $61,372 in 2017, a post-recession high.Wages up in August by their fastest rate since June 2009.Paychecks rose by 3.3 percent between 2016 and 2017, the most in a decade.Council of Economic Advisers found that real wage compensation has grown by 1.4 percent over the past year.Some 3.9 million Americans off food stamps since the election.Median income for Hispanic-Americans rose by 3.7 percent and surpassed $50,000 for the first time ever in history.Home-ownership among Hispanics is at the highest rate in nearly a decade.Poverty rates for African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans have reached their lowest levels ever recorded.American OptimismSmall business optimism has hit historic highs.NFIB’s small business optimism index broke a 35 year-old record in August.SurveyMonkey/CNBC’s small business confidence survey for Q3 of 2018 matched its all-time high.Manufacturers are more confident than ever.95 percent of U.S. manufacturers are optimistic about the future, the highest ever.Consumer confidence is at an 18-year high.12 percent of Americans rate the economy as the most significant problem facing our country, the lowest level on record.Confidence in the economy is near a two-decade high, with 51 percent rating the economy as good or excellent.American BusinessInvestment is flooding back into the United States due to the tax cuts.Over $450 billion dollars has already poured back into the U.S., including more than $300 billion in the first quarter of 2018.Retail sales have surged. Commerce Department figures from August show that retail sales increased 0.5 percent in July 2018, an increase of 6.4 percent from July 2017.ISM’s index of manufacturing scored its highest reading in 14 years.Worker productivity is the highest it has been in more than three years.Steel and aluminum producers are re-opening.Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500, and NASDAQ have all notched record highs.Dow hit record highs 70 times in 2017 alone, the most ever recorded in one year.DeregulationAchieved massive deregulation at a rapid pace, completing 22 deregulatory actions to every one regulatory action during his first year in office.Signed legislation to roll back costly and harmful provisions of Dodd-Frank, providing relief to credit unions, and community and regional banks.Federal agencies achieved more than $8 billion in lifetime net regulatory cost savings.Rolled back Obama’s burdensome Waters of the U.S. rule.Used the Congressional Review Act to repeal regulations more times than in history.Tax CutsBiggest tax cuts and reforms in American history by signing the Tax Cuts and Jobs act into lawProvided more than $5.5 trillion in gross tax cuts, nearly 60 percent of which will go to families.Increased the exemption for the death tax to help save Family Farms & Small Business.Nearly doubled the standard deduction for individuals and families.Enabled vast majority of American families will be able to file their taxes on a single page by claiming the standard deduction.Doubled the child tax credit to help lessen the financial burden of raising a family.Lowered America’s corporate tax rate from the highest in the developed world to allow American businesses to compete and win.Small businesses can now deduct 20 percent of their business income.Cut dozens of special interest tax breaks and closed loopholes for the wealthy.9 in 10 American workers are expected see an increase in their paychecks thanks to the tax cuts, according to the Treasury Department.More than 6 million of American workers have received wage increases, bonuses, and increased benefits thanks to tax cuts.Over 100 utility companies have lowered electric, gas, or water rates thanks to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.Ernst & Young found 89 percent of companies planned to increase worker compensation thanks to the Trump tax cuts.Established opportunity zones to spur investment in left behind communities.Worker DevelopmentEstablished a National Council for the American Worker to develop a national strategy for training and retraining America’s workers for high-demand industries.Employers have signed Trump’s “Pledge to America’s Workers,” committing to train or retrain more than 4.2 million workers and students.Signed the first Perkins CTE reauthorization since 2006, authorizing more than $1 billion for states each year to fund vocational and career education programs.Executive order expanding apprenticeship opportunities for students and workers.Domestic InfrastructureProposed infrastructure plan would utilize $200 billion in Federal funds to spur at least $1.5 trillion in infrastructure investment across the country.Executive order expediting environmental reviews and approvals for high priority infrastructure projects.Federal agencies have signed the One Federal Decision Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) streamlining the federal permitting process for infrastructure projects.Rural prosperity task force and signed an executive order to help expand broadband access in rural areas.Health CareSigned an executive order to help minimize the financial burden felt by American households Signed legislation to improve the National Suicide Hotline.Signed the most comprehensive childhood cancer legislation ever into law, which will advance childhood cancer research and improve treatments.Signed Right-to-Try legislation, expanding health care options for terminally ill patients.Enacted changes to the Medicare 340B program, saving seniors an estimated $320 million on drugs in 2018 alone.FDA set a new record for generic drug approvals in 2017, saving consumers nearly $9 billion.Released a blueprint to drive down drug prices for American patients, leading multiple major drug companies to announce they will freeze or reverse price increases.Expanded short-term, limited-duration health plans.Let more employers to form Association Health Plans, enabling more small businesses to join together and affordably provide health insurance to their employees.Cut Obamacare’s burdensome individual mandate penalty.Signed legislation repealing Obamacare’s Independent Payment Advisory Board, also known as the “death panels.”USDA invested more than $1 billion in rural health care in 2017, improving access to health care for 2.5 million people in rural communities across 41 statesProposed Title X rule to help ensure taxpayers do not fund the abortion industry in violation of the law.Reinstated and expanded the Mexico City Policy to keep foreign aid from supporting the global abortion industry.HHS formed a new division over protecting the rights of conscience and religious freedom.Overturned Obama administration’s midnight regulation prohibiting states from defunding certain abortion facilities.Signed executive order to help ensure that religious organizations are not forced to choose between violating their religious beliefs by complying with Obamacare’s contraceptive mandate or shutting their doors.Combating OpioidsChaired meeting the 73rd General Session of the United Nations discussing the worldwide drug problem with international leaders.Initiative to Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand, introducing new measures to keep dangerous drugs out of our communities.$6 billion in new funding to fight the opioid epidemic.DEA conducted a surge in April 2018 that arrested 28 medical professions and revoked 147 registrations for prescribing too many opioids.Brought the “Prescribed to Death” memorial to President’s Park near the White House, helping raise awareness about the human toll of the opioid crisis.Helped reduce high-dose opioid prescriptions by 16 percent in 2017.Opioid Summit on the administration-wide efforts to combat the opioid crisis.Launched a national public awareness campaign about the dangers of opioid addiction.Created a Commission on Combating Drug Addiction and the Opioid Crisis which recommended a number of pathways to tackle the opioid crisis.Led two National Prescription Drug Take Back Days in 2017 and 2018, collecting a record number of expired and unneeded prescription drugs each time.$485 million targeted grants in FY 2017 to help areas hit hardest by the opioid crisis.Signed INTERDICT Act, strengthening efforts to detect and intercept synthetic opioids before they reach our communities.DOJ secured its first-ever indictments against Chinese fentanyl manufacturers.Joint Criminal Opioid Darknet Enforcement (J-CODE) team, aimed at disrupting online illicit opioid sales.Declared the opioid crisis a Nationwide Public Health Emergency in October 2017.Law and OrderMore U.S. Circuit Court judges confirmed in the first year in office than ever.Confirmed more than two dozen U. S. Circuit Court judges.Followed through on the promise to nominate judges to the Supreme Court who will adhere to the ConstitutionNominated and confirmed Justice Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court.Signed an executive order directing the Attorney General to develop a strategy to more effectively prosecute people who commit crimes against law enforcement officers.Launched an evaluation of grant programs to make sure they prioritize the protection and safety of law enforcement officers.Established a task force to reduce crime and restore public safety in communities across Signed an executive order to focus more federal resources on dismantling transnational criminal organizations such as drug cartels.Signed an executive order to focus more federal resources on dismantling transnational criminal organizations such as drug cartels.Violent crime decreased in 2017 according to FBI statistics.$137 million in grants through the COPS Hiring Program to preserve jobs, increase community policing capacities, and support crime prevention efforts.Enhanced and updated the Project Safe Neighborhoods to help reduce violent crime.Signed legislation making it easier to target websites that enable sex trafficking and strengthened penalties for people who promote or facilitate prostitution.Created an interagency task force working around the clock to prosecute traffickers, protect victims, and prevent human trafficking.Conducted Operation Cross Country XI to combat human trafficking, rescuing 84 children and arresting 120 human traffickers.Encouraged federal prosecutors to use the death penalty when possible in the fight against the trafficking of deadly drugs.New rule effectively banning bump stock sales in the United States.Border Security and ImmigrationSecured $1.6 billion for border wall construction in the March 2018 omnibus bill.Construction of a 14-mile section of border wall began near San Diego.Worked to protect American communities from the threat posed by the vile MS-13 gang.ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations division arrested 796 MS-13 members and associates in FY 2017, an 83 percent increase from the prior year.Justice worked with partners in Central America to secure criminal charges against more than 4,000 MS-13 members.Border Patrol agents arrested 228 illegal aliens affiliated with MS-13 in FY 2017.Fighting to stop the scourge of illegal drugs at our border.ICE HSI seized more than 980,000 pounds of narcotics in FY 2017, including 2,370 pounds of fentanyl and 6,967 pounds of heroin.ICE HSI dedicated nearly 630,000 investigative hours towards halting the illegal import of fentanyl.ICE HSI made 11,691 narcotics-related arrests in FY 2017.Stop Opioid Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand introduced new measures to keep dangerous drugs out the United States.Signed the INTERDICT Act into law, enhancing efforts to detect and intercept synthetic opioids.DOJ secured its first-ever indictments against Chinese fentanyl manufacturers.DOJ launched their Joint Criminal Opioid Darknet Enforcement (J-CODE) team, aimed at disrupting online illicit opioid sales.Released an immigration framework that includes the resources required to secure our borders and close legal loopholes, and repeatedly called on Congress to fix our broken immigration laws.Authorized the deployment of the National Guard to help secure the border.Enhanced vetting of individuals entering the U.S. from countries that don’t meet security standards, helping to ensure individuals who pose a threat to our country are identified before they enter.These procedures were upheld in a June 2018 Supreme Court hearing.ICE removed over 226,000 illegal aliens from the United States in 2017.ICE rescued or identified over 500 human trafficking victims and over 900 child exploitation victims in 2017 alone.In 2017, ICE Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) arrested more than 127,000 aliens with criminal convictions or charges, responsible forOver 76,000 with dangerous drug offenses.More than 48,000 with assault offenses.More than 11,000 with weapons offenses.More than 5,000 with sexual assault offenses.More than 2,000 with kidnapping offenses.Over 1,800 with homicide offenses.Created the Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement (VOICE) Office in order to support the victims and families affected by illegal alien crime.More than doubled the number of counties participating in the 287(g) program, which allows jails to detain criminal aliens until they are transferred to ICE custody.TradeNegotiating and renegotiating better trade deals, achieving free, fair, and reciprocal trade for the United States.Agreed to work with the European Union towards zero tariffs, zero non-tariff barriers, and zero subsides.Deal with the European Union to increase U.S. energy exports to Europe.Litigated multiple WTO disputes targeting unfair trade practices and upholding our right to enact fair trade laws.Finalized a revised trade agreement with South Korea, which includes provisions to increase American automobile exports.Negotiated an historic U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement to replace NAFTA.Agreement to begin trade negotiations for a U.S.-Japan trade agreement.Secured $250 billion in new trade and investment deals in China and $12 billion in Vietnam.Established a Trade and Investment Working Group with the United Kingdom, laying the groundwork for post-Brexit trade.Enacted steel and aluminum tariffs to protect our vital steel and aluminum producers and strengthen our national security.Conducted 82 anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations in 2017 alone.Confronting China’s unfair trade practices after years of Washington looking the other way.25 percent tariff on $50 billion of goods imported from China and later imposed an additional 10% tariff on $200 billion of Chinese goods.Conducted an investigation into Chinese forced technology transfers, unfair licensing practices, and intellectual property theft.Imposed safeguard tariffs to protect domestic washing machines and solar products manufacturers hurt by China’s trade policiesWithdrew from the job-killing Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).Secured access to new markets for America’s farmers.Recent deal with Mexico included new improvements enabling food and agriculture to trade more fairly.Recent agreement with the E.U. will reduce barriers and increase trade of American soybeans to Europe.Won a WTO dispute regarding Indonesia’s unfair restriction of U.S. agricultural exports.Defended American Tuna fisherman and packagers before the WTOOpened up Argentina to American pork experts for the first time in a quarter-centuryAmerican beef exports have returned to china for the first time in more than a decadeOK’d up to $12 billion in aid for farmers affected by unfair trade retaliation.EnergyPresidential Memorandum to clear roadblocks to construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline.Presidential Memorandum declaring that the Dakota Access Pipeline serves the national interest and initiating the process to complete construction.Opened up the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge to energy exploration.Coal exports up over 60 percent in 2017.Rolled back the “stream protection rule” to prevent it from harming America’s coal industry.Cancelled Obama’s anti-coal Clean Power Plan and proposed the Affordable Clean Energy Rule as a replacement.Withdrew from the job-killing Paris climate agreement, which would have cost the U.S. nearly $3 trillion and led to 6.5 million fewer industrial sector jobs by 2040.U.S. oil production has achieved its highest level in American historyUnited States is now the largest crude oil producer in the world.U.S. has become a net natural gas exporter for the first time in six decades.Action to expedite the identification and extraction of critical minerals that are vital to the nation’s security and economic prosperity.Took action to reform National Ambient Air Quality Standards, benefitting American manufacturers.Rescinded Obama’s hydraulic fracturing rule, which was expected to cost the industry $32 million per year.Proposed an expansion of offshore drilling as part of an all-of-the above energy strategyHeld a lease sale for offshore oil and gas leases in the Gulf of Mexico in August 2018.Got EU to increase its imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the United States.Issued permits for the New Burgos Pipeline that will cross the U.S.-Mexico border.Foreign PolicyMoved the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.Withdrew from Iran deal and immediately began the process of re-imposing sanctions that had been lifted or waived.Treasury has issued sanctions targeting Iranian activities and entities, including the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods ForceSince enacting sanctions, Iran’s crude exports have fallen off, the value of Iran’s currency has plummeted, and international companies have pulled out of the country.All nuclear-related sanctions will be back in full force by early November 2018.Historic summit with North Korean President Kim Jong-Un, bringing beginnings of peace and denuclearization to the Korean Peninsula.The two leaders have exchanged letters and high-level officials from both sides have met resulting in tremendous progress.North Korea has halted nuclear and missile tests.Negotiated the return of the remains of missing-in-action soldiers from the Korean War.Imposed strong sanctions on Venezuelan dictator Nicholas Maduro and his inner circle.Executive order preventing those in the U.S. from carrying out certain transactions with the Venezuelan regime, including prohibiting the purchase of the regime’s debt.Responded to the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian regime.Rolled out sanctions targeting individuals and entities tied to Syria’s chemical weapons program.Directed strikes in April 2017 against a Syrian airfield used in a chemical weapons attack on innocent civilians.Joined allies in launching airstrikes in April 2018 against targets associated with Syria’s chemical weapons use.New Cuba policy that enhanced compliance with U.S. law and held the Cuban regime accountable for political oppression and human rights abuses.Treasury and State are working to channel economic activity away from the Cuban regime, particularly the military.Changed the rules of engagement, empowering commanders to take the fight to ISIS.ISIS has lost virtually all of its territory, more than half of which has been lost under Trump.ISIS’ self-proclaimed capital city, Raqqah, was liberated in October 2017.All Iraqi territory had been liberated from ISIS.More than a dozen American hostages have been freed from captivity all of the world.Action to combat Russia’s malign activities, including their efforts to undermine the sanctity of United States elections.Expelled dozens of Russian intelligence officers from the United States and ordered the closure of the Russian consulate in Seattle, WA.Banned the use of Kaspersky Labs software on government computers, due to the company’s ties to Russian intelligence.Imposed sanctions against five Russian entities and three individuals for enabling Russia’s military and intelligence units to increase Russia’s offensive cyber capabilities.Sanctions against seven Russian oligarchs, and 12 companies they own or control, who profit from Russia’s destabilizing activities.Sanctioned 100 targets in response to Russia’s occupation of Crimea and aggression in Eastern Ukraine.Enhanced support for Ukraine’s Armed Forces to help Ukraine better defend itself.Helped win U.S. bid for the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.Helped win U.S.-Mexico-Canada’s united bid for 2026 World Cup.DefenseExecutive order keeping the detention facilities at U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Bay open.$700 billion in military funding for FY 2018 and $716 billion for FY 2019.Largest military pay raise in nearly a decade.Ordered a Nuclear Posture Review to ensure America’s nuclear forces are up to date and serve as a credible deterrent.Released America’s first fully articulated cyber strategy in 15 years.New strategy on national biodefense, which better prepares the nation to defend against biological threats.Administration has announced that it will use whatever means necessary to protect American citizens and servicemen from unjust prosecution by the International Criminal Court.Released an America first National Security Strategy.Put in motion the launch of a Space Force as a new branch of the military and relaunched the National Space Council.Encouraged North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies to increase defense spending to their agree-upon levels.In 2017 alone, there was an increase of more than 4.8 percent in defense spending amongst NATO allies.Every member state has increased defense spending.Eight NATO allies will reach the 2 percent benchmark by the end of 2018 and 15 allies are on trade to do so by 2024.NATO allies spent over $42 billion dollars more on defense since 2016.Executive order to help military spouses find employment as their families deploy domestically and abroad.Veterans affairsSigned the VA Accountability Act and expanded VA telehealth services, walk-in-clinics, and same-day urgent primary and mental health care.Delivered more appeals decisions – 81,000 – to veterans in a single year than ever before.Strengthened protections for individuals who come forward and identify programs occurring within the VA.Signed legislation that provided $86.5 billion in funding for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the largest dollar amount in history for the VA.VA MISSION Act, enacting sweeping reform to the VA system that:Consolidated and strengthened VA community care programs.Funding for the Veterans Choice program.Expanded eligibility for the Family Caregivers Program.Gave veterans more access to walk-in care.Strengthened the VA’s ability to recruit and retain quality healthcare professionals.Enabled the VA to modernize its assets and infrastructure.Signed the VA Choice and Quality Employment Act in 2017, which authorized $2.1 billion in addition funds for the Veterans Choice Program.Worked to shift veterans’ electronic medical records to the same system used by the Department of Defense, a decades old priority.Issued an executive order requiring the Secretaries of Defense, Homeland Security, and Veterans Affairs to submit a joint plan to provide veterans access to access to mental health treatment as they transition to civilian life.Increased transparency and accountability at the VA by launching an online “Access and Quality Tool,” providing veterans with access to wait time and quality of care data.Signed legislation to modernize the claims and appeal process at the VA.Harry W. Colmery Veterans Educational Assistance Act, providing enhanced educational benefits to veterans, service members, and their family members.Lifted a 15-year limit on veterans’ access to their educational benefits.Created a White House VA Hotline to help veterans and principally staffed it with veterans and direct family members of veterans.VA employees are being held accountable for poor performance, with more than 4,000 VA employees removed, demoted, and suspended so far.Signed the Veterans Treatment Court Improvement Act, increasing the number of VA employees that can assist justice-involved veterans.