Official Letter Request Form: Fill & Download for Free

Ahmed Mohamedis a sudanes arab decent americanif you want to fallow him her you goAhmed Mohamed (@IStandWithAhmed) | TwitterAhmed Mohamed clock incidentFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchAhmed Mohamed clock incidentAhmed Mohamed, October 2015DateSeptember 14, 2015VenueMacArthur High SchoolLocationIrving, Texas, United StatesThe Ahmed Mohamed clock incident occurred when 14-year-old Ahmed Mohamed was arrested on September 14, 2015, at MacArthur High School in Irving, Texas, for bringing a disassembled digital clock to school. The incident ignited allegations of racial profiling and Islamophobia from many media and commentators.The episode arose when Mohamed reassembled the parts of a digital clock in an 8-inch (20 cm)[1]pencil container and brought it to school to show his teachers. His English teacher thought the device resembled a bomb, confiscated it, and reported him to the school's principal. The local police were called, and they questioned him for an hour and a half. He was handcuffed, taken into custody without permission to see his parents, and transported to a juvenile detention facility, where he was fingerprinted and a mug shot photograph was taken. He was then released to his parents. According to local police, the reason for his arrest was because they initially suspected he may have purposely caused a bomb scare. The case was not pursued further by the juvenile justice authorities, but he was suspended from school.Following the incident, the police determined Mohamed had no malicious intent, and he was not charged with any crime.[2][3]News of the incident became popular – initially on Twitter – with allegations by commentators that the actions of the school officials and police were due to their stereotyping of Mohamed based on his Sudanese ancestry and Muslim faith. Afterwards, U.S. President Barack Obama as well as other politicians, activists, technology company executives, and media personalities commented about the incident. Many of them praised Mohamed for his ingenuity and creativity, and he was invited to participate in a number of high-profile events related to encouraging youth interest in science and technology. Although Mohamed was cleared in the final police investigation, he became the subject of conspiracy theories – many of them contradictory, citing no evidence, and conflicting with established facts – which claimed that the incident was a deliberate hoax.[2][4]On November 23, 2015, Ahmed's family threatened to sue the City of Irving and the school district for civil rights violations and physical and mental anguish unless they received written apologies and compensation of $15 million.[5][6]This lawsuit was dismissed in May 2017 for lack of evidence.[7]The family also sued conservative talk show hosts Glenn Beck, Ben Shapiro, and another Fox News commentator for lesser amounts on the grounds of defamation of character. Both cases were dismissed with prejudice for First Amendment free speech reasons.[8]In late 2015, his family decided to accept a scholarship from the Qatar Foundation and move to Qatar, partially because of unsupported accusations of terrorist links and continued harassment by conspiracy theorists.[9]Contents1Incident1.1Background1.2Clock and arrest1.3Suspension1.4Lawsuits1.5Immediate responses1.5.1School district1.5.2Irving's mayor1.5.3Ahmed Mohamed and his family2Reactions3Opinions3.1Politicians3.2Media3.3Conspiracy theories3.4Others4References5External linksIncident[edit]Background[edit]Photo taken by the Irving Police Department of the clockAt the time of the incident on Monday, September 14, 2015, Mohamed was fourteen years old and a high school freshman. In interviews with local media, Mohamed said that he wanted to show the engineering teacher at school what he had done over the weekend; he had taken apart a clock and rebuilt it inside a pencil case that resembled a small briefcase.[10]His father, Mohamed Elhassan Mohamed, said that he had driven him to school that morning and encouraged him to show his technological skills.[11]In an interview on Al Jazeera's Ali Velshi on Target, Mohamed said the clock was "built from scrap around the house" and that "some of the boards were already manufactured".[12]He told Larry Wilmore on The Nightly Show that it took him only "10 or 20 minutes" to put it together and that he had built more complicated items in the past but that the clock was simple, using some parts that were "scrapped off" so that it was easier.[13]According to the initial report in The Dallas Morning News, he had done this "before bed on Sunday [September 13, 2015]".[14]Ralph Kubiak, Mohamed's seventh-grade history teacher, said that Mohamed was known as an electronics enthusiast with a history of being disciplined for using a handmade remote control to cause a classroom projector to malfunction on command. Mohamed was also noted for making a battery charger to help recharge the cellphone of a school tutor.[15]The Dallas Morning News commented, "[s]ome of these creations looked much like the infamous clock – a mess of wires and exposed circuits stuffed inside a hinged case, perhaps suspicious to some."[16]According to the Guardian, everybody in middle school knew Mohamed as "the kid who makes crazy contraptions" and who fixed electronics classmates brought to him, earning him the nickname "Inventor Kid".[17]According to the Dallas Morning News, Mohamed's discipline record "was thick by some accounts", and he was suspended for several weeks while in middle school.[16]According to a family friend, one of the suspensions was for blowing soap bubbles in the bathroom and another was for his reaction to an alleged attack in the school hallway by a schoolmate. During that time, Mohamed "was complaining of bullying – not just by students, but by staff", reportedly for being Muslim. After reviewing a letter of support from the same family friend and meeting with Mohamed, the school principal overturned that suspension.[16]Clock and arrest[edit]Mohamed said he brought the clock to school because he "wanted to impress all of his teachers".[12]His engineering teacher, upon seeing the clock said, "That's really nice", but advised him to keep the device in his backpack for the rest of the school day, as he thought it resembled something akin to a briefcase bomb.[14]Mohamed, however, later plugged it in during his English class and set a time on the clock.[12]When the clock alarm started beeping, the English teacher requested to see it, and said, "Well, it looks like a bomb. Don't show it to anyone else."[11]In an interview posted on KXAS-TV (NBC 5), Mohamed said he "closed it with a cable ... 'cause I didn't want to lock it to make it seem like a threat, so I just used a simple cable so it won't look that much suspicious."[18]After the English teacher confiscated the clock and reported him to the school principal's office, the police were called. The principal and a police officer then took him out of class and led him to a room where four other officers were waiting.[14]Police indicated that he was interrogated only in order to clarify his intentions when he brought the clock to school.[2]According to Mohamed, he was not allowed to contact his family during the questioning and he was threatened by the principal with expulsion unless he would sign a written statement.[14]After interrogating him for about an hour and a half, he was taken out of the school in handcuffs and into police custody. Following his arrival at a juvenile detention center, Mohamed was fingerprinted, required to take a mug shot, and further questioned before being released to his parents.[2][19][20][21]Police determined that he had no malicious intent, and he was not charged with any crime.[2][3]Irving Police Chief Larry Boyd said that "the officers pretty quickly determined that they weren't investigating an explosive device", and that Mohammed was arrested over the prospect that it was a "hoax bomb".[22]Under Texas law, it is illegal to possess a "hoax bomb" with an intent to "make another believe that the hoax bomb is an explosive or incendiary device" or to "cause [an] alarm or reaction of any type by an official of a public safety agency or volunteer agency organized to deal with emergencies."[23]After releasing Mohamed, police continued to question his clock's purpose, saying, "He kept maintaining it was a clock, but there was no broader explanation."[14][24]Some of Mohamed's teachers at Sam Houston Middle School were surprised to learn that staff at the high school called police, as they have known Mohamed to bring more elaborate devices to their school.[16]His supporters have speculated that the questioning and subsequent transfer by police to a juvenile center exemplifies Islamophobia in the United States.[2]Suspension[edit]Mohamed was suspended from school for three days.[25]MacArthur High School's director of communications said he was welcome to return after his suspension.[26]Lawsuits[edit]His family sent a demand letter on November 23, 2015, saying they would file a lawsuit if they did not receive $15 million in financial compensation and a public apology from the City of Irving and the Irving School District.[5]He later withdrew from the school.[27]His family then filed a lawsuit against the City of Irving and the school district on August 8, 2016.[28][29]The lawsuit alleged that officers racially profiled him and treated him differently on the basis of his race and ethnicity, starting with when “Yep, that’s who I thought it was,” with the implication being that they expected a student with a Muslim name to be the culprit.[30]The lawsuit continued that the officers "pulled A.M. forcefully out of his chair, yanked his arms up behind his back so far that his right hand touched the back of his neck, causing a lot of pain."[31]On May 19, 2017, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit, saying the plaintiff presented no facts demonstrating intentional discrimination against Mohamad.[32]Mohamed Mohamed, on behalf of himself and Ahmed Mohamed, filed a defamation suit in Dallas County District Court on September 21, 2016.[33]The named defendants were The Blaze, Inc, Glenn Beck, Center for Security Policy, Jim Hanson, Fox Television Stations, LLC, Ben Ferguson, Ben Shapiro, and Beth Van Duyne.[34]Case No. DC-16-12579. The Mohameds were represented by Susan E. Hutchison of Hutchison & Stoy, PLLC.[35]A hearing was held on December 16, 2016, during which all claims against the defendants KDFW Fox 4 and Ben Ferguson were dismissed with prejudice (meaning the suit cannot be re-filed, though this can be appealed). On January 9, 2017, Judge Maricela Moore dismissed the suit against several media outlets (TheBlaze, Glenn Beck, Jim Hanson and the Center for Security Policy).On February 2, 2017, the suit against Ben Shapiro was also dismissed with an order citing the Texas Citizens Participation Act.[36]Legal fees and other relief were awarded to all defendants.[37]On March 13, 2018 a federal lawsuit filed by Ahmed Mohamed's father against the Irving Independent School District, the city of Irving, and several specific individuals, was dismissed with prejudice and with the court ordering Mohamed's family to bear all the costs of the lawsuit.[38][39]Immediate responses[edit]School district[edit]School district spokeswoman Lesley Weaver said, "We are never going to take any chances for any of their safety [...] It doesn't matter what child would have brought a suspicious looking item. We still would have taken the same actions." She further said "If the family is willing to give us written permission, we would be happy to share with the public the other side of the story so they can understand the actions we took."[11]Irving's mayor[edit]Irving Mayor Beth Van Duyne defended the actions of the police and the Irving Independent School District, stating that they were following the procedure set when a "potential threat" is discovered.[40]Van Duyne said that from the information she had seen, Mohammed had been "non-responsive" and "passive aggressive" in response to questions from police officers.[41]Van Duyne said there was one-sided reporting of the interaction between Mohammed and police, saying that they are unable to release records because Mohammed is a juvenile and his family has refused to allow it.[41]According to The Dallas Morning News, Mohamed's family never received the request to release his records, because the school district mailed it to the wrong lawyer; the letter was later sent to the correct attorneys.[42]Ahmed Mohamed and his family[edit]According to Mohamed, when questioned by the school staff as to whether he had tried to make a bomb, he said, "I told them no, I was trying to make a clock."[43]He also questioned the fairness of the situation "because I brought something to school that wasn't a threat to anyone. I didn't do anything wrong. I just showed my teachers something and I end up being arrested later that day."[11]On September 18, Mohamed Elhassan Mohamed announced that his son would either be transferring to a private school or be home-schooled.[44]The family has since withdrawn all of their children from schools in the Irving Independent School District, and the father said the events emotionally affected his son, who was not eating well and having trouble sleeping. He said, "It's torn the family and makes us very confused."[45]Though many schools offered to enroll Mohamed, his father said he wanted to give his son time before making a decision.[45]The family hired counsel "to pursue Ahmed's legal rights and regain his science project from the Irving Police Department".[46]The police issued a statement saying that they had made the clock available shortly after the incident and were awaiting pick-up by "the student's father, or his designated representative".[47]Mohamed eventually got the clock back from the police on October 23 shortly before the family left the United States.[48][49]In October 2015, the family decided to move to Qatar, where Mohamed continued his education in the capital city Doha with a scholarship from the Qatar Foundation for Education[50][51][52]and will attend Qatar Academy.[53]Mohamed's uncle said another reason for the family's leaving the United States was fear caused by all the attacks they received, the conspiracy theories, rumors, and unwarranted accusations of terrorist links.[9]The family returned to the Dallas area in June 2016, saying they missed the relatives who had stayed in the U.S.,[54]and they would return to Qatar in the fall.[55]In August 2016, it was reported that Ahmed Mohamed would start 10th grade at Qatar Academy in Doha in September 2016.[56]Reactions[edit]President ObamaTwitter@POTUSCool clock, Ahmed. Want to bring it to the White House? We should inspire more kids like you to like science. It's what makes America great.16 Sep 2015[57]After the initial report in The Dallas Morning News caught his attention, tech blogger Anil Dash created an online form for people to send supportive messages and offer ideas about how to encourage Mohamed. Dash, with more than 500,000 followers on Twitter, was among the earliest to widely publicize the story through social media, and was first to tweet the photo of Mohamed handcuffed, wearing a faded NASA T-shirt. Within hours, the hashtag #IStandWithAhmed began trending on Twitter and Dash had received thousands of responses.[58][59]According to social analytics site Topsy, close to a million people sent out tweets with the supportive hashtag #IstandwithAhmed in less than 24 hours.[60]Mohamed opened his own Twitter account @IStandWithAhmed in the morning of September 16 and had more than 37,000 followers by the afternoon.[61]Irving Mayor Beth Van Duyne said that Irving's police chief and other police officers, as well as teachers and school administrators, were receiving death threats as a result of the controversy.[41]Mohamed also received support from President Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Mark Zuckerberg. On Obama's Twitter feed, a post said "Cool clock, Ahmed", and asked "Want to bring it to the White House?" continuing "We should inspire more kids like you to like science. It's what makes America great." Zuckerberg invited Mohamed to Facebook headquarters. Mohamed and his family announced that he was going to the White House for its annual Astronomy Night, where he would have the opportunity to meet other aspiring young scientists.[62][63]NASA astronaut John M. Grunsfeld with Ahmed Mohamed at the 2015 White House Astronomy Night.On October 19, 2015, Mohamed attended the White House Astronomy Night event on the South Lawn of the White House and met with President Obama.[64][65][66]The President gave a speech to the audience in attendance at the event, saying: "We have to watch for and cultivate and encourage those glimmers of curiosity and possibility, not suppress them, not squelch them."[66]After his speech, the President talked with Mohamed briefly and hugged him, in addition to looking through a telescope and being placed on a call with the crew of the International Space Station.[65][66]Google invited Mohamed to attend its science fair, urging him to bring the clock along; when he arrived he "received a warm welcome, touring the booths and taking pictures with finalists."[67][68]Twitter offered him a chance to intern with them.[69]Retired Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield invited Mohamed to his science show in Toronto.[70]According to Ahmed's father, the family was invited to the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City where, he said, United Nations officials wanted to meet his son.[45]On September 25, 2015, Ahmed met with Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, who was in New York attending UN meetings.[71]He was also invited to the Social Good Summit in New York City,[72]and during his visit, he met with Mayor Bill de Blasio, City Comptroller Scott Stringer, Public Advocate Letitia James, and members of New York City Council[73]on a visit arranged by the NYPD Muslim Officers Society.[74]After meeting Mohamed, Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams tweeted "I'll buy one of his clocks!"[73]In late February 2016, the school district filed suit against the Texas Attorney General, in order to challenge an order that the school district release a copy of a letter sent by the U.S. Department of Justice to the school district while investigating the case.[75][76]According to The Dallas Morning News, the letter had described allegations of "both harassment and the discipline of students on the basis of race, religion and national origin".[76][77]After the incident, MacArthur High School's 2015 valedictorian, then in college, wrote that MacArthur High School and the Irving Independent School District were very supportive of her and her beliefs as a Muslim, and that she did not experience any instances of religious discrimination or Islamophobia.[78]Opinions[edit]Politicians[edit]White House press briefing on incidentIn a debate among 2016 Republican presidential candidates, Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal said that he did not think that a 14-year-old should ever be arrested for bringing a clock to school but defended the police who were "worried about security and safety issues."[79]Twenty-nine members of the United States Congress, including Asian-American and Muslim members, sent a letter to the U.S. Attorney General at the Department of Justice requesting an investigation of "the civil rights violations that took place during the unjust arrest of Ahmed Mohamed."[80]The letter said "Ahmed was denied his civil rights on numerous occasions as he was consistently refused his right to speak with his father. Texas Family Code clearly states 'a child may not be left unattended in a juvenile processing office and is entitled to be accompanied by the child's parent, guardian, or other custodian or by the child's attorney.' (Section 52.025)"[81]The letter went on to say that reports about the incident suggested "that Ahmed Mohamed was systematically profiled based on his faith and ethnicity both by the Irving Police Department and MacArthur High School".[81]Letter from 29 members of the Congress to U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch requesting a full investigation into the arrest of Ahmed MohamedWhite House press secretary Josh Earnest said that the incident "is a good illustration of how pernicious stereotypes can prevent even good-hearted people who have dedicated their lives to educating young people from doing the good work that they set out to do", and that Mohamed was invited to the White House South Lawn for Astronomy Night on October 19.[60][82]Media[edit]Techdirt writer Tim Cushing wrote that the Texas "hoax bomb" law Mohamed was accused under was too loosely worded, as a mere reaction by a public safety official was enough to fall under it (regardless of whether someone had intentionally meant to cause such a reaction), and that it could theoretically apply to other legitimate devices (such as phones and road flares) because they can "cause alarm or reaction of any type" from a public safety officer. At the same time, he wrote that the school itself may have also violated the same law, as they presented the clock to police as potentially being an explosive device.[23]Rose Hackman of The Guardian stated, "The incident caused international outrage, with critics claiming such drastic treatment would never have occurred had the teenager not been Muslim."[83]Writing in The Texas Observer, Patrick Michels said the Irving school district has a history of overly-punitive criminalization of childhood behavior and similarly called the arrest an example of "school-to-prison" thinking. "A child learns in school that he's a criminal, and he remembers that lesson for the rest of his life", Michels wrote.[84]The Wall Street Journal commentator James Taranto said he believes what happened to Mohamed is not uncommon; he points to a similar story from 2001 in New Jersey, in which Jason Anagnos, a nine-year-old non-Muslim boy, was arrested, charged and convicted for having brought a fake bomb along on a gifted-and-talented class field trip.[85]Kyle Smith of the New York Post brought up other cases of schools being overzealous in punishing white children for safety breaches, including a 7-year-old who pretended that his pop tart was a gun and a South Carolina teenager who had his locker searched for writing a story about shooting a dinosaur; he added that none of these children received the same level of attention as Mohamed.[86]George Takei, the Japanese-American actor who played Sulu on Star Trek, wrote an open letter to Mohamed, offering his support and drawing a parallel between Mohamed's experiences and those of the Japanese Americans (including Takei and his family) who were interned in the United States during World War II.[87]Kevin D. Williamson, a correspondent for the conservative magazine National Review, argued that the media was pushing a case for exaggerated Islamophobia, "because it can be used to further a story that the media already want to tell: that the United States is morally corrupt and irredeemably racist; that Muslims are under siege; that white privilege blinds the majority of Americans to the corruption at the heart of everything red, white, and blue", stating we now live in a time of "race-hustling and grievance-mongering". He contrasted the high level of media coverage for the incident with that of a lesser-reported incident involving the arrest of an eighth-grader for refusing to remove a National Rifle Association T-shirt in class.[88]Bill Maher said on his HBO series Real Time with Bill Maher that Mohamed deserves an apology but that his clock "looks exactly like a fucking bomb."[89][90]Conspiracy theories[edit]The Dallas Morning News and other media sources, including The Washington Post, referred to some comments and claims that emerged in the aftermath of the incident as conspiracy theories, reporting that most of them "cited no evidence, contradicted each other, or clashed with known facts".[4][91][92][93][94]Viral online posts sought to cast suspicion on Mohamed's family and Muslim groups that supported Mohamed after his detainment, positing that Mohamed planned to provoke his arrest to embarrass police and speculating the incident was a plot orchestrated by Islamist activists.[4]After reviewing these theories, Avi Selk of The Dallas Morning News wrote: "No theory that The News has reviewed cites any evidence that Ahmed, who routinely brought electronic creations to his middle school and said he wanted to impress high school teachers, planned to get handcuffed and hit the news" and reported that "a police 'investigation determined the student apparently did not intend to cause alarm bringing the device to school'."[4]Slate observed that at no point did officials exhibit any concern that the clock was dangerous.[95]The Washington Post and Time also noted that Internet-spawned "conspiracy theories" about Mohamed's motivations were partially responsible for his family choosing to leave the United States.[91][92]Others[edit]NASATwitter@NASAWe're supporters of #STEM & inspiring kids like Ahmed to pursue their dreams. Get involved: go.nasa.gov/1NxQJIz16 Sep 2015[96]Terri Burke, executive director of the ACLU of Texas, stated, "Islamophobia, and probably racism, certainly played a role in Ahmed's ordeal, but the fact is overzealous administrators, zero-tolerance policies, and law enforcement officers ill-equipped to deal with schoolchildren have compromised educational environments throughout the country. [...] Ahmed suffered through a terrifying, traumatizing, and unjust ordeal. Yet because of the mass exposure of what he endured, he's received invitations to the White House, Facebook headquarters, and the Google science fair. [...] For too many others – the ones whose stories won't go viral – the possibility of the American nightmare remains too real."[97]According to an article in The New York Observer, the widely circulated photograph of Ahmed in handcuffs wearing a NASA T-shirt has brought attention to the topic of STEM education (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) in America. "And now, children will be inspired to study STEM thanks to Ahmed's continued interest in it beyond all odds."[98]

Thank you for the very interesting question.I think that Peter I was the architect of this process. Let me explain my point of view.Actually the conflicts between Kyiv and Moscow on the language issues took place even before Peter. They mostly were caused by church contradictions. But Peter intensified this process and made it general.The BackgroundWe definitely know that when Bohdan Khmelnytsky began to communicate with Alexei Mikhailovich, they wrote to each other in different languages, and the letters of Bohdan Khmelnytsky were translated for the Tzar. Many Russians do not know about this so I will give proofs.This can be seen for example from these sources:(I will give only sources printed in Russia because I know about the distrust of Russians to the sources published in Ukraine)source 1. Annals of an eyewitness about the wars of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, published in Moscow University in 1846. This book includes addendum with several of Bogdan's letters written to Alexey Michailovich, in the beginning of some letters it is indicated that it is a translation (from Bielorussian or Ukrainian language). Russian name of the book is "Летопись самовидца о войнахъ Богдана Хмельницкаго".source 2. "Kochegarov K. A. Relations between Russia and the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks from the middle of the 16th century until 1654 // Correspondence of hetmans of the Left-Bank Ukraine with Moscow and St. Petersburg. 1654–1764. T. I: Hetmanship of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. 1654–1657 . M., 2017. p. 5–41"So the letters of Bohdan Khmelnytsky to Alexei Mikhailovich were translated into old Russian from old Ukrainian language. Russians did not understand that language and always needed interpreters to translate them. By the way, most of Ukrainian nobility including Bohdan Khmelnitsky spoke several languages. Latin and Polish languages were mandatory. Besides, many of them knew Turkish and Tatar languages. And of course native spoken old Ukrainian language. It is known fact that Ukrainian leaders communicated with the Swedes and the French without interpreters, in Latin. I guess you know that today any Ukrainian understands Russian language even if he does not speak Russian, while no Russian understands Ukranian language.We have information that official correspondence from Ukraine to Russia was written in the Ukrainian language back in the time of Peter I and this caused problems for Moscow clerks.source 3. "Golikov I. I. Acts of Peter the Great, the wise transformer of Russia. T. 3. M., 1837. p. 296–297".This source shows that even in the beginning of 18th century the Ukainian officials wrote their messages to Moscow in Ukrainian language. This caused problem for Russians who had to translate them and they asked Tsar Peter to forbid the Hetmans and their subordinayes to write in Ukrainian.The year 1709In my opinion this is when everything started. That year is marked by the defeat of Charles XII, (Swedish Karl XII, or Latinized Carolus Rex) in the war against Peter I. Next to Karl and Peter there is another historical figure, less familiar to the general public. This is the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Mazepa.Mazepa met Peter when Peter was still very young. Many sources say that a trusting relationship has developed between the Tzar and the hetman. Mazepa often gave Peter useful advice and was useful to the Tzar in many of his affairs. Mazepa and the Tzar had personally known each other for more than 20 years, and in 1708, at the height of Peter's war with the Swedes, Mazepa went over to the side of Karl.Peter was infuriated by this act. He sent troops to Baturin, the capital of Mazepa. The city and its entire population was brutally destroyed. But this was not enough for Peter. He ordered the church hierarchs to anathematize Mazepa and the Moscow church obeyed to the Tzar .To this day, the vast majority of Russians consider Mazepa a traitor. But at the same time they are not trying to understand the motives of Mazepa’s act. Let's try to figure out why Mazepa did this.Militarily, Mazepa’s transition to the side of the Swedes did not change anything, because less than 2,000 Cossacks left with the hetman to the Swedes. It was rather a personal and political demarche against Peter's policy.Mazepa was not a servant of the king. Relations between the Moscow Tzar and the hetman of Ukraine were regulated by the agreement and Mazepa felt like an equal party in relations with the Tzar .The obligation of the Moscow Tzars under that agreement was to protect Ukraine from Poland and preserve self-government in Ukraine.But Peter did not give a damn about the contract.On February 10, 1707, the Tzar had signed a personal decree "On the accession of Kiev and other Cherkasian cities to the department of the Belgorod district". It was direct subordination of Ukraine territory to the Moscow rule!Besides Peter was going to transfer to Poland the Right Bank Ukraine territory subordinated to Mazepa.Besides Peter demanded more and more cossacks from Ukraine for his military actions. When Mazepa tried to remind the Tzar of his obligations Peter rudely refused to listen to him.Knowing all this we can claim that Peter refused to follow the agreement. It was Peter who betrayed his obligations.I guess that after these events Peter began to ponder about the relationship between Ukraine and Muscovy. Perhaps such a question did not arise to him before. For him, all these territories were his possessions. But suddenly, after Mazepa’s act, he realized that there are many people who do not consider themselves subjects of the Moscow Tsar. This state of affairs was unacceptable for Peter and he began to act. I met references to one document of the beginning of the 18th century. In accordance with the document, in 1709, Peter I ordered to find in the archives the original articles of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, but the Tzar was informed that there was no original in the archive.Peter decided to solve this problem in his style. He did not want a contrast between Muscovy and Ukraine. Therefore, he decided to abolish Moskovia and ordered his country to be called Rosia. And he decided to include Ukraine in this Rosia.The Muscovite population silently obeyed the Tzars’s whims. But Peter still had to make the population of Ukraine to forget that they were Ukrainians. And here began an intensive campaign to ban and hold back all Ukrainian. Peter passed this campaign on to his heirs, who understood the importance of this campaign and zealously continued what Peter had begun.Here are some of Peter I actions in this direction.1720 Order of Tsar Peter I: "In the Kiev-Pechersk and Chernigov printing presses, there is no need to print any books ... old books should be checked before the press, so that ... there were no Ukrainian language in them."On Dec. 20, 1720, Peter I issued a decree to the Kyiv Provincial Prince Golitsyn to: "... in all the monasteries remaining in the Russian state, to examine and collect the ancient letters of honor and other curiosity letters of the original, as well as books of historical, manuscript and printed."1721 Decree on the censorship of Ukrainian books.1724 Moscow censorship imposed a fine of thousand rubles on the archimandrite of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra for the fact that the church book "Triode" printed there was "not entirely similar to the Russian one."The Synod ordered the Chernihiv printing house to be transferred to Moscow.After Peter1729 The order of Peter II to rewrite all the state decrees and orders from the Ukrainian language into Russian.1731 The request of Empress Anna Ivanovna to remove the books of the old Ukrainian printing, and "to introduce into science own Russian language". That is to begin printing educational books in Russian. Before that such books were delivered in Moscow from Lithuania.In a secret instruction to the ruler of Ukraine, prince O. Shakhovskyi she ordered (1734) in every way to prevent Ukrainians from marrying Poles and Byelorussians, "and to encourage them to mix with the Great Russians."In 1740, the Russian Empress Anna Ivanovna subordinated the hetman government to the direction of Moscow Prince O. Shakhovskyi and introduced Russian in the office work on the territory of Ukraine.In 1748 the St. Petersburg Synod ordered to the Kiev Metropolitan Samuel Myloslavsky to introduce in the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy and in all schools of Ukraine teaching on the Russian language, which resulted in the disappearance of 866 Ukrainian schools on the Left Bank.In 1750 After the abolition of the Office of the Ministerial Board of Little Russian Affairs in the city of Glukhiv, all the archiv documents were withdrawn and transported to Russia. The archives of the Zaporozhian Sich, found during the "destruction of Sich by the lieutenant-general Techelia in the chest under the throne of the Sich the Church," was moved to the Moscow branch of the General Archives of the General Staff.In 1759 the Synod issued an order to remove Ukrainian ABCs from schools.1763 Decree of Catherine II on the prohibition of teaching in the Ukrainian language at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.In 1764 after abolition of the hetmanate in Ukraine Catherine II instructed prince O. Vyazemsky about the Russification of Ukraine:"If there is no hetman in Little Russia anymore, then we must try to make Hetman's times and name disappear ... "In 1784, according to the instructions of the Synod, the Metropolitan of Kiev had been ordered that in all the churches the clergy and priests read the prayers and governed the service of God "in a voice peculiar to the Russian dialect." The Synod ordered the Metropolitan of Kiev and Galician Samuel to punish students and dismiss the teachers of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy for the use of non-Russian language.In 1784 Catherine II ordered that in all churches of the empire to rule the service of God in Russian. Russian language has been introduced in all schools of Ukraine.In 1785, the Synod again commanded the Metropolitan of Kiev to control the Lavra printing press, so that there was no difference in books with the Moscow edition, and in the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy to immediately introduce a system of education legitimized for the entire empire.And many many others.TodayThis process did not stop yet. The current ruler of Russia is a famous connoisseur of history and he also claims that Ukraine never existed.ConclusionIn my opinion, the process of denial of Ukrainian identity took a decisive form after 1709.

How to Apply | Single Subject Credential Program"What the educator does in teaching is make it possible for the students to become themselves" - Paulo FrierePotential candidate: We are excited for you to take this next step in your educational journey and apply to enroll in our teacher preparation program! The SJSU Single Subject Credential Program is known for effectively preparing transformative educators at the secondary education level in the San Jose region and beyond. See PayScale ranks SJSU education majors #7 in the nation for salary potential.Application UpdatesSummer/Fall 2021 applicantsWe understand that COVID-19 is impacting potential applicants’ ability to complete some of our normal admission requirements. We will update you on all requirements through this web page as we have further information. It is important to note that even if a requirement is waived or deferred, it strengthens your application to complete or show progress toward completing that requirement.Updates as of 9/8/2020 to the Pre-Professional Hours and Certificate of Clearance requirements are detailed below.Updates as of 9/18/2020 to the CBEST and CSET requirements are detailed below.Click here for a one page summary of current requirements. Further information about each requirement is detailed on this "How to Apply" webpage.For questions about current requirements, please contact our Single Subject Credential Program Coordinator Paula Oakes at [email protected] or contact the Teacher Education Department at [email protected]. We are happy to work with you on admissions.Overview of Eligibility and Application RequirementsTo ensure the quality of our program and compliance with California standards, qualified candidates must have a Bachelor’s Degree with at least a 2.75 grade point average. GPA for admission to the university is calculated by the last 60 semester units or by the last 90 quarter units taken or your cumulative GPA, whichever is higher.Note: International coursework may require additional steps of evaluation. See Graduate admission for more details (include hyperlink) (This requirement also reflects that during the program, you must maintain a B average or better to remain in good standing, and you will need a B average to be able to apply for your credential at the end of the program.).You will also need to submit the following materials as part of your application:An official, sealed transcript from each college you have attendedVerification of meeting the Basic Skills requirement (CBEST or equivalent) (Covid Flexibility--see below)Completed Certificate of Clearance1-page resumeVerification of your completed 45 hours of Pre-Professional ExperienceVerification of CSET subject matter competency or Teacher Ed Approved Subject Matter Preparation Program Form (Covid Flexibility--see below)Two letters of recommendation1-page cover letter (optional, unless you are applying for the Yearlong Residency Program, Critical Bilingual Authorization Pathway (CBAP), or Internship Program)Tips:Our Deadlines webpage will help you identify when you need to submit your application materials to SJSU via CalState Apply and to our Teacher Education Department.Admissions to this program occur on a semi-rolling basis, so it is in your best interest to apply as soon as you are prepared to.You should begin to schedule your CBEST and CSET exams as soon as you know you will be applying to this program. It can take time to prepare, receive your results, and retake if necessary.See below for required steps prior to application review. Note: each step may have a number of components.Step 1 | Attend an Applicant Information Session & Meet with Your Subject Area AdvisorRSVP and attend an Applicant Information Session. These sessions provide an overview of the program, address questions and introduce you to advisors and potential future classmates.Contact your Subject Area Advisor to schedule an appointment to complete the following requirements. The process and availability for each advisor will vary.Subject Area Advisor Meeting:Evaluation of Subject Matter Competency (SMC)You will have your transcripts evaluated to determine which CSET exams you need to pass, if any. If you do not have SMC via coursework, you have the option of either taking the additional required coursework or earning passing scores on the required CSET exams in your subject area.Your advisor will forward your SMC Report to the Department of Teacher Education. This required document must be signed by your Subject Area Advisor in order to be admitted into the credential program.Writing taskYou will complete a timed writing task that addresses a specific prompt. This writing sample is reviewed by Teacher Education as part of your application materials. If you need to retake the writing task, you will be notified by email. The writing section of the CBEST does not fulfill this requirement.InterviewThe interview assesses your dispositions toward the teaching profession and also screens for English oral language proficiency. Be prepared to discuss relevant experience, qualities, and interest in education. If your English oral language proficiency is not at the mid-level advanced as defined by the ACTFL you may be called in for further screening.NOTE: The English Education Department interviews are held only once each semester: in Fall, the first Friday in November; in Spring, the second Friday of March.Step 2 | Create Your SJSU Application via CalState ApplyTip: As you go through the application process, keep copies of everything you submit for your entrance application. You will need your documents when you apply for your preliminary credential after completing the program.Create your applicationGo to the Cal State Apply website, select the term you are applying for at the top of the page, and create your account.When searching for Graduate programs at San Jose State University, only enter San Jose in the search field (Do not enter SJSU, San Jose State, or San Jose State University ...just enter San Jose. Otherwise our programs will not populate.).If you're unable to find the semester you desire to apply for, and you know the deadline hasn't passed, go to the CalState Apply home page. Then scroll down and click on the "Select a Term to Apply For" drop-down menu. You should see all of the available semesters in that drop-down menu. Choose your desired semester and click Apply. That will take you to your application. If you click on the "Submit Application" tab at the top of your application, it will confirm which semester you're applying for.For any questions about the "Personal Information," “Academic History," and "Supporting Information" sections and the "Home" tab of the "Program Materials" section of the Cal State Apply application portal, please contact Graduate Admissions by email (preferred) at [email protected] or by phone at 408-283-7500.For any questions regarding the "Program Materials" section (with the exception of the "Home" tab) of the CalState Apply application portal, please read the Program Materials section below or contact us at [email protected] your transcriptsOfficial transcripts are required and must be sent to Graduate Admissions.If your university offers official electronic transcripts, we will also accept this method of delivery. If your university requires an email address to send an official, electronic transcript, the recipient address is: [email protected] mailed transcripts must be sealed and unopened to be accepted as official documents.Transcripts sent by mail should be sent to:Graduate Admissions and Program EvaluationsSan Jose State UniversityOne Washington SquareSan Jose, CA 95192-0017SJSU students do not have to submit SJSU transcripts with your application.International Applicants: Please also visit the SJSU Graduate Admissions and Program Evaluations’ International Steps to Admission webpage for further instructions. If you have any questions regarding these instructions, please contact SJSU Graduate Admissions.Step 3 | Upload Your Program Materials to Your CalState Apply Application for the SJSU Teacher Education DepartmentIn CalState Apply Under "Program Materials" submit the following:Note: Keep your copies! Application documents are also required at the end of your successful completion of the program in order to apply for your preliminary credential.Verification of meeting the Basic Skills requirementCOVID Flexibility for Spring/Summer/Fall 2021 Applicants: We stongly recommend completing this requirement by the point of admission, but you do have the option to defer meeting this requirement until you apply for your Preliminary Credential after completing the program. You will not be able to apply for your Preliminary Credential without this requirement. If you have not completely fulfilled this requirement already, please fill out the COVID-19 Exceptions Form (read/follow instructions on form).There are several ways you can meet the basic skills requirement. View this PDF on the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CTC) website for a full list of possible options.If you plan to satisfy the Basic Skills requirement by an option other than the CBEST, please contact the SJSU Lurie College of Education Credential Services to have your documentation verified. Once Credential Services has reviewed the documentation, please upload the verified document(s) through the CalState Apply application portal.Visit our Test Preparation Resources webpage for several free resources to prepare for passing the CBEST exam.Upload a PDF copy of your verification to your CalState Apply applicationCertificate of Clearance (COC)There are 3 steps to obtaining your Certificate of Clearance (CoC). Do not wait until the last minute to request this item, as it can take weeks for the CTC to issue.(COC) Step 1 | Live Scan ServiceFor Live Scan Service locations, visit Live Scan Locations. Live Scan Services may also be available at the SJSU Police Department. Call (408) 924-2172.Print three copies of the Request for Live Scan Service form [form 41-LS] and take it with you to your Live Scan appointment.(COC) Step 2 | Certificate of Clearance ApplicationAfter you’ve completed your Live Scan, complete and submit the CTC Online Application for the Certificate of Clearance (CoC). The $50 fee for a CoC application is payable by credit card only.When requirements for issuance of the CoC are completed an email will be sent informing the individual that the document has been granted and can be viewed in 48 hours on the CTC website.(COC) Step 3 | Upload a PDF of the granted Certificate of Clearance to your Cal State Apply application or submit the COVID Exceptions Form if you are unable to complete the Live Scan due to COVID-19.Note: An emergency sub permit may be submitted in lieu of the Certificate of Clearance, as long as you ensure the department always has a current, valid copy.District-Level Fingerprint Clearance: In addition to the required Certificate of Clearance, some school districts also require a district-level clearance prior to student teaching. Candidates should arrange an appointment with the participating district’s Human Resources Department at least 10 working days before the start of the field placement student-teaching experience to ensure district-level fingerprint clearance is completed. Candidates may not begin their field placement without having both CCTC and, if required, district-level clearance.Your ResumePrepare a one-page resume that details your college-level academic, employment, and volunteer experiences. For each position you held, highlight the duties you performed and any accomplishments you achieved. Uploa Editd your resume as a PDF.Verification of your Pre-Professional Work ExperienceCOVID Flexibility for Spring 2021 Applicants: This requirement has been temporarily waived by the CSU Office of the Chancellor. However, we ask you to submit any hours that you have completed. If you have zero hours, upload the COVID Exceptions Form.--Any explanation of your work with an interest in work with middle school, high school or other youth is helpful to the review process.Complete a minimum of 45 observation hours of "Pre-Professional Experience" and upload a completed/signed Pre Professional Experience form [pdf] to your Cal State Apply application.Pre-Professional Experience in a public middle or high school during the regular school day schedule is a requirement for admission. You may contact any California public elementary school school and let them know that you are applying to the SJSU Single Subject Credential Program and need to complete your 45 observation hours of Pre-Professional Experience. You should observe classes in the subject area you want your credential in. Twenty of the 45 observation hours may be from other experience with youth, such as: a summer school class at a California public middle school or high school (preferably in the subject area you are seeking a credential in), tutoring, camp counselor position, private school experience, etc.You may also document coursework that included work with secondary youth.If you need assistance with finding a placement to complete these hours, please contact the SJSU Lurie College of Education Student Success Center.Subject Matter Competency (CSETs or Teacher Prep Program)COVID Flexibility for Spring/Summer/Fall 2021 Applicants: If you are meeting this requirement via CSETs, we stongly recommend completing this requirement by the point of admission, but you do have the option to defer meeting this requirement until you apply for your Preliminary Credential after completing the program. You will not be able to apply for your Preliminary Credential without this requirement. If you have not completely fulfilled this requirement already, please fill out the COVID-19 Exceptions Form (read/follow instructions on form).CSET Subject Tests | PDF verifications of your passing scores for all of your CSET subtests must be submitted at the time of application, even if you have already submitted them to your subject area advisor. The list of CSET subtests is available on the CTC website. Visit our Test Preparation Resources webpage for several free resources to prepare for passing various CSET exams.Your Subject Area Advisor will identify the method of demonstration. While the advisor will send a copy to teacher education, you will need a copy of your approved teacher waiver program or CSETS. SJSU Lurie College of Education Credential Services can validate waiver programs from other universities.Two Letters of RecommendationTips: Be sure to use an early submission deadline for your letters of recommendation. You will want them to be available as soon as your file is reviewed so the the earlier the deadline you use, the better. In your message to your recommenders, include the name of the program you are applying for at San Jose State University - Single Subject Teaching Program - as well as the name of the Single Subject Credential Program Coordinator - Paula Oakes.This step is located in the “Recommendations” tab of the “Program Materials” section of your online application.Two (2) letters of recommendation are needed for the department application. These letters must be from people in a supervisory role who have known you in a professional or educational setting. Letters must speak to your ability to work with people, experience with youth, your work ethic, your intellectual capabilities, or other characteristics pertinent to teaching.You can submit your application after requesting recommendations. Once you submit your Cal State Apply application, however, you cannot go back and request more recommendations. Recommendations which are requested from within CalStateApply will be connected to your application once they come in. Additional or alternate letters can be emailed as a Word or PDF attachment directly to the Teacher Education Department to [email protected]. Recommendation letters are an essential component of your application.Cover LetterIf you are applying to the Bilingual Authorization Pathway (BAP), Internship Program, or the Yearlong Residency Program, (which begins during the summer term), please write a 1-page, single spaced cover letter that outlines your teaching and related experiences and skills that you believe make you a good candidate. Upload a PDF copy to your Cal State Apply application. Other applicants are welcome to submit a cover letter but are not required to.Next Step | Admissions DecisionCongratulations - if you completed the above steps, you have successfully applied for our SJSU Single Subject Credential Program! After your application has been reviewed by the SJSU Office of Graduate Admissions, which may take a few weeks, and the Department of Teacher Education, you will receive an email regarding your application status and any next steps. Some candidates are asked in for interviews with Teacher Education depending on their application status or program. You can check the status of your Cal State Apply application by logging into your MySJSU account.