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“…https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290545753_Integrated_farming_systems_for_Eastern_IndiaRequest PDF | Integrated farming systems for Eastern India | Integration of different agriculturally related enterprises with crop activity as base, provide ways to recycle the products and by ...https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329285372_Integrated_farming_system_in_India_Current_status_scope_and_future_prospects_in_changing_agricultural_scenarioTo fulfill basic needs of these farm families including food (cereal, pulses, oilseeds, milk, fruit, honey, meat etc.), feed fodder, fibre and fuel warrant an attention about integrated farming...What is the agriculture system in India?Farming Systems in India are strategically utilized, according to the locations where they are most suitable. The farming systems that significantly contribute to the agriculture of India are subsistence farming, organic farming, industrial farming.Farming systems in India - WikipediaRice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu Farming Systems in India are strategically utilized, according to the locations where they are most suitable. The farming systems that significantly contribute to the agriculture of India are subsistence farming , organic farming , industrial farming . [1] Regions throughout India differ in types of farming they use; some are based on horticulture , ley farming , agroforestry , and many more. [1] Due to India's geographical location, certain parts experience different climates, thus affecting each region's agricultural productivity differently. India is very dependent on its monsoon cycle for large crop yields. India's agriculture has an extensive background which goes back to at least 9 thousand years. In India, Agriculture was established throughout most of the subcontinent by 6000–5000 BP. During the 5th millennium BP, in the alluvial plains of the Indus River in Pakistan , the old cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa experienced an apparent establishment of an organized farming urban culture. That society, known as the Harappan or Indus civilization , flourished until shortly after 4000 BP; it was much more comprehensive than those of Egypt or Babylonia and appeared earlier than analogous societies in northern China . Currently, the country holds the second position in agricultural production in the world. In 2007, agriculture and other industries made up more than 16% of India's GDP. Despite the steady decline in agriculture's contribution to the country's GDP, agriculture is the biggest industry in the country and plays a key role in the socio-economic growth of the country. India is the second-largest producer of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane , silk, groundnuts , and dozens more. It is also the second biggest harvester of vegetables and fruit, representing 8.6% and 10.9% of overall production, respectively. The major fruits produced by India are mangoes , papayas , sapota , and bananas. India also has the biggest number of livestock in the world, holding 281 million. In 2008, the country housed the second largest number of cattle in the world with 175 million. [2] Climate effect on farming systems [ edit ] Each region in India has a specific soil and climate that is only suitable for certain types of farming. Many regions on the western side of India experience less than 50  cm of rain annually, so the farming systems are restricted to cultivate crops that can withstand drought conditions and farmers are usually restricted to single cropping. [3] Gujarat, Rajasthan, South Punjab , and northern Maharashtra all experience this climate and each region grows such suitable crops like jowar, bajra, and peas . In contrast, the eastern side of India has an average of 100–200  cm of rainfall annually without irrigation, so these regions have the ability to double crop. West Coast, West Bengal , parts of Bihar , U.P. and Assam are all associated with this climate and they grow crops such as rice, sugarcane, jute, [3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming_systems_in_IndiaFarming systems in India - WikipediaWhat is the agriculture system in India?As of 2011 , India had a large and diverse agricultural sector, accounting, on average, for about 16% of GDP and 10% of export earnings. India's arable land area of 159.7 million hectares (394.6 million acres) is the second largest in the world, after the United States. Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares (215.6 million acres) is the largest in the world. India is among the top three global producers of many crops, including wheat, rice, pulses, cotton, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. Worldwide, as of 201…https://www.bing.com/search?q=What%20is%20the%20agriculture%20system%20in%20India%3FWhat is integrated farming model in India?Integrated farming models for coastal regions of India This region consists of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Sikkim, Assam, and Tripura. Existing undulated terrain and dual effects of water are the main limiting constraint in storing/ concentration of runoff water. Following integrated farming model will be suitable:Integrated Farming Model for Small Farmers Under Indian ConditionsIntegrated Farming System (IFS) is an interdependent, interrelated often interlocking production systems based on few crops, animals and related subsidiary ...https://en.engormix.com/agriculture/articles/integrated-farming-model-small-t42786.htmhttp://en.engormix.com/agriculture/articles/integrated-farming-…What is integrated farming model in India?Integrated Farming is based on attention to detail, continuous improvement and managing all resources available. Being bound to sustainable development, the underlying three dimensions economic development, social development and environmental protection are thoroughly considered in the practical implementation of Integrated Farming. However, the need for profitability is a decisive prerequisite: To be sustainable, th…https://www.bing.com/search?q=What%20is%20integrated%20farming%20model%20in%20India%3FWhat is integrated farming system?Integrated farming systems seem to be the possible solution to the continuous increase of demand for food and nutrition, income stability and livelihood upliftment particularly for small and marginal farmers with little resources.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329285372_Integrated_farming_system_in_India_Current_status_scope_and_future_prospects_in_changing_agricultural_scenariohttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/329285372_Integrated…What is integrated farming system?What is an example of Integrated Farming? What is an example of Integrated Farming?https://www.bing.com/search?q=What%20is%20integrated%20farming%20system%3FWhat are the different types of farming in India?Regions throughout India differ in types of farming they use; some are based on horticulture, ley farming, agroforestry, and many more. Due to India's geographical location, certain parts experience different climates, thus affecting each region's agricultural productivity differently.Farming systems in India - WikipediaRice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu Farming Systems in India are strategically utilized, according to the locations where they are most suitable. The farming systems that significantly contribute to the agriculture of India are subsistence farming , organic farming , industrial farming . [1] Regions throughout India differ in types of farming they use; some are based on horticulture , ley farming , agroforestry , and many more. [1] Due to India's geographical location, certain parts experience different climates, thus affecting each region's agricultural productivity differently. India is very dependent on its monsoon cycle for large crop yields. India's agriculture has an extensive background which goes back to at least 9 thousand years. In India, Agriculture was established throughout most of the subcontinent by 6000–5000 BP. During the 5th millennium BP, in the alluvial plains of the Indus River in Pakistan , the old cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa experienced an apparent establishment of an organized farming urban culture. That society, known as the Harappan or Indus civilization , flourished until shortly after 4000 BP; it was much more comprehensive than those of Egypt or Babylonia and appeared earlier than analogous societies in northern China . Currently, the country holds the second position in agricultural production in the world. In 2007, agriculture and other industries made up more than 16% of India's GDP. Despite the steady decline in agriculture's contribution to the country's GDP, agriculture is the biggest industry in the country and plays a key role in the socio-economic growth of the country. India is the second-largest producer of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane , silk, groundnuts , and dozens more. It is also the second biggest harvester of vegetables and fruit, representing 8.6% and 10.9% of overall production, respectively. The major fruits produced by India are mangoes , papayas , sapota , and bananas. India also has the biggest number of livestock in the world, holding 281 million. In 2008, the country housed the second largest number of cattle in the world with 175 million. [2] Climate effect on farming systems [ edit ] Each region in India has a specific soil and climate that is only suitable for certain types of farming. Many regions on the western side of India experience less than 50  cm of rain annually, so the farming systems are restricted to cultivate crops that can withstand drought conditions and farmers are usually restricted to single cropping. [3] Gujarat, Rajasthan, South Punjab , and northern Maharashtra all experience this climate and each region grows such suitable crops like jowar, bajra, and peas . In contrast, the eastern side of India has an average of 100–200  cm of rainfall annually without irrigation, so these regions have the ability to double crop. West Coast, West Bengal , parts of Bihar , U.P. and Assam are all associated with this climate and they grow crops such as rice, sugarcane, jute, [3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming_systems_in_IndiaFarming systems in India - WikipediaWhat are the different types of farming in India?What are the different types of farming practices? What are the different types of farming practices?https://www.bing.com/search?q=What%20are%20the%20different%20types%20of%20farming%20in%20India%3FFeedbackvikaspedia DomainsImportance of Integrated farming systems Literal meaning of integrate is to combine two things in such a way that one becomes fully a part of the other. Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an interdependent, interrelated often interlocking production systems based on few crops, animals and related subsidiary enterprises in such a way that maximize the utilization of nutrients of each system and minimize the negative effect of these enterprises on environment. The interrelated, inter-dependent-interlocking nature of IFS involves the utilization of primary produce and secondary produce of one system, as basic input of the other system, thus making them mutually integrated as one whole unit. Primary goals of IFS are Maximization of yield of all component enterprises to provide steady and stable income at higher levels. Rejuvenation/amelioration of systems productivity and achieve agro ecological equilibrium. Control the built-up of insects-pest, diseases and weeds population through natural cropping system management and keep them at low level of intensity. Reducing the use of chemical fertilizer and other harmful agrochemicals and pesticides to provide pollution free, healthy produce and environment to the society at large. Increase in natural resource use efficiency by early recycling of nutrients. Mitigation of negative impact of agriculture or livestock on environment. In India, efforts were made to develop low cost farming systems suitable for Indian conditions, based on the principles of productive utilization of farm wastes and fuller utilization of available resources and manpower. The sustained research efforts have resulted in the development of integrated farming systems involving fish culture, livestock raising and agriculture. The packages of practices for fish-cum-pig, fish-cum-duck and fish-cum-poultry farming have been developed and verified extensively for economic viability and feasibility at the farmers level. The manure of livestock contains a substantial amount of nutrients and biomass and its application in the pond helps in growth of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton, which act as a source of nutrients for fish. Indigestible feed ingredients present in manure directly consumed by the fish. The wasted feed from feeding through also can be recycled through fish culture. Time to time the bottom soil layer of the pond is removed and applied in the field for crop or vegetable farming which is rich in biomass. The following Integrated Farming Systems suitable particularly for hilly regions of the North Eastern Region are explained below in a concise manner. Integrated Fish cum Pig farming Integrated Fish cum Duck Farming Integrated Fish Farming-Chicken Integrated Fish farming-cum-Cattle farming Integrated Fish farming-cum-Rabbit farming Integrated Fish farming-cum-Agriculture Integrated Fish cum Pig farming A scientifically sound and economically viable production system integrating pig husbandry with fish culture has been evolved for Inhttps://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/livestock/technologies-for-north-eastern-region/integrated-farming-systems-for-north-eastern-hilly-regionhttps://vikaspedia.in/.../integrated-farming-systems-for-north-eastern-hilly-regionThe following Integrated Farming Systems suitable particularly for hilly regions of the North Eastern Region are explained below in a concise manner. Integrated Fish cum Pig farming; Integrated Fish cum Duck Farming; Integrated Fish Farming-Chicken; Integrated Fish farming-cum-Cattle farming; Integrated Fish farming-cum-Rabbit farminghttps://icar-nrri.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NRRI-Research-Bulletin-24.pdfhttps://icar-nrri.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/NRRI-Research-Bulleti…· PDF file5.volution of Integrated Farming Systems in India E The rice farming is one of the most evolved sustainable agriculture in Southeast Asian continents over 6000 years ago. Subsequently, different rice-based integrated farming system evolved in India (Table 1). Table 1. Evolution of rice-based Integrated Farming Systems in India Sl No. Indigenous ...Farming systems in India - WikipediaRice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu Farming Systems in India are strategically utilized, according to the locations where they are most suitable. The farming systems that significantly contribute to the agriculture of India are subsistence farming , organic farming , industrial farming . [1] Regions throughout India differ in types of farming they use; some are based on horticulture , ley farming , agroforestry , and many more. [1] Due to India's geographical location, certain parts experience different climates, thus affecting each region's agricultural productivity differently. India is very dependent on its monsoon cycle for large crop yields. India's agriculture has an extensive background which goes back to at least 9 thousand years. In India, Agriculture was established throughout most of the subcontinent by 6000–5000 BP. During the 5th millennium BP, in the alluvial plains of the Indus River in Pakistan , the old cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa experienced an apparent establishment of an organized farming urban culture. That society, known as the Harappan or Indus civilization , flourished until shortly after 4000 BP; it was much more comprehensive than those of Egypt or Babylonia and appeared earlier than analogous societies in northern China . Currently, the country holds the second position in agricultural production in the world. In 2007, agriculture and other industries made up more than 16% of India's GDP. Despite the steady decline in agriculture's contribution to the country's GDP, agriculture is the biggest industry in the country and plays a key role in the socio-economic growth of the country. India is the second-largest producer of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane , silk, groundnuts , and dozens more. It is also the second biggest harvester of vegetables and fruit, representing 8.6% and 10.9% of overall production, respectively. The major fruits produced by India are mangoes , papayas , sapota , and bananas. India also has the biggest number of livestock in the world, holding 281 million. In 2008, the country housed the second largest number of cattle in the world with 175 million. [2] Climate effect on farming systems [ edit ] Each region in India has a specific soil and climate that is only suitable for certain types of farming. Many regions on the western side of India experience less than 50  cm of rain annually, so the farming systems are restricted to cultivate crops that can withstand drought conditions and farmers are usually restricted to single cropping. [3] Gujarat, Rajasthan, South Punjab , and northern Maharashtra all experience this climate and each region grows such suitable crops like jowar, bajra, and peas . In contrast, the eastern side of India has an average of 100–200  cm of rainfall annually without irrigation, so these regions have the ability to double crop. West Coast, West Bengal , parts of Bihar , U.P. and Assam are all associated with this climate and they grow crops such as rice, sugarcane, jute, [3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming_systems_in_IndiaFarming systems in India - WikipediaRice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu Farming Systems in India are strategically utilized, according to the locations where they are most suitable. The farming systems that significantly contribute to the agriculture of India are subsistence farming , organic farming , industrial farming . [1] Regions throughout India differ in types of farming they use; some are based on horticulture , ley farming , agroforestry , and many more. [1] Due to India's geographical location, certain parts experience different climates, thus affecting each region's agricultural productivity differently. India is very dependent on its monsoon cycle for large crop yields. India's agriculture has an extensive background which goes back to at least 9 thousand years. In India, Agriculture was established throughout most of the subcontinent by 6000–5000 BP. During the 5th millennium BP, in the alluvial plains of the Indus River in Pakistan , the old cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa experienced an apparent establishment of an organized farming urban culture. That society, known as the Harappan or Indus civilization , flourished until shortly after 4000 BP; it was much more comprehensive than those of Egypt or Babylonia and appeared earlier than analogous societies in northern China . Currently, the country holds the second position in agricultural production in the world. In 2007, agriculture and other industries made up more than 16% of India's GDP. Despite the steady decline in agriculture's contribution to the country's GDP, agriculture is the biggest industry in the country and plays a key role in the socio-economic growth of the country. India is the second-largest producer of wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane , silk, groundnuts , and dozens more. It is also the second biggest harvester of vegetables and fruit, representing 8.6% and 10.9% of overall production, respectively. The major fruits produced by India are mangoes , papayas , sapota , and bananas. India also has the biggest number of livestock in the world, holding 281 million. In 2008, the country housed the second largest number of cattle in the world with 175 million. [2] Climate effect on farming systems [ edit ] Each region in India has a specific soil and climate that is only suitable for certain types of farming. Many regions on the western side of India experience less than 50  cm of rain annually, so the farming systems are restricted to cultivate crops that can withstand drought conditions and farmers are usually restricted to single cropping. [3] Gujarat, Rajasthan, South Punjab , and northern Maharashtra all experience this climate and each region grows such suitable crops like jowar, bajra, and peas . In contrast, the eastern side of India has an average of 100–200  cm of rainfall annually without irrigation, so these regions have the ability to double crop. West Coast, West Bengal , parts of Bihar , U.P. and Assam are all associated with this climate and they grow crops such as rice, sugarcane, jute, [3]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming_systems_in_IndiaOverviewClimate effect on farming systemsIrrigation farmingShifting cultivationCommercial agricultureLey farmingPlantation farmingCrop rotationEach region in India has a specific soil and climate that is only suitable for certain types of farming. Many regions on the western side of India experience less than 50 cm of rain annually, so the farming systems are restricted to cultivate crops that can withstand drought conditions and farmers are usually restricted to single cropping. Gujarat, Rajasthan, South Punjab, and northern Maharashtra all experience this climate and each region grows such suitable crops like jowar, bajra, and peas. In contrast, the eastern side of In…Wikipedia · Text under CC-BY-SA licenseIntegrated Farming Model for Small Farmers Under Indian ConditionsIntegrated Farming System (IFS) is an interdependent, interrelated often interlocking production systems based on few crops, animals and related subsidiary ...https://en.engormix.com/agriculture/articles/integrated-farming-model-small-t42786.htmhttps://en.engormix.com/agriculture/articles/integrated-farming-model...2018-11-05 · Integrated farming models for central India; Integrated farming models for northeastern hilly regions of India. This region consists of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Sikkim, Assam, and Tripura. Existing undulated terrain and dual effects of water are the main limiting constraint in storing/ concentration of runoff water. Following integrated farming model will be suitable: Integrated Fish cum Pig farming; …https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313823391_Integrated_Farming_System_for_Sustainable_Agriculturehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/313823391_Integrated_Farming...Intensive integrated farming system (IIFS) is a further improved approach where all the suitable agricultural, horticultural, agroforestry, animal science, poultry, fishery and natural resource ...EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS UNDER INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM (IFS) FOR SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS UNDER SEMI-HUMID CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT | Experimental Agriculture | Cambridge CoreEVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS UNDER INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM (IFS) FOR SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS UNDER SEMI-HUMID CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT - Volume 48 Issue 3https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/article/evaluation-of-different-components-under-integrated-farming-system-ifs-for-small-and-marginal-farmers-under-semihumid-climatic-environment/1BC0DC38315CC92B4BC6934BC3F073D6https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/experimental-agriculture/...2012-03-15 · For efficient utilisation of available farm resources and to increase the income per unit of land, seven integrated farming systems were developed and different combinations of crop, animal, fish and bird were evaluated at three locations of Eastern India, viz. Patna, Vaishali and Munger districts, to sustain productivity, profitability, employment generation and nutrient recycling for lowland situations …Cited by: 5Publish Year: 2012Author: Sanjeev Kumar, N. Subash, S. Shivani, S. S. Singh, A. Deyhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/281146960_A_Review_On_Integrated_Farming_Systemshttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/281146960_A_Review_On...2015-07-10 · The results showed Integrated farming system is a farming system that combines two or more fields of agriculture, which is based on the recycling biological concept, and linked of input-output ...Author: Saravanan ManiIntegrated Farming System: Enhancing Income Source for Marginal and Small FarmersIntegrated farming is defined as a biologically integrated system, which integrates natural resources in a regulated mechanism into farming activities to achieve maximum replacement of off-farm...https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99768-1_5Integrated Farming System: Enhancing Income Source for Marginal and Small FarmersIntegrated farming is defined as a biologically integrated system, which integrates natural resources in a regulated mechanism into farming activities to achieve maximum replacement of off-farm...https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-99768-1_52019-03-22 · Abstract. Integrated farming is defined as a biologically integrated system, which integrates natural resources in a regulated mechanism into farming activities to achieve maximum replacement of off-farm inputs and sustain farm income. The productivity of a diversified cropping system always tends to increase when it is integrated with dairy, poultry or fishery components.Cited by: 1Publish Year: 2019…”

Recently Indian Railways took the step of involving the private players in train operations across Indian Railways network. And in accordance with that, Indian Railways invited Request for Qualifications (RFQ) for private participation for operation of passenger train services over 109 Origin Destination(OD) pairs of routes through introduction of 151 modern Trains (Rakes). The whole operation will be divided among the 12 clusters which are;Now the very first question which arises here is:Is it privatisation of Indian Railways ?Answer to this is:In short NO. What Ministry of Railways is doing is technically known as Corporatization or Hybridization. Now what actually does this means ?Unlike Privatization where the whole stakes and operational control of the company or organisation goes into the hand of the Private Entity, here in these two cases the following thing happens;In Corporatization, the majority of the stakes lies within the Government while the rest of the stake is distributed among different interested parties. Among these interested parties, they can either be different government organizations or different private parties. Now since the majority of the stake is within the government hence the main and whole-sole decision making authority and regulatory authority lies in the hand of the Government only.Hybridization, one can say is an in between thing of Corporatization and Privatization. Unlike the Corporatization where the major stakes lies with the government and unlike Privatization the major stakes lies with the Private Organization, here in Hybridization the stakes are equally divided among the interested parties and thus in short Public-Private Cooperation Partnership is created to cater the need.Hybridity/Hybridization If anyone is interested in understanding hybridization, one can go to this link.Now why I am saying this and not privatization is because of the following things which are proposed in the RFQ as released by Railway Board;The Private Entity shall pay to Indian Railways fixed haulage charges, energy charges as per actual consumption and a share in Gross Revenue determined through a transparent bidding process.These trains shall be operated by the Driver and Guard of Indian RailwaysThe operation of the trains by the private entity shall conform to the key performance indicators like punctuality, reliability, upkeep of trains etc.Operation and maintenance of the passenger trains would be governed by standards & specifications and requirements specified by Indian RailwaysNow if we see, though Indian Railways has brought private players for operations in the railway network but still then, Indian Railways will be regulating the affairs of all of these private trains. Hence here the Railway Board will be acting like Regulatory Body for the Private Rail Operations.Now the thing is what will be Pros and Cons of this step. Let us discuss it in a detailed manner here;Pros of the Corporatization/Hybridization step of Indian Railways —————————————————————————————————————1. Job CreationsThe very first pros will be the Job Generation. Since all the private players are required to use those rakes(coaches) and locomotives which are manufactured under Make in India clause. Hence there will be two possibility. That is,They can either buy it from Indian Railways itself, like Chittaranjan Locomotive Works or Diesel Locomotive Works etc.Or any Public Sector Undertakings which has experience in Railways like BEML, Bengaluru or Bharat Heavy Electronics Limited (BHEL) etc or any Private Organizations which is as of now supplies systems and products to Indian Railways, like Chakradhari Pvt Ltd which produces wheels for Indian Railways.BHEL manufactured WAG-7 locomotive for Indian Railways.Or they can set up their own independent factory or can form any factory under Public-Private Partnership. And in both of them their will be creation of jobs.Diesel Locomotive Factory Marhowrah is a joint venture between Ministry of Railways and General Electric.Like for example the BEML in Bengaluru is a PSU under Ministry of Defence, but at the same time it has expanded its horizon for rail manufacturing too. It is shelving Metro/RTS coaches for various Metro Rail Corporation;In addition, since the maintenance of those rakes would also be carried out by that concerned organization. Hence there will be formation of Maintenance Yards, Quality Controlling Unit, Quality Assurance Units and others. Thus additional jobs in the supporting units would also be created through this.To say precisely an Industrial Railway Ecosystem will be created which will in turn will be furnishing jobs in the Railway Sector.The Future of Rail report: India to improve in global rail activity2. Introduction of Modern TechnologyIndian Railways is one of the world’s oldest railway organization and in fact it is the world’s fourth largest railway system. But still being such a mammoth organization, the Average Speed of he 90% of the trains in India lies somewhere between 40–50 km/hr. And let me add another fact. In Indian Railways, if any train’s average speed is beyond 56 km/hr, then it is categorized as Super Fast. Well yes, this is the truth. Additionally only 10% of train’s Average Speed is beyond 70 km/hr. The same is the condition with the Maximum Permissible Speed too.For more details one can read this as reference for the above :Sourindra Laha's answer to What changes does the Indian Railways need to speed up all trains at their maximum permissible speed?The major factor for this is the Track and secondly is the ICF coaches. Though Indian Railways has stopped the production of the ICF coaches, but still the ICF coaches will be in operations until 2030 and beyond. Basically as per Niti Ayog’s recommendation on the New Strategy for India for next 75 years mainly focuses on the introduction of better technologies and better systems in Indian Railways. And with global companies coming to rail operations, we can hope for more better technologies coming into India. And since these all will be under Make in India clause, thus the exposure to the India’s skilled workforce would be enormous.https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Strategy_for_New_India.pdf: One can read the following pdf file of Niti Ayog for reference.3. Improved quality of services and worth of passenger’s moneyQuality has always been a loophole in Indian Railways in regards to catering and passenger amenities. In addition with the introduction of Dynamic Fares in Premium Trains and further going down of the quality and standards of services, this thing has become more critical. But before I add further let me share something;This is the fare of the Rajdhani Express, before and after subsidy. Now one will see that after the introduction of the Dynamic Fare, number of passengers are as of now are paying that very exact amount in AC 2 and AC 3 Tier which will be there when there is no subsidy. So see even after paying the much amount and travelling without any subsidy, passengers are not getting the quality service.Now if Private operators comes, then obviously there would be no subsidy. And more or less the fare would be same as that of the Premium Trains only, since the private players has to compete against state owned Indian Railways, Volvo Bus Services and as well as with Budget Airlines. Now for Private Players main aim for attracting passengers would be through quality service and definitely they wouldn’t compromise with that. Thus yes through this one can aim for better services.Cons of the Corporatization/Hybridization step of Indian Railways—————————————————————————————————————1. No limit or bar in the fixation of fare ratesExcept the premium trains, almost all the trains operating as of now are cross subsidized through the revenue as generated by Indian Railways in the Freight Segment. But since these private players will be restricted to the passenger segment, then it is quite obvious that there would be nothing as such. Hence their only way to garner and earn revenue from their service would be through the fare they would be setting.Now in addition they have to pay fixed Haulage Price, Energy Charges and part of Gross Revenue to the Indian Railways. Now considering all of these factors I don’t think these private players would be any kind of lenient in subsidizing the fare.My this argument can be very well explained by taking in reference of the Tejas Express operated by IRCTC (A Public Sector Undertaking under Ministry of Railways) between New Delhi and Lucknow. For reference please see the fare of both the trains;Tejas Express (New Delhi - Lucknow)/ Operated by IRCTCChair Car Fare: Rs. 1280 and Executive Class Fare: Rs. 2450(The maximum fare for the Executive Class reached upto almost Rs.5000 after the Dynamic Pricing)Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi (New Delhi - Lucknow)/ Operated by Indian RailwaysChair Car Fare: Rs.1234, Executive Class Fare: Rs. 1855 and Anubhuti Class Fare: Rs. 2080(Now this fare is after the full Dynamic Fare is allowed )Hence one can clearly see the difference in the fare and the margin of the fare between these two trains. And by the way IRCTC is a Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Railways, where the Ministry of Railways has almost the 87% of the stakes. So yeah here is one point where it matters.2. What about the other sections of our society ?The RFQ clearly signals that the trains which will be operating will be beyond 130 Km/hr maximum permissible speed mark and more clearly around 160 km/hr. Thus clearly indicating that these trains would be alternative to the present fleet of the Premium Trains. But at the same time we also need to understand that more than half of the Indian populations still works in the unorganised sector, and quite obviously they would not be able to afford such services. And thus the Mail/Express/Superfast trains of Indian Railways are heaven to them, since these trains are highly subsidized. Now if Indian Railways decides to extend the following private participation to the other segments of the Indian Railways network too, then no doubt these very people and the general Indian Middle Class Society would be left with no other option.Many people claim that such section of society also exists in the other countries, and in those countries private operators are running the train operations, like for example Europe which has a substantial amount of Refugee Crisis. But at the same time we also need to understand that there is strict difference between the Per Capita Income and Living Condition of them and that of ours. In France basically, the half of the fare of the train is borne by the passenger only, while the rest of the half by their concerned Railways Organization.But here in India, due to the various factors like income, living conditions and others, Government almost pays the 71% of the fare. That is 71% of the fare in the trains like Express/Mail/Superfast trains are subsidized. And that can well be understood by the sources as cited by Indian Railways, where they claim;Indian Railways recovers "only 57 per cent" of the cost of travel on an average mail/express train.Indian Railways recovers ‘’only 37 per cent’’ of the cost of travel on suburban services.So here is one such thing which needed to be addressed.3. Train operations in certain regions onlyUnlike government which looks into the matter of welfare, development and outreach, the private companies are more focused on earning revenue. Hence if Private Operations are allowed in the entire network, then definitely these private players would try to operate on only those routes where passenger density is heavy. But what about the other regions. Like if the Private Operations are the helm of the Indian Railways Network, I bet, the North Eastern India would still be out of Indian Railways Map. And yes this is the reality.Sanctioned in 2000, broad-gauge train reaches Mizoram after 16 yearsAfter Assam, Tripura And Arunachal, Indian Railways To Provide Rail Connectivity To Three More Northeastern States By 2023And let it be that for sometime these private players started their operations in those areas, but after sometime they would definitely wrap and wind it up and will leave those places, since the passenger revenue will not exceed the price they are paying to make the trains running.—————————————————————————————————————Conclusion: Review regarding the recent proposal of invitation of private players in train operations in Indian RailwaysThis is a good step but is executed and planned in a wrong and illogical manner. Why I am saying this, let me explain. For explaining I will be taking the reference of a private train operation between New Delhi and Chandigarh. That is Cluster 5, as per Indian Railways introduction of the Private Operations.So basically if I consider myself as a passenger who wanted to go to Chandigarh from Delhi, then these are the following options I have;Private TrainBudget AirlinesTrain operated by Indian RailwaysVolvo Bus ServiceNow here if anyone sees, these private trains has to compete against three other mode of services. Now how will these all be the concern for the private players;They have to compete against Indian Railways where the fares are cross subsidized via freight service. But since private players would be engaged in passengers operations only, thus there will be no such option. Hence while Indian Railways can regulate their fares to attract passengers, the private players won’t be able to do so. Now since fare would more or less similar to that of the Indian Railways, hence losses and since there is nothing to compensate them, thus in turn it will lead the private players leaving this very specific sector.As of now in long distance routes, Indian Railways is fighting against the Budget Airlines which has brought down its passenger share. Now if Private players comes into play they have to set the fare in accordance with the Indian Railways and that of the Budget Airlines too, thus in short will also lead to the same scenario.The same applies with the short distance routes, where in place of Budget Airlines the Volvo Buses has brought down the passenger share.Thus if anyone observe, then would found that though some players might get into the operations but due to the above stated factors they will be not able to sustain themselves due mounting losses. Thus this will lead them to leave the following Indian Railways Network.So if to see if Indian Railways really wanted to modernize this mammoth organization, they need to undertake some rapid and path breaking steps. And if they really wanted corporatization (which I think is better option than hybridization), they need to involve them directly into the system rather than acting as a regulator body or an organization for them. And this very step has been stressed quite a time by various committees and organization as well.