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Here are 5 possible reasons why you can’t study with full focus (and some specific tips to make a positive change that can impact the way your brain works).Reason #1. Everything seems to distract you.It’s super tough to focus on what we’re currently doing because our attention moves onto random little things around us. Here’s an example—multitasking. You know what that’s like: you’re reading email and at the same time you’re keeping your eye on your Facebook updates and who’s been messaging you on WhatsApp. Here’s something you might not know, though—multitasking can lower your IQ by 10 points. If you disable your distractions, you have a better chance to actually do what’s important to you.Here’s how to make the change:Set your phone to Airplane mode when you need to focus. This small tip will make a big difference in the way you structure your study time.Set expectations with others people. Let everyone know you won't be available in the next few hours, so they don’t interrupt you with their questions or ideas on doing something else.Check your email and social media at designated times. For example, try checking 2–3 times a day, maybe around midday, later in the afternoon, and in the evening. And schedule this time in: do it during your lunch break, for example, or when you have a cup of coffee or a snack.Avoid randomly browsing the Internet or reading news. You can always leave these activities for later after you've completed what you need to do. Try closing all tabs on your computer that may be tempting you to browse for “only a few minutes.”Reason #2. There’s a lot of noise around you at all times.For most of us, our home and work environment is far from ideal for focusing, especially when it comes to mentally challenging tasks like reading new material and writing longer passages of text. It’s all a matter of getting creative with overcoming this challenge.Here’s how to make the change:Invest in a good pair of noise-cancelling headphones. They can be helpful whether you’re at home, in a busy coffee shop, at university, and on your commute. You can listen to music without interruptions which will help you relax, and can improve your focus when you need to do your work. Try a classical music playlist or softer chillout beats on YouTube.Get a pair of soft silicone ear plugs like these if you prefer to work in silence. They can easily double up as a safe option for taking a quick nap and also if you’re having trouble sleeping throughout the night due to heavy traffic, loud housemates or neighbors, or ambulance and police sirens in your part of town.Reason #3. You find yourself spending hours on toxic people and social media.Both of these external factors can significantly impact your focus by taking your attention away from what’s important in your life, and moving it to following stories that have nothing to do with what you’re trying to accomplish on that particular day. The good news is this—you can definitely do something about it.Here’s how to make the change:Be wary of toxic people. For example, some toxic people may claim they are your friends, but they are not. Why? Because they don’t support you, they don’t listen to you, and chances are they won’t change just because you ask them to. Be selective who you spend your free time with. And next time a toxic person wants to monopolize your time, just say no. Tell them you’re busy. Don’t engage in gossip or negative banter.Be vigilant about the time you spend on Facebook or Instagram. For starters, try to take everything you see with a grain of salt. Chances are the updates you’re seeing are not your friends’ reality; it’s the version of their reality they want you to see. Instead, focus on what you have going for you in your life. Practice gratitude for the little things, stay true to your goals, and don’t let others sway you from accomplishing your study tasks for the day.Reason #4. You’re not being as mindful as you’d like to be.By now you know that studying feels very much like having a full-time job. You need to work for weeks at a time to prep for exams, the assignments seem endless, and you often lose focus or get distracted with just about anything: a noisy street, a friend calling you to join them for drinks, all those videos you want to browse on YouTube. There’s one way to stay focused and declutter your mind from all those busy thoughts: a simple 10 minute meditation practice.Here’s how to make the change:Download the Headspace app. This is the best way to make meditation easy and fun, not to mention it’s an excellent tool for beginners. You’ll see there are several fun videos to show you how meditating can be helpful in your everyday life.Start with a 10-minute session and do it consistently for 10 days. Once you’ve incorporated it into your week, you can opt to increase the time to 15 and 20 minutes, or you can keep it to 10 if that’s all the time you have.You’ll start noticing the benefits within the first week. They may include decreased levels of overwhelm and stress, a sense of calm that you maintain throughout the day, and improved concentration on your studies.Reason #5. Despite your best intentions, your mind is just not in it.Sure, we say that of course we want to get on with our studies, pass courses, get the degree, and look for that dream job. But it’s one thing to just say what we want, and totally another to make the connection with the original why of our actions. If you get your mind on board with what you’re about to do at the beginning of your study day, you can boost your motivation to keep going until you start seeing tangible results.Here’s how to make the change:Instead of approaching your study time as a chore, turn it into a choice. Don’t tell yourself, “Now I have to work for hours but I don’t feel like it!” Instead say, “This is something I’m excited to learn more about!” The benefit is this—a greater sense of control over your day and the choices you make on how to spend your time.Instead of treating each day as a random schedule of to-do tasks, remind yourself often of the purpose of studying with this question: “Why am I doing this?” Make the connection between what’s happening right now (you’re rewriting notes from a lecture, for example) and the goals you have set for yourself (the answer to your why). This why can be to learn a new skill, or study for an exam so you can graduate on time next year, or get that certification you’ve been dreaming about for years that will add more financial stability to your life.Instead of letting the day happen haphazardly, visualize what you’re about to do. It’s not anything abstract—it’s actually a technique called building a mental model, where you imagine in detail what you expect to learn. As you do the exercise, be sure to cover all the steps you’ll be doing. For example, if you are researching something new, visualize covering a certain amount of material (3 chapters, for example), taking notes on important concepts (instead of rewriting a whole lecture) , or writing down questions to follow up on later so you get all the information you need. Visualizing is the brain’s favorite way to absorb new material. And by telling yourself a story, you train your brain to map out the learning process, making it easier to understand.

How might molten salt Thorium reactors prove commercial viability?I would suggest a staged commercial demonstration approach.Stage I - Complete a Thorium commercial reactor designMost of the Thorium reactors frequently Blogged about today like LFTRs, DMSRs, or fast spectrum MCSFRs are only preliminary reactor designs. Some early engineering effort has gone into exploring the familiar current generation of Thorium reactor designs, but no engineering detailed completed design exists that could be fairly evaluated for cost or for safety. For Thorium reactors to demonstrate commercial viability, a fully engineered and completed detailed reactor design must exist.Stage 2 - Materials ensuring a save commercial reactor lifetime must be identified and demonstrated.Corrosion has been an historical concern for Molten Salt Thorium Reactors. ORNL’s MSRE research reactor built and operated in the late 1960s was observed to have problems with Tellurium corrosion and granular cracking along metal grain boundaries. Many decades of materials research has gone into refining reactor materials selection since the MSRE. Before Thorium reactors can be seriously planned for commercial applications, it must be proved that we have materials in hand that will stand up to reactor temperatures and will resist corrosion for a commercial reactor lifetime of 30 years[1].Stage 3 - A Modern Prototype Thorium MSR Reactor should be built(preferably on the grounds of a DOE National Lab)Fact: We have already proven that it is possible to develop a LFTR prototype in five years.Fact: The only historical example of a Thorium MSR, the ORNL MSRE Molten Salt Reactor Experiment was successfully designed and constructed at a National Laboratory (ORNL).I would suggest that that which has already been achieved in Molten Salt development can be achieved once again (we have already demonstrated that we could build MSRs within five years in a National Laboratory setting).National Labs have a legacy advantage over other prototype reactor sites from a regulatory standpoint. Since the earliest days of the atomic age, National Labs have had the “right” to review for safety new reactor design built on their reactor site without help from the national nuclear regulator. Large numbers of prototype nuclear reactors have been rapidly and efficiently built on the sites of AEC and DOE National Labs over the decades. Allowing National Labs to review new Thorium reactor designs for safety would cut about a decade out of the now well established NRC schedule for safety review of new reactors.We should develop Thorium MSRs with National Lab help and construct a commercial reactor prototype rapidly and safely. Demonstrating a safe operating commercial size Thorium reactor on a National Lab site reduces technical risk and puts to rest fears that private investors and regulators might feel regarding new nuclear technology. A successful physical prototype reactor operating on the grounds of a DOE National Lab would speed the technical acceptance of new Thorium reactor technology and give utilities the confidence and leverage they need with investors allowing commercial adoption of Thorium reactor technology within five years (a time frame that would be significant to the energy future of the nation).To have success in new reactor commercialization requires funding new reactor projects at a level that the work can be accomplished within one Presidential cycle of 8 years while nuclear regulatory obstructions are sidestepped for the prototype by using a National Lab as a reactor development partner.[1] - ORNL/TM-5920 STATUS OF MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR MOLTEN SALT REACTORS by H. E. McCoy, Jr.http://www.energyfromthorium.com/pdf/ORNL-TM-5920.pdfThe strategy outlined in this report from ORNL found that corrosion in a Thorium Molten Salt Reactor could be well controlled through the following two part approach:add 1% to 2% Nb to the Hastelloy-N to reduce grain boundary embrittlement and tellurium attack at elevated temperatures while under exposure to thermal neutrons2. intergranular attack on Hastelloy-N is greatly reduced when the fuel-salt oxidation potential, as measured by the ratio of U4+ to U3+ in the fuel salt, is less than 60. Monitoring and careful control of the oxidation state of the Fuel salt can be used to reduce corrosion on Hastelloy-N to levels permitting extended lifetimes in excess of 30+ years in a MSR. A simple, closed loop, microprocessor controlled instrument can be added to the reactor that will periodically monitor and control fuel salt redox state and add small pellets of Beryllium, when required, to keep corrosion under good control.

Oh, come on. Seriously?You think you have some bad dope. Do a dry acetone wash for rough purification. It might remove some of the impurities left behind behind by lazy cooks. How to instructions are available literally all over the net.Methamphetamine HCL is not very soluble in acetone, but it is very soluble in water. [1] So you need to remove all of the water from some commercially available acetone, which preferably would be pure acetone with no bitterant added, though I suspect that such is no longer even available. Removing water, on the other hand, is pretty easily accomplished. Or you could purchase some reagent or ACS grade acetone directly from a chemical supplier.You can then use the dry acetone to dissolve and remove some of the impurities from the meth salt. There are possible impurities that this will not work for, of courseTake care of course: acetone is not terribly toxic but it is quite flammable. No open flames or sparks should be around while you do the wash - and good ventilation is needed, since it helps avoid a potentially dangerous buildup of acetone fumes if you are working in an enclosed space.A chloroform wash is of use for removing pseudo-ephedrine or ephedrine, but for obvious reasons this is probably not suitable for most home chemists to try. I would want a fume hood myself, and chloroform has a nasty propensity to decompose to phosgene, so that storing it can be problematic.Or … if you are more serious, you do a full acid/base extraction of the methamphetamine, and then:Recrystallization (chemistry)You do single or multi-solvent recrystallisation. Measure the melting point of the crystals, which should approach [math]172[/math]—[math]174\, ^{\circ}\text{C}[/math] , from below, then repeat as necessary. You can expect to lose 5–10% of the mass during each recrystallization.Perfect Hewlett Packard GC/MS Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer w/ ChemStationBuy yourself one of these if you’re really serious about the purity - it’s a steal at $5499.00. But don’t be surprised if some people from the FBI turn up at your house with a few questions :)Methamphetamine is a schedule II controlled substance in the US. Manufacture is a federal crime.Methamphetamine manufacture is a class B felony in NY State - a second offence makes it a class A-1.Possession of materials for manufacture, precursors even, is I believe a class C or D, depending on the circumstances.Do not attempt this.Especially if you need to ask this question.Footnotes[1] http://www.swgdrug.org/Monographs/METHAMPHETAMINE.pdf