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Today Manipur is burning. We have to find appropriate remedy to prevent any possible bloodshed. The volcano may erupt any moment because of wrong policies of the Government of India. We should stop blaming each other Oracles say:-“ the eastern doors will be opened and western doors will be closed”. Now all prophesies are becoming true.This golden land of Manipur had suffered many attacks from outsiders on many occasions. Every time we have succeeded. We have survived for more than 2000 years. We are going to survive another 2000 years. India has survived only 71 years whereas the Manipur has survived for more than 2000 years. The Golden Manipur will not perish from the surface of the earth in vain. Lord Mountbatten once questioned himself “ Is the newly created India going to survive for 100 years ?”. We will build not only a sustainable economy but an advanced economy based on modern technology with the strength of our youth who will be working in high positions in many trades all over the world. One man alone can not fight the future. Let us unite and work together to achieve revival of MSCA-1947. Then there will be no turning back.Let us unite for a change for the better.Let us first revisit the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947:-We can start our discussion from the statement of Mr. G.K. Pillai, retired Union Home Secretary, which was published on 27 September, 2011 in the Telegraph newspaper. According to him, “the repeal of the draconian act AFSPA -1958 was one of the first steps towards resolving the vexed conflict of Manipur’s valley and hills”. He said that “ the ancient kingdom of Manipur had a constitution even before India wrote her own and had a proud history and was overnight turned into a C-category state in 1948. He further added“ we have to build trust by dealing with the core issues. An apology, say by the Prime Minister or the Home Minister, for the past mistakes could be a start”. This is a very bold and forceful statement. But unfortunately this bold, statement has no impact in Manipur.According to Manipur State Gazette Notification of dated 2 January, 1947, His Highness, the Maharajah of Manipur was pleased to enact the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA), 1947 on 1 January, 1947, The price of the Gazette was Rs. 1 (one rupee) only per copy to be head of the State Library, Imphal, L.G. Singh, Supdt State Press.But there are many sources who said that “On 12 December 1946, Maharajah Bodhchandra issued a Royal Order constituting a Constitution Making Committee chaired by F.F. Pearson, Political Agent and President of the Manipur State Darbar. Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, Governor of Assam (4 May 1947 – 28 December 1948), who was the representative of British Crown in India approved the Constitution Making Committee proposed by the Maharajah of Manipur. The approval of the Constitution Making Committee by the then Governor of Assam acting as the representative of the British Crown in India was something which could not be erased by any order having retrospective effect from 3 June 1947. The same source said “The Constitution Making Committee led by its Chairman F.F. Pearson was inaugurated on 10 March 1947. The members were- 1. F.F. Pearson, Chairman 2. S. Somorendro Singh, 3. Md. Kazi Walliullah (representing the Darbar) 4. L.M. Ibungohal Singh (Chief Court). 5.. Bijoy Singh (Jiribam), 6. A. Ibotombi Singh (alias Minaketon)(non-official), 7.H.Dwijamani Dey Sharma,8.Dr. L. Leiren Singh, 9. L. Jogeswar Singh,10. S. Krishnamohon Singh 11.Mera Jatra, (five representatives of the valley), 12.Daiho, 13.Thangkhopao Kipgen, 14.Tiangkham, 15. Teba Kilong, and 16.R. Suisa, (five representatives of the hills)“. Further the same source added “The Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 was passed on 8 May, 1947 and the Constitution was adopted on 26 July 1947. The passing of the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA), 1947 in May before the date of 3rd June 1947 is something very unpleasant to those working for the Merger of Manipur to India. After adoption of the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA), 1947, the Maharajah became the Constitutional Ruler when he devolved his powers to the newly established Manipur State Council and Manipur State Legislative Assembly. He was no longer the absolute monarch.The administration of hill areas, which was earlier carried out by the President of the Manipur State Darbar (PMSD) on behalf of the His Highness was brought under the Maharajah’s control by passing the Manipur Hill People’s (Administration) Regulation -1947. The Maharajah abolished the Darbar and brought in a setup called His Highness in Council similar to the Governor General in Council.. The PMSD was designated as Chief Minister and Darbar members as Ministers. Mr. F.F Pearson IPS the then British PMSD became the first Chief Minister of Manipur on 1 July, 1947. When Mr. Pearson left Manipur on 14 August, 1947, Rajkumar Priyabrata Singh became the Chief Minister of Manipur.Under Chapter-II, Section (b) of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 the Maharajah of Manipur is defined as the Constitutional Head of the State. The Administration and the Executive Authority of the State is delegated to the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers shall be responsible for the welfare and good administration of the Hill people of the State. The Council of Ministers shall consists of the Chief Minister and six other Ministers.Under chapter –III (16) of the Constitution, it is mentioned :- “A Minister of the Council shall not be removable from office except in accordance with the provisions of the Chapter IV”.Under chapter –IV (17). It is mentioned :-“There shall be constituted a State Assembly…The Assembly shall be ….. Elected for a period of three years … elected by the people on adult franchise as may be laid down under rules for the elections……the Representatives returnable from General, Hill and Mohammedan constituencies in the ratio of 30:18:3 respectively….. with an additional two seats for the representatives of Educational and Business interests”.The Chapter V (26) of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 says:-,“ The Law Making Authority in the state shall consists of the Maharajah in Council in collaboration with the State Assembly acting under section 18 above “.The Manipur State Hill Peoples (Administration) Regulation -1947 was also passed on the same day”.When Manipur regained sovereign status in the midnight of 14 August, 1947, the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA) -1947 was already in operation. As the Governor-General of India or Assam Governor could not revoke any previous order to bring into halt the operation of the laws in force in Manipur. In fact the famous Indian Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel could not find a way to repeal or dissolve or abrogate the MSCA-1947.The section 9 (5) of Indian Independence Act, 1947 says “ No order shall be made under this section, by the Governor of : any Province, after the appointed day, or, by the Governor-General, after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and forty-eight, or such earlier date as may be determined, in the case of either Dominion,. by ‘any law of the Legislature of that Dominion.”. Thus the retrospective effect of any order made under section 9 of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 could not remove the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA), 1947.The section 8 of the Instrument of Accession says clearly “ Nothing in this instrument affects the continuance of my sovereignty in and over the state or save as provided by or under the Instrument, the exercise of any power, authority and rights now enjoyed by me as Ruler of this State or validity of any law at present in force in this State.” This means that Manipur was still enjoying the sovereignty and the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 enacted on 1 January, 1947 was still in force.Together with section 8 of the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharajah Bodhchandra on 11 August, 1947, the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA), 1947 was in force in Manipur with the terms of the Instrument protecting the Manipur State Constitution Act from erosion.Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA)-1947 was never repealed or dissolved by the Indian Parliament or by the Manipur State Assembly. It is still a living document.Manipur State Constitution Act -1947 is enjoying full protectionThe Chapter XI - General Clauses, Section 57 of the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 says that“Where in any case circumstances arise which prevent the proper operation in law or in spirit of this Constitution Act, the Council (Manipur State Council /MSC under the Maharajah ) of Manipur may at their discretion refer the matter for decision to such authority outside the State as may be decided hereafter and the decision of that authority shall be binding.” Probably the British stationed in Manipur could sense that the Government of India may try to abrogate or dissolve the MSCA-1947 and the innocent simpleton Manipuris may not be able to protect this MSCA-1947. That is why they have inserted this Section -57.Here one may ask “ who is the authority outside the State” to whom the MSC can refer for revival of operation of the Manipur Constitution Act-1947 ?”. Naturally the Hon’ble Supreme Court or the Government of India may be the authority outside the State, who can authorise Manipur to operate the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947. (MSCA) But the risk of failure is very high because the operation of Manipur Constitution Act-1947 means independence of Manipur. I was asking this question to some of my lawyer friends. One senior lawyer commented that the Manipur Constitution Act-1947 is a protected constitution. It was drafted by F.F. Pearson, Political Agent and Chairman of the Constitution Making Committee and approved by Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari., Governor of Assam and representative of the British Crown. Therefore, Her Majesty, the Queen has got an obligation to revive the operation of the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947. Therefore, the Manipur State Council may refer the case to Her Majesty, the Queen. Therefore, we should read the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 along with Article 374 of the Indian Constitution.Consequently, the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA)-1947 can not be dissolved or abrogated by the Indian Parliament or the Government of India. The Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 is a living document. If the Manipur State Government, which is a de-facto Government, the Civil Societies and the people of Manipur stand united, then we can bring effective operation of Manipur State Constitution Act-1947. To me, we need not take a permission or approval from the Government of India. My lawyer friend jokingly said “ my car has been stolen by a thief. He is driving the car for all these years. He is the de facto owner of the car. I have all the legal documents of the car. I am the de jure owner of the car. The Indian Government and the State Government of Manipur are the de-facto owner of Manipur whereas the Maharaja of Manipur is the de jure owner of Manipur. “Manipur had a State Legislative Assembly by 18 October, 1948.The Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 was put into operation by holding General Election, establishing the Manipur State Legislative Assembly and ensuring it’s proper functioning.Soon after regaining independence of Manipur from British rule on the midnight of 14 August, 1947, Maharajah Bodhchandra took steps to introduce democracy in Manipur. As provided in the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA), 1947, elections of 53 representatives of the people to the Manipur State Legislative Assembly were held on 11 and 18 June, 1948 in the valley areas and on 26 and 27th July, elections were held in the hill areas. The first ever elected Manipur State Legislative Assembly was inaugurated by the Maharajah on 18 October, 1948. The Maharaja addressed the first session of the first Manipur State Assembly on 18 October, 1948. Thus the Manipur State Constitution Act (MSCA), 1947, was put into operation by holding general election, establishing Manipur State Legislative Assembly and ensuring proper functioning of the Assembly. The first Manipur State Legislative Assembly held four sessions on various issues of Manipur.What the Article 374 of the Indian Constitution says:-.The Article 374 of the Constitution of India provides that “Nothing in this Constitution shall operate to invalidate the exercise of jurisdiction by His Majesty in Council to dispose of appeals and petitions from, or in respect of, any judgment, decree or order of any Court within the territory of India in so far as the exercise of such jurisdiction is authorised by law, and any order of His Majesty in Council made on any such appeal or petition after the commencement of this institution shall for all purposes have effect as if it were an order or decree made by the Supreme Court in the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred on such Court by this Constitution”.The meaning is that if His Majesty in Council dispose the appeals or petitions by a judgement or decree, that will be treated as if the order or decree is made by the Supreme Court of India.These two provisions (1) Section 57 of the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 and (2) Article 374 of the Constitution of India give us hope to the final legal settlement of the long standing political and legal conflict towards bringing back the sovereignty and independence Manipur,We may be required to provide adequate proof and evidences of blunders/ illegal activities carried by the Government of India.The following incidents will provide adequate evidences.:-1.Manipur did not participate at the Constitutional Assembly of India during 9 December, 1946 to 26 November 1949.It is a fact that Mr. Girja Shankar Guha, Revenue Minister of Tripura represented Manipur in the Constituent Assembly Meeting during 9 December, 1946 and 26 November 1949 ignoring the existence of the Manipur State Legislative Assembly and the request of the Maharajah. This is a serious blunder which the Government of India has committed to Manipur. Can you purchase my homestead land by negotiating and finalising the deal with my neighbour. This is utter nonsense committed by the then India’s Prime Minister and Home Minister.On 26 July 1945, Mr. Clement Attlee became the Prime Minister of Britain. On 19 February, 1946, Mr. Clement Attlee declared that the British had taken a decision with His Majesty’s approval to send to India a special mission of three Cabinet Ministers comprising of Pathick Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade,and A.V, Alexander, First Lord of the Admiralty to find out means for the transfer of power to the Indian hands. The Cabinet Mission arrived in New Delhi on 24 March, 1946The Constituent Assembly of India was created by the Cabinet Mission Plan to draft the Constitution of India. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the Provincial Assemblies. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 of which 292 were representatives of the then 12 provinces, 93 representatives of princely states and four were from the Chief Commissioners’ provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and British Baluchistan.On 7 June 1946, the Rulers of Princely States held a meeting in the Taj Mahal Hotel, Bombay. Nawab of Bhopal presided over this meeting. After three days’ deliberations, the Princes accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan regarding future constitutional reforms and made up their minds to negotiate with Mr. Wavell the then Viceroy.45 (The Times of India, Bombay, 11 and 12 June 1946; Jag Parvesh Chander, op.cit., p. 161.)In another meeting of the Standing Committee held on 2 December 1946, it was resolved to accept that the quota of States’ in the Constituent Assembly would be ninety three seats-one after ten lakh population. It was also decided that the Negotiating Committee would be free to discuss outstanding issues including the terms of States’ participation in the Constituent Assembly as well as their ultimate position in the Union. ( B/85, VII (A)107, 1946, pp. 15-18.)The Constituent Assembly was convened on 9 December, 1946, for the first time in New Delhi,Earlier Mr. H.F. Knight, Governor of Assam visited Manipur in the month of December, 1946. The problems relating to the future of Manipur and the Constitution of India were discussed between the Governor of Assam and the Maharajah of Manipur.In January,1947, Mr. C.G.Herbert, Secretary of the Chamber of Princes, had informed the Maharajah of Manipur that as a result of the Bill taken for the group in which the Manipur State was included, one Mr. Girja Shankar Guha., Revenue Minister of Tripura, had been declared elected to the Committee of Ministers.Tripura’s king Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya had appointed Girija Shankar Guha, a Bengali Minister to represent the state in the Constituent Assembly on 18 April, 1947. He died on May 17, 1947.Maharajah Bodhchandra’s efforts to have a separate representative for Manipur in the Constituent Assembly:-In the last week of January, 1947, Maharajah Bodhchandra sent a letter to the Director of the Constitutional Affairs Secretariat. Chamber of Princes at New Delhi. He Stated that in view of the grave importance and the outstanding features of the Manipur State, he determined to appoint additional Advisers (at least 2) who were well conversant with the political and historical development of Manipur, the matters concerning the Hill tribes and the valley people, and the existing day- today political problems. The grounds on which Maharajah Bodhchandra expressed his desire to have a separate representative of the Manipur State in the Constituent Assembly were as follows.http://1.It was not quite safe to have a representative who would mainly depend upon information’s supplied by the Advisers without having full, personal and local knowledge of the matters he was dealing with.2.the representative for the Manipur State should for all practical purposes be a person, whether official, who was well conversant with, and experience in the Eastern Frontier problems which were of major importance to the coming Commonwealth of United India. And even this representative would have to be assisted by a special Advisory Committee consisting of the representatives of diverse Hill tribes and the valley people.3.With regard to the method of selection of representative, as there was to elected legislature in Manipur, Maharaja Bodhachandra expressed his desire to reserve the power of special reference to the Darbar and public bodies competent to advise him where necessary and this would be subject to change of personal and demanded by circumstances from time to time.The Secretary to the Governor of Assam had strongly advised Maharaja Bodhchandra to ask Mr. Girja Shankar Guha to represent Manipur State and depute Maharaja Kumar Priyobarta as Advisor to Mr. Girja Shankar Guha. The matter was of importance and great urgency because the Constituent Assembly of India had already begun. As the right of appointing a Member to the Constituent Assembly was based on a population of 10 lakhs, the only way for the Manipur State to participate in the Assembly was by combination with Tripura, Sikkim and the Khasi Hills State which Mr. Girja Shankar Guha was representing.The Secretary to the Governor of Assam wrote a threatening letter to the Maharajah of Manipur.“Unless this opportunity is taken, it will presumably not be possible for Your Highness’s State to get any representative at all at the Constituent Assembly, a position which, in view of the probably great changes likely to occur in this country, might have regrettable consequences for the future of the Manipur State”.Maharajah Bodhchandra wrote a letter to Jawaharlal Nehru in May, 1947:-On 14th May 1947. the Maharajah Bodhchandra of Manipur wrote a letter to Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India regarding grant of a separate representative of Manipur to the Constituent Assembly of India. The letter said that instead of having a representative of Manipur, Tripura and the Khasi states as decided by the Chamber of Princes, there should be a separate representative for Manipur not on the basis of population but on the basis of “peculiar geographical and topographical” considerations”.Jawaharlal. Nehru replied to this letter on 22 May 1947 as “Dear Maharajah Saheb- I have just received your letter of 14th May.I think your suggestion that Manipur should have a separate representative in the Constituent Assembly has some force. But unfortunately we have to function within the limits of certain rules laid down for us. These rules are based chiefly on population… the Negotiating Committee had done so. (Constituent Assembly of India, Constitution Section, File No. 84(3)/Ser/47, Ministry of Law, Government of India; Jawaharlal Nehru, Selected Works: Second Series, Volume Two. A Project of the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, New Delhi, 2006, p.256. )The Congress had no idea of changing the States’ boundaries. It was held that such change must have the consent of the States. It would not be forced on them. Nehru too added that the scheme under the plan was a voluntary one; there would be no compulsion at any stage. (B/85, VII (D), 200, pp. 35-36.)On 15 June 1947, when All India Congress Committee (AICC) passed a resolution “Constitutionally and legally the Indian Princely States will be independent sovereign States on the termination of Paramountcy”. (Transfer of Power, Vol. XI, No. 225. )The Governor of Assam had a discussion with the Manipur State Darbar on 01 July 1947 and an agreement on certain points was arrived at between the Governor and the Manipur State Darbar. The first point was related to the joining of the Constituent Assembly by Manipur and acceptance of Mr. Girja Shankar Guha as representative of Manipur in the Constituent Assembly. Another important point was the necessity of the assistance by the Union government both for the external and internal security of the State and retention of the Assam rifles. On 02 July 1947 another agreement between the Governor and the Maharajah was signed. The agreement contained points relating the administrative arrangement after the lapse of British paramountcy on 15 August 1947. But the decision of the Manipur State Darbar. have no validity after abolition of the Darbar and constitution of the Manipur State Council on 26 July, 1947.Lord Mountbatten, the Viceroy addressed the special session of the Chamber of Princes on 25 July 1947 ( Gwyer & Appadorai, op.cit., p. 772; Mansergh & Moon, op.cit., Vol. XII, p. 234.). The Viceroy advised the Rulers “to accede to the appropriate Dominion, with regard to three subjects of Defence, External Affairs and Communications as they have nothing to lose as the States had never dealt with them. Their accession would involve no financial liability and in other matters there would be no encroachment on their sovereignty”. Finally, he suggested that they should join either union before 15 August 1947 ( Johnson, op.cit., pp. 140-141. Johnson says, “The Viceroy used every weapon in his armoury of persuasion”; also see Mosley, op.cit., p. 172.)A meeting of The Negotiating Committee of the Princely States was held in Bikaner on 31 July 1947 and finally prepared the draft of the ‘Instrument of Accession’ and the ‘Standstill Agreement’.( The Tribune, Lahore, 1 August 1947). About 60 Princes attended the meeting. But there is no such provision in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and India (Provisional Constitution) Order 1947 to merge and annex the acceding States.Ultimately, Maharajah Bodhachandra had agreed to depute his brother Maharaj Kumar Priyobarta as Adviser to Mr. Guha so long as he was the representative of the Manipur State in the Constituent Assembly. But Maharajah Bodhchandra has strongly impressed on his brother to observe two important points in the discharge of his works as adviser to Mr. Guha. Firstly, he was to represent only such cases as were agreed upon between himself and the Maharajah. Secondly, each of the States of Tripura, Sikkim, Manipur and the Khasi Hills would have a change of representing in the Constituent Assembly by turn for specified periods.The constitution of free India was framed by and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, on which the first Republic Day of India was celebrated.There is no such provision in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and India (Provisional Constitution) Order 1947 to merge and annex the acceding States who are acceding to the Dominion of India (now Union of India) by the Standstill Agreement. The acceding States are sovereign States. The acceding State is a part or unit of the Union not a part or territory of India.Considering all these facts, it is quite clear that no representative from Manipur participated at the Constituent Assembly of India during 9 December, 1946, to 26 November 1949. Till date, the people of Manipur has not formally accepted the Constitution of India by a referandum. Representing Manipur by GS Guha of Tripura to the Constituent Assembly of India with a view to integrate into India is like finalising a land deal with a neghbour ignoring the actual owner of the land. This is illegal and a serious blunder committed by the first Prime Minister and Home Minister of India.2. The signing of the Instrument of Accession on 11 August, 1947 was illegalMaharajah Bodhchandra of Manipur signed the Instrument of Accession on 11 August, 1947 and was accepted by Lord Moutbatten of Burma on 16 August,1947 The execution of the Instrument of Accession was published in the Manipur State Gazette on 27 August 1947. vide Home Department, Government of India file no A-1/1/1947. Signing of Instrument of Accession is like signing of a Treaty between two sovereign countries and the procedure should follow the International laws.It is a fact that signing of the Instrument of Accession was executed before the Dominion of India came into existence. On 11th August, 1947 India had not yet become independent and the Dominion of India did not come into existence. Thus the two documents of the Standstill Agreement and the Instrument of Accession signed by the Maharajah should not be taken as valid since these were signed before creation of dominion of India.The Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Bodhchandra of Manipur on 11 August was never approved by the Manipur State Council in 1947 or ratified by the Manipur State Legislative Assembly in 1948 and therefore not valid since he had already become the constitutional ruler since 26 July 1947. In case of Jammu and Kashmir, the Instrument of Accession was ratified on 15 February, 1954.According to the Government of India Act-1935 (6-9), immediately the Instrument of Accession has been accepted by Governor General, copies of the Instrument and His Majesty’s acceptance thereof shall be laid before the Parliament and all courts shall take judicial notice of every such instrument and acceptance. But there are no records of the accepted copies of the Instrument of Accession of Manipur having laid down before the Parliament and all courts of India.The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Maharaja Bodhchandra and acceptance by the Governor General were illegal and invalid in the eyes of international law.While asking the States to accede on three subjects, the Government of India assured the rulers that “in other matters the Government of India would scrupulously respect their autonomous existence.” Lord Mountbatten underlined these assurances in his speech to the Chamber of Princes on 25 July 1947 that (except for defence, external affairs and communications) “ in no other matters has the Central Government any authority to encroach on the internal autonomy or the sovereignty of the States.”3.The signing of the Standstill Agreement on 11 August, 1947 was illegalMaharajah Bodhchandra of Manipur signed the Standstill Agreement on 11 August, 1947. These were accepted by Lord Mountbatten of Burma on 16 August,1947. But his signing of the Standstill Agreement without the approval of the Manipur State Council in 1947 and without ratification by the Manipur State Legislative Assembly under pressure from the Government of India was an illegal act since he had already become the constitutional ruler since 26 July 1947.There is no such provision in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and India (Provisional Constitution) Order 1947 to merge and annex the acceding States who are acceding to the Dominion of India (now Union of India) by the Standstill Agreement. The acceding States are sovereign States. The acceding State is a part or unit of the Union not a part or territory of India. The Union is a political body.The signing of the Standstill Agreement by Maharaja Bodhchandra and acceptance by the Governor General were illegal and invalid in the eyes of international law.4. Illegal Appointment of an outsider as Dewan of ManipurMr. Akbar Hydari, the Governor of Assam came in person to Manipur along with Nari Rustomji, Advisor on 23 June, 1948 and asked the Maharaja of Manipur to appoint a Dewan in place of Dominion Agent. The post of Dewan was not included in the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947, which is already in operation since 26 July, 1947. Mr. Akbar Hyder Ali, the Governor of Assam died of heart attack in Manipur while going for a trip for shooting ducks to Waikhong near the Waikhong Salt Spring. Mr. Akbar Hydari was succeeded by Mr., Prakasa from Bihar. Mr. Prakasa came to Manipur on 21-24 March, 1949 on the pretext of assessing the situation between Manipur and Burma. He simply said that the appointment of the Dewan would strengthen the relation between Manipur and India.On 14 April 1949 Rustomji, Advisor to the Governor of Assam came to Imphal with a new Dewan, Major-General Rawal Amar Singh. Rustomji brought with him a letter setting out the powers which the Government of India had given to the Dewan over the State of Manipur. Rustomji pressurised Maharaja Bodhchandra to issue the appointment of Rawal Singh and the conditions of his appointment within two days. No discussion was permitted and Bodhchandra weakly caved in to the pressure. Nobody from Manipur had got the guts to question the legal validity of appointing a new Dewan which was not included in the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 or in the history of Manipur. Neither the Council of Ministers nor the Legislators questioned the sweeping powers given to the Dewan over the State. The way towards annexation of Manipur had already begun by a deceitful combination of deviousness and bullying on Mr.Prakasa’s (then Governor of Assam) part.Major General Rewal Amar Singh was appointed as the Dewan of Manipur on 14th April, 1949 Mr. Prakasa who succeeded Akbar Hydari declared that there was no question of merging Manipur into India. According to the letter addressed to the Maharaja on 14th April, the Dewan would held the direct charge of the portfolio of Law and Order, administration of Hill Tracts, State Forces and Relation with the Government of India. The administration of the Manipur State shall be carried out under the general superintendence, guidance and control of the Dewan. The Dewan would be assisted by Major Khating, Manipur. Mr. Prakasa also informed the Maharajah that the Government of India did not recognize the Manipur State Council and also the Manipur State Legislative Assembly.This is illegal action on the part of Government of India.5. Forced Manipur State Merger Agreement -1949Maharajah Bodhchandra of Manipur was invited to Shillong in September, 1949 by Mr. Prakasa, Governor of Assam for talks as per wishes of the Maharajah. The Maharajah, having full trust in the relationship with Mr. Prakasa, arrived in Shillong on 17 September 1949 accompanied with his ADC, the Private Secretary and a few household staff members along with some bodyguards.On the first day (18 September, 1949) of the meeting between Maharajah Bodhchndra of Manipur and Mr. Prakasa, the Assam Governor straight away placed before the Maharajah an already prepared Merger Agreement’ whereby Manipur would be ‘merged’ with India and asked him to sign on the same. The Maharajah had given in writing to the Governor of Assam “ I am merely a Constitutional Head of a full responsible Government under the Manipur State Constitution Act -1947 approved by the Government of India (British India) and the voice of the Majority is my voice and it shall be constitutionally and legally binding on me not otherwise” Knowing the Maharajah’s firm stand, Mr. Prakasa did not pursue the matter further for the day.The Maharajah on his return to his Redlands residence at Shillong where he was staying found several Indian Army personnel surrounding the compound of his premises. The house arrest had begun as pre-planned. While under house-arrest, the Maharajah was not allowed to have any communication with the outside world, not to speak to Manipur. When Mr., Prakasa ventured to suggest to Sardar Patel, Union Home Minister that the Maharajah might not agree to sign the merger document. Sardar Patel, who was by then seriously ill. Sardar Patel demanded, “No Brigadier in Shillong?” Thus Sardar Patel, India’s ‘Iron Man’ had given green signal to use force should it became necessary in this land of Non-violence of Mahatma Gandhi. Mr. Prakasa was firm in his insistence that the Maharajah was asked to sign the ‘agreement’ before going back to Manipur. Thus, after resisting for three restless days and sleepless nights, the Maharajah could not see any escape. Ultimately, he signed the treacherous ‘Merger Agreement’ in a state of helplessness, while still under house-arrest, on 21 September, 1949. Under the terms of the “agreement” Manipur comes under Indian rule from 15 October, 1949. Thus the Government of India overthrown the Maharajah, occupied Manipur and annexed to India violating all earlier assurances and declarations. Thus. the signing of Merger agreement on 21 September, 1949 was done by deceit and forceful tactics contrary to international laws. Even after signing the Instrument of Accession, Manipur did not lose her sovereignty as the Union Government was to look after Defence, External affairs and Communications. The people of Manipur is still observing this day as “National Repentance Day”.Manipur and India were both sovereign and independent countries before merger to India. Hence, the agreement between two sovereign and independent countries should have been signed according to international law i.e free from duress or coercion or force. Therefore the Government of India was violating the international law in forcing and putting the Maharajah Bodhchandra under house arrest from 17 September to 21 September, 1949 in order to extract his signature.Further, Maharajah Bodhchandra had already become a Constitutional Ruler since adoption of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 on 26 July 1947. He is not competent to sign the Manipur Merger Agreement without the approval of the Manipur State Legislative Assembly which was inaugurated and functioning with Chief Minister, Speaker and 51 other elected members since 18 October, 1948.Further, the said Manipur Merger Agreement was not done under any Act or Law or Parliamentary Resolution. It was done hastily by the decision of Sri Prakasa, Governor of Assam, V.P. Menon, Advisor to the Government of India violating international laws, the Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 and the Indian Independence Act-1947.Further, the said Manipur Merger Agreement was not done under any prescribed format under any Act or Rule. It was done on a draft hastily prepared and amended many times by Nari Rustomji, Advisor to the Governor of Assam, V.P. Menon, Advisor to the Government of India. It should be rendered invalid.The Manipur Merger Agreement of 1949 does not have any legality and constitutional validity in the views of the educated youths of Manipur.There was nobody among the Indian Leaders who would listen to his legal assertion that sovereignty of the Manipur was vested in the people and that it was in the fitness of things to hear the people’s voice and learn their sentiment so that the line of action might not in any case be unconstitutional. He expressed his desire to return to Manipur the next day (19 September) itself to expedite the matters. On 19 September he could not meet any representative of the Government of India but merely exchanged correspondence with the Governor of Assam expressing his sense of betrayal and reiterating his desire to go back to Manipur. The Maharajah was a totally broken man who spent his time weeping alone in the ‘Redland’ where he was kept under house arrest by what Nari Rustomji called, “protective guard to ensure that all should be well.” The Redlands was his private lands. Actually nobody has got the right to enter the Redlands without permission of the Maharajah. Posting and occupation of Redlands by the so called Protective Guards sent by the Governor of Assam amount to trespassing and punishable under the law. In that situation, according to Rustomji “the Maharajah was beset himself with emotion, now bursting into tears, now wrapped in sullen melancholy.”.According to Article VIII of the Manipur Merger Agreement, “The Government of India shall also undertake to make suitable provisions for the employment of Manipuris in the various branches of Public Services, and in every way encourage Manipuris to join them” But not a single. Meitei and Meitei Pangan is given employment under this agreement. No reservation quota is created to recruit the Meitei and Meitei Pangan in all India Services like IAS, IPS, IFS etc. during 1950-2018. The backlog must be around 300-500 in every category of employment. The Government of India clearly violated this agreement.The Manipur Merger Agreement of 1949 does not have any legality and constitutional validity in the views of the people of Manipur.6. Manipur State Assembly rejected the Merger AgreementThe 4th sitting of the 3rd session of the Manipur State Assembly in its session held at the Johnston School on 28th September, 1949 at 2.30.p.m rejected the “Merger Agreement signed on 21st September 1949” and declared the Merger Agreement invalid as the powers and authorities of Maharajah had been vested with the Manipur State Assembly. The excerpt of the Assembly proceedings was published in the Manipur State Gazette, part IV, dated 14 October 1949. Mr. T.C. Tiankham Speaker, Mr. M. K, Priyobarta Singh, Chief Minister and 6 other Ministers and 43 Hon’ble Members were present and adopted the resolution. The copies of the declaration signed by P.B. Singh, Chief Minister, T.C. Tiankham, Speaker, Arambam Ibungotomcha Singh, Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs. was sent to the Government of India. But there is no reply from the Government of India on this issue during the last 68 years. It is said that the Kuki Chiefs were greatly disheartened to hear the news and they sent 250 armed warriors to protect the Maharajah from any possible attack on the Maharajah. Seeing the honest and dedicated loyalty of the Kukis, the Maharajah gave them lands near the Manipur Palace for their permanent settlement. This place is now called “Haokip Veng”.7. The Merger Agreement was neither approved by his Council of Ministers nor ratified by the Manipur State Legislative Assembly.The weakness of the Agreement lies also in the fact that the people of Manipur did not give consent in any form to the Merger Agreement as no referendum was held on that issue. Further, the Merger Agreement was neither approved by his Council of Ministers nor ratified by the Manipur State Legislative Assembly. Therefore, the Merger Agreement was illegal.8.The dissolution of Manipur State Legislative Assembly was in violation of Independence Act, 1947 enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty on 18th July 1947Once Manipur became part of the India, the Government of India dissolved the State’s Constituent Assembly on 15 October, 1949 without repealing the Manipur Constitution Act-1947. Here I may be allowed to ask a simple question: Can the present Manipur Legislative Assembly be dissolved by a simple administrative order of the Government of India or by an order of the President of India?The Indian Independence Act, 1947, Section 9(5) states that“ No order shall be made under this section, by the Governor of any Province, after the appointed day, or, by the Governor-General, after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and forty-eight ( 31 March, 1948), or such earlier date as may be determined, in the case of either Dominion,. by “any law of the Legislature of that Dominion.”.However, violating the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, para 9(5), Shri C. Rajagopalcharry, Governor General of India issued an order on 15 October 1949 declaring that ‘the Ministers’ in Manipur State shall cease to function and the Legislature’ of the State shall stand ‘dissolved’ citing Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (Act XLVII of 1947). This is in violation of Independence Act, 1947 and again illegal. Under which provision of the Indian Constitution, Shri C. Rajagopalcharry, Governor General of India issued this order on 15 October 1949?9. The Merged States (Laws)- Act, 1949 Act no. 59 of 1949 dated 26th December, 1949 is IllegalThe Merged States (Laws)- Act, 1949 Act no. 59 of 1949 dated 26th December, 1949 is an Act to extend certain laws to certain areas administered as parts of Governors’ Provinces or as Chief Commissioners’ Provinces. The legality of this Act is questionable as it has been passed after actual merger of Manipur to dominion India has already taken place illegally.Why should a highly responsible democratic Government of India indulged in such deceitful action in order to provide legality to a highly illegal action committed earlier. It is just like hanging somebody first and then issuing the hanging order later on.10. States Merger (Chief Commissioners’ Provinces) Order, 1950 was “ultra-vires” and “null and void”As per the Notification issued by the Government of India, Ministry of Law, dated the 22 January 1950, paras 1(1) (2), 2(1) the States Merger (Chief Commissioners’ Provinces) Order, 1950 shall come into force only with effect from the 23 January, 1950. Therefore the State of Manipur should have become administered under a Chief Commissioner only from 23 January, 1950 onwards and as such the orders issued by the Ministry of States, New Delhi, dated the 15 October 1949 hurriedly merging Manipur with the Dominion of India was illegal. Further the order issued by the Chief Commissioner, Major General Rawal Amar Singh on 15th October 1949, who was appointed on the same day, ceasing the functioning of the Ministers of the State and dissolving the Manipur Legislative Assembly were clearly “ultra-vires” and “null and void” orders ie they were illegal and invalid orders issued prior to having the “authority to do so”.This “violated” the mandatory provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, para 9(5) which say that “no order shall be made by the interim Government of the Dominion after 31 March, 1948” pertaining to any Political issue so long the Paramountcy is deemed “to be continuing to exist and its directives and orders issued earlier remaining quite valid till the interim Dominion of India becomes a full-fledged sovereign Power of her own with Laws framed under a Constitution adopted enabling to supersede all the Laws and orders framed and issued within the ambit of the Paramountcy ie till the 26 January 1950. Therefore it was in this very context that the Notification of the Law Ministry issued by C. Rajagopalchari, Governor General of India (June 1948 until 26 January 1950,)was illegal and invalid.The Indian Independence Act, 1947, para 9(5) states that “‘ No order shall be made under this section, by the Governor of any Province, after the appointed day, or, by the Governor-General, after the thirty-first day of March, nineteen hundred and forty-eight (31 March, 1948), or such earlier date as may be determined, in the case of either Dominion,. by ‘any law of the Legislature of that Dominion.”.-IFP

call-out noun [C] (REQUEST)an occasion when someone is asked to come to a person's home or to a particular place in order to do a job, help someone, etc.:Many plumbers charge double for an emergency call-out over the weekend.The mountain rescue service had several call-outs last week.More examplesA normal call-out involves three fire engines; a more serious incident five.If you need a plumber, find out their call-out charge first.The service offers an out-of-hours emergency call-out service to the patients of GPs practices in the area.SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrasescall-out noun [C] (TEXT)a short piece of text, sometimes printed in a box, that gives information about part of a printed drawing, photograph, document, etc.:Publishers use call-outs to give emphasis to an important fact or quote.There is a detailed illustration, with call-outs, of all the Editor windows and toolbars.More examplesSMART Vocabulary: related words and phrasesEXAMPLES of call-outcall-outAll the others depended on call-out arrangement and none of these was satisfactory.I would also have much easier voluntary call-out when it is not in defence of the home base.call out1. To announce something. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."Once everyone is seated, the host will call out the winners' names.If you've got Bingo, call it out!2. To shout in an attempt to draw attention to oneself.I called out to my best friend when I saw her walking down the street, but she had headphones on and couldn't hear http://me.My husband came running when he heard me call out for help.3. To confront one about one's misdeeds or unpleasant behavior. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."If your intern keeps coming in late, you need to call her out on it.4. To challenge one to a fight. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."I wouldn't call that guy out—I know for a fact that he carries a knife.5. To request one's aid or presence. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."When that case had me stumped, I called another detective out to review it with me.The president called out military troops when the situation became unstable.6. To utilize something, often a quality or skill. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."The championship game was so intense that I really had to call out my mental toughness just to get through it.7. To order something by phone.Just tell me what you want for dinner, and I'll call out for it.call someone or something outto request the services of someone or a group. (See also call someone up; call someone out.) Things got bad enough that the governor called the militia out. The governor called out the militia.call someone outto challenge someone to a fight. Wilbur wanted to call him out, but thought better of it. Why did you call out that guy? He used to be a prizefighter!call something out1. to draw on something, such as a particular quality or talent. It's times like these that call the best out in us. These times call out our best effort.2. to shout out something. Who called the warning out? You should call out a warning to those behind you on the trail.call out (to someone)to speak loudly to get someone's attention. Mike called out to Tom that there was a telephone call for him. I heard someone call out, but I could see no one.call out1. Summon into action or service, as in The governor called out the militia. [Mid-1400s]2. Challenge to a fight, as in To avenge the insult, Arthur called him out. This term originated with dueling and is dying out. [Early 1800s]call outv.1. To shout: When I realized I was trapped, I called out for help. I called out from the porch for lemonade.2. To say something in a loud voice; announce something: The announcer called out the names of the runners as they crossed the finish line. The conductor called the station name out as we pulled up.3. To request the services of someone or something: The mayor called out the guard to suppress the riots. We called the veterinarian out to the farm to examine one of the calves.4. To challenge someone or something: When I insulted his mother, he called me out.5. To order food from a restaurant by telephone: If you don't want to cook, we can just call out for pizza.call someone outtv. to challenge someone to a fight. Max wanted to call him out but thought better of it.call outv. called, call·ing, callshttp://v.tr.1. To say in a loud voice; announce: called my name from across the street; calling out numbers.2. To demand or ask for the presence of: called the children to dinner; call the police.3. To demand or ask for a meeting of; convene or convoke: call the legislature into session.4. To order or request to undertake a particular activity or work; summon: She was called for jury duty. He was called to the priesthood.5. To give the command for; order: call a work stoppage.6.a. To communicate or try to communicate with by telephone: called me at nine.b. To dial (a telephone number): call 911 for help.7. To lure (prey) by imitating the characteristic cry of an animal: call ducks.8. To cause to come to the mind or to attention: a story that calls to mind an incident in my youth.9. To name: What will you call the baby?10. To consider or regard as being of a particular type or kind; characterize: Let's call the game a draw. I'd hardly call him a good manager.11. To designate; label: Nobody calls me a liar.12.a. To demand payment of: call a loan.b. To require the presentation of (a bond) for redemption before maturity.c. To force the sale of (a stock or commodity) by exercising a call option.13. Sportsa. To stop or postpone (a game) because of bad weather, darkness, or other adverse conditions.b. To declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee: call a runner out; call a penalty for holding.c. To indicate a decision in regard to: calling balls and strikes; called a close play at home plate.d. To give the orders or signals for: a quarterback who called a poor play.14. Gamesa. To describe the intended outcome of (one's billiard shot) before playing.b. In poker, to place a bet equal to (the preceding bet or bettor).15. To indicate or characterize accurately in advance; predict: It is often difficult to call the outcome of an election. See Synonyms at predict.16. To challenge the truthfulness or genuineness of: called the debater on a question of fact.17. To shout directions in rhythm for (a square dance).v.intr.1.a. To speak loudly; shout: a swimmer who was calling for help.b. To utter a characteristic cry. Used of an animal: geese calling in the early morning.2. To communicate or try to communicate with someone by telephone: I called twice, but no one answered.3. To pay a short visit: We called to pay our respects. He called on the neighbors but they weren't home.4. Games In poker, to place a bet equal to the preceding bet.n.1. A loud cry; a shout.2.a. The characteristic cry of an animal.b. A sound or an instrument made to imitate such a cry, used as a lure: a moose call.3. A telephone communication or connection.4. Need or occasion: There was no call for an apology.5. Demand: There isn't much call for buggy whips today.6. A claim on a person's time or life: the call of duty.7. A short visit, especially one made as a formality or for business or professional purposes.8. A summons or invitation.9.a. A signal, such as that made by a horn or bell.b. The sounding of a horn to encourage hounds during a hunt.10.a. A strong inner urge or prompting; a vocation: a call to the priesthood.b. The strong attraction or appeal of a given activity or environment: the call of the wild; answered the call of the desert.11. A roll call.12. A notice of rehearsal times posted in a theater.13. Sportsa. A decision made by an umpire or referee.b. An announced description of a game or race, as by a sportscaster.14. A direction or series of directions rhythmically called out to square dancers.15.a. A demand for payment of a debt.b. A demand to submit bonds to the issuer for redemption before the maturity date.c. An option to buy a certain quantity of a stock or commodity for a specified price within a specified time.d. A demand for payment due on stock bought on margin when the value has shrunk.Phrasal Verbs:call back1. To communicate the need for (someone) to return from one situation or location to a previous one: Management called the laid-off workers back.2. To request (someone) to come in for an audition after an initial audition: The director auditioned six singers for the part and called two back.3. To telephone or radio (a person) who has called previously: I called her back at noon.4. To recall (a defective product) for repair: The company has called back all such models built in 1990.call down1. To find fault with; reprimand: The teacher called me down for disobedience.2. To invoke, as from heaven.call for1. To appear, as on someone else's premises, in order to get: My chauffeur will call for you at seven.2. To be an appropriate occasion for: This news calls for champagne.3. To require; demand: work that calls for patience.call forthTo evoke; elicit: a love song that calls forth sad memories.call in1. To take out of circulation: calling in silver dollars.2. To summon for assistance or consultation: call in a specialist.3. To communicate with another by telephone: Has the boss called in today?call off1. To cancel or postpone: call off a trip; called the trip off.2. To restrain or recall: Call off your dogs.call onTo order or request to undertake a particular activity: called on our friends to help.call out1. To order or request to assemble or arrive somewhere; summon: call out the guard.2. To challenge to a duel.3. To set off or direct attention to, as in being commendable or of interest: The article calls out the new features of the software in a sidebar.call up1. To summon to active military service: called up reserve troops for active duty.2. To cause one to remember; bring to mind: stories that call up old times.3. To bring forth for action or discussion; raise.call upon1. To order; require: I call upon you to tell the truth.2. To make a demand or a series of demands on: Social institutions are now being called upon to provide assistance to the homeless.Idioms:call in/into questionTo raise doubts about.call it a day InformalTo stop what one has been doing, for the remainder of the day or at least for the present.call it a night InformalTo stop what one has been doing, for the remainder of the night.call it quits InformalTo stop working or trying; quit.call namesTo speak to or about another in offensive terms.call of natureA need to urinate or defecate. Often used with answer: He left the room to answer the call of nature.call (someone's) bluffTo demand proof for or respond in a challenging way to the claims or threats of another that one presumes to be false.call the shots/tune InformalTo exercise authority; be in charge.on call1. Available when summoned for service or use: physicians who were on call for 48 hours.2. Subject to payment on demand.within callClose enough to come if summoned: The nurse is within call if you need him.Synonyms: call, assemble, convene, convoke, muster, summonThese verbs mean to demand or request to appear, come, or gather: called a meeting; assembled the troops; convened a panel of experts; will convoke the legislature; mustering the militia; summoned a group of investors.Our Living Language African American Vernacular English uses call oneself with a present participle, as in They call themselves dancing, to express the idea that the people being talked about are not very good at what they're doing (in this case, dancing), even though they may think they are. This construction has a structure and meaning similar to the Standard English use of call oneself with a noun phrase or adjective, as in He calls himself a dancer or She calls herself intelligent.call outvb (adverb)1. to utter aloud, esp loudly2. (tr) to summon3. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) (tr) to order (workers) to strike4. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) (tr) to summon (an employee) to work at a time outside his normal working hours, usually in an emergency5. (tr) to challenge to a duelPHRASAL VERBIf you call someone out, you order or request that they come to help, especially in an emergency.Colombia has called out the army and imposed emergency measures. [VERB PARTICLE noun]I called the doctor out. [VERB noun PARTICLE]The fire brigade should always be called out to a house fire. [be V-ed P + to]call out in British EnglishVERB (adverb)1. to utter aloud, esp loudly2. (transitive) to summon3. (transitive) to order ( workers) to strike4. (transitive) to summon (an employee) to work at a time outside his or her normal working hours, usually in an emergency5. (transitive) to challenge to a duel6. (transitive) to challenge (a person) to justify an action or statementcall out in American English1. to speak aloud; shout2. to summon into action3. to summon (workers) to strikecall-out in American English(ˈkɔlˌaut)NOUN1. an act or instance of calling out2. an order to report for emergency or special work, esp. at an unusual time or place3. a letter, number, or other device for identifying or calling attention to a particular part of an illustration4. a challenge to a duelWord origin[1885–90; n. use of v. phrase call out]Examples of 'call out' in a sentencecall outThen he began to murmur in his sleep, to call out for his father.Zindell, David THE BROKEN GODAlternatively, we can call out for pizza to be delivered to reception.Scarlett Thomas GOING OUT (2002)She was going to stand up and call out to them, but she changed her mind and just watched them go.

call-out noun [C] (REQUEST)an occasion when someone is asked to come to a person's home or to a particular place in order to do a job, help someone, etc.:Many plumbers charge double for an emergency call-out over the weekend.The mountain rescue service had several call-outs last week.More examplesA normal call-out involves three fire engines; a more serious incident five.If you need a plumber, find out their call-out charge first.The service offers an out-of-hours emergency call-out service to the patients of GPs practices in the area.SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrasescall-out noun [C] (TEXT)a short piece of text, sometimes printed in a box, that gives information about part of a printed drawing, photograph, document, etc.:Publishers use call-outs to give emphasis to an important fact or quote.There is a detailed illustration, with call-outs, of all the Editor windows and toolbars.More examplesSMART Vocabulary: related words and phrasesEXAMPLES of call-outcall-outAll the others depended on call-out arrangement and none of these was satisfactory.I would also have much easier voluntary call-out when it is not in defence of the home base.call out1. To announce something. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."Once everyone is seated, the host will call out the winners' names.If you've got Bingo, call it out!2. To shout in an attempt to draw attention to oneself.I called out to my best friend when I saw her walking down the street, but she had headphones on and couldn't hear http://me.My husband came running when he heard me call out for help.3. To confront one about one's misdeeds or unpleasant behavior. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."If your intern keeps coming in late, you need to call her out on it.4. To challenge one to a fight. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."I wouldn't call that guy out—I know for a fact that he carries a knife.5. To request one's aid or presence. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."When that case had me stumped, I called another detective out to review it with me.The president called out military troops when the situation became unstable.6. To utilize something, often a quality or skill. In this usage, a noun or pronoun can be used between "call" and "out."The championship game was so intense that I really had to call out my mental toughness just to get through it.7. To order something by phone.Just tell me what you want for dinner, and I'll call out for it.call someone or something outto request the services of someone or a group. (See also call someone up; call someone out.) Things got bad enough that the governor called the militia out. The governor called out the militia.call someone outto challenge someone to a fight. Wilbur wanted to call him out, but thought better of it. Why did you call out that guy? He used to be a prizefighter!call something out1. to draw on something, such as a particular quality or talent. It's times like these that call the best out in us. These times call out our best effort.2. to shout out something. Who called the warning out? You should call out a warning to those behind you on the trail.call out (to someone)to speak loudly to get someone's attention. Mike called out to Tom that there was a telephone call for him. I heard someone call out, but I could see no one.call out1. Summon into action or service, as in The governor called out the militia. [Mid-1400s]2. Challenge to a fight, as in To avenge the insult, Arthur called him out. This term originated with dueling and is dying out. [Early 1800s]call outv.1. To shout: When I realized I was trapped, I called out for help. I called out from the porch for lemonade.2. To say something in a loud voice; announce something: The announcer called out the names of the runners as they crossed the finish line. The conductor called the station name out as we pulled up.3. To request the services of someone or something: The mayor called out the guard to suppress the riots. We called the veterinarian out to the farm to examine one of the calves.4. To challenge someone or something: When I insulted his mother, he called me out.5. To order food from a restaurant by telephone: If you don't want to cook, we can just call out for pizza.call someone outtv. to challenge someone to a fight. Max wanted to call him out but thought better of it.call outv. called, call·ing, callshttp://v.tr.1. To say in a loud voice; announce: called my name from across the street; calling out numbers.2. To demand or ask for the presence of: called the children to dinner; call the police.3. To demand or ask for a meeting of; convene or convoke: call the legislature into session.4. To order or request to undertake a particular activity or work; summon: She was called for jury duty. He was called to the priesthood.5. To give the command for; order: call a work stoppage.6.a. To communicate or try to communicate with by telephone: called me at nine.b. To dial (a telephone number): call 911 for help.7. To lure (prey) by imitating the characteristic cry of an animal: call ducks.8. To cause to come to the mind or to attention: a story that calls to mind an incident in my youth.9. To name: What will you call the baby?10. To consider or regard as being of a particular type or kind; characterize: Let's call the game a draw. I'd hardly call him a good manager.11. To designate; label: Nobody calls me a liar.12.a. To demand payment of: call a loan.b. To require the presentation of (a bond) for redemption before maturity.c. To force the sale of (a stock or commodity) by exercising a call option.13. Sportsa. To stop or postpone (a game) because of bad weather, darkness, or other adverse conditions.b. To declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee: call a runner out; call a penalty for holding.c. To indicate a decision in regard to: calling balls and strikes; called a close play at home plate.d. To give the orders or signals for: a quarterback who called a poor play.14. Gamesa. To describe the intended outcome of (one's billiard shot) before playing.b. In poker, to place a bet equal to (the preceding bet or bettor).15. To indicate or characterize accurately in advance; predict: It is often difficult to call the outcome of an election. See Synonyms at predict.16. To challenge the truthfulness or genuineness of: called the debater on a question of fact.17. To shout directions in rhythm for (a square dance).v.intr.1.a. To speak loudly; shout: a swimmer who was calling for help.b. To utter a characteristic cry. Used of an animal: geese calling in the early morning.2. To communicate or try to communicate with someone by telephone: I called twice, but no one answered.3. To pay a short visit: We called to pay our respects. He called on the neighbors but they weren't home.4. Games In poker, to place a bet equal to the preceding bet.n.1. A loud cry; a shout.2.a. The characteristic cry of an animal.b. A sound or an instrument made to imitate such a cry, used as a lure: a moose call.3. A telephone communication or connection.4. Need or occasion: There was no call for an apology.5. Demand: There isn't much call for buggy whips today.6. A claim on a person's time or life: the call of duty.7. A short visit, especially one made as a formality or for business or professional purposes.8. A summons or invitation.9.a. A signal, such as that made by a horn or bell.b. The sounding of a horn to encourage hounds during a hunt.10.a. A strong inner urge or prompting; a vocation: a call to the priesthood.b. The strong attraction or appeal of a given activity or environment: the call of the wild; answered the call of the desert.11. A roll call.12. A notice of rehearsal times posted in a theater.13. Sportsa. A decision made by an umpire or referee.b. An announced description of a game or race, as by a sportscaster.14. A direction or series of directions rhythmically called out to square dancers.15.a. A demand for payment of a debt.b. A demand to submit bonds to the issuer for redemption before the maturity date.c. An option to buy a certain quantity of a stock or commodity for a specified price within a specified time.d. A demand for payment due on stock bought on margin when the value has shrunk.Phrasal Verbs:call back1. To communicate the need for (someone) to return from one situation or location to a previous one: Management called the laid-off workers back.2. To request (someone) to come in for an audition after an initial audition: The director auditioned six singers for the part and called two back.3. To telephone or radio (a person) who has called previously: I called her back at noon.4. To recall (a defective product) for repair: The company has called back all such models built in 1990.call down1. To find fault with; reprimand: The teacher called me down for disobedience.2. To invoke, as from heaven.call for1. To appear, as on someone else's premises, in order to get: My chauffeur will call for you at seven.2. To be an appropriate occasion for: This news calls for champagne.3. To require; demand: work that calls for patience.call forthTo evoke; elicit: a love song that calls forth sad memories.call in1. To take out of circulation: calling in silver dollars.2. To summon for assistance or consultation: call in a specialist.3. To communicate with another by telephone: Has the boss called in today?call off1. To cancel or postpone: call off a trip; called the trip off.2. To restrain or recall: Call off your dogs.call onTo order or request to undertake a particular activity: called on our friends to help.call out1. To order or request to assemble or arrive somewhere; summon: call out the guard.2. To challenge to a duel.3. To set off or direct attention to, as in being commendable or of interest: The article calls out the new features of the software in a sidebar.call up1. To summon to active military service: called up reserve troops for active duty.2. To cause one to remember; bring to mind: stories that call up old times.3. To bring forth for action or discussion; raise.call upon1. To order; require: I call upon you to tell the truth.2. To make a demand or a series of demands on: Social institutions are now being called upon to provide assistance to the homeless.Idioms:call in/into questionTo raise doubts about.call it a day InformalTo stop what one has been doing, for the remainder of the day or at least for the present.call it a night InformalTo stop what one has been doing, for the remainder of the night.call it quits InformalTo stop working or trying; quit.call namesTo speak to or about another in offensive terms.call of natureA need to urinate or defecate. Often used with answer: He left the room to answer the call of nature.call (someone's) bluffTo demand proof for or respond in a challenging way to the claims or threats of another that one presumes to be false.call the shots/tune InformalTo exercise authority; be in charge.on call1. Available when summoned for service or use: physicians who were on call for 48 hours.2. Subject to payment on demand.within callClose enough to come if summoned: The nurse is within call if you need him.Synonyms: call, assemble, convene, convoke, muster, summonThese verbs mean to demand or request to appear, come, or gather: called a meeting; assembled the troops; convened a panel of experts; will convoke the legislature; mustering the militia; summoned a group of investors.Our Living Language African American Vernacular English uses call oneself with a present participle, as in They call themselves dancing, to express the idea that the people being talked about are not very good at what they're doing (in this case, dancing), even though they may think they are. This construction has a structure and meaning similar to the Standard English use of call oneself with a noun phrase or adjective, as in He calls himself a dancer or She calls herself intelligent.call outvb (adverb)1. to utter aloud, esp loudly2. (tr) to summon3. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) (tr) to order (workers) to strike4. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) (tr) to summon (an employee) to work at a time outside his normal working hours, usually in an emergency5. (tr) to challenge to a duelPHRASAL VERBIf you call someone out, you order or request that they come to help, especially in an emergency.Colombia has called out the army and imposed emergency measures. [VERB PARTICLE noun]I called the doctor out. [VERB noun PARTICLE]The fire brigade should always be called out to a house fire. [be V-ed P + to]call out in British EnglishVERB (adverb)1. to utter aloud, esp loudly2. (transitive) to summon3. (transitive) to order ( workers) to strike4. (transitive) to summon (an employee) to work at a time outside his or her normal working hours, usually in an emergency5. (transitive) to challenge to a duel6. (transitive) to challenge (a person) to justify an action or statementcall out in American English1. to speak aloud; shout2. to summon into action3. to summon (workers) to strikecall-out in American English(ˈkɔlˌaut)NOUN1. an act or instance of calling out2. an order to report for emergency or special work, esp. at an unusual time or place3. a letter, number, or other device for identifying or calling attention to a particular part of an illustration4. a challenge to a duelWord origin[1885–90; n. use of v. phrase call out]Examples of 'call out' in a sentencecall outThen he began to murmur in his sleep, to call out for his father.Zindell, David THE BROKEN GODAlternatively, we can call out for pizza to be delivered to reception.Scarlett Thomas GOING OUT (2002)She was going to stand up and call out to them, but she changed her mind and just watched them go.