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The big one would be using various resampling techniques to estimate how many people weren’t counted. Needless to say, groups that stand to lose ground object. Supreme Court rejects census sampling plan.Democrats embraced the idea. Minorities and inner-city residents, who tend to vote Democratic, made up a large share of the estimated 4 million people missed by the 1990 count. Republicans opposed sampling. People who tend to vote Republican also are more likely to voluntarily respond to the census.

It is almost impossible to determine in dollars and cents how much “egg money” might accumulate. There was enough trade in “egg money” to provide for “novelties, notions, and fancies” rather than supplies and provisions — writing paper, trims, braid, piping, binding, beads, buttons, ribbon, colored thread, needles. The general store was stocked with staples — whiskey and Bibles and everything in between. One proprietor in a large town proudly announced that he carried "anything you might call for, from a diamond ring to a pint of salt" (Wheeler, 88).Along with her excess eggs and butter, a frontier wife might sell her clean ashes for as much as fifteen cents a bushel, payable partly in cash, partly in trade. They could also skip the middleman and make soap for sale in town from potash and animal fat. Many women also spun flax or wool for sale.Keturah Penton Belknap recorded in her journal the prices she and her family received in Iowa in the 1840s: 12.5 cents a pound for butter, 6.5 cents a dozen for eggs, fresh pork for 5 cents a pound; corn at 12.5 cents a bushel unshucked, and, for their wheat, $3 a barrel after having had it ground, buying barrels, and hauling it sixty miles to Keokuk. At the end of one year, she noted rather proudly, they had $20 in silver to "put in the box" (Luchetti and Olwell, 136).By way of comparison, the average working family income in the United States from 1860 to 1900 is modern dollars (2020) was a remarkably low $7000, or just under $400 dollars in 1860 money. The 1870 census sampled more than 7.5 million families with an average wealth of almost $3000 dollars, much of the total held by a small minority of very wealthy families. Sixty-nine percent of American families had property valued at more than $100 dollars. This included real property (land and houses) and personal property (cash or items of value). Given that the $100 dollar threshold for inclusion masks some details regarding the poorest third of the populationThere were marked differences in wealth distribution across occupational groups. General laborers and domestics, as expected, were the least likely to own property of any kind, but farmers, because of their land, were the most likely to report real property ownership. In terms of wealth, professionals and managers were among the wealthiest occupations, but farmers also placed very high along the wealth spectrum. Craftsmen and machine operators came next with salesmen and clerks being last in wealth among persons with specific occupations. [Volo and Volo, 2007: 61-63][i] Luchetti, Cathy, in collaboration with Carol Olwell. Women of the West. St. George, UT: Antelope Valley Press, 1982.

Which group of people saying things have any data to back it up?The census is a massive nationwide endeavour. By claiming that the Muslim population is off by even 1% from the census, you are essentially saying that it is undercounting over one crore Muslims. The difference between 17% of the population being Muslim and 30% being Muslim is around seventeen crore Muslims. How do you “hide” that many humans in a census in a grand conspiracy without someone spilling the secrets?According to the 2011 census, Muslims were 14.2% of the Indian population. Considering historic growth rates, they should be closer to 15% now.Even 17% will be overcounting by much. 20% is practically impossible, and there is no alternate universe in which Muslims form 30% of the Indian population. The 2021 census will give us the updated count in a few years. But I am not expecting any surprises from it.There is a lot of demographic scaremongering about the Muslim population from the right wing in India. But I am yet to see any decent representative sample survey from their side to put the census numbers into question. All these huge numbers are pulled out of thin air to scare Hindus about the Muslim population.PS: My answers on the Indian Muslim population scare are aggregated here.