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Commodore is a special sort of rank. Commodores command several ships as a subset of a larger fleet commanded by an admiral.It's like if we compare being captain to being an individual soldier. A captain is like a private, responsible for his own conduct. A Commodore is like a corporal or sergeant who commands a fireteam of 4 or squad of 12 under a major commanding the whole company of 100 to 150.Now AFAIK and any military people out there feel free to correct me, a corporal does much the same job as a private, but due to greater compotence or experience is the senior of the 4 men in a fireteam. A major on the other hand is more of an administrator. Their job description isn't being on the front lines, but coordinating supplies and troop movements, assigning personnel, and of course giving the squads in that company their marching orders, but ultimately others carry them out.The problem is that Starfleet is mostly organized along ships operating individually, so there isn't much call for a Commodore. Those that exist likely have boring jobs running a group of 60 to 80 year old rust buckets around the sol system as part of earths “defense fleet” that couldn't even stop a few Breen ships(hence the Commodores another answer pointed out from Conspiracy). They may also be assigned to command other groups of starships defending major planets or assets, or MAYBE patrolling the neutral zone, but I doubt it as spreading ships out for better sensor coverage makes more sense.There was likely a surge in the number of commodores during the dominion war. Sisko refers to “galaxy wings” which given the rarity of the class I would guess is not several galaxy class but rather several smaller ships operating as the galaxy class's wingman. A galaxy wing would likely be commanded by a Commodore. Then again Sisko was practically an admiral even though he held the rank of captain so I don't know.So basically there aren't enough Commodore positions for it to be a stepping stone to admiral.An admiral is a much different job than being a captain or Commodore. You're not a doer anymore, but a manager. Higher up at Starfleet command order them to have the fleet they command chart sectors 27 gamma through 29 alpha, so this ship surveys this system, this ship explores this nebula, this ship investigates that disturbance on the cardassians border, and this ship is due for annual maintenance so off to starbase 47 with them. In other words they sent people off on the adventures they wish they wrre still having.Captains can screw up more than admirals which is why captains Starfleet may deem high risk may fail upward. Janeway might have been all smiles in Nemesis when she called Picard, but after the transmission ended and she looked at the mountain of PADDs piled so high she couldn't see the door she likely sat there grumbling “stupid Picard. Starfleet desks me the moment I get back from the delta quadrant but (in mocking voice) Jean Luc Picard gets to have fun in the captains chair for almost 50 years. Sigh, I need a coffee”For reference Janeway was likely born in 2336 given in I believe a 3rd season episode she decided to take up tennis again after 19 years, which she hadn't played since high school. Assuming graduating and still playing at 18, plus 19 equals 37, minus 2 makes her first command at 35. Not bad. And she made admiral at 42 or 43.Picard was born in 2305 and took command (as a Lt commander)of the stargazer in an emergency in 2333 at just 28 years old, which impressed Starfleet so much they gave him permanent command. We don't know if he was given captains rank at that time, but at least full commander, which as we see with Sisko is high enough rank to have a permanent command(2 if you count the defiant). But like Sisko I'm sure he was given a captains rank to match his position 2 or 3 years later so at 30 or 31. He commanded the stargazer for 22 years, and while it's unknown what he did from 2355 to 2364 when he took command of the enterprise d it's safe to assume those years were spent in 1 or more captains chairs.In short Picard had been a starship captain longer than Janeway had been ALIVE by nemesis. Why was that. Lack of experience or accomplishment? Of course not, he had seen and done far more in the captains chair than just about any admiral. Picard is arguably the best captain Starfleet ever had, promoting him to admiral would be like if a baseball player was just named AL MVP and they decide to make him coach. Could he do it? Probably, but it's a waste of his talents.Kirk was a gambler, and a risk taker, and it took time travelling and restoring an extinct species in order to save earth for Starfleet to say “This guy needs to be a doer again”.Ventured a little off question but there it is.

There are varying descriptions at different times, so it's not entirely clear. Hubbard also uses the term "Marcab Confederacy" but this refers to only the latest incarnation of this Galactic Confederacy.In Hubbard's mythology of how the universe works and what is going on out there, he posited that there is a sort of very old political organization which ran many planets, of which the Earth system is a part. He said that the ruling council of this confederacy consisted of a sort of mix of spiritual beings (OTs) and "meat bodies" (humans and the like), leaving one to conclude that they were part of a civilization that was more spiritually advanced than us here on Earth. He said that the OTs were sort of degraded over time, though, and gives the impression that they weren't really very OT anymore. In fact, I got the idea that he was talking about the past with that and that this Galactic Confederacy had fallen apart.There is another lecture where Hubbard talks about the organizing board (a seven-division command chart which they use to organize their business structure) and he says the genus of this board came from a very old galactic civilization which lasted for 80 billion years or something like that before it fell apart because it was missing one division which Hubbard, in his infinite wisdom, recognized and inserted into his version of the board. I can only assume this old civilization he's referring to is the "Galactic Confederacy".The Xenu story (which I was never exposed to while still in Scientology) doesn't say much about what happened to the Confederacy after Xenu was imprisoned by Loyal Officers nor does it say anything about why those Loyal Officers would just leave everyone here on Earth (Teegeak) to suffer for eternity instead of coming around and undoing what Xenu had done. Hubbard said that what Xenu did wrought such destruction across the universe that this sector has been a wasteland ever since and it's been up to him to discover why and offer the means to salvage us all. One gets the impression in the Xenu story that every spiritual being in the entire universe was gathered up and sent here, but that would be completely inconsistent with earlier accounts of Marcab (see below) and whatnot. I could go on and on with this, because the whole thing is full of logical inconsistencies and holes you can drive a Mac truck through.Of Marcab, Hubbard says it is "various planets united into a very vast civilization which has come forward up through the last 200,000 years, is formed out of the fragments of earlier civilizations. In the last 10,000 years they have gone on with a sort of a decadent kicked-in-the-head civilization that contains automobiles, business suits, fedora hats, telephones, spaceships. A civilization which looks almost exact duplicate but is worse off than the current US civilization." So the earlier civilizations he refers to here are probably in reference to this collapsed Galactic Confederacy.

Radar doesn’t work underwater - the antenna is on a mast that needs to get raised at periscope depth and it sees only surface contacts. There is sonar for underwater navigation in situations that warrant it, like in a narrow passage or under ice, but that normally is not used in open ocean. The passive search sonar is normally always manned.Underwater, subs use an inertial guidance system that tells them where they are. It gets updated via GPS a few times a day when they come near the surface. They depend on accurate charts to navigate underwater, and normally there isn’t a problem - the oceans are very deep and subs really don’t regularly go very deep. The San Francisco was at 535 feet (163 m) when she hit the sea mount.In the back of the attack center, there is a large plotting table where a map is laid out. Under the map beneath some glass, there is a little light that shines through the map to indicate position. The position used for the light comes from several sources - the inertial systems or a gyro/speedometer system called the dead-reckoning analyser. The quartermaster also manually plots the subs position using various sources directly on the chart.According to the US Navy investigation, “the crew failed to develop a route that avoided all the underwater obstacles in the area.” And according to the official report…"The findings of fact show that San Francisco, while transiting at flank (maximum) speed and submerged to 525 feet, hit a seamount that did not appear on the chart being used for navigation," the 124-page report said of the incident in the vicinity of the Caroline Islands."Other charts in San Francisco's possession did, however, clearly display a navigation hazard in the vicinity of the grounding," it said. "San Francisco's navigation team failed to review those charts adequately and transfer pertinent data to the chart being used for navigation, as relevant directives and the ship's own procedures required.”...The command investigation concluded that failure to properly develop and execute a safe and effective voyage plan for submerged transit caused the grounding. After reviewing the investigation, I assert that responsibility and accountability reside with USS SAN FRANCISCO's command leadership and navigation team. Given the circumstances prior to and at the time of the grounding, I find it difficult to conclude absolutely that grounding could have been avoided. It is absolutely clear to me, however, if command leadership and the navigation team followed basic specified procedures and exercised prudent navigation practices, they would have been aware of imminent navigation hazards and therefore compelled to operate the ship more prudently. At a minimum, the grounding would not have been as severe.The seamount USS SAN FRANCISCO hit was not annotated on Chart E2202, the chart being used for navigation when the ship grounded. Chart E2202 did not denote a navigation hazard in close proximity to the intended ship's track and grounding location. Other valid, readily available navigation charts in USS SAN FRANCISCO's inventory--including Chart 81023-- displayed a navigation hazard located in the vicinity of the Caroline Islands near USS San FRANCISCO's SUBNOTE track and intended ship's track...USS SAN FRANCISCO's navigation leadership/personnel did not adequately review other charts. Of note, Chart 81023 contains a "discolored water" site (surrounded by a "danger line") 2.5 nautical miles (NM) south of USS SAN FRANCISCO's intended track and 2.0-2.8 NM from the grounding location. The light blue coloring of this "discolored water" reflects a navigation hazard at 20 meters (66 feet) depth or less, leading one to conclude that a larger navigation hazard exists in deeper water, particularly at 525 feet.Some CYA material from the NGA chart makers who provided the chart lacking the seamount - https://www.cpf.navy.mil/content/foia/pdf/BASIC100TO124.pdfUpdate:Since the accident, a very nice Vessel Management System from Sperry Marine in Charlottesville, MA has been approved for use in all Navy submarines. I’m sure paper charts will be used as a backup on the plot table, but for now the VMS V9.3 is available for use.Electronic Navigation Charts New Heights in SubmarinesECDIS-E | Sperry Marine