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WHAT IS GREEN ENERGY? There is no pure stand alone green energy and certainly not wind and solar. The manufacture of these ugly blotches on the land use more CO2 emissions than the save according to some research. Hydro power is water and gravity but the dam is cement and is massive. In fact there is a case that carbon based energy is fundamentally green energy.WHAT IS THE BEST ENERGY TO STOP ENERGY POVERTY? The market forces chose natural gas and coal for sure.WILL WIND AND SOLAR REPLACE FOSSIL FUELS? Not a chance because of their intermittency when the wind does not blow and sun does not shine. Fareed Zaharia demolished any hope this renewable being effective for grid electricity.WHY ARE COAL OR NATURAL GAS THE MOST POPULAR ENERGY TODAY?Wednesday, March 22, 2017Using Natural Gas to Reduce Energy PovertyThis post originally appeared at Scientific American.Life without access to energy is simply miserable. The most mundane task, such as heating water to cook rice, can require an entire day’s labor to gather both water and firewood. That labor can be physically exhausting, in some cases immediately dangerous, and often with unfortunate health outcomes. With over one billion people around the world faced with such simple barriers to improving their lives, reducing energy poverty can serve as a shared goal that transcends political, cultural, and regional barriers.Accessing energy is the single most important factor in improving the lives of individuals and increasing the economic opportunities available in their communities. Access to lighting transforms education from outdoors during the day, to indoors and anytime! A simple refrigerator can transform a fruit stand to a grocery store. Reliable electricity allows businesses to stay open and ultimately provides the cornerstone that allows industries to form.There is a dominant school of thought that energy access can be achieved around the world with only carbon-free sources. This paradigm envisions effectively “leapfrogging” traditional development patterns, skipping industrialization, and transforming economies with green energy and a service economy. While compelling in theory, this vision lacks several critical factors: the need to manufacture the goods that will build the economy, the scalability of energy sources, and the affordability of that energy.The developing world will gain access to energy.This transformation is currently underway and its progress is inevitable. The urgency is created by individuals’ current, difficult conditions and the availability of abundant, affordable energy, particularly coal. All new energy demand will come from the developing world. Without a thoughtful conversation about the projected doubling of world energy demand, energy consumption will continue as it is currently underway, in two parallel paths. One path prioritizes carbon-free sources, and sets goals and policies that incentivize those. The other path responds to the supply and demand inherent in a world economy and is resulting in the massive development of coal-fired electricity generation.The reality of energy development can be summarized in the example of India’s projected energy development. By 2022, India is planning 100 GW of new solar and a relatively tiny 50 MW of new coal. However, a simple calculation of the likely emissions of these two new sources of energy conducted by a colleague at Stanford indicates that if all this new electricity generation came from natural gas, the result would be 20 percent fewer emissions. This is a conversation worth having.Although not a carbon-free source, natural gas has a transformative role to play in the energizing of developing nations. Abundantly available around the world, and more transportable than ever, a world natural gas market is creating a more stable, affordable supply. As an electricity generation fuel, it is both a baseload alternative to coal and a backup for renewable generation. In this capacity, natural gas provides carbon and non-carbon air emissions benefits. When used as a transportation fuel, natural gas provides significant air quality benefit to traditional fuels and can be equally affordable. When deployed as a cooking fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), provides dramatic health benefits and could reduce the unnecessary 4 million annual deaths attributed to cooking over inefficient, biomass fuels. As an economic cornerstone, natural gas can empower industrial development as a chemical feedstock, fertilizer component, direct energy source, and electricity provider.Trying to boost energy development without fossil fuels creates a critical conundrum.Natural gas cannot improve individual, community, and country outcomes without planning. Natural gas is expensive to develop and requires the appropriate scale to create affordable results for consumers. To realize the benefits of natural gas, we must be willing to acknowledge the possibilities and tradeoffs of this relatively better fossil energy source.Which isn’t to recommend that natural gas be given a blank check. Appropriate development of natural gas requires thoughtfully navigating its development challenges to ensure it is produced responsibly, priced appropriately, and delivered reliably. Thoughtful planning must address market conditions, import-versus-export balances, appropriate regulatory and taxation schemes, and appropriate infrastructure planning.Natural gas has a vital role to play in allowing many developing countries, particularly those in Asia and East Africa, to reach their potential. Whether one’s primary motivating goal is addressing climate change, creating the conditions for economic prosperity, or raising the world’s most vulnerable out of crippling poverty, a conversation about natural gas is worth having. It’s time to leave behind the antiquated notions of vilifying fossil fuels and instead having a thoughtful, meaningful conversation about real needs and realistic solutions.Posted by Tisha Schuller at 12:53 PMEmail ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest3 comments:Jim MatkinJuly 22, 2017 at 11:52 AMI agree with Tisha as the adage the "good is not the enemy of the perfect" applies to find practical answers to energy poverty in developing countries. Natural gas and LPG are good alternatives to and wind and solar because they are much more reliable and cheaper. The environmental problem of energy poverty is urgent affecting the lives of millions. A priority is for families suffering from cookstove pollution from burning wood, brush, dung and other biomass. It is foolhardy and immoral for rich nations to deny poor nations the major benefits of fossil fuel energy to save lives. Recent studies show this is the most devastating environmental problem today. See the landmark Global Burden of Disease study showing 3.5 million annual deaths from respiratory disease from outside fires.Cooking on traditional cookstoves is a far greater risk factor than poor water and sanitation, lead or radon pollution, or smog (ozone) and outdoor soot, according to the study. Cookstove Smoke is “Largest Environmental Threat,” Global Health Study Finds To remedy this crisis we must consider natural gas as an intermediate solution with its advantages over both coal and renewables.Using Natural Gas to Reduce Energy PovertyFossil Fuel Is “Green Energy”Written by Carl Brehmer on December 4, 2016INTRODUCTION -EVERYONE ACCEPTS SUMMER IS BETTER THAN WINTER AND 2 DEGREES WARMER IS NOT MUCH CHANGE BECAUSE OF REGIONAL AND NATURAL CLIMATE VARIATION. THEREFORE, TRYING TO MAKE THE CLIMATE COLDER BY REDUCING LEVELS OF LIFE GIVING CO2 SEEMS FOOLHARDY!We have today one of the most astonishing examples of a regression in scientific education. It used to be common knowledge and taught in schools at all levels that carbon dioxide (CO2) is a vital, airborne plant food, but it is currently being condemned as being a “pollutant” because many people have come to believe, due to a massive disinformation campaign, that higher levels of this plant food would be harmful to the biosphere. So pervasive, so effective is this ongoing disinformation campaign that it is now considered by many to be a moral imperative for humanity to abandon the use of its primary source of energy—burning hydrocarbons—because doing so produces CO2.Let me say that again. So pervasive, so effective has been the campaign that has demonized CO2—the gas that feeds the biosphere—that it is now generally accepted that humanity has a moral obligation to limit its production of it, even if doing so would cause a profound regression in global economic development! They say that they have “science” on their side but do they? Let’s review what science “knows” and what it doesn’t.Science knows that plants using the energy present in sunlight through a process called photosynthesis combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to form carbohydrates (CH2O) and expel free oxygen (O2)—the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe.What does the word “carbohydrate” mean?Carbo – refers to carbonHydrate – refers to waterThe chemical formula is well known and is often taught in elementary or middle school.CO2 + H2O + photons → [CH2O] + O2This is a chart of what science knows about historic, optimal and current levels of atmospheric CO2 in parts per million. The dark green line at 4,000 ppm is where the CO2 level have been in the Earth’s distant past when plant growth was much more robust and dense forests covered much of the Earth’s surface. The light green line at 1200 ppm is where the CO2 level needs to be for optimal plant growth. The bottom yellow line at 400 ppm is the current atmospheric concentration of CO2.True scientific knowledge is based on empirical experimentation and extensive scientific experimentation has demonstrated that ~1200 ppm is the optimal CO2 level for robust plant growth. So well-established is this knowledge that owners of greenhouses spend a lot of money pumping CO2 into their greenhouses to achieve CO2 concentrations in excess of 1000 ppm in order to augment the rate at which they can grow their produce. Never the less for some odd reason many people have come to believe that it is a moral imperative to keep CO2 levels from returning to that level.Not being satisfied with just stopping the return of CO2 levels to that would be optimal for robust global plant growth, these same people even insist that humanity should develop CO2 sequester methods to decrease the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere! Let me repeat that. There are people in this world who, even though CO2 levels are ~300% lower than optimal levels for robust plant growth, insist that humanity should develop methods of artificially reducing the atmospheric concentration of this vital airborne plant food.“Unless we are able to rapidly turn that around and return [CO2 levels] to below 350 ppm this century, we risk triggering tipping points and irreversible impacts that could send climate change spinning truly beyond our control.” 350.org: A global campaign to confront the climate crisisThis is in spite of the fact that we have already seen an expansion in global biomass just from the increase in the CO2 levels that occurred during the 20th century.This image, produced by Boston University/R. Myneni, shows in color the percent change in leaf area over the last 35 years because of the increase in the atmosphere’s CO2 concentration from ~350 ppm to ~400 ppm over that period—the darker the green the higher the percentage of foliage. These people want to reverse this “greening” of the planet because they say that they care about the biosphere!!??Why, you should rightly ask, do these people, who fashion themselves as being environmentalists, want to inhibit the Earth’s ability to grow plants at an optimal level? What do they have against robust plant growth? They operate on the premise of two beliefs, two unproven (some say disproven) scientific hypotheses: 1) the first belief is in a scientific hypothesis called “climate sensitivity” that postulates that a doubling of atmospheric levels of CO2 will cause a 2-4 °C increase in the average global temperature; 2) the second belief is the strange notion that a 2-4 °C increase in the average global temperature would be a bad thing. Based on these two beliefs they say that in order to save the biosphere we have to prevent CO2 from returning to levels that would be optimal for robust plant growth!!??Let’s look at the first of these two beliefs—“climate sensitivity”—again keeping in mind that CO2 levels will have to double twice from pre-industrial levels (quadruple) in order for atmospheric levels to return to the optimal level for robust plant growth.It is an axiom in science that a hypothesis cannot be used to prove itself. That is, just because a scientific hypothesis exists does not mean that it is true. The “scientific method” requires that a hypothesis be verified by testing it in the real world. Ergo, the hypothesis that a doubling of CO2 from pre-industrial levels (from 280 ppm to 560 ppm) will cause an increase of 2-4 °C in the “average global temperature” cannot be tested empirically until it actually happens, which at CO2’s current rate of increase will not occur for another 80 years. Scientists living at that time can then retake the “average global temperature” and see what it is. (This, of course, depends upon whether or not you accept the validity of the concept of “average global temperature”, which has been debated.)Since we will then only have one data point—one doubling of CO2 levels—that reading will be meaningless, not only because you cannot draw a valid scientific conclusion based on only one data point, but because there are many natural forces that combine to determine what the surface level air temperature will be over time. To say that changes in surface level air temperature over time are exclusively the doing of changing CO2 levels is scientific malpractice. Beyond that, valid science requires that an experiment be repeated for verification.Thus CO2 levels will have to double again to 1120 ppm, which by the way is the optimal level for robust plant growth, before another temperature reading can be taken in order to test empirically a second time the effect of doubling the concentration of CO2 on the “average global temperature”. CO2’s current rate of increase is ~2 ppm/year. At that rate the concentration of atmospheric CO2 for optimal plant growth will not occur until after the passing of 7 centuries!Let me state the obvious, no one living today can know the actual effect of doubling the atmospheric concentration of CO2 in the real world (as opposed to flawed computer models) because 1) everyone living today will be long dead 700 years from now and 2) there is no way to separate the effect of CO2 levels on the “average global temperature” from all of the other many forces that effect the “average global temperature” over time. Thus the “climate sensitivity” hypothesis will never progress beyond a belief, a mathematical hypothetical. The fact that many people believe that this particular hypothesis is valid is not empirical evidence that it. Since “climate sensitivity” is an untestable hypothesis it is what we call pseudoscience.Know this. If anyone writes or says that they know that increasing the atmospheric concentration of CO2 causes “global warming”, be aware that they are speaking from ignorance—they are “blowing smoke”. That being said, as mentioned many people believe that CO2 causes “global warming”. The difference between knowing and believing is the difference between science and religion. The IPCC even tacitly admits this because it has classified the various assertions present in its last Assessment Report on a “confidence scale”. Two of the synonyms for “confidence” are “faith” and “belief”. Their “confidence scale” therefore is simply an expression in how firm their “faith” is in their assertions. The degree of “faith” that a scientist has in his own theories has never been considered scientific evidence. In fact, so pervasive is the tendency of scientists to be over confident in the truth of their own assertions that the scientific method requires hypotheses be repeatable and repeated by independent investigators. If these independent investigators do not get the same result as the originator of the hypothesis then the hypothesis is falsified, even if the originator refuses to abandon it. This is the current situation that exists with regard to the assertions made by the IPCC about CO2 causing “global warming”. Independent investigators have tested their assertions and found them to be wanting. Never the Less the IPCC continues to cling desperately to their beliefs.To continue, let’s talk about the mistaken notion that the average global temperature is currently optimal and that a warmer Earth would be “catastrophic”.This is a chart of the Earth’s historical “average global temperature”. Over the course of the past 600 million years the “average global temperature” has never been warmer than 22 °C nor cooler than 12 °C even though CO2 oxide levels have been as high as 7,000 ppm during the Cambrian Period within the Paleozoic Age. As you can see the current “average global temperature” at 15 °C is near the bottom of this range, because technically we are still in an Ice Age.During this same 600-million-year period there have been five major extinction events none of which correlate with the “average global temperature”. Some occurred when the “average global temperature” was down around 12 °C and others occurred when the “average global temperature” was up around 22 °C. The claims therefore that an increase in the “average global temperature” will necessarily result in a sixth mass extinction are completely unfounded. Beyond that, there is a complete lack of historical evidence that a warmer planet will in any way threaten the health of the biosphere seeing as how historically some of the most robust ecosystems have flourished during periods when the “average global temperature” was at its maximum of 22 °C.In conclusion, CO2 is good for the Earth’s biosphere and so is a warmer Earth. Not only is the optimal level of CO2 for robust plant growth 200-300% higher than what it is today, life thrives in the summer and in the lower latitudes because of the extra warmth present then and there, while almost everything goes dormant or dies during the winter and at the poles. Thus if the UN were to succeed in its two misguided goals of 1) lowering CO2 levels and 2) cooling the planet, that would be deadly.MY PUBLISHED COMMENYJAMES MATKINDecember 20, 2016 at 7:22 pm | #Wonderful analysis showing the planet is starved of CO2 at only 400ppm. We need more not less. This article offers a most valuable insight to counter the broad misunderstanding by the public of the alarmist unproven theory about the heat forcing of CO2. The alarmists are driven by politics and a distorted environmental religion with very weak science as they confuse the emissions of fossil fuels thinking they are pollution. . The alarmists are very much in majority because they have misled the public to believe the issue is about fossil fuel pollution. NOT TRUE, WHILE CARBON MONOXIDE in auto exhauts IS A DANGEROUS POLLUTANT, CO2 IS NOT A POLLUTANT and the global warming debate has nothing to do with pollution. It is the staff of life and essentil plant food. The average person is confused about what the current global warming debate is about – greenhouse gases. None of which has anything to do with air pollution.Fossil Fuel is "Green Energy" | PSI IntlHERE ARE SUMMARIES OF CO2 FROM LEADING CLIMATE SCIENTISTS: react-text: http://361http://www.populartechnology.net/…/carbon-dioxide-co2… /react-text"CO2 for different people has different attractions. After all, what is it? - it’s not a pollutant, it’s a product of every living creature’s breathing, it’s the product of all plant respiration, it is essential for plant life and photosynthesis, it’s a product of all industrial burning, it’s a product of driving – I mean, if you ever wanted a leverage point to control everything from exhalation to driving, this would be a dream. So it has a kind of fundamental attractiveness to bureaucratic mentality."- Richard S. Lindzen, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Atmospheric Science, MIT"CO2 is not a pollutant. In simple terms, CO2 is plant food. The green world we see around us would disappear if not for atmospheric CO2. These plants largely evolved at a time when the atmospheric CO2 concentration was many times what it is today. Indeed, numerous studies indicate the present biosphere is being invigorated by the human-induced rise of CO2. In and of itself, therefore, the increasing concentration of CO2 does not pose a toxic risk to the planet."- John R. Christy, Ph.D. Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alabama"Carbon dioxide is not a pollutant but a naturally occurring, beneficial trace gas in the atmosphere. For the past few million years, the Earth has existed in a state of relative carbon dioxide starvation compared with earlier periods. There is no empirical evidence that levels double or even triple those of today will be harmful, climatically or otherwise. As a vital element in plant photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is the basis of the planetary food chain - literally the staff of life. Its increase in the atmosphere leads mainly to the greening of the planet. To label carbon dioxide a "pollutant" is an abuse of language, logic and science."- Robert M. Carter, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Environmental and Earth Sciences, James Cook University"Carbon dioxide is not a pollutant. On the contrary, it makes crops and forests grow faster. Economic analysis has demonstrated that more CO2 and a warmer climate will raise GNP and therefore average income. It's axiomatic that bureaucracies always want to expand their scope of operations. This is especially true of EPA, which is primarily a regulatory agency. As air and water pollution disappear as prime issues, as acid rain and stratospheric-ozone depletion fade from public view, climate change seems like the best growth area for regulators. It has the additional glamour of being international and therefore appeals to those who favor world governance over national sovereignty. Therefore, labeling carbon dioxide, the product of fossil-fuel burning, as a pollutant has a high priority for EPA as a first step in that direction."- S. Fred Singer, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia‪re"Atmospheric CO2 is required for life by both plants and animals. It is the sole source of carbon in all of the protein, carbohydrate, fat, and other organic molecules of which living things are constructed. Plants extract carbon from atmospheric CO2 and are thereby fertilized. Animals obtain their carbon from plants. Without atmospheric CO2, none of the life we see on Earth would exist. Water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are the three most important substances that make life possible. They are surely not environmental pollutants."- Arthur B. Robinson, Ph.D. Professor of ChemistryJAMES MATKIN: The proof is in the pudding where the alarmists preditions are all failing. Temperatures aren’t increasing, storms are down in number and strength, sea levels aren’t chasing folks from beaches, droughts are not increasing, parts of the world are growing greener. Famous scientists from Oxford University explain the reason the preditions fail is the computer models do not “mimic” all of the key variables that cause climate change. They conclude as a result the models if applied to the real world will be “misleading.” react-text: 366 http://meteo.lcd.lu/…/ConfidenceUncertaintyRelevance… /react-textFossil Fuel is "Green Energy" | PSI Intl

From Harvard Medical School:Exposure to ionizing radiation on the riseThe radiation you get from x-ray, CT, and nuclear imaging is ionizing radiation — high-energy wavelengths or particles that penetrate tissue to reveal the body's internal organs and structures. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA, and although your cells repair most of the damage, they sometimes do the job imperfectly, leaving small areas of "misrepair." The result is DNA mutations that may contribute to cancer years down the road.We're exposed to small doses of ionizing radiation from natural sources all the time — in particular, cosmic radiation, mainly from the sun, and radon, a radioactive gas that comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, water, and building materials. How much of this so-called background radiation you are exposed to depends on many factors, including altitude and home ventilation. But the average is 3 millisieverts (mSv) per year. (A millisievert is a measure of radiation exposure; see "Measuring radiation.")Exposure to ionizing radiation from natural or background sources hasn't changed since about 1980, but Americans' total per capita radiation exposure has nearly doubled, and experts believe the main reason is increased use of medical imaging. The proportion of total radiation exposure that comes from medical sources has grown from 15% in the early 1980s to 50% today. CT alone accounts for 24% of all radiation exposure in the United States, according to a report issued in March 2009 by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.Measuring radiationIf you mention the measurement of radiation, many people will recall the classic Geiger counter with its crescendo of clicks. But Geiger counters detect only the intensity of radioactive emissions. Measuring their impact on human tissues and health is more difficult. That's where the sievert (Sv) and millisievert (mSv) come in. These units, the ones most commonly used in comparing imaging procedures, take into account the biological effect of radiation, which varies with the type of radiation and the vulnerability of the affected body tissue. Taking these into account, millisieverts describe what's called the "equivalent dose."Ionizing radiation and cancer riskWe've long known that children and teens who receive high doses of radiation to treat lymphoma or other cancers are more likely to develop additional cancers later in life. But we have no clinical trials to guide our thinking about cancer risk from medical radiation in healthy adults. Most of what we know about the risks of ionizing radiation comes from long-term studies of people who survived the 1945 atomic bomb blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These studies show a slightly but significantly increased risk of cancer in those exposed to the blasts, including a group of 25,000 Hiroshima survivors who received less than 50 mSv of radiation — an amount you might get from three or more CT scans. (See "Imaging procedures and their approximate effective radiation doses.")The atomic blast isn't a perfect model for exposure to medical radiation, because the bomb released its radiation all at once, while the doses from medical imaging are smaller and spread over time. Still, most experts believe that can be almost as harmful as getting an equivalent dose all at once.Imaging procedures and their approximate effective radiation doses*ProcedureAverage effective dose (mSv)Range reported in the literature (mSv)Bone density test+0.0010.00–0.035X-ray, arm or leg0.0010.0002–0.1X-ray, panoramic dental0.010.007–0.09X-ray, chest0.10.05–0.24X-ray, abdominal0.70.04–1.1Mammogram0.40.10–0.6X-ray, lumbar spine1.50.5–1.8CT, head20.9–4CT, cardiac for calcium scoring31.0–12Nuclear imaging, bone scan6.3CT, spine61.5–10CT, pelvis63.3–10CT, chest74.0–18CT, abdomen83.5–25CT, colonoscopy104.0–13.2CT, angiogram165.0–32CT, whole bodyvariable20 or moreNuclear imaging, cardiac stress test40.7*The actual radiation exposure depends on many things, including the device itself, the duration of the scan, your size, and the sensitivity of the tissue being targeted.+Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, or DXA.Source: Mettler FA, et al. "Effective Doses in Radiology and Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine: A Catalog," Radiology(July 2008), Vol. 248, pp. 254–63.Higher radiation–dose imagingMost of the increased exposure in the United States is due to CT scanning and nuclear imaging, which require larger radiation doses than traditional x-rays. A chest x-ray, for example, delivers 0.1 mSv, while a chest CT delivers 7 mSv (see the table) — 70 times as much. And that's not counting the very common follow-up CT scans.In a 2009 study from Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, researchers estimated the potential risk of cancer from CT scans in 31,462 patients over 22 years. For the group as a whole, the increase in risk was slight — 0.7% above the overall lifetime risk of cancer in the United States, which is 42%. But for patients who had multiple CT scans, the increase in risk was higher, ranging from 2.7% to 12%. (In this group, 33% had received more than five CT scans; 5%, more than 22 scans; and 1%, more than 38.)What to doUnless you were exposed to high doses of radiation during cancer treatment in youth, any increase in your risk for cancer due to medical radiation appears to be slight. But we don't really know for sure, since the effects of radiation damage typically take many years to appear, and the increase in high-dose imaging has occurred only since 1980.So until we know more, you will want to keep your exposure to medical radiation as low as possible. You can do that in several ways, including these:Discuss any high-dose diagnostic imaging with your clinician. If you need a CT or nuclear scan to treat or diagnose a medical condition, the benefits usually outweigh the risks. Still, if your clinician has ordered a CT, it's reasonable to ask what difference the result will make in how your condition is managed; for example, will it save you an invasive procedure?Keep track of your x-ray history. It won't be completely accurate because different machines deliver different amounts of radiation, and because the dose you absorb depends on your size, your weight, and the part of the body targeted by the x-ray. But you and your clinician will get a ballpark estimate of your exposure.Consider a lower-dose radiation test. If your clinician recommends a CT or nuclear medicine scan, ask if another technique would work, such as a lower-dose x-ray or a test that uses no radiation, such as ultrasound (which uses high-frequency sound waves) or MRI (which relies on magnetic energy). Neither ultrasound nor MRI appears to harm DNA or increase cancer risk.Consider less-frequent testing. If you're getting regular CT scans for a chronic condition, ask your clinician if it's possible to increase the time between scans. And if you feel the CT scans aren't helping, discuss whether you might take a different approach, such as lower-dose imaging or observation without imaging.Don't seek out scans. Don't ask for a CT scan just because you want to feel assured that you've had a "thorough checkup." CT scans rarely produce important findings in people without relevant symptoms. And there's a chance the scan will find something incidental, spurring additional CT scans or x-rays that add to your radiation exposure.

[1]Best Industries for Starting a Business:Extraction of Tannin (Edible) from Areca Nut WasteTannin, an astringent biomolecule is extracted from plants and fruits. It is found in various parts of plants including, barks, seeds, stem tissues, roots, and leaves. Plants have tannin content in abundance, which protects them from predation and also helps for their growth regulation. Fruits with rich tannin content include cranberries, blueberries, strawberries, hazelnuts, pecans, walnuts, grapes, and oranges.Areca nut is the fruit produced from the palm trees of South East Asia. Although, the production of areca nut is dependent on the geographic and climatic conditions of the region. Thus, the price fluctuations are majorly dependent on the production of the areca nut. The areca nuts are consumed not only for chewing with betel leaf, but also for various rituals in South East Asia Pacific countries. India is the largest consumer and producer of areca nut in the world. As high consumption of areca nut causes severe health problems, the market for areca nut has attained maturity in the global market.Arecanut (Areca catechu L.), being a highly profitable commercial plantation crop.Tannins is obtained as a by-product from the process of preparing immature betelnuts for masticatory purposes. The sediments found in the tannin when it is dried, is called arecanut dust. Tannins in arecanut were being used for dyeing clothes and roaps and also used for tanning leather. It can be used as an adhesive in plyboard manufacture. Another possible use of areca tannins is as a safe food coloring agent. Black writing ink of acceptable quality may be prepared. Further, it is also useful in protecting house hold furniture.India is the major producer and consumer of arecanut in the world.Production is concentrated in six states, namely Karnataka, Kerala,Assam, Meghalaya, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Arecanut is the majorplantation crop of coastal and southern districts of the country under assured irrigation facilityGlobally it is primarily grown in India, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia and Myanmar. India leads the production followed by China and Bangladesh. In India it is grown in Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal and parts of Tripura.The global tannin market is expected to grow significantly during the forecast period. The increasing demand from the various end-use industries such as leather, wine, and wood adhesives is the major driving factor for the growth of tannins market. The anti-oxidation and decomposition properties of tannins are a major factor for the demand of tannins in the leather manufacturing and wine fermenting industries. The increasing consumption of alcohol is expected to boost the growth of tannin market. Moreover, the demand for tannin in the manufacturing of wood adhesives and medicines is expected to drive the growth of tannin market positively over the forecast period.The global tannin market size was estimated at 1,076.3 Kilotons in 2015. Increasing demand from the leather manufacturing and wine making industry is expected to be a key factor driving market growth.Aluminium Cans ManufacturingAluminium cans are every day commodities that people come across on a regular basis, whether it’s while they are grocery shopping, taking their lunch break, or pondering in front of a vending machine. The aluminium beverage can is now the popular choice for carbonated and still soft drinks, mineral waters, beers and lagers. The process involves drawing and ironing of a sheet or blank of a material, untinned low-carbon cold-rolled steel, to develop a tabular piece. The tabular piece acts as the can body.The packaging industry in India is estimated to reach $73 billion by 2020, from $32 billion in 2015, says a study by Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry and Tata Strategic Management Group. The country’s packaging industry is set to register 18 per cent growth, year-on-year with sub-sectors like flexible packaging and rigid packaging to grow annually at the rate of 25 per cent and 15 per cent respectively. Indian market for beverage cans shows that a 60 per cent share is accounted by beer and the rest by carbonated drinks. The aluminium beverage can market is valued at around $2 billion and is logging 21 per cent growth each year. As a whole any entrepreneur can venture in this project without risk and earn profit. Read moreProtein BarProtein bars, which contain some form of milk-derived or plant-based protein like whey, hemp, pea or rice protein. Protein bars are usually lower in carbs than energy bars, lower in vitamins and dietary minerals than meal replacement bars, and significantly higher in protein than either. Protein bars may contain high levels of sugar and sometimes are called "candy bars" in disguise. Protein bars include isolated protein from one or more sources; for example, milk, soy or eggs. An energy bar should have 3 grams of fiber or more and up to 15 grams of protein.The combined market for cereal/granola bars and energy/nutrition bars is projected to approach $8.3 billion in 2016, for a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% over the five-year 2012 to 2016 periods. The market is growing at a fast rate, due to the increasing demand among consumers for portable convenience foods, which is enhancing the protein bar market. These consumers are not only sports athletes, but also those who want to have a wholesome meal without the trouble of cooking and prefer buying protein bars. Globally, the market for protein bars is expected to register a CAGR of XX% from 2018 to 2023. The protein bar market is estimated to be valued at USD XX million in 2017 and is projected to reach USD XX million by 2023. As a whole entrepreneur can venture in this field will be successful.Aluminium Angles, Channels, Doors & WindowsAluminium is the strongest and most durable material, easy to clean and maintain. Aluminium Angle has rounded corners and is generally used for structural applications where strength is important.Aluminum channel material is a great choice for structural applications where strength is important. Aluminium Channel is widely used in home and garden DIY. It is ideal for frame making, sliding doors, caravan refurbishment, shed building and cable management, to name just a few.Aluminium Channel has a right angle inside and outside corners making the ideal shape. Aluminium U Channels can be used for various different uses; including general fabrications, light construction projects, decoration vehicle construction, boat building and much more.Aluminium doors are often used for commercial properties and retail facilities. Aluminium doors differentiate by their frame thickness, quality and stability as well as thermal and acoustic properties.High performance aluminium windows are able to meet or exceed energy efficiency standards. Aluminium windows and doors can easily achieve improvements in heat gain and heat loss through windows by 60% rivalling more expensive timber and uPVC equivalents.The future of the global aluminum door and window market looks promising, with opportunities in the growth of the residential and commercial construction industry. The global aluminum door and window market is estimated to reach $72.1 billion by 2021 and is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 5.1% from 2016 to 2021. The major drivers of growth for this market are increasing new construction and renovation activities.While the growth looks imminent in aluminium consumption especially through value added products, India's downstream processing industry is likely to witness a phenomenal progress in coming years. In advanced economies, aluminium is increasingly replacing wood and steel in building sector. Aluminium cans and containers are used extensively world over.Readymade Khaini (Geeli)Khaini chewing, a form of smokeless tobacco is viewed to be relatively harmless by the rural folk. Khaini is tobacco with slaked lime. The negative consequences of stress as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and reduced human performances are well studied. Stress is known to change the balance existing between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Khaini chewers are likely to suffer from mental and physical exhaustion, leading to stress.The data revealed that khaini consumption in Maharashtra increased to 15.5% in 2016-2017 from 14.5% in 2009-2010. Similarly, consumption of gutkha increased from 8.3% to 8.6%. Smokeless tobacco products is higher among women as compared to men. For example, the consumption of betel quid with tobacco is 3.8% in women as compared to 3.6% in men. Similarly, tobacco for oral application is 8.2% among females, compared to 1.9% in males. The consumption of snuff in women is 1.3% compared to 0.4% in men. As a whole there is a good scope for new entrepreneur to invest in this business. Read moreDehydration of GrapesGrapes are a great source of vitamins A, C and K before they become raisins BUT when they ARE raisins, they have more Choline, Niacin, Folate, and Betaine, with higher trace amounts of Thiamin, and Riboflavin! Dried grapes are the dried, ripe fruit of the grapevine (Vitis Vinifera).Grapes are one of the world’s most commonly produced fruit crops, with approximately 75 million tonnes produced each year. It is also one of the most abundant fruits: while almost 50%of grapes are used to make wine, one third is consumed as fresh fruit and the rest is dried, consumed as grape juice or stored in the form of grape musts (whether concentrated or not).The Dried Fruit refers to the fruit which the original water has been removed, usually through the sun drying or the drying machine.The revenue generated from Dried Fruits has been estimated to be valued over US$ 43.54 Bn in 2018, which is projected to increase at a CAGR of 5.7% during the forecast period (2018-2026).Rising global urban population and per capita income are factors responsible for the boost in demand for industry products such as fruit snacks and cereals. Demand for dried fruits from food manufacturers, such as confectionery and bakery, as well as dairy companies is increasing all over the world, as these buyers purchase processed fruit products from industry operators for utilization of fruits in their manufacturing processes.By Product Type, the global dried fruits market is segmented as Raisins (Dried Grapes), Tropical and Exotic Fruits, Berries and Other Fruits. The Raisins (Dried Grapes) are further includes Natural Seedless, Golden Seedless, Black Currant, Raisin Mix and Others (Sultana, Muscat, Monukka, Other Seedless). The Tropical and Exotic Fruits segment includes Table Dates, Prunes, Dried Figs, Dried Apricots and Other Tropical and Exotic Fruits (Apple, Mango, Papaya, Pineapple, Banana, and Citrus).The European Union is the largest importer of dried grapes in the world, with a market share of more than 50% of the world imports. Also dried grapes are the most important dried fruit in the European market, representing 40% of all dried fruit imports. Nearly 70% of all European imports of dried grapes are from Developing Countries.Hydraulic Hose with Crimping Facility of Hose End FittingsA hose is a flexible hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to another. Hoses are also sometimes called pipes (the word pipe usually refers to a rigid tube, whereas a hose is usually a flexible one), or more generally tubing. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical (having a circular cross section). Hose design is based on a combination of application and performance. Common factors are size, pressure rating, weight, length, straight hose or coilhose, and chemical compatibility.Hoses are made from one or a combination of many different materials. Applications mostly use nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene, PVC, or synthetic or natural rubbers, based on the environment and pressure rating needed. Development in rubber and plastic technology led to substantial growth of hose pipe and almost all the hose pipe manufactured has components of rubber and plastic. The market was estimated at USD ~ billion during 2016 which has increased from USD ~ billion in 2011 registering a five year CAGR of ~% in 2011-2016. The resultant effect on the global market for hydraulic rubber hoses is a CAGR of 4.2% from 2014 to 2022. This market is expected to be valued at US$779.8 mn by the end of 2016 and US$1 bn by 2022. Entrepreneurs who invest in this project will be successful.Calcined Lime, Lime CalcinationLime is one of the most widely used and cheapest alkalizing agents employed worldwide.Limestone is one of the most basic raw materials employed in the steel industry and is used both in iron making and steel making processes. Lime (CaO) is one of the oldest chemicals known to man and the process of lime production is one of the oldest chemical industries.Calcium oxide (CaO) is lime, which is produced through calcination of limestone including calcined limestone, ground limestone and hydrated limestone. Production of lime is a complex industrial process and delivers two product forms quicklime and hydrated lime.Lime is an important element in civil engineering and construction materials. In chemical industry, lime is used as chemical reagent in the production of various chemicals. It is extensively used in the metallurgical industry and in numerous other downstream manufacturing industries including glass, and paper and pulp among others. Increase in usage of lime in the production of precipitated calcium carbonate is expected to drive the lime market during the forecast period. According to the research report, the global lime market was valued at US$44.84 bn in 2015 and is expected to be worth US$76.48 bn by the end of 2024. During the forecast period of 2016 and 2024, the global market is expected to surge at a CAGR of 6.2%.Calcined Lime is widely used by almost every Chemical and Process Industry including Fertilizers, Food Nutrients, Chemical, Paper & Pulp, Metallurgical, Oil Refinery, etc. in one or other form. Besides this, it is also used in waste water treatment operations.Multispeciality HospitalA specialty hospital is dedicated to specific sub-speciality care (paediatric centres, oncology centres, and psychiatric hospitals). Patients will often be referred from smaller hospitals to a speciality hospital for major operations, consultations with sub-specialists and when sophisticated intensive care facilities are required. A Multi-speciality hospital as a health care organization has been defined in varied terms as an institution involved in preventive, curative/ameliorative, palliative or rehabilitative services. It is meant to treat patients suffering from various ailments.The overall Indian healthcare market is worth around US$ 100 billion and is expected to grow to US$ 280 billion by 2020, a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 22.9 per cent. Healthcare delivery, which includes hospitals, nursing homes and diagnostics centres, and pharmaceuticals, constitutes 65 per cent of the overall market.The Healthcare Information Technology (IT) market which is valued at US$ 1 billion currently is expected to grow 1.5 times by 2020. As a whole there is a good scope for new entrepreneur to invest in this business.Hosiery Products (Vest, Briefs, T-Shirts & Socks)Hosiery also referred to as leg wear, describes the garments, worn directly on the feet and legs. The term hosiery is also being used for the type of knitted fabric, its weight and thickness. It is manufactured in a wide range of fabric weights, knits and colors. In general, heavier weight fabrics are stronger and more durable, but are thicker and show less of the natural skin tone. On the other hand, lighter garments look and feel more luxurious but are not strong as compared to the heavier ones. The hosiery includes categories such as sheers, support hosiery, control tops, opaques, tights, stay-ups, stockings, maternity pantyhose and run-resistant garments.The growth of the global hosiery market is driven by the robust demand for comfortable and stylish hosiery among the consumers. Changing lifestyles and demographic factors are bringing changes in demand patterns for hosiery. Further, the global demand for hosiery is increasing due to the increasing employment rate across various countries in the world. Further, rising disposable income is expected to intensify the growth of the global hosiery market. Moreover, rapid urbanization is anticipated to positively impact the growth of the hosiery market.Rising personal disposable income along with changing lifestyle is anticipated to expand the growth of global hosiery market during the forecast period. Apart from this, propagation of modern retail formats such as supermarkets, discount stores, and pharmacy stores is resulting in increasing product visibility. This enables easier accessibility to clothing products such as hosiery to consumers. The increasing sales from online commerce sector is fuelling the growth of global hosiery market as it saves the time of buyers and offer various discounts on the products. Thus, the online store is expected to be the fastest growing segment which is anticipated to expand the growth of global hosiery market over the forecast period.The global hosiery market is expected to witness a steady growth attributed to considerable demand in the healthcare and fitness industry. Consumption of hosiery products is expected to remain high among women in terms of demography. Socks is predicted to witness significant demand in the global market as compared to other products.Increasing spending on fashion products coupled with growth in disposable income of consumer is anticipated to drive the demand for the hosiery market during the forecast period. Furthermore, in developing economies, rising preference towards western outfits resulting in higher spending on fashion clothing is in turn projected to drive the demand for hosiery products over the forecast period. Beside this, increasing population across the globe is also projected to drive the demand for hosiery products.Furfural from Bagasse and CorncobsFurfural is produced from agricultural waste biomass that contain pentosans, which are aldose to sugars, composed of small rings formed from short five-member chains, that constitute a class of complex carbohydrates, present in cellulose of many woody plants such as corn cobs, sugar cane bagasse, rice, wheat bran, sawdust and oat hulls etc. Furfural has several applications such as antacids, fertilizers, plastics, fungicides, nematicides and adhesives.The global furfural market was valued at US$1.3 bn by 2013,US$450 million in 2014,$663.5 million in 2015 and In 2016, the market was valued USD 557.4 Million in terms of revenue. By Regions, 2017-2025” is expected to reach USD 1393.9 Million by 2025 in terms of revenue. In terms of volume, is estimated to reach by 464.5 Kiloton in 2016, $1,434.1 million by 2022 and expected to reach $1184.8 Kiloton by 2025.Entrepreneurs who invest in this project will be successful. Read moreNewspaper PrintingNewspaper, publication usually issued daily, weekly, or at other regular times that provides news, views, features, and other information of public interest and that often carries advertising.India has a growing and constantly changing newspaper market, with daily circulation up from 150 million, it is expected to continue to rise in the coming years.India’s Newspaper Industry has been rising since so many years and this is why a lot of motivated individuals tend to indulge in these kind of businesses be it newspaper, magazine etc. In India, as per a report, there are more than 82,000 newspapers in publication. And now this number seems to grow year by year. Publishing Industry has always been a lucrative option for a number of aspiring beings across India.India has more daily newspaper than any other nation and out of world’s 100 largest newspapers 20 are Indian. The demand of newsprint in India is expected to grow at a rate of 9% and India’s paper consumption is expected to increase to three million tons in 2015-16.Fluorine Chemical (Hydrofluoric Acid)Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive, as it reacts with almost all other elements, except for helium and neon.Fluorine is an univalent poisonous gaseous halogen, it is pale yellow-green and it is the most chemically reactive and electronegative of all the elements. Fluorine readily forms compounds with most other elements, even with the noble gases krypton, xenon and radon. It is so reactive that glass, metals, and even water, as well as other substances, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.Polyvinyl AcetatePolyvinyl acetate is a substance produced through the combining of many units of monomeric vinyl acetate (CH3COOCH=CH2). The number of units so combined is typically between 100 and 5,000. Polyvinyl acetate includes all homopolymers and copolymers where the vinyl acetate content is at least 50%. About 80% of total consumption is used in wood, construction and paper adhesives, and architectural coatings. Most of the remaining polymers are used in paper and textile coatings.Polyvinyl acetate is a rubber synthetic polymer, or plastic. It belongs to polyvinyl ester family and is categorized as a thermoplastic, meaning it melts at high temperatures and is elastic and flexible at room temperature. Polyvinyl acetate is a vinyl polymer and is prepared by polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer.Microcrystalline Cellulose(Pharmaceutical Grade)Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is a term for refined wood pulp and is used as a texturizer, an anti-caking agent, a fat substitute, an emulsifier, an extender, and a bulking agent in food production. The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablets. It is also used in plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethyl cellulose.Microcrystalline Cellulose Market size is projected to grow from USD 885.1 million in 2018 to USD 1,241.4 million by 2023, at a CAGR of 7.0% between 2018 and 2023 and is forecast to exceed USD 1.2 billion by 2024. Which facilitates the development of new technologies and ensure a high quality product. Read moreDry Fruits Processing(For Snack, Almond, Pistachio and Cashew Nut)Dried fruits are one of the most popular products made by small-scale processors. Drying removes the water from fruits so that the growth of micro-organisms is inhibited. It also reduces the weight and bulk of foods which cuts down on transport and storage costs. Walnuts, Cashew nuts, Almonds, pine nuts, Pistachio provided a high calorie intake. Nuts are used by mankind for food, edible oils, spices, condiments or beverages. Nuts are a rich source of protein, dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals. This makes them a popular snack which is both tasty and nutritious.The nut and dried fruit industry in India is currently pegged at INR 15,000 crores (~ USD 2 billion) and is estimated to grow to INR 30,000 crores (~ USD 4 billion) by 2020, according to the Chairman of Royal Dried Fruits Range, a city-based dried fruits retailer. The global nuts and seeds market to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% during the period 2016-2020. This facilitates the development of new technologies and ensures a high quality product. Read moreLayer Poultry FarmingLayer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age. They remain laying eggs continuously till their 72-78 weeks of age. They can produce about one kg of eggs by consuming about 2.25 kg of food during their egg laying period.India is third largest egg production and fifth in chicken meat producer in the world. India has a population of 1.2 billion and 50% of India's workforce is in agriculture. The total egg production has increased from 27.33 Billion during 2015-17 (Rainy) to 29.09 Billion during 2016-18 (Rainy) registering a growth 6.42%. As against the targeted production of 87.05 Billions of eggs during 2016-18, the total estimated production in two seasons, summer and rainy, is 55.11 Billion showing an achievement of 63.31%. As a whole there is a good scope for new entrepreneur to invest in this business. Read moreLithium Ion Battery(Battery Assembly)Lithium ion batteries are those that can be recharged. Lithium batteries are now powering a wide range of electrical and electronical devices, including laptop computers, mobile phones, power tools, telecommunication systems and new generations of electric cars and vehicles.The India lithium-ion battery market is expected to grow at a robust CAGR of 29.26% during the forecast period, 2018-2023. India has set itself an ambitious target of having only electric vehicles (EV) by 2030, which is expected to increase the demand for lithium-ion batteries in India, significantly. The high cost, associated with batteries that are used in the electric vehicles, is considered to be critical for India's ambitious target. To counter this, the Government of India is planning to set up lithium-ion battery manufacturing units in India, aggressively. This facilitates the development of new technologies and ensures a high quality product.Activated Carbon from BambooActivated carbon is a non-graphite form of carbon and is micro crystalline in nature. It is extensively used in various industries as a very good adsorbent for odour or colour. There are two varieties of activated carbon viz gas phase or the liquid phase adsorbents. The liquid phase activated carbon is usually powder or granular form whereas the gas phase adsorbent is hard granules like dust free pellets. Activated carbon is an important component of filter material for the removal of hazardous components in exhaust gases for the purification of drinking water and for waste water treatment.Global Activated Carbon Market is expected to garner 2,776 kilo tons and $5,129 million by 2022, registering a CAGR of 6.8% and 9.3% during the forecast period 2016 - 2020. Activated carbon is processed carbon with small, low-volume pores to increase surface area for chemical reactions and adsorption. Thus, due to demand it is best to invest in this project.Liquid Sodium Silicate from Caustic Soda & SandLiquid Sodium Silicate is a major compound used for formulating chemicals like silicate gel and precipitated silica. Apart from this, Sodium Silicate Liquid has an extensive usage in ceramic industry, paper industry, detergent industry as well as electrodes manufacturing companies.Liquid sodium silicates are manufactured in various molar ratios. Molar ratios (MR) define the ratio of SiO2 versus Na2O in the substance. The higher the molor ratio, the less sodium ions are present in the silica network and consequently the less alkaline the silicates are. Therefore, classification and labeling depends on the molor ratio (cfr. MSDS). Varying the ratio of SiO2 to Na2O and the solids content results in solutions with differing properties.The Liquid Sodium Silicate is a non-hazardous chemical which is used in many applications worldwide. The essential and diversified applications are churning out increasing demand for liquid sodium silicate. The liquid sodium silicate has several important unique properties which are not shared by other alkaline salts. Such valuable properties along with their low-cost results in their usage in several applications in diverse industries. The liquid sodium silicate is used in various industries as detergents, adhesives, binders, cement, ingredients in cleaning compounds, different coatings, anticorrosives, deflocculants, catalyst bases, chemicals, etc. The unique properties and functional characteristics of liquid sodium silicate can be used to resolve many problems arising in chemical and industrial processes efficiently and economically.Increasing concern towards environment in the country are likely to compel manufacturers to use bio-based products such as rice husk. Abundant availability of the rice husk in the region, especially in the rice producing states including Texas, California, Arkansas and Mississippi is expected to open new avenues for the industry growth over the next eight years.The growth in the demand for adhesives in paper and pulp and cement industry is projected to drive the growth of liquid sodium silicate market over the forecast period. The liquid sodium silicate market is highly competitive due to the presence of many manufacturers with large capacities globally. The increasing use of liquid sodium silicate as an adhesive in numerous manufacturing applications is driving the liquid sodium silicate market. The liquid sodium silicate is used to bind fiber drums, cores of paper towel and toilet tissues, paperboard laminates, etc. Most of the manufacturers prefer to use liquid sodium silicate because of it is low-cost, environment-friendly and non-toxic. The availability of raw material such as silica sand, soda ash, and rice husk is expected to fuel the growth of liquid sodium silicate market over the forecast period. The final cost of the liquid sodium silicate depends upon the factors such as raw material cost, operational cost, and transportation cost. The liquid sodium silicate finds a side application if rubber and tire manufacturing industry as a filler. The development in the automotive sector and rapid growth in APEJ region is expected to drive the elastomers segment over the forecast period.Coal Washery UnitCoal Washing Unit is one of the most important units for up-gradation of Coal in sense of fed value by reducing of ash content in the Coal. It is basically associated with sieve of position to get the quality Coal. Qualities of coal depend upon its ash content. Coal washing is a process of separation mainly based on differences in specific gravity of coal and associated impurities like sand, ash etc. The course will deal theoretical and practical aspects of coal washing processes and equipment.Coal demand in 2020 is unlikely to be anywhere near 1,500 MT for domestic coal. The Government of India plans to achieve a domestic coal production target of 1.5 billion tonnes by 2020–an ambitious growth from 2015’s production of 612.4 million tonnes. At present 8% of coal production is through underground mining technology. If CIL has to produce even 900 MT by 2020. Thus, due to demand it is best to invest in this project. Read moreHere, checkout this link on popular business ideas for different industries that have great future potential.Detailed Project Report (DPR)Hope that helps.Best Regards,Ajay GuptaFootnotes[1] NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES, NPCS, India - Business Consultant, Project Report, Technology Books, Directory