2nd Quarter 2006 W I L D R O S E A S P E C I A L P O I N T S O F I N T E R E S T: Fill & Download for Free

“**Shouldn’t the mother of your child try and build you up to be the best father and potential husband possible?**”Hi Tone,The short answer is yes, with the added caveat that it is reciprocated.The tone of your question leads me to believe that you and your child’s mother are having relational difficulties. With that in mind, then, the “should” is taken as a request to be right in some ongoing conflict the two of you have.There are several points on which your desire to be built up (and what you may be perceiving as her resistance to this desire) rests. This is from a paper I wrote earlier this year on Intimate partner relationship and sex in terms of attachment style.**Caretaking**Within the primacy of the partner relationship, there exists a caretaking property that must be fulfilled in order for most other qualitative states to be satisfactory or better, and that is the notion that each partner cares for and tends to the needs of the other. They know one another, they are interested in one another, and they seek to build one another up by genuinely liking one another—not because of how the other makes them feel about them self, but out of true affection, respect, and regard for the other. (I have an entire workshop on this.)When this fundamental of the successful couple union breaks down, empathy and compassion tend to leave the building and this is when resentments, hostilities, and conflict arise. This is especially true after babies are born.**Adult Attachment Style**Caretaking can be somewhat crippled by insecure Attachment styles learned in infancy and early childhood. When one or both partners has an insecure attachment style, the research shows that relationship tends to suffer (Mikulincer and Shaver, 2007). Couples in which one or both partners experience an insecure attachment style have a positive correlation of negative relational behaviors (Dainton & Gross, 2008; Goodboy et al., 2010). Distressed relationships are marked by lower relationship satisfaction, commitment, and intimacy (e.g., Davila and Bradbury, 2001; Keelan et al., 1994; Treboux, Crowell, & Waters, 2004), as well as more conflict and less stable relationships marked by shorter duration and higher breakup rates (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick and Davis, 1994; Treboux et al., 2004).The main qualities of partner satisfaction are partner responsiveness and emotional engagement—without them, research shows outcomes of low relationship quality and higher rates of divorce (Gottman, 1994; Huston, Caughlin, Houts, Smith, and George, 2001; Johnson, 2004).Dysfunctional caregiving within a couple tends to activate insecure attachment coping strategies. When a partner makes a bid for proximity in the partner relationship (or in your case, wants to be built up and reassured) and the other partner fails to respond in a way that is reassuring, it produces a host of worries, negative attitudes, and destructive behaviors in the partner seeking reassurance. They increase the needier partner’s relationship-specific attachment insecurities, which can then set off avoidant behavior from the other. Once this interaction comes into play, the partner who is more anxious or needy may behave more ambivalently toward the partner they were seeking reassurance from and this looks like distancing, because s/he wasn’t going to get their needs met anyway and this coping strategy allows them some sense of autonomy and control, though simply reinforcing the insecure attachment.**The correlate of relational and sexual satisfaction**A tripartite model of behavioral systems: the attachment system, the caregiving system, and the sexual system positively or negatively impacts both relational and sexual satisfaction within the dyad couple framework (Shaver, Hazan, & Bradshaw, 1988; Mikulincer and Shaver, 2007). Secure attachment and caregiving systems generally show stronger correlation to sexual and relational satisfaction (Holmes & Johnson, 2009; Peloquin, Brassard, LaFontaine, & Shaver, 2014). The more insecure one or both partners’ attachment quality is, the more compromised one or both partners feel within their Adult Romantic Attachment. People who want to experience more positive relational and sexual satisfaction can improve various components of their relational style, the most fundamental factor of those being moving from an insecure attachment style to a more secure attachment style, called earned secure attachment. The couple dyad is negatively affected as a unit when one or both actors is acting out or on the receiving end of these insecure behaviors, and relational satisfaction is diminished. Additionally, research has shown that when negative relational behaviors are employed within relationship, sexual satisfaction is diminished. Sexual behavior, sexual identity, and sexual satisfaction are related to attachment style (Fricker & Moore, 2002; Morrison, Goodlin-Jones, & Urquiza, 1997). Relational and sexual satisfaction have co- variants with gender. Women tend to derive more sexual satisfaction with relational satisfaction and men tend to derive more relational satisfaction with sexual satisfaction. Anxious and Avoidant attachment styles are associated with distinct relational and sexual dissatisfaction as they have different coping strategies for dealing with and regulating distress; both interfere with adaptive relational functioning (Dewitte, 2012).There is a positive correlation between secure attachment and relational satisfaction, as well as secure attachment and sexual satisfaction.**References & Citations**Anderson, M., Kunkel, A., & Dennis, M. R. (2011). “Let’s (not) talk about that”: Bridging the past sexual experiences taboo to build healthy romantic relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 48(4), 381–391. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.482215Ayres, J. (1983). Strategies to maintain relationship: Their identification and perceived usage. Communication Quarterly, 31, 62–67.Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. 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I’m not sure where climate change deniers get their science. I seriously doubt their is much legitimate science which claims the climate doesn’t change.But if you are really asking where do skeptics of the theory of catastrophic anthropogenic CO2 global warming get their science, read on.There are thousands of papers, articles and book chapters written by CAGW skeptic climate scientists. Many are published in peer-reviewed journals. Many are published in online science publications such as Cornell University Library, “the world's premier e-print repository in physics, math, computer science and related disciplines enabling scientists worldwide to share and access research before it is formally published” (arXiv.org e-Print archive). Others are published on climate change blogs. While many of the latter are not formally peer-reviewed, it is common knowledge that the peer-review process in climate science has been corrupted by ideology and politics. It is now essentially “pal-review” where alarmists have other alarmists review their papers and skeptics have other skeptics review theirs.There are numerous books and book chapters written by skeptic scientists. Here are a few:Why Scientists Disagree About Global Warming: The NIPCC Report on Scientific Consensus Paperback – December 31, 2016 by Craig D. IdsoInconvenient Facts: The science that Al Gore doesn't want you to know 2017 by Gregory WrightstoneClimate Change: The Facts Paperback – April 21, 2015 by J.AbbotA DISGRACE TO THE PROFESSION: The World’s Scientists – in their own words – on Michael E Mann, his Hockey Stick and their Damage to Science, compiled and edited by Mark Steyn, Volume I,Alexander RB, 2009. Global Warming False Alarm: The Bad Science Behind the United Nations’ Assertion that Man-made CO2 Causes Global Warming. Canterbury Publishing: Royal Oak, MI.Carter RM, 2010. Climate: The Counter-Consensus. Stacey International: London, United Kingdom.Idso CD, Carter RM, Singer SF, 2015. Why Scientists Disagree About Global Warming: The NIPCC Report on Scientific ConsensusInhofe J, 2011. The Greatest Hoax: How the Global Warming Conspiracy Threatens Your FutureClimate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/CCR/CCR-II/CCR-II-Full.pdfClimate Change Reconsidered II- Fossil Fuels 2018and Climate Change Reconsidered II- Biological Impacts at Home 2014Marohasy J (ed.), 2017. Climate Change: The Facts 2017. Institute of Public Affaris: Melbourne, Australia.Michaels PJ (ed.), 2005. Shattered Consensus: The True State of Global Warming. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.: Lanham, MD.Climate of Extremes: Global Warming Science They Don't Want You to Know 2009byPatrickMichaelsEvidence-Based Climate Science Data Opposing CO2 Emissions as the Primary Source of Global Warming 2nd Edition Edited by: Don J. Easterbrook 2016Lukewarming: The New Climate Science that Changes Everything by Patrick MichaelsMichaels PJ, 2011. Climate Coup: Global Warmings Invasion of Our Government and Our Lives. Cato Institute: Washington,DCTHE MYTHOLOGY OF GLOBAL WARMING: Climate Change Fiction vs. Scientific Facts by Bruce Bunker, PhDPlimer I, 2009. Heaven and Earth: Global Warming the Missing Science. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group Inc.: Lanham, MDSpencer RW, 2008. Climate Confusion: How Global Warming Hysteria Leads to Bad Science, Pandering Politicians, and Misguided Policies that Hurt the Poor. Encounter Books: New YorkSpencer RW, 2010. The Bad Science and Bad Policy of Obama’s Global Warming Agenda. Encounter Books: New York, NY.Spencer RW, 2010. The Great Global Warming Blunder: How Mother Nature Fooled the World’s Top Climate Scientists. Encounter Books: New York, NY.Sussman B, 2016. Climategate: A Veteran Meteorologist Exposes the Global Warming Scam. WorldNetDaily (WND) Books: Washington, DCGlobal Warming-Alarmists, Skeptics and Deniers: A Geoscientist Looks at the Science of Climate Change 2012 by G Dedrick RobinsonHere are some books authored by other scientists or those with extensive knowledge of climate science:Nova, J The Skeptic’s Handbook: https://jonova.s3.amazonaws.com/sh1/the_skeptics_handbook_2-3_lq.pdfThe Neglected Sun: Why the Sun Precludes Climate Catastrophe Fritz VahrenholtFray C, 2016. Climate Change Reality Check: Basic Facts that Quickly Prove the Global Warming Crusade is Wrong and DangerousHorner CC, 2008. Red Hot Lies: How Global Warming Alarmists Use Threats, Fraud, and Deception to Keep You MisinformedJones A, 2016. Climate Change, The Climate Change Agenda: World Government, Carbon Taxes & Population Control.Lomborg B, 2007. Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist’s Guide to Global Warming. Marshall Cavendish Limited: London, United Kingdom.Montford AW, 2010. The Hockey Stick Illusion: Climategate and the Corruption of Science. Stacey International: London, United Kingdom.Moore TG, 1995. Global Warming: A Boon to Humans and Other Animals. Essays in Public Policy No. 61. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace: Stanford University, CA.Rupert Darwall, The Age of Global Warming: A History (Quartet Books Ltd, 2013)Morano M, 2018. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Climate Change. Regnery Publishing: Washington, DC.Climate Basics: Nothing to Fear by Rod MartinWishart I, 2009. Air Con: The Seriously Inconvenient Truth about Global Warming. Howling at the Moon Publishing: Kaukapakapa, New ZealandThere are also hundreds of articles in various media reporting on the findings of skeptic scientists and exposing the mendacity of many alarmists (e.g., plenty published about Climategate easily found online).Climate change: this is the worst scientific scandal of our generationhttp://www.populartechnology.net/2009/10/peer-reviewed-papers-supporting.html (Over 1350 papers skeptical of CAGW)http://www.scmsa.eu/archives/SCM... (A 2015 White Paper written by French Mathematicians and Modelers providing a brilliant summary of the inconsistencies, discrepancies and other severe problems with the theory of CAGW, including an astute analysis of the often distorted mathematical manipulations performed by NOAA et al.On the Validity of NOAA, NASA and Hadley CRU Global Average Surface Temperature Data & The Validity of EPA's CO 2 Endangerment Finding Abridged Research Reporthttps://www.thegwpf.org/content/uploads/2018/02/Groupthink.pdf (2018 report about how group-think is behind the theory of CAGW)itsnotco2https://thsresearch.files.wordpress.com › chap3-published-in-elsevier (very comprehensive, explaining just how manipulated and unreliable the NOAA, NASA and CRU temperature data are. It will make you ponder if there has really been much global warming at all, or, at least, how we could know if and how much warming from such manipulated data.)This study, just published in June 2019, by climatologists from Finland found no significant evidence for man-made CO2 climate change: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.00165.pdfHere is a list of some skeptic articles and skeptic websites: John Walker's answer to Can you give me some articles on climate change skepticism? This anthology is also quoted at: Extensive Anthology by Experts That Refutes Man-Made Global Warming | Europe ReloadedCO2: The Greatest Scientific Scandal of Our Time (Zbigniew Jaworowski) Poland - Environmentalists For Nuclear USA - very informative essay about how the scam came about and why it violates known science. 200717 New Scientific Papers Dispute CO2 Greenhouse Effect As Primary Explanation For Climate Change 2017Climategate 2.0: New E-Mails Rock The Global Warming DebateThe U.N.'s Global Warming War On Capitalism: An Important History Lesson 20133 Chemists Conclude CO2 Greenhouse Effect Is ‘Unreal’, Violates Laws Of Physics, Thermodynamics 2017https://climateofsophistry.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/there-is-no-radiative-greenhouse-effect-presentation.pdf 2017CO2 Sciencehttp://carbon-sense.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/carbon-dioxide-feeds-the-world.pdf -In the Cold Light of Day: Flat Earth in Modern Physics by J Postma, M.Sc. AstrophysicsAbout the IPCCThe IPCC WGI Fifth Assessment Report-comment by Dr Vincent Gray 2013Global warming: second thoughts of an environmentalist 2012The Dark Story Behind Global Warming aka Climate Change 2018Friends of Science | (Numerous articles about climate change and AGW fraud)On the gargantuan lie of climate change scienceWatts Up With That? -world’s most viewed climate website,Anthony Watts, meteorologistWhy It's Not Carbon DioxideThe Global Warming Policy Forum (GWPF) - Common Sense on Climate ChangeJoNova - author of The Skeptic's Handbook, AustraliaSkeptics Handbook free download of The Skeptics’ Handbook and other bookletsClimate Change Archives -Technocracy Newsclimate science - from the UKGlobal Climate ScamClimate Depot-Marc Morano, author The Politically Incorrect Guide to Climate ChangeThe Politically Incorrect Guide to Climate Change’ By Marc MoranoClimate Etc. -Dr. Judith Curry, ClimatologistWelcome -weather actionThe Deplorable Climate Science Blog (real climate science .com) Tony Hellernotrickszone.com -Pierre Gosselin, GermanyClimate Change News & AnalysisGREENIE WATCH (a website hosted by Dr. John Ray, an Australian blogger skeptical of CAGW)Thongchai Thailand (A website hosted by Dr. Chaam Jamal, Chemical Engineer, posting numerous articles refuting much of the hypotheses of CAGW)What You Never Hear About Global Warming -- Sott.net - This is an excellent article discussing some of the damning information about CAGW which most of the public never hears. It explains part of the reason the author became a skeptic.Countering The Fallacy Of Global WarmingThe Dark Story Behind Global Warming aka Climate ChangeCO2: The Greatest Scientific Scandal of Our Time (Zbigniew Jaworowski) Poland - Environmentalists For Nuclear USANational Association of Scholars - The Father of Global Warming Skepticism: An Interview with S Fred Singer by Ashley ThorneAnd this is just a small sample.Update 12/20/19Since someone asked for some links to pubished journal articles used by skeptics of the unproven theory of CAGW to debunk that theory (no doubt because they fallaciously believed there were none), I provide just a few below. By the way the last 80 or so prove there was a consensus among climate scientists in the 1970s that the earth was entering a period of global cooling. Many of the scientitsts are the same ones who now think we are in a period of catastrophic human CO2-induced gobal warming. So much for consensus science! Enjoy:(I may add more once my writing hand recovers.)A 2000-year global temperature reconstruction based on non-treering proxies (http://www.freesundayschoollessons.org/pdfs/climate-history.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 1049-1058, December 2007)**– Craig Loehle*– Reply To: Comments on Loehle, “correction To: A 2000-Year Global Temperature Reconstruction Based on Non-Tree Ring Proxies” (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2008/00000019/00000005/art00014)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 19, Number 5, pp. 775-776, September 2008)**– Craig Loehle*A Climate of Doubt about Global Warming (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120100252/abstract)*(Environmental Geosciences, Volume 7 Issue 4, pp. 213, December 2000)**– Robert C. Balling Jr.*A comparison of tropical temperature trends with model predictions (http://www.pas.rochester.edu/%7Edouglass/papers/Published%20JOC1651.pdf) (PDF)*(International Journal of Climatology, Volume 28, Issue 13, pp. 1693-1701, December 2007)**– David H. Douglass, John R. Christy, Benjamin D. Pearson, S. Fred Singer*A critical review of the hypothesis that climate change is caused by carbon dioxide (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2000/00000011/00000006/art00003)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 11, Number 6, pp. 631-638, November 2000)**– Heinz Hug*A new dynamical mechanism for major climate shifts (http://www.nosams.whoi.edu/PDFs/papers/tsonis-grl_newtheoryforclimateshifts.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 34, Issue 13, July 2007)**– Anastasios A. Tsonis, Kyle Swanson, Sergey Kravtsov*A scientific agenda for climate policy? (http://nome.colorado.edu/HARC/Readings/Boehmer.pdf) (PDF)*(Nature, Volume 372, Issue 6505, pp. 400-402, December 1994)**– Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen*A test of corrections for extraneous signals in gridded surface temperature data (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2004/26/c026p159.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 26, Number 2, pp. 159-173, May 2004)**– Ross McKitrick, Patrick J. Michaels*– Are temperature trends affected by economic activity? Reply to Benestad (2004) (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2004/27/c027p175.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 27, Number 2, pp. 175–176, October 2004)**– Ross McKitrick, Patrick J. Michaels*– A test of corrections for extraneous signals in gridded surface temperature data: Erratum (http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Ermckitri/research/Erratum_McKitrick.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 27, Number 3, pp. 265-268, December 2004)**– Ross McKitrick, Patrick J. Michaels*Altitude dependence of atmospheric temperature trends: Climate models versus observation (http://www.pas.rochester.edu/%7Edouglass/papers/2004GL020103_altitude.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 13, July 2004)**– David H. Douglass, Benjamin D. Pearson, S. Fred Singer** An Alternative Explanation for Differential Temperature Trends at the Surface and in the Lower Troposphere (http://www.climatesci.org/publications/pdf/R-345.pdf) (PDF)*(Submitted to the Journal of Geophysical Research, February 2009)**– Philip J. Klotzbach, Roger A. Pielke Sr., Roger A. Pielke Jr., John R. Christy, Richard T. McNider*An assessment of validation experiments conducted on computer models of global climate using the general circulation model of the UK’s Hadley Centre (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/1999/00000010/00000005/art00005)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 10, Number 5, pp. 491-502, September 1999)**– Richard S. Courtney*Analysis of trends in the variability of daily and monthly historical temperature measurements (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/10/c010p027.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 27-33, April 1998)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Robert C. Balling Jr, Russell S. Vose, Paul C. Knappenberger*Ancient atmosphere- Validity of ice records (http://www.springerlink.com/content/284n23943h8g687p/)*(Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Volume 1, Number 3, September 1994)**– Zbigniew Jaworowski*Are Climate Model Projections Reliable Enough For Climate Policy? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2004/00000015/00000003/art00013)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 15, Number 3, pp. 521-525, July 2004)**– Madhav L. Khandekar*Are observed changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere really dangerous? (http://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/documents/deFreitas.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, Volume 50, Number 2, pp. 297-327, June 2002)**– C. R. de Freitas*Are there connections between the Earth’s magnetic field and climate? (http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/home/files/Courtillot07EPSL.pdf) (PDF)*(Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 253, Issues 3-4, pp. 328-339, January 2007)**– Vincent Courtillot, Yves Gallet, Jean-Louis Le Mouël, Frédéric Fluteau, Agnès Genevey*– Response to comment on “Are there connections between Earth’s magnetic field and climate?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 253, 328–339, 2007” by Bard, E., and Delaygue, M., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., in press, 2007 (http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/home/files/CourtillotEPSL08final.pdf) (PDF)*(Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 265, Issues 1-2, pp. 308-311, January 2008)**– Vincent Courtillot, Yves Gallet, Jean-Louis Le Mouël, Frédéric Fluteau, Agnès Genevey*Atmospheric CO2 and global warming: a critical review (http://www.co2web.info/np-m-119.pdf) (PDF)*(Norwegian Polar Institute Letters, Volume 119, May 1992)**– Zbigniew Jaworowski, Tom V. Segalstad, V. Hisdal*Can increasing carbon dioxide cause climate change? (http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/181_PNAS97.pdf) (PDF)*(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 94, pp. 8335-8342, August 1997)**– Richard S. Lindzen*Carbon dioxide forcing alone insufficient to explain Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum warming (Carbon dioxide forcing alone insufficient to explain Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum warming)*(Nature Geoscience, Volume 2, 576-580, July 2009)**– Richard E. Zeebe, James C. Zachos, Gerald R. Dickens*Climate as a Result of the Earth Heat Reflection (http://versita.metapress.com/content/0568267087g45882/fulltext.pdf) (PDF)*(Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences, Volume 46, Number 2, pp. 29-40, May 2009)**– J. Barkāns, D. Žalostība*Climate Change – A Natural Hazard (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2003/00000014/F0020002/art00006)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Numbers 2-3, pp. 215-232, May 2003)**– William Kininmonth*Climate Change and the Earth’s Magnetic Poles, A Possible Connection (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/F0020001/art00005)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, pp. 75-83, January 2009)**– Adrian K. Kerton*Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics (http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16098488)*(AAPG Bulletin, Volume 88, Number 9, pp. 1211-1220, September 2004)**– Lee C. Gerhard*– Climate change: Conflict of observational science, theory, and politics: Reply (AAPG Bulletin | GeoScienceWorld)*(AAPG Bulletin, Volume 90, Number 3, pp. 409-412, March 2006)**– Lee C. Gerhard*Climate Change: Dangers of a Singular Approach and Consideration of a Sensible Strategy (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/F0020001/art00014)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2 , pp. 201-205, January 2009)**– Tim F. Ball*Climate change: detection and attribution of trends from long-term geologic data (Redirecting)*(Ecological Modelling, Volume 171, Issue 4, pp. 433-450, February 2004)**– Craig Loehle*Climate change in the Arctic and its empirical diagnostics (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/1999/00000010/00000005/art00003)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 10, Number 5, pp. 469-482, September 1999)**– V.V. Adamenko, K.Y. Kondratyev, C.A. Varotsos*Climate Change is Nothing New! (http://www.ilovemycarbondioxide.com/pdf/EndersbeeReprint.pdf) (PDF)*(New Concepts In Global Tectonics, Number 42, March 2007)**– Lance Endersbee*Climate change projections lack reality check (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113507556/abstract)*(Weather, Volume 61, Issue 7, pp. 212, December 2006)**– Madhav L. Khandekar*Climate Change Re-examined (http://suesam.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/climate-change-re-examined.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Scientific Exploration, Volume 21, Number 4, pp. 723–749, 2007)**– Joel M. Kauffman*Climate Chaotic Instability: Statistical Determination and Theoretical Background (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/15771/abstract)*(Environmetrics, Volume 8, Issue 5, pp. 517-532, December 1998)**– Raymond Sneyers*Climate Dynamics and Global Change (Climate Dynamics and Global Change)*(Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 26, pg 353-378, January 1994)**– Richard S. Lindzen*Climate outlook to 2030 (http://climatepolice.com/Climate_Outlook_2030.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Number 5, pp. 615-619, September 2007)**– David C. Archibald*Climate Prediction as an Initial Value Problem (http://www.climatesci.org/publications/pdf/R-210.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 79, Number 12, pp. 2743-2746, December 1998)**– Roger A. Pielke Sr.*Climate projections: Past performance no guarantee of future skill? (http://www.leif.org/EOS/2009GL038082.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 36, Issue 13, July 2009)**– Catherine Reifen, Ralf Toumi*Climate science and the phlogiston theory: weighing the evidence (http://www.ilovemycarbondioxide.com/pdf/09_Rorsch.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 3-4, pp. 441-447, July 2007)**– Arthur Rörsch*Climate stability: an inconvenient proof (http://www.atypon-link.com/telf/doi/abs/10.1680/cien.2007.160.2.66)*(Civil Engineering, Volume 160, Issue 2, pp. 66-72, May 2007)**– David Bellamy, Jack Barrett*Climate Variations and the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect (Climate Variations and the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect)*(Ambio, Volume 27, Number 4, pp. 270-274, June 1998)**– Wibjörn Karlén*CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate: Comment (http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/comment-reply/pdf/i1052-5173-14-3-e4.pdf) (PDF)*(GSA Today, Volume 14, Issue 7, pp. 18–18, July 2004)**– Nir Shaviv, Jan Veizer*CO2-induced global warming: a skeptic’s view of potential climate change (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/10//c010p069.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 69–82, April 1998)**– Sherwood B. Idso*Cooling of Atmosphere Due to CO2 Emission (Home | Taylor & Francis Group)*(Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, Volume 30, Issue 1, pp. 1-9, January 2008)**– G. V. Chilingar, L. F. Khilyuk, O. G. Sorokhtin*Comment on “Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change” (http://www.heartland.org/custom/semod_policybot/pdf/25725.pdf) (PDF)*(Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Volume 90, Number 27, July 2009)**– Roland Granqvist*Conflicting Signals of Climatic Change in the Upper Indus Basin (http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/h.j.fowler/fowler&archer_JC2006.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Climate, Volume 19, Issue 17, pp. 4276–4293, September 2006)**– H. J. Fowler, D. R. Archer*Cooling of the Global Ocean Since 2003 (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/F0020001/art00008)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, pp. 101-104, January 2009)**– Craig Loehle*Dangerous global warming remains unproven (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2007/00000018/00000001/art00011)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, pp. 167-169, January 2007)**– Robert M. Carter*Differential trends in tropical sea surface and atmospheric temperatures since 1979 (Publish with AGU)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 28, Number 1, pp. 183–186, January 2001)**– John R. Christy, D.E. Parker, S.J. Brown, I. Macadam, M. Stendel, W.B. Norris*Disparity of tropospheric and surface temperature trends: New evidence (http://www.pas.rochester.edu/%7Edouglass/papers/2004GL020212_disparity.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 13, July 2004)**– David H. Douglass, Benjamin D. Pearson, S. Fred Singer, Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels*Do deep ocean temperature records verify models? (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/204_2001GL014360.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 29, Issue 8, pp. 95-1, April 2002)**– Richard S. Lindzen*Do Facts Matter Anymore? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2003/00000014/F0020002/art00009)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Numbers 2-3, pp. 323-326, May 2003)**– Patrick J. Michaels*Do glaciers tell a true atmospheric CO2 story? (http://www.co2web.info/stoten92.pdf) (PDF)*(Science of the Total Environment, Volume 114, pp. 227-284, August 1992)**– Zbigniew Jaworowski, Tom V. Segalstad, N. Ono*Documentation of uncertainties and biases associated with surface temperature measurement sites for climate change assessment (http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/pdfs/Pielke-etal_BAMS_Jun07.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 88, Number 6, pp. 913-928, June 2007)**– Roger A. Pielke Sr. et al.*Does a Global Temperature Exist? (http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Ermckitri/research/globaltemp/GlobTemp.JNET.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, Volume 32, Issue 1, pp. 1–27, February 2007)**– Christopher Essex, Ross McKitrick, Bjarne Andresen*Does CO2 really drive global warming? (Does CO2 really drive global warming?)*(Chemical Innovation, Volume 31, Number 5, pp 44-46, May 2001)**– Robert H. Essenhigh*Earth’s rising atmospheric CO2 concentration: Impacts on the biosphere (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2001/00000012/00000004/art00004)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 12, Number 4, pp. 287-310, July 2001)**– Craig D. Idso*Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (http://www.oism.org/pproject/GWReview_OISM600.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Volume 12, Number 3, pp. 79-90, Fall 2007)**– Arthur B. Robinson, Noah E. Robinson, Willie H. Soon*Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/myownPapers-d/CR99paper.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 13, Number 2, pp. 149–164, October 1999)**– Arthur B. Robinson, Zachary W. Robinson, Willie H. Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas*Estimation and representation of long-term (>40 year) trends of Northern-Hemisphere-gridded surface temperature: A note of caution (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/myownPapers-d/SLB-GRL04-NHtempTrend.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Number 3, February 2004)**– Willie H. Soon, David R. Legates, Sallie L. Baliunas*Evidence Delimiting Past Global Climate Changes (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122579621/abstract)*(Environmental Geosciences, Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 151, September 1999)**– John P. Bluemle, Joseph M. Sabel, Wibjörn Karlén*Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon (Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon)*(Nature, Volume 408, Issue 6813, pp. 698-701, December 2000)**– Ján Veizer, Yves Godderis, Louis M. François*Evidence for “publication Bias” Concerning Global Warming in Science and Nature (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2008/00000019/00000002/art00007)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 287-301, March 2008)**– Patrick J. Michaels*Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics (http://xxx.lanl.gov/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0707/0707.1161v4.pdf) (PDF)*(International Journal of Modern Physics B, Volume 23, Issue 03, pp. 275-364, January 2009)**– Gerhard Gerlich, Ralf D. 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Stooksbury*Global warming and long-term climatic changes: a progress report (http://www.springerlink.com/content/f5uhmcp0qx4l81dj/)*(Environmental Geology, Volume 46, Numbers 6-7, pp. 970-979, October 2004)**– L. F. Khilyuk, G. V. Chilingar*Global Warming and the Accumulation of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2005/00000016/00000001/art00006)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, pp. 101-126, January 2005)**– Arthur Rörsch, Richard S. Courtney, Dick Thoenes*Global warming and the mining of oceanic methane hydrate (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/toca/2005/00000032/F0020003/00002879)*(Topics in Catalysis, Volume 32, Numbers 3-4, pp. 95-99, March 2005)**– Chung-Chieng Lai, David Dietrich, Malcolm Bowman*Global Warming: Correcting the Data (http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv31n3/v31n3-2.pdf) (PDF)*(Regulation, Volume 31, Number 3, pp.46-52, 2008)**– Patrick J. Michaels*Global Warming: Forecasts by Scientists Versus Scientific Forecasts (http://www.aei.org/docLib/20080204_armstrong.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 997-1021, December 2007)**– Keston C. Green, J. Scott Armstrong*Global Warming: Is Sanity Returning? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/00000005/art00002)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 5, pp. 721-731, September 2009)**– Nigel Lawson*Global Warming: Myth or Reality? The Actual Evolution of the Weather Dynamics (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2003/00000014/F0020002/art00008)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Numbers 2-3, pp. 297-322, May 2003)**– Marcel Leroux*Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus (http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/v15n2-9.pdf) (PDF)*(Regulation, Volume 15, Number 2, pp. 87-98, 1992)**– Richard S. Lindzen*Greenhouse effect in semi-transparent planetary atmospheres (http://www.met.hu/doc/idojaras/vol111001_01.pdf) (PDF)*(Quarterly Journal of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, Volume 111, Number 1, pp. 1-40, 2007)**– Ferenc M. Miskolczi*Greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect (http://www.springerlink.com/content/c47m4x8222886n12/)*(Environmental Geology, Volume 58, Issue 6, pp.1207-1213, September 2009)**– G. V. Chilingar, O. G. Sorokhtin, L. Khilyuk, M. V. Gorfunkel*Greenhouse molecules, their spectra and function in the atmosphere (http://www.warwickhughes.com/papers/barrett_ee05.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 16, Number 6, pp. 1037-1045, November 2005)**– Jack Barrett*How Dry is the Tropical Free Troposphere? Implications for Global Warming Theory (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/78/6/pdf/i1520-0477-78-6-1097.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 78, Issue 6, pp. 1097–1106, June 1997)**– Roy W. Spencer, William D. Braswell*Human effect on global climate? (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6609/pdf/384522b0.pdf)*(Nature, Volume 384, Issue 6609, pp. 522-523, December 1996)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger*Human Contribution to Climate Change Remains Questionable (http://www.sepp.org/research/scirsrch/EOS1999.html)*(Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Volume 80, Issue 16, pp. 183-183, April 1999)**– S. Fred Singer*Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate (http://www.warwickhughes.com/climate/kalnay.pdf) (PDF)*(Nature, Volume 423, Number 6939, pp. 528-531, May 2003)**– Eugenia Kalnay, Ming Cai*Implications of the Secondary Role of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Forcing in Climate Change: Past, Present, and Future (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/myownPapers-d/Soon07-Nov8-PGEO-28n02_097-125-Soon.pdf) (PDF)*(Physical Geography, Volume 28, Number 2, pp. 97-125, March 2007)**– Willie H. Soon*In defense of Milankovitch (http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/roe/Publications/MilanDefense_GRL.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 33, Number 24, December 2006)**– Gerard Roe*Industrial CO2 emissions as a proxy for anthropogenic influence on lower tropospheric temperature trends (http://www.knmi.nl/%7Elaatdej/2003GL019024.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 5, March 2004)**– A. T. J. de Laat, A. N. Maurellis*Influence of the Southern Oscillation on tropospheric temperature (Publish with AGU)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 114, Issue D14, July 2009)**– John D. McLean, Chris de Freitas, Robert M. Carter*Irreproducible Results in Thompson et al., “Abrupt Tropical Climate Change: Past and Present” (PNAS 2006) (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/00000003/art00007)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 3, pp. 367-373, July 2009)**– J. Huston McCulloch*Is the enhancement of global warming important? 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Gallo*Microclimate Exposures of Surface-Based Weather Stations: Implications For The Assessment of Long-Term Temperature Trends (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/86/4/pdf/i1520-0477-86-4-497.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 86, Issue 4, April 2005)**– Christopher A. Davey, Roger A. Pielke Sr.*Modeling climatic effects of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions: unknowns and uncertainties (http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/myownPapers-d/Soonetal01CR.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 18, Number 3, pp. 259–275, November 2001)**– Willie H. Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas, Sherwood B. Idso, Kirill Ya. Kondratyev, Eric S. Posmentier*– Modeling climatic effects of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions: unknowns and uncertainties. Reply to Risbey (2002) (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2002/22/c022p187.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 22, Number 2, pp. 187–188, September 2002)**– Willie H. Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas, Sherwood B. Idso, Kirill Ya. Kondratyev, Eric S. Posmentier*– Modeling climatic effects of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions: unknowns and uncertainties. Reply to Karoly et al. (2003) (http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/myownPapers-d/June20-03-OurReplytoKarolyetal.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 24, Number 1, pp. 93–94, June 2003)**– Willie H. Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas, Sherwood B. Idso, Kirill Ya. Kondratyev, Eric S. Posmentier*Multi-scale analysis of global temperature changes and trend of a drop in temperature in the next 20 years (http://www.springerlink.com/content/g28u12g2617j5021/)*(Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, Volume 95, January 2007)**– Lin Zhen-Shan, Sun Xian*Nature of observed temperature changes across the United States during the 20th century (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/17/c017p045.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 17, Number 1, pp. 45–53, July 2001)**– Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels, Robert E. Davis*Natural signals in the MSU lower tropospheric temperature record (Publish with AGU)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 27, Number 18, pp. 2905–2908, September 2000)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger*New Little Ice Age Instead of Global Warming? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2003/00000014/F0020002/art00010)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Numbers 2-3, pp. 327-350, May 2003)**– Landscheidt T.*Observed warming in cold anticyclones (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/14/c014p001.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 14, Number 1, pp. 1–6, January 2000)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger, Robert C. Balling Jr, Robert E. Davis*Ocean heat content and Earth’s radiation imbalance (Redirecting)*(Physics Letters A, Volume 373, Issue 36, pp. 3296-3300, August 2009)**– David H. Douglassa, Robert S. 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Chilingar*On nonstationarity and antipersistency in global temperature series (http://www.aai.ee/%7Eolavi/2001JD002024u.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 107, Issue D20, October 2002)**– Olavi Kamer*On the credibility of climate predictions (http://www.itia.ntua.gr/getfile/864/2/documents/2008HSJClimPredictions.pdf) (PDF)*(Hydrological Sciences Journal, Volume 53, Number 4, pp. 671-684, August 2008)**– D. Koutsoyiannis, A. Efstratiadis, N. Mamassis, and A. Christofides*On the determination of climate feedbacks from ERBE data (http://www.leif.org/EOS/2009GL039628-pip.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 36, Issue 16, August 2009)**– Richard S. Lindzen, Yong-Sang Choi*On the sensitivity of the atmosphere to the doubling of the carbon dioxide concentration and on water vapour feedback (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2006/00000017/00000004/art00006)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 17, Number 4, pp. 603-607, July 2006)**– Jack Barrett, David Bellamy, Heinz Hug*Overlooked scientific issues in assessing hypothesized greenhouse gas warming (http://www.climatesci.org/publications/pdf/R-124.pdf) (PDF)*(Environmental Software, Volume 6, Number 2, pp. 100-107, 1991)**– Roger A. Pielke Sr.*Potential Biases in Feedback Diagnosis from Observational Data: A Simple Model Demonstration (http://www.drroyspencer.com/Spencer-and-Braswell-08.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Climate, Volume 21, Issue 21, November 2008)**– Roy W. Spencer, William D. Braswell*Potential Consequences of Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Compared to Other Environmental Problems (http://goklany.org/library/Goklany%202000%20Technology.pdf) (PDF)*(Technology, Volume 7S, pp. 189-213, 2000)**– Indur M. Goklany*Potential Dependence of Global Warming on the Residence Time (RT) in the Atmosphere of Anthropogenically Sourced Carbon Dioxide (Potential Dependence of Global Warming on the Residence Time (RT) in the Atmosphere of Anthropogenically Sourced Carbon Dioxide)*(Energy Fuels, Volume 23, Number 5, pp 2773–2784, April 2009)**– Robert H. Essenhigh*Problems in evaluating regional and local trends in temperature: an example from eastern Colorado, USA (http://www.climatesci.org/publications/pdf/R-234.pdf) (PDF)*(International Journal of Climatology, Volume 22, Issue 4, pp. 421-434, April 2002)**– Roger A. Pielke Sr. et al.*– Response to W. Aeschbach-Hertig rebuttal of “On global forces of nature driving the Earth’s climate. Are humans involved?” by L. F. Khilyuk and G. V. Chilingar (http://www.springerlink.com/content/vl7536426072q7j7/)*(Environmental Geology, Volume 54, Number 7, June 2008)**– L. F. Khilyuk, G. V. Chilingar*Phanerozoic Climatic Zones and Paleogeography with a Consideration of Atmospheric CO2 Levels (http://www.maik.ru/abstract/paleng/4/paleng2_4p115abs.htm)*(Paleontological Journal, Volume 2, pp. 3-11, February 2003)**– A. J. Boucot, Chen Xu, C. R. Scotese*Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/1000yrclimatehistory-d/Jan30-ClimateResearchpaper.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 23, Number 2, pp. 89–110, January 2003)**– Willie H. Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas*Quantifying the influence of anthropogenic surface processes and inhomogeneities on gridded global climate data (http://www.klimatosoof.nl/klimafiles/images/McKitrickMichaels.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 112, Issue D24, December 2007)**– Ross R. McKitrick, Patrick J. Michaels*Rate and Magnitude of Past Global Climate Changes (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/DaveLegates03-d/BluemleKarlenetal99onmann.pdf) (PDF)*(Environmental Geosciences, Volume 6, Number 2, pp. 63-75, June 1999)**– John P. Bluemle, Joseph M. Sabel, Wibjörn Karlén*Rate of Increasing Concentrations of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Controlled by Natural Temperature Variations (http://www.heartland.org/custom/semod_policybot/pdf/25543.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 19, Number 7, pp. 995-1011, December 2008)**– Fred Goldberg*Recent Changes in the Climate: Natural or Forced by Human Activity (http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1579/0044-7447-37.sp14.483)*(Ambio, Volume 37, Number sp14, pp. 483–488, November 2008)**– Wibjörn Karlén*Recent climate observations disagreement with projections (http://landshape.org/enm/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ee-20-4_7-stockwell2.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 4, pp. 595-596, August 2009)**– David R. B. 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Davis*Science, Equity, and the War against Carbon (Science, Equity, and the War against Carbon - Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, 2003)*(Science, Technology & Human Values, Volume 28, Number 1, pp. 69-92, 2003)**– Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen*Scientific Consensus on Climate Change? (http://goodneighborlaw.com/GlobalWarming/2008GlobalWarming/3-19SchulteEnergyEnviron.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 281-286, March 2008)**– Klaus-Martin Schulte*Seductive Simulations? Uncertainty Distribution Around Climate Models (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-1891-2005.49.pdf) (PDF)*(Social Studies of Science, Volume 35, Number 6, pp. 895-922, December 2005)**– Myanna Lahsen*Some Coolness Concerning Global Warming (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/71/3/pdf/i1520-0477-71-3-288.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 71, Issue 3, pp. 288–299, March 1990)**– Richard S. Lindzen*Some examples of negative feedback in the Earth climate system (http://www.aai.ee/%7Eolavi/cejpokfin.pdf) (PDF)*(Central European Journal of Physics, Volume 3, Number 2, June 2005)**– Olavi Kärner*Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide (http://icecap.us/images/uploads/TomQuirkSourcesandSinksofCO2_FINAL.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2 , pp. 105-121, January 2009)**– Tom Quirk*Statistical analysis does not support a human influence on climate (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2002/00000013/00000003/art00004)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 13, Number 3, pp. 329-331, July 2002)**– S. Fred Singer*Surface Temperature Variations in East Africa and Possible Causes (http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F2008JCLI2726.1)*(Journal of Climate, Volume 22, Issue 12, pp. 3342–335, June 2009)**– John R. Christy, William B. Norris, Richard T. McNider*Taking GreenHouse Warming Seriously (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/230_TakingGr.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 937-950, December 2007)**– Richard S. Lindzen*Temperature trends in the lower atmosphere (http://www.heartland.org/custom/semod_policybot/pdf/19215.pdf)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 17, Number 5, pp. 707-714, September 2006)**– Vincent Gray*Temporal Variability in Local Air Temperature Series Shows Negative Feedback (http://www.aai.ee/%7Eolavi/EE2007-ok.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 1059-1072, December 2007)**– Olavi Kärner*Test for harmful collinearity among predictor variables used in modeling global temperature (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/24/c024p015.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 24, Number 1, pp. 15-18, June 2003)**– David H. Douglass, B. David Clader, John R. Christy, Patrick J. Michaels, David A. Belsley*The carbon dioxide thermometer and the cause of global warming (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/1999/00000010/00000001/art00002)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 1-18, January 1999)**– N. Calder*The cause of global warming (http://www.fcpp.org/pdf/The_Cause_of_Global_Warming_Policy_Series_7.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 11, Number 6, pp. 613-629, November 2000)**– Vincent Gray*The continuing search for an anthropogenic climate change signal: Limitations of correlation-based approaches (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1997/97GL02207.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 24, Number 18, pp. 2319–2322, 1997)**– David R. Legates, Robert E. Davis*The Double Standard in Environmental Science (http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv30n2/v30n2-1.pdf) (PDF)*(Regulation, Volume 30, Number 2, pp.16-22, 2007)**– Stanley W. Trimble*The Fraud Allegation Against Some Climatic Research of Wei-Chyung Wang (http://www.informath.org/pubs/EnE07a.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 985-995, December 2007)**– Douglas J. Keenan*The Global Warming Debate: A Review of the State of Science (http://www.friendsofscience.org/assets/files/documents/debate.pdf) (PDF)*(Pure and Applied Geophysics, Volume 162, Issue 8-9, pp. 1557-1586, August 2005)**Madhav L. Khandekar, TS Murty, P Chittibabu*The greenhouse effect and global change: review and reappraisal (http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content%7Edb=all%7Econtent=a770566736)*(International Journal of Environmental Studies, Volume 36, Numbers 1-2, pp. 55-71, July 1990)**– Patrick J. Michaels*The “Greenhouse Effect” as a Function of Atmospheric Mass (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2003/00000014/F0020002/art00011)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Numbers 2-3, pp. 351-356, May 2003)**– Hans Jelbring*The Interaction of Climate Change and the Carbon Dioxide Cycle (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2005/00000016/00000002/art00002)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 16, Number 2, pp. 217-238, March 2005)**– Arthur Rörsch, Richard S. Courtney, Dick Thoenes*The Letter Science Magazine Rejected (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2005/00000016/F0020003/art00023)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 16, Numbers 3-4, pp. 685-688, July 2005)**– Benny Peiser*The roles of carbon dioxide and water vapour in warming and cooling the earth’s troposphere (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539%2894%29E0110-V)*(Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Volume 51, Issue 3, Pages 415-417, March 1995)**– Jack Barrett*The value of climate forecasting (http://www.springerlink.com/content/u3r868424m7145l2/)*(Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 7, Number 3, June 1985)**– Garth W. Paltridge*The Way of Warming (http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv23n3/michaels.pdf) (PDF)*(Regulation, Volume 23, Number 3, 2000)**– Patrick J. Michaels*“The Wernerian syndrome”; aspects of global climate change; an analysis of assumptions, data, and conclusions (http://eg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/3/4/204)*(Environmental Geosciences, Volume 3, Number 4, pp. 204-210, December 1996)**– Lee C. Gerhard*Trend Analysis of RSS and UAH MSU Global Temperature Data (http://icecap.us/images/uploads/05-loehleNEW.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 7, pp. 1087-1098, October 2009)**– Craig Loehle*Trends in middle- and upper-level tropospheric humidity from NCEP reanalysis data (http://www.theclimatescam.se/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/paltridgearkingpook.pdf) (PDF)*(Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Volume 98, Numbers 3-4, pp. 351-359, February 2009)**– Garth Paltridge, Albert Arking, Michael Pook*Tropospheric temperature change since 1979 from tropical radiosonde and satellite measurements (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2005JD006881.shtml)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 112, Issue D6, March 2007)**– John R. Christy, William B. Norris, Roy W. Spencer, Justin J. Hnilo*Uncertainties in assessing global warming during the 20th century: disagreement between key data sources (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2006/00000017/00000005/art00002)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 17, Number 5, pp. 685-706, September 2006)**– Maxim Ogurtsov, Markus Lindholm*Unresolved issues with the assessment of multidecadal global land surface temperature trends (http://www.climatesci.org/publications/pdf/R-321.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 112, Issue D24, December 2007)**– Roger A. Pielke Sr. et al.*– Reply to comment by David E. Parker et al. on “Unresolved issues with the assessment of multidecadal global land surface temperature trends” (http://www.climatesci.org/publications/pdf/R-321a.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 114, Issue D5, March 2009)**– Roger A. Pielke Sr. et al.*Useless Arithmetic: Ten Points to Ponder When Using Mathematical Models in Environmental Decision Making (http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/custom/staticcontent/t2pdownloads/PilkeyArticle.pdf) (PDF)*(Public Administration Review, Volume 68, Issue 3, pp. 470-479, March 2008)**– Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, Orrin H. Pilkey*Validity of climate change forecasting for public policy decision making (http://kestencgreen.com/gas-2009-validity.pdf) (PDF)*(International Journal of Forecasting, doi:10.1016, May 2009)**– Kesten C. Green, J. Scott Armstrong, Willie Soon*What may we conclude about global tropospheric temperature trends? (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2003GL019361.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 6, March 2004)**– John R. Christy, William B. Norris*When Was The Hottest Summer? A State Climatologist Struggles for an Answer (http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0477%282002%29083%3C0723%3AWWTHS%3E2.3.CO%3B2)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 83, Issue 5, pp. 723-734, May 2002)**– John R. Christy***An Inconvenient Truth:**An Inconvenient Truth : a focus on its portrayal of the hydrologic cycle (http://www.springerlink.com/content/183521n688t7817g/)*(GeoJournal, Volume 70, Number 1, pp. 15-19, September 2007)**– David R. Legates*An Inconvenient Truth : blurring the lines between science and science fiction (http://www.springerlink.com/content/y4116185812q1653/)*(GeoJournal, Volume 70, Number 1, pp. 11-14, September 2007)**– Roy W. Spencer***Antarctica:**A doubling in snow accumulation in the western Antarctic Peninsula since 1850 (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007GL032529.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 35, Issue 1, January 2008)**– Elizabeth R. Thomas, Gareth J. Marshall, Joseph R. McConnell*Active volcanism beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet and implications for ice-sheet stability (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6412/abs/361526a0.html)*(Nature, Volume 361, Number 6412, p. 526-529, February 1993)**– Donald D. Blankenship et al.*An updated Antarctic melt record through 2009 and its linkages to high-latitude and tropical climate variability (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2009GL039186.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 36, Issue 18, September 2009)**– Marco Tedesco, Andrew J. Monaghan*Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6871/abs/nature710.html)*(Nature, Volume 415, Number 6871, pp. 517-520, January 2002)**– Peter T. Doran et al.*First survey of Antarctic sub–ice shelf sediments reveals mid-Holocene ice shelf retreat (http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/9/787)*(Geology, Volume 29, Number 9, pp. 787-790, September 2001)**– Carol J. Pudsey, Jeffrey Evans*Orbitally induced oscillations in the East Antarctic ice sheet at the Oligocene/Miocene boundary (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6857/abs/413719a0.html)*(Nature, Volume 413, Number 6857, pp. 719-723 , October 2001)**– Tim R. Naish et al.*Past and Future Grounding-Line Retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/286/5438/280)*(Science, Volume 286. Number 5438, pp. 280-283, October 1999)**– H. Conway, B. L. Hall, G. H. Denton, A. M. Gades, E. D. Waddington*Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea-Level Rise (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5730/1898)*(Science, Volume 308, Number 5730, pp. 1898-1901, June 2005)**– Curt H. Davis, Yonghong Li, Joseph R. McConnell, Markus M. Frey, Edward Hanna***Arctic:**Actual and insolation-weighted Northern Hemisphere snow cover and sea-ice between 1973–2002 (http://www.springerlink.com/content/vny8qdb8e4ve2aj7/)*(Climate Dynamics, Volume 22, Issue 6-7, pp. 591-595, June 2004)**– Roger A. Pielke Sr., G. Liston, W. Chapman, D. Robinson*Accounts from 19th-century Canadian Arctic Explorers’ Logs Reflect Present Climate Conditions (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2003EO400003.shtml)*(Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Volume 84, Issue 40, pp. 410-412, 2003)**– James E. Overland, Kevin Wood*Arctic sea ice thickness remained constant during the 1990s (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2001/2000GL012308.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 28, Issue 6, pp. 1039-1042, March 2001)**– P. Winsor*Has Arctic Sea Ice Rapidly Thinned? (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0442/15/13/pdf/i1520-0442-15-13-1691.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Climate, Volume 15, Issue 13, pp.1691-1701, July 2002)**– Greg Holloway,Tessa Sou*Historical variability of sea ice edge position in the Nordic Seas (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006.../2004JC002851.shtml)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 111, Issue C1, January 2006)**– Dmitry V. Divine, Chad Dick*Holocene fluctuations in Arctic sea-ice cover: dinocyst-based reconstructions for the eastern Chukchi Sea (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nrc/cjes/2008/00000045/00000011/art00015)*(Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 45, Number 11, pp. 1377-1397, November 2008)**– J.L. McKay et al.*Sea-ice decline due to more than warming alone (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/full/450027a.html)*(Nature, Volume 450, Issue 7166, pp. 27, November 2007)**– Julia Slingo, Rowan Sutton*Solar Arctic-Mediated Climate Variation on Multidecadal to Centennial Timescales: Empirical Evidence, Mechanistic Explanation, and Testable Consequences (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/SunClimate09-d/Soon09-June4-PGEO_30n02_144-184-Soon.pdf) (PDF)*(Physical Geography, Volume 30, Number 2, March-April 2009)**– Willie H. Soon*Variable solar irradiance as a plausible agent for multidecadal variations in the Arctic-wide surface air temperature record of the past 130 years (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/myownPapers-d/Soon05-SolarArcticTempGRLfinal.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 32, Issue 16, August 2005)**– Willie H. Soon*Variations in the age of Arctic sea-ice and summer sea-ice extent (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2004GL019492.shtml)*(Geophyscial Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 9, May 2004)**– Ignatius G. Rigor, John M. Wallace***Clouds:**Cloud and radiation budget changes associated with tropical intraseasonal oscillations (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007.../2007GL029698.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 34, Issue 15, August 2007)**– Roy W. Spencer, William D. Braswell, John R. Christy, Justin Hnilo*Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris? (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/adinfriris.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 82, Issue 3, pp. 417-432, March 2001)**– Richard S. Lindzen, Ming-Dah Chou, Arthur Y. Hou*– Comment on “No Evidence for Iris” (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/83/9/pdf/i1520-0477-83-9-1345.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 83, Issue 9, pp. 1345–1349, September 2002)**– Richard S. Lindzen, Ming-Dah Chou, Arthur Y. Hou*– Reply to: “Tropical cirrus and water vapor: an effective Earth infrared iris feedback?” (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/208_Re_to_Fu_etal.pdf) (PDF)*(Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Volume 2, Issue 2, pp. 99-101, May 2002)**– Ming-Dah Chou, Richard S. Lindzen, Arthur Y. Hou*– Comments on “The Iris Hypothesis: A Negative or Positive Cloud Feedback?” (http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/comirishyp.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Climate, Volume 15, Issue 18, September 2002)**– Ming-Dah Chou, Richard S. Lindzen, Arthur Y. Hou*– Reply to Comment on “Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris?” (http://climate.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/fulltext/Bell_et_al_BAMS_2002.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 83, Issue 4, pp. 598-600, April, 2002)**– Richard S. Lindzen, Ming-Dah Chou, Arthur Y. Hou*Radiative effect of cirrus with different optical properties over the tropics in MODIS and CERES observations (http://www.mit.edu/%7Eysc/index.files/Choi2006GRL.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 33, Issue 21, November 2006)**– Yong-Sang Choi, Chang-Hoi Ho*Validation of the cloud property retrievals from the MTSAT-1R imagery using MODIS observations (http://www.mit.edu/%7Eysc/index.files/Choi2009IJRS.pdf) (PDF)*(International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2009)**– Yong-Sang Choi, Chang-Hoi Ho***CO2 lags Temperature changes:**Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/324/5934/1551)*(Science, Volume 324, Number 5934, pp. 1551-1554, June 2009)**– Bärbel Hönisch, N. Gary Hemming, David Archer, Mark Siddall, Jerry F. McManus*>**“The lack of a gradual decrease in interglacial PCO2 does not support the suggestion that a long-term drawdown of atmospheric CO2 was the main cause of the climate transition.”**Atmospheric CO2 Concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome ice core, Antarctica (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/taylor/indermuehle00grl.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 27, Issue 5, March 2000)**– Andreas Inderm¨uhle, Eric Monnin, Bernhard Stauer, Thomas F. Stocker*>**“The lag was calculated for which the correlation coefficient of the CO2 record and the corresponding temperatures values reached a maximum. The simulation yields a lag of (1200 ± 700) yr.”**Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over the Last Glacial Termination (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/291/5501/112)*(Science, Volume 291. Number 5501, January 2001)**– Eric Monnin, Andreas Indermühle, André Dällenbach, Jacqueline Flückiger, Bernhard Stauffer, Thomas F. Stocker, Dominique Raynaud, Jean-Marc Barnola*>**“The start of the CO2 increase thus lagged the start of the [temperature] increase by 800 ± 600 years.”**Ice core records of atmospheric CO2 around the last three glacial terminations (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/283/5408/1712)*(Science, Volume 283, Number 5408, pp. 1712-1714, March 1999)**– Hubertus Fischer, Martin Wahlen, Jesse Smith, Derek Mastroianni, Bruce Deck*>**“High-resolution records from Antarctic ice cores show that carbon dioxide concentrations increased by 80 to 100 parts per million by volume 600 ± 400 years after the warming of the last three deglaciations.”**Southern Hemisphere and Deep-Sea Warming Led Deglacial Atmospheric CO2 Rise and Tropical Warming (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1143791v1)*(Science, Volume 318, Issue 5849, September 2007)**– Lowell Stott, Axel Timmermann, Robert Thunell*>**“Deep sea temperatures warmed by ~2C between 19 and 17 ka B.P. (thousand years before present), leading the rise in atmospheric CO2 and tropical surface ocean warming by ~1000 years.”**The phase relations among atmospheric CO2 content, temperature and global ice volume over the past 420 ka (http://www.manfredmudelsee.com/publ/pdf/%20The_phase_relations_among_atmospheric_CO2_content_temperature_and_global_ice_volume_over_the_past_42%3Cbr%20/%3E0_ka.pdf) (PDF)*(Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 20, Issue 4, pp. 583-589, February 2001)**– Manfred Mudelsee*>**“Over the full 420 ka of the Vostok record, CO2 variations lag behind atmospheric temperature changes in the Southern Hemisphere by 1.3±1.0 ka”**Timing of Atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic Temperature Changes Across Termination III (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/299/5613/1728)*(Science, Volume 299, Number 5613, March 2003)**– Nicolas Caillon, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Jean Jouzel, Jean-Marc Barnola, Jiancheng Kang, Volodya Y. Lipenkov*>**“The sequence of events during Termination III suggests that the CO2 increase lagged Antarctic deglacial warming by 800 ± 200 years and preceded the Northern Hemisphere deglaciation.”****Coral Reefs:**A critique of a method to determine long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems (http://jennifermarohasy.com/data/Ridd_Energy%20n%20Environment.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Number 6, pp. 783-796, November 2007)**– Peter V. Ridd*Bikini Atoll coral biodiversity resilience five decades after nuclear testing (http://www.bikiniatoll.com/BIKINICORALS.pdf) (PDF)*(Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 56, Issue 3, pp. 503-515, March 2008)**– Zoe T. Richardsa, Maria Begerd, Silvia Pincae, Carden C. Wallace*Coral reef calcification and climate change: The effect of ocean warming (http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/%7Ebmcneil/publications/McNeil%20et%20al,%202004.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Number 22, November 2004)**– Ben I. McNeil, Richard J. Matear, David J. Barnes*Reef corals bleach to survive change (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v411/n6839/abs/411765a0.html)*(Nature, Volume 411, Issue 6839, pp. 765-766, June 2001)**– Andrew C. Baker***Deaths:**Changing Heat-Related Mortality in the United States (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1241712&blobtype=pdf) (PDF)*(Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 111, Number 14, pp. 1712-1718, November 2003)**– Robert E. Davis, Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels, Wendy M. Novicoff*Cold—an underrated risk factor for health (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12706750)*(Environmental Research, Volume 92, Issue 1, pp. 8-13, May 2003)**– James B. Mercer*Decadal changes in heat-related human mortality in the eastern United States (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2002/22/c022p175.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 22, Number 2, pp. 175-184. September 2002)**– Robert E. Davis, Paul C. Knappenberger, Wendy M. Novicoff, Patrick J. Michaels*Global Health Threats: Global Warming in Perspective (http://www.jpands.org/vol14no3/goklany.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Volume 14, Number 3, pp. 69-75, 2009)**– Indur M. Goklany*Heat related mortality in warm and cold regions of Europe: observational study (http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/321/7262/670)*(British Medical Journal, Volume 321, Number 7262, pp. 670-673, September 2000)**– W. R. Keatinge et al.*Seasonality of climate–human mortality relationships in US cities and impacts of climate change (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2004/26/c026p061.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 26, Number 1, pp. 61-76, April 2004)**– Robert E. Davis, Paul C. Knappenberger, Patrick J. Michaels,**Wendy M. Novicoff*Temperature-related mortality in France, a comparison between regions with different climates from the perspective of global warming (http://www.springerlink.com/content/wn66066l958g6530/)*(International Journal of Biometeorology, Volume 51, Number 2, November 2006)**– Mohamed Laaidi, Karine Laaidi, Jean-Pierre Besancenot*U.S. Trends in Crude Death Rates Due to Extreme Heat and Cold Ascribed to Weather, 1979-97 (http://www.cognizantcommunication.com/filecabinet/Technology/tech7sabs.htm)*(Technology, Volume 7S, pp. 165-173, 2000)**– Indur M. Goklany, Sorin R. Straja*Was the 2003 European summer heat wave unusual in a global context? (http://www.climatesci.org/publications/pdf/R-310.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 33, Issue 23, December 2006)**– Thomas N. Chase, Klaus Wolter, Roger A. Pielke Sr., Ichtiaque Rasool***Floods:**Claim of Largest Flood on Record Proves False (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2003EO120002.shtml)*(Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Volume 84, Number 12, pp. 109-109, 2003)**– N. A. Sheffer et al.*Floods, droughts and climate change (http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=200133000975CE&q=&uid=791398326&setcookie=yes)*(South African Journal of Science, Volume 91, Number 8, pp. 403-408, August 1995)**– W.J.R. Alexander*Human Factors Explain the Increased Losses from Weather and Climate Extremes (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/81/3/pdf/i1520-0477-81-3-437.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 81, Issue 3, pp.437-442, March 2000)**– Stanley A. Changnon, Roger A. Pielke Jr., David Changnon, Richard T. Sylves, Roger Pulwarty*Nine Fallacies of Floods (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-78-1999.15.pdf) (PDF)*(Climatic Change, Volume 42, Number 2, June 1999)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr.*No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6954/full/nature01928.html)*(Nature, Volume 425, Issue 6954, pp. 166-169, September 2003)**– Manfred Mudelsee, Michael Börngen, Gerd Tetzlaff, Uwe Grünewald*Palaeoclimatic and archaeological evidence for a 200-yr recurrence of floods and droughts linking California, Mesoamerica and South America over the past 2000 years (http://hol.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/5/763)*(Holocene, Volume 13, Number 5, pp. 763-778, 2003)**– Amdt Schimmelmann, Carina B. Lange, Betty J. Meggers***Glaciers:**Kilimanjaro Glaciers: Recent areal extent from satellite data and new interpretation of observed 20th century retreat rates (http://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/tanzania/pubs/cullen_etal_2006grl.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 33, Issue 16, August 2006)**– Nicolas J. Cullen et al.*Modern Glacier Retreat on Kilimanjaro as Evidence of Climate Change: Observations and Fact (http://ff.org/centers/csspp/library/co2weekly/20060914/20060914_06.pdf) (PDF)*(International journal of climatology, Volume 24, Number 3, pp. 329-339, March 2004)**– Georg Kaser et al.*Recent glacier advances in Norway and New Zealand: A comparison of their glaciological and meteorological causes (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118656034/abstract)*(Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, Volume 87, Issue 1, pp. 141-157, March 2005)**– T. Chinn et al.*The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed? 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Lesins*Rapid Changes in Ice Discharge from Greenland Outlet Glaciers (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/315/5818/1559)*(Science, Volume 315, Number 5818, pp. 1559-1561, March 2007)**– Ian M. Howat, Ian Joughin, Ted A. Scambos*Recent cooling in coastal southern Greenland and relation with the North Atlantic Oscillation (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002GL015797.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 30, Issue 3, pp. 32-1, February 2003)**– Edward Hanna, John Cappelen*Recent Ice-Sheet Growth in the Interior of Greenland (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/310/5750/1013?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Greenland+snow&searchid=1140685763702_1408&FIRSTINDEX=20&)*(Science, Volume 310, Number 5750, pp. 1013-1016, November 2005)**– Ola M. Johannessen, Kirill Khvorostovsky, Martin W. Miles, Leonid P. Bobylev***Gulf Stream:**Gulf Stream safe if wind blows and Earth turns (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6983/full/428601c.html)*(Nature, Volume 428, Issue 6983, April 2004)**– Carl Wunsch***Hockey Stick:** (MBH98)Corrections to the Mann et al (1998) Proxy Data Base and Northern Hemisphere Average Temperature Series (http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Ermckitri/research/MM03.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Number 6, pp. 751-771, November 2003)**– Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick*The M&M Critique of the MBH98 Northern Hemisphere Climate Index: Update and Implications (http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.ee.2005.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 16, Number 1, pp. 69-100, January 2005)**– Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick*Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance (http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.grl.2005.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 32, Issue 3, February 2005)**– Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick*>**“Their method, when tested on persistent red noise, nearly always produces a hockey stick shape”**– Reply to comment by Huybers on “Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance” (http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.huybersreply.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 32, October 2005)**– Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick*– Reply to comment by von Storch and Zorita on “Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance” (http://www.climateaudit.org/pdf/mcintyre.vz.reply.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 32, October 2005)**– Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick*Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data (http://hhttp//coast.gkss.de/staff/storch/pdf/moberg.nature.0502.pdf) (PDF)*(Nature, Volume 433, Issue 7026, pp. 613-617, February 2005)**– Anders Moberg, Dmitry M. Sonechkin, Karin Holmgren, Nina M. Datsenko and Wibjörn Karlén*Comment on “The Spatial Extent of 20th-Century Warmth in the Context of the Past 1200 Years” (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/316/5833/1844a)*(Science, Volume 316, Number 5833, pp. 1844, June 2007)**– Gerd Bürger*Bias and Concealment in the IPCC Process: The “Hockey-Stick” Affair and Its Implications (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2007/00000018/F0020007/art00007)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 951-983, December 2007)**– David Holland*A mathematical analysis of the divergence problem in dendroclimatology (http://icecap.us/images/uploads/Loehle_Divergence_CC.pdf) (PDF)*(Climatic Change, Volume 94, Numbers 3-4, pp. 233-245, June 2008)**– C. Loehle*Proxy inconsistency and other problems in millennial paleoclimate reconstructions (http://landshape.org/enm/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/pnas-2009-mcintyre-0812509106.pdf) (PDF)*(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 106, Number 6, February 2009)**– Stephen McIntyre, Ross McKitrick***Hurricanes:**Are there trends in hurricane destruction? (http://ff.org/centers/csspp/library/co2weekly/20051229/20051229_01.pdf) (PDF)*(Nature, Volume 438, Number 7071, pp. E11, December 2005)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr.*Can We Detect Trends in Extreme Tropical Cyclones? (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/landseaetal-science06.pdf) (PDF)*(Science, Volume 313, Number 5786, pp. 452-454, July 2006)**– Christopher W. Landsea, Bruce A. Harper, Karl Hoarau, John A. Knaff*Causes of the Unusually Destructive 2004 Atlantic Basin Hurricane Season (http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Includes/Documents/Publications/klotzgray2006.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 87, Issue 10, October 2006)**– Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray*Comments on “Impacts of CO2-Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane Intensity and Precipitation: Sensitivity to the Choice of Climate Model and Convective Scheme” (http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2FJCLI3592.1)*(Journal of Climate, Volume 18, Issue 23, December 2005)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger, Christopher Landsea*Counting Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Back to 1900 (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/landsea-eos-may012007.pdf) (PDF)*(Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Volume 88, Number 18, pp. 197, May 2007)**– Christopher W. Landsea*Hurricanes and Global Warming (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-1766-2005.36.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 86, Issue 11, November 2005)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr., Christopher W. Landsea, M. Mayfield, J. Laver, R. Pasch*– Reply to “Hurricanes and Global Warming—Potential Linkages and Consequences” (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-2458-2006.06.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 87, Issue 5, May 2006)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr., Christopher W. Landsea, M. Mayfield, J. Laver, R. Pasch*Hurricanes and Global Warming (http://ff.org/centers/csspp/library/co2weekly/20051229/20051229_01.pdf) (PDF)*(Nature, Volume 438, Number 7071, pp. E11-E12, December 2005)**– Christopher W. Landsea*Landscape and Regional Impacts of Hurricanes in New England (http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/0012-9615%282001%29071%5B0027:LARIOH%5D2.0.CO%3B2)*(Ecological Monographs, Volume 71, Number 1, pp. 27-48, February 2001)**– Emery R. Boose, Kristen E. Chamberlin, David R. Foster*Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925–95 (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-168-1998.11.pdf) (PDF)*(Weather and Forecasting, Volume 13, Issue 3, September 1998)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr., Christopher W. Landsea*Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005 (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-2476-2008.02.pdf) (PDF)*(Natural Hazards, Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 29-42, February 2008)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr., Joel Gratz, Christopher W. Landsea, Douglas Collins, Mark A. Saunders, Rade Musulin6*Sea-surface temperatures and tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2006GL025757.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 33, Issue 9, May 2006)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger, Robert E. Davis*Simulated reduction in Atlantic hurricane frequency under twenty-first-century warming conditions (http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v1/n6/abs/ngeo202.html)*(Nature Geoscience, Volume 1, Number 6, pp. 359-364, June 2008)**– Thomas R. Knutson et al.*Trends in global tropical cyclone activity over the past twenty years (1986–2005) (http://typhoon.atmos.colostate.edu/Includes/Documents/Publications/klotzbach2006.pdf) (PDF)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 33, Issue 11, May 2006)**– Philip J. Klotzbach*Tropical Cyclones and Global Climate Change: A Post-IPCC Assessment (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/79/1/pdf/i1520-0477-79-1-19.pdf) (PDF)*(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Volume 79, Issue 1, January 1998)**– A. Henderson-Sellers, H. Zhang, G. Berz, K. Emanuel, W. Gray, C. Landsea, G. Holland, J. Lighthill, S.-L. Shieh, P. Webster, K. McGuffie***Malaria:**Climate Change and Mosquito-Borne Disease (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1240549&blobtype=pdf) (PDF)*(Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 109, Supplement 1, March 2001)**– Paul Reiter*From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age (http://ff.org/centers/csspp/pdf/shakespeare.pdf) (PDF)*(Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Number 1, January–February 2000)**– Paul Reiter*Global warming and malaria: a call for accuracy (http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/15452/)*(Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 4, Issue 6, pp. 323-324, June 2004)**– Paul Reiter, C. Thomas, P. Atkinson, S. Hay, S. Randolph, D. Rogers, G. Shanks, R. Snow, A. Spielman*Global warming and malaria: knowing the horse before hitching the cart (http://www.malariajournal.com/content/7/S1/S3/.%20HTTP://.%20HTTP://WWW.MARA.ORG.ZA/abstract/.%20http://www.mara.org.za)*(Malaria Journal, Volume 7, Supplement 1, December 2008)**– Paul Reiter*Malaria and Global Warming in Perspective? (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol6no4/pdf/reiter.pdf) (PDF)*(Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Number 4, pp. 438-9. July-August 2000)**– Paul Reiter***Medieval Warming Period – Little Ice Age:**A 700 year record of Southern Hemisphere extratropical climate variability (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/igsoc/agl/2004/00000039/00000001/art00020)*(Annals of Glaciology, Volume 39, Number 1, pp.127-132, June 2004)**– P.A Mayewski et al.*Caribbean sea surface temperatures: Two‐to‐three degrees cooler than present during the Little Ice Age (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2000/2000GL011426.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 27, Issue 20, pp. 3365-3368, Octonber 2000)**– Amos Winter, Hiroshi Ishioroshi, Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Tadamichi Oba, John R. Christy*Coherent High- and Low-Latitude Climate Variability During the Holocene Warm Period (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/288/5474/2198)*(Science, Volume 288, Number 5474, pp. 2198-2202, June 2000)**– Peter deMenocal, Joseph Ortiz, Tom Guilderson, Michael Sarnthein*Evidence for a ‘Medieval Warm Period’ in a 1,100 year tree-ring reconstruction of past austral summer temperatures in New Zealand (http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=A0312770AH&q=&uid=791398326&setcookie=yes)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 29, Number 14, pp. 1-4, July 2002)**– E. R. Cook, J. G. Palmer, R. D’Arrigo*Evidence for a warmer period during the 12th and 13th centuries AD from chironomid assemblages in Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada (http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=21655305)*(Quaternary Research, Volume 72, Issue 1, pp. 27-37, July 2009)**– Nicolas Rolland et al.*Evidence for the existence of the medieval warm period in China (http://www.springerlink.com/content/gh98230822m7g01l/)*(Climatic Change, Volume 26, Numbers 2-3, pp. 289-297, March 1994)**– De’Er Zhang*Glacial geological evidence for the medieval warm period (http://www.springerlink.com/content/g15qv13t1v12np00/)*(Climatic Change, Volume 26, Numbers 2-3, pp. 143-169, March 1994)**– Jean M. Grove, Roy Switsur*Late Holocene surface ocean conditions of the Norwegian Sea (Vøring Plateau) (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2001PA000654.shtml)*(Paleoceanography, Volume 18, Number 2, June 2003)**– Carin Andersson, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Eystein Jansen, Svein Olaf Dahl*Low-Frequency Signals in Long Tree-Ring Chronologies for Reconstructing Past Temperature Variability (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/295/5563/2250)*(Science, Volume 295, Number 5563, pp. 2250-2253, March 2002)**– Jan Esper, Edward R. Cook, Fritz H. Schweingruber*Medieval climate warming and aridity as indicated by multiproxy evidence from the Kola Peninsula, Russia (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018204001105)*(Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 209, Issues 1-4, pp. 113-125, July 2004)**– K. V. Kremenetski, T. Boettger, G. M. MacDonald, T. Vaschalova, L. Sulerzhitsky, A. Hiller*Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818102001613)*(Global and Planetary Change, Volume 36, Issues 1-2, pp. 17-29, March 2003)**– T. M. Cronin, G. S. Dwyer, T. Kamiya, S. Schwede, D. A. Willard*Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years: A Reappraisal (http://www.marshall.org/pdf/materials/132.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Numbers 2-3, pp. 233-296, May 2003)**– Willie H. Soon, Sallie L. Baliunas, Sherwood B. Idso, Craig Idso, David R. Legates*>**“Many records reveal that the 20th century is likely not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium.”**The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5292/1503)*(Science, Volume 274, Number 5292, pp. 1503-1508, November 29, 1996)**– Lloyd D. Keigwin*The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warming in South Africa (http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/%7Egheiss/Personal/Abstracts/SAJS2000_Abstr.html)*(South African Journal of Science, Volume 96, Number 3, pp. 121-126, 2000)**– P. D. Tyson, W. Karlén, K. Holmgren and G. A. Heiss*The Little Ice Age as Recorded in the Stratigraphy of the Tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/234/4774/361)*(Science, Volume 234, Number 4774, pp. 361-364, October 1986)**– L.G. Thompson, E. Mosley-Thompson, W. Dansgaard, P.M. Grootes*The ‘Mediaeval Warm Period’ drought recorded in Lake Huguangyan, tropical South China (http://hol.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/5/511)*(Holocene, Volume 12, Number 5, pp. 511-516, 2002)**– Guoqiang Chu, Jiaqi Liu, Qing Sun, Houyuan Lu, Zhaoyan Gu, Wenyuan Wang, Tungsheng Liu*The Medieval Warm Period in the Daihai Area (http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=5602285&q=%22medieval+warm+period%22&uid=791398326&setcookie=yes)*(Journal of Lake Sciences, Volume 14, Number 3, pp. 209-216, September 2002)**– Z. Jin, J. Shen, S. Wang, E. Zhang*Time scales and trends in the central England temperature data (1659–1990): A wavelet analysis (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1997/97GL01184.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 24, Issue 11, pp. 1351-1354, June 1997)**– Sallie Baliunas, Peter Frick, Dmitry Sokoloff, Willie Soon*Torneträsk tree-ring width and density ad 500–2004: a test of climatic sensitivity and a new 1500-year reconstruction of north Fennoscandian summers (http://www.springerlink.com/content/8j71453650116753/?p=fcd6adbe04ff4cc29b7131b5184282eb%CF%80=0)*(Climate Dynamics, Volume 31, Numbers 7-8, December 2008)**– Håkan Grudd*Tree-ring and glacial evidence for the medieval warm epoch and the little ice age in southern South America (http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0214563n1n44731/)*(Climatic Change, Volume 26, Numbers 2-3, March 1994)**– Ricardo Villalba*Was the Medieval Warm Period Global? (http://mensch.org/5223_2007/archive/Science2001Broecker.pdf) (PDF)*(Science, Volume 291, Number 5508, pp. 1497-1499, February 2001)**– Wallace S. Broecker*>“The Little Ice Age and the subsequent warming were global in extent. Several Holocene fluctuations in snowline, comparable in magnitude to that of the post-Little Ice Age warming, occurred in the Swiss Alps. Borehole records both in polar ice and in wells from all continents suggest the existence of a Medieval Warm Period. Finally, two multidecade-duration droughts plagued the western United States during the latter part of the Medieval Warm Period. I consider this evidence sufficiently convincing to merit an intensification of studies aimed at elucidating Holocene climate fluctuations, upon which the warming due to greenhouse gases is superimposed.”**Ocean Acidification:**Elevated water temperature and carbon dioxide concentration increase the growth of a keystone echinoderm (http://www.pnas.org/content/106/23/9316.abstract)*(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 106, Issue 23, pp. 9316-9321, June 2009)**– Rebecca A. Gooding, Christopher D. G. Harley, Emily Tang*Modern-age buildup of CO2 and its effects on seawater acidity and salinity (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006.../2006GL026305.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 33, Number 10, May 2006)**– Hugo A. Loáiciga*>“This paper’s results concerning average seawater salinity and acidity show that, on a global scale and over the time scales considered (hundreds of years), there would not be accentuated changes in either seawater salinity or acidity from the observed or hypothesized rises in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.”Phytoplankton Calcification in a High-CO2 World (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;320/5874/336)*(Science, Volume 320, Number 5874, pp. 336-340, April 2008)**– M. Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez et al.***Permafrost:**Ancient Permafrost and a Future, Warmer Arctic (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/5896/1648)*(Science, Volume 321, Number 5896, pp. 1648, September 2008)**– Duane G. Froese, John A. Westgate, Alberto V. Reyes, Randolph J. Enkin, Shari J. Preece*>“We report the presence of relict ground ice in subarctic Canada that is greater than 700,000 years old, with the implication that ground ice in this area has survived past interglaciations that were warmer and of longer duration than the present interglaciation.”Near-surface permafrost degradation: How severe during the 21st century? (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL029323.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 34, Issue 9, May 2007)**– G. Delisle*>“Based on paleoclimatic data and in consequence of this study, it is suggested that scenarios calling for massive release of methane in the near future from degrading permafrost are questionable.”**Polar Bears:**Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: Are warming spring air temperatures the “ultimate” survival control factor? (http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/%7Ewsoon/myownPapers-d/DyckSoonetal07-PBpaper.pdf) (PDF)*(Ecological Complexity, Volume 4, Issue 3, pp. 73-84, September 2007)**– M.G. Dyck, W. Soon, R.K. Baydack, D.R. Legates, S. Baliunas, T.F. Ball, L.O. Hancock*– Reply to response to Dyck et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western Hudson Bay by Stirling et al. (2008) (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1476945X08000032)*(Ecological Complexity, Volume 5, Issue 4, pp. 289-302, December 2008)**– M.G. Dyck, W. Soon, R.K. Baydack, D.R. Legates, S. Baliunas, T.F. Ball, L.O. Hancock*Polar Bear Population Forecasts: A Public-Policy Forecasting Audit (http://www.forecastingprinciples.com/Public_Policy/PolBears.pdf) (PDF)*(Interfaces, Volume 75, April 2008)**– J. Scott Armstrong, Kesten C. Green, Willie H. Soon***Sea Level:**Estimating future sea level changes from past records (http://www.junkscience.com/jan04/nils-morner_1.pdf) (PDF)*(Global and Planetary Change, Volume 40, Issues 1-2, pp. 49-54, January 2004)**– Nils-Axel Mörner*– Comment on comment by Nerem et al. (2007) on “Estimating future sea level changes from past records” by Nils-Axel Mörner (2004) (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818108000313)*(Global and Planetary Change, Volume 62, Issues 3-4, Pages 219-220, June 2008)**– Nils-Axel Mörner*Geocentric sea-level trend estimates from GPS analyses at relevant tide gauges world-wide (http://ff.org/centers/csspp/library/co2weekly/20070809/20070809_06.pdf) (PDF)*(Global and Planetary Change, Volume 57, Issues 3-4, pp. 396-406, June 2007)**– G. Wöppelmann, B. Martin Miguez, M.-N. Bouin, Z. Altamimi*Global Warming and Sea Level Rise (http://icecap.us/images/uploads/MLK2.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 7, pp. 1067-1074, 2009)**– Madhav L. Khandekar*New perspectives for the future of the Maldives (http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/MornerEtAl2004.pdf) (PDF)*(Global and Planetary Change, Volume 40, Issue 1-2, pp. 177-182, January 2004)**– Nils-Axel Mörner, Michael Tooley, Goran Possnert*– Reply to the comment of P.S. Kench et al. on “New perspectives for the future of the Maldives” by N.A. Morner et al. (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818104002127)*(Global and Planetary Change, Volume 47, Issue 1, pp. 70-71, February 2005)**– Nils-Axel Mörner, Michael Tooley*Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea-Level Rise (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5730/1898)*(Science, Volume 308, Number 5730, pp. 1898-1901, June 2005)**– Curt H. Davis, Yonghong Li, Joseph R. McConnell, Markus M. Frey, Edward Hanna*)Sea Level Changes and Tsunamis, Environmental Stress and Migration Overseas: The Case of the Maldives and Sri Lanka (http://www.sasnet.lu.se/mornertext.pdf) (PDF)*(International Quarterly for Asian Studies, Volume 38, Number 3–4, pp. 353–374, November 2007)**– Nils-Axel Mörner*The Maldives project: a future free from sea-level flooding (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/ccsa/2004/00000013/00000002/art00004)*(Contemporary South Asia, Volume 13, Number 2, pp. 149-155, June 2004)**– Nils-Axel Mörner***Species Extinctions:**Dangers of crying wolf over risk of extinctions (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v428/n6985/full/428799b.html)*(Nature, Volume 428, Issue 6985, pp. 799, April 2004)**– Richard J. Ladle, Paul Jepson, Miguel B. Araújo & Robert J. Whittaker*Riding the Wave: Reconciling the Roles of Disease and Climate Change in Amphibian Declines (http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0060072&ct=1&SESSID=b064f564d42022f4362a199492605bf6)*(PLoS Biology, Volume 6, Number 3, pp. 441-454, March 2008)**– Karen R. Lips, Jay Diffendorfer, Joseph R. Mendelson III, Michael W. Sears***Storms:**Changes in Global Monsoon Circulations Since 1950 (http://www.springerlink.com/content/h210232251475317/)*(Natural Hazards, Volume 29, Number 2, pp. 229-254, June 2003)**– T. N. Chase, J. A. Knaff, R. A. Pielke Sr., E. Kalnay*Changing storminess? An analysis of long-term sea level data sets (http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/11/c011p161.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate Research, Volume 11, Number 2, pp. 161-172, March 1999)**– W. Bijl, R. Flather, J. G. de Ronde, T. Schmith*Characteristics of long-duration precipitation events across the United States (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007.../2007GL031808.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 34, Issue 22, November 2007)**– David M. Brommer, Randall S. Cerveny, Robert C. Balling Jr.*Climate change and extratropical storminess in the United States: An assessment (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119085770/abstract)?*(Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Volume 35, Number 6, pp. 1387-1398, December 1999)**– Bruce P. Hayden*Comment on WMO Statement on Extreme Weather Events (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2003EO410006.shtml)*(Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Volume 84, Issue 41, pp. 428-428 , February 2003)**– Madhav L. Khandekar*Compilation and Discussion of Trends in Severe Storms in the United States: Popular Perception v. Climate Reality (http://www.springerlink.com/content/n581139q2221p027/)*(Natural Hazards, Volume 29, Number 2, pp. 103-112, June 2003)**– Robert C. Balling Jr., Randall S. Cerveny*Extreme Weather Trends Vs. Dangerous Climate Change: A Need for Critical Reassessment (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2005/00000016/00000002/art00009)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 16, Number 2, pp. 327-332, March 2005)**– Madhav L. Khandekar*Indian Monsoon Variability in a Global Warming Scenario (http://www.springerlink.com/content/m21981w004708114/)*(Natural Hazards, Volume 29, Number 2, pp. 189-206, June 2003)**– R. H. Kripalani, Ashwini Kulkarni, S. S. Sabade, M. L Khandekar*North American Trends in Extreme Precipitation (http://www.springerlink.com/content/q61133121t61775m/)*(Natural Hazards, Volume 29, Number 2, pp. 291-305, June, 2003)**– Kenneth E. Kunkel*Scandinavian storminess since about 1800 (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2004GL020441.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 20, October 2004)**– Lars Bärring, Hans von Storch*Seasonal, interannual, and decadal variability of storm surges at Tauranga, New Zealand (http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/site/publish/journals/nzjmfr/2000/34.aspx)*(New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Volume 34, Number 3, pp. 419-434, September 2000)**– W. P. De Lange, J. G. Gibb*Surges, atmospheric pressure and wind change and flooding probability on the Atlantic coast of France (http://www.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4827288)*(Oceanologica Acta, Volume 23, Number 6, pp. 643-661, November 2000)**– P.A. Pirazzoli*Trends in precipitation on the wettest days of the year across the contiguous USA (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109801366/abstract)?*(International Journal of Climatology, Volume 24, Number 15, pp. 1873-1882, December 2004)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger, Oliver W. Frauenfeld, Robert E. Davis*Twentieth-Century Storm Activity along the U.S. East Coast (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0442/13/10/pdf/i1520-0442-13-10-1748.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Climate, Volume 13, Issue 10, pp. 1748-1761, May 2000)**– Keqi Zhang, Bruce C. Douglas, Stephen P. Leatherman***Tornadoes:**Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999 (http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0434/16/1/pdf/i1520-0434-16-1-168.pdf) (PDF)*(Weather and Forecasting, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 168-176, February 2001)**– Harold E. Brooks, Charles A. Doswell III***1,500-Year Climate Cycle:**A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/278/5341/1257)*(Science, Volume 278, Number 5341, pp. 1257-1266, November 1997)**– Gerard Bond et al.*A Variable Sun Paces Millennial Climate (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/294/5546/1431b)*(Science, Volume 294, Number 5546, pp. 1431-1433, November 2001)**– Richard A. Kerr*Cyclic Variation and Solar Forcing of Holocene Climate in the Alaskan Subarctic (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/301/5641/1890)*(Science, Volume 301, Number 5641, pp. 1890-1893, September 2003)**– Feng Sheng Hu et al.*Decadal to millennial cyclicity in varves and turbidites from the Arabian Sea: hypothesis of tidal origin (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/09218181/2002/00000034/00000003/art00122)*(Global and Planetary Change, Volume 34, Issues 3-4, pp. 313-325, November 2002)**– W. H. Bergera, U. von Rad*Late Holocene approximately 1500 yr climatic periodicities and their implications (http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/5/471)*(Geology, Volume 26, Number 5, pp. 471-473, May 1998)**– Ian D. Campbell et al.*Possible solar origin of the 1,470-year glacial climate cycle demonstrated in a coupled model (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7065/abs/nature04121.html)*(Nature, Volume 438, Issue 70695, pp. 208-211, November 2005)**– Holger Braun et al.*The 1,800-year oceanic tidal cycle: A possible cause of rapid climate change (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/8/3814)*(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 97, Number 8, pp. 3814-3819, April 2000)**– Charles D. Keeling, Timothy P. Whorf*The origin of the 1500-year climate cycles in Holocene North-Atlantic records (http://www.clim-past.net/3/569/2007/cp-3-569-2007.pdf) (PDF)*(Climate of the Past, Volume 3, Issue 2, pp.679-692, 2007)**– M. Debret et al.*Timing of abrupt climate change: A precise clock (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2003GL017115.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 30, Issue 10, pp. 17-1, May 2003)**– Stefan Rahmstorf*Timing of Millennial-Scale Climate Change in Antarctica and Greenland During the Last Glacial Period (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;291/5501/109)*(Science, Volume 291, Issue 5501, pp. 109-112, January 2001)**– Thomas Blunier, Edward J. Brook*Widespread evidence of 1500 yr climate variability in North America during the past 14 000 yr (http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/30/5/455)*(Geology, Volume 30, Issue 5, pp. 455-458, May 2002)**– André E. Viau et al.***Cosmic Rays:**Solar variability influences on weather and climate: Possible connections through cosmic ray fluxes and storm intensification (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JGR....9414783T)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 94, Number D12, pp. 14783-14792, October 1989)**– Brian A, Tinsley, Geoffrey M. Brown, Philip H. Scherrer*Hale-cycle effects in cosmic-ray intensity during the last four cycles (http://www.springerlink.com/content/k324m30433473764/)*(Astrophysics and Space Science, Volume 246, Number 1, March 1996)**– H. Mavromichalaki, A. Belehaki, X. Rafios, I. 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Kniveton and Martin C. Todd*Altitude variations of cosmic ray induced production of aerosols: Implications for global cloudiness and climate (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001JA000248.shtml)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 107, Issue A7, pp. SIA 8-1, July 2002)**– Fangqun Yu*Cosmic Ray Diffusion from the Galactic Spiral Arms, Iron Meteorites, and a Possible Climatic Connection (http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0207/0207637v1.pdf) (PDF)*(Physical Review Letters, Volume 89, Number 5, July 2002)**– Nir J. Shaviv*The Spiral Structure of the Milky Way, Cosmic Rays, and Ice Age Epochs on Earth (http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0209252)*(New Astronomy, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 39-77, January 2003)**– Nir J. Shaviv*Galactic cosmic ray and El Niño–Southern Oscillation trends in International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project D2 low-cloud properties (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2001JD001264.shtml)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 108, Number D6, pp. AAC 6-1, March 2003)**– Nigel Marsh, Henrik Svensmark*Solar Influence on Earth’s Climate (http://www.springerlink.com/content/q0x72u303vv6713x/)*(Space Science Reviews, Volume 107, Numbers 1-2, pp. 317-325, April 2003)**– Nigel Marsh, Henrik Svensmark*Toward a solution to the early faint Sun paradox: A lower cosmic ray flux from a stronger solar wind (http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0306/0306477v2.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 108, Number A12, pp. SSH 3-1, December 2003)**– Nir J. Shaviv*Latitudinal dependence of low cloud amount on cosmic ray induced ionization (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2004GL019507.shtml)*(Geophysical Research Letters, Volume 31, Issue 16, August 2004)**– I.G. 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Ogurtsov*Cosmic rays and climate of the Earth: possible connection (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1631071307003082)*(Comptes Rendus Geosciences, Volume 340, Issue 7, pp. 441-450, July 2008)**– Ilya G. Usoskina, Gennady A. Kovaltsovb*Cosmic Rays and Climate (http://www.springerlink.com/content/f226g6036453m385/)*(Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 28, Numbers 5-6, November 2007)**– Jasper Kirkby*Coal and fuel burning effects on the atmosphere as mediated by the atmospheric electric field and galactic cosmic rays flux (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ind/ijgw/2009/00000001/F0020001/art00004)*(International Journal of Global Warming, Volume 1, Numbers 1-2, pp. 57-65, July 2009)**– Reis, A. 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Camp, Ka Kit Tung*The 60-year solar modulation of global air temperature: the Earth’s rotation and atmospheric circulation connection (http://www.springerlink.com/content/vq13t597u2712x12/)*(Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Volume 88, Numbers 3-4, March 2007)**– Adriano Mazzarella*The influence of the 11 yr solar cycle on the interannual–centennial climate variability (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.02.002)*(Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Volume 67, Issues 8-9, pp. 793-805 ,May-June 2005)**– Hengyi Weng*The Influence of the Solar Cycle and QBO on the Late-Winter Stratospheric Polar Vortex (http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2FJAS3883.1&ct=1)*(Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Volume 64, Issue 4, pp. 1267–1283, April 2007)**– Charles D. Camp, Ka-Kit Tung*The link between the solar dynamo and climate – The evidence from a long mean air temperature series from Northern Ireland (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994IrAJ...21..251B)*(Irish Astronomical Journal, Volume 21, Number 3-4, pp. 251-254, September 1994)**– C.J. Butler, D.J. Johnston*The signal of the 11-year sunspot cycle in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (http://www.springerlink.com/content/u703647534qq8747/)*(Space Science Reviews, Volume 80, Numbers 3-4, pp. 393-410, May 1997)**– K. Labitzke, H. van Loon*The Sun–Earth Connection in Time Scales from Years to Decades and Centuries (http://www.springerlink.com/content/h6287231175q2643/)*(Space Science Reviews, Volume 95, Numbers 1-2, pp. 625-637, January 2001)**– T.I. Pulkkinen, H. Nevanlinna, P.J. Pulkkinen, M. Lockwood*The Sun’s Role in Regulating the Earth’s Climate Dynamics (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/F0020001/art00004)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, pp. 25-73, January 2009)**– Richard Mackey*Understanding Solar Behaviour and its Influence on Climate (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/F0020001/art00012)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, pp. 145-159, January 2009)**– Timo Niroma*Using the oceans as a calorimeter to quantify the solar radiative forcing (http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2008/2007JA012989.shtml)*(Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 113, Issue A11, November 2008)**– Nir J. Shaviv*Variations of solar coronal hole area and terrestrial lower tropospheric air temperature from 1979 to mid-1998: astronomical forcings of change in earth’s climate? 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Shackleton*What do we really know about the Sun-climate connection? (http://www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu/IASTP/43/)*(Advances in Space Research, Volume 20, Issue 4-5, pp. 913-921, September 1997)**– Eigil Friis-Christensen, Henrik Svensmark*Will We Face Global Warming in the Nearest Future? (http://www.maik.ru/abstract/geomag/3/geomag1_3p124abs.htm)*(Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Volume 43, pp. 124-127, 2003)**– V. S. Bashkirtsev, G. P. Mashnich***IPCC:**Biased Policy Advice from The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (http://www.mi.uni-hamburg.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/publication/tol/RM7422.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 929-936, December 2007)**– Richard S.J. Tol*Crystal balls, virtual realities and ‘storylines’ (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2001/00000012/00000004/art00008)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 12, Number 4, pp. 343-349, July 2001)**– Richard S. Courtney*Has the IPCC exaggerated adverse impact of Global Warming on human societies? 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Alexander*The UN IPCC’s Artful Bias: Summary of Findings: Glaring Omissions, False Confidence and Misleading Statistics in the Summary for Policymakers (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2002/00000013/00000003/art00003)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 13, Number 3, pp. 311-328, July 2002)**– Wojick D. E.***Kyoto Protocol:**A 2004 View of the Kyoto Protocol (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2004/00000015/00000003/art00010)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 15, Number 3, pp. 505-511, July 2004)**– S. Fred Singer*After Kyoto: A Global Scramble for Advantage (http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_04_1_yandle.pdf) (PDF)*(The Independent Review, Volume 4, Number 1, pp. 19-40, 1999)**– Bruce Yandle*Climate Change: Beyond Kyoto (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2005/00000016/00000005/art00006)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 16, Number 5, pp. 763-766, September 2005)**– Anne, Lauvergeon*Climate policy and uncertainty (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2001/00000012/F0020005/art00007)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 12, Numbers 5-6, pp. 415-423, November 2001)**– Catrinus J. Jepma*Clouds Over Kyoto (http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv21n1/21-1f6.pdf) (PDF)*(Regulation, Volume 21, Number 1, pp. 57-63, 1998)**– Jerry Taylor*The Role of the IPCC is To Assess Climate Change Not Advocate Kyoto (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2004/00000015/00000003/art00004)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 15, Number 3, pp. 369-373, July 2004)**– Ian Castles*Time to ditch Kyoto (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7165/full/449973a.html)*(Nature, Volume 449, Issue 7165, pp. 973-975, October 2007)**– Gwyn Prins, Steve Rayner***Socio-Economic:**Best practices in prediction for decision-making: Lessons from the atmospheric and earth sciences (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/2003.22.pdf) (PDF)*(Ecology, Volume 84, Number 6, pp. 1351-1358, June 2003)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr., Richard T. Conant*Calling the Carbon Bluff: Why Not Tie Carbon Taxes to Actual Levels of Warming? Both Skeptics and Alarmists Should Expect Their Wishes to Be Answered (http://ross.mckitrick.googlepages.com/T3Tax.EE.online.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 19, Number 5, pp. 707-711, September 2008)**– Ross McKitrick*Climate Change 2007: Lifting the taboo on adaptation (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v445/n7128/full/445597a.html)*(Nature, Volume 445, Issue 7128, pp. 597-598, February 2007)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr, Gwyn Prins, Steve Rayner, Daniel Sarewitz*Climate change and the world bank: Opportunity for global governance? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/1999/00000010/00000001/art00004)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 27-50, January 1999)**– Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen*Climate Policy : Quo Vadis? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/F0020001/art00018)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Numbers 1-2, pp. 207-213, January 2009)**– Hans Labohm*Climate Vulnerability and the Indispensable Value of Industrial Capitalism (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/00000005/art00003)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 5, pp. 733-745, September 2009)**– Keith H. Lockitch*Discounting the Future (http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv32n1/v32n1-5.pdf) (PDF)*(Regulation, Volume 32, Number 1, pp. 36-40, 2009)**– Indur M. Goklany*Environmentalism in the light of Menger and Mises (http://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae5_2_1.pdf) (PDF)*(Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Volume 5, Number 2, pp. 3-15, June 2002)**– George Reisman*Free speech about climate change (http://www.springerlink.com/content/k77xr06628851331/)*(Society, Volume 44, Number 4, May 2007)**– Christopher Monckton*Global Warming and Its Dangers (http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_08_4_clark.pdf) (PDF)*(The Independent Review, Volume 8, Number 4, 2004)**– Jeffrey R. Clark, Dwight R. Lee*Global Warming, the Politicization of Science, and Michael Crichton’s State of Fear (http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_19_2_deming.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Scientific Exploration, Volume 19, Number 2, pp. 247-256, 2005)**– David Deming*Global Warming: The Social Construction of A Quasi-Reality? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2007/00000018/00000006/art00009)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Number 6, pp. 805-813, November 2007)**– Dennis Ambler*Governments and Climate Change Issues: The case for a new approach (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2006/00000017/00000004/art00009)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 17, Number 4, pp. 619-632, July 2006)**– David R. Henderson*Governments and Climate Change Issues: The case for rethinking (http://www.world-economics-journal.com/Contents/ArticleOverview.aspx?ID=291)*(World Economics Journal, Volume 8, Issue 2, April 2007)**– David R. Henderson*How Serious is the Global Warming Threat? (http://www.springerlink.com/content/264305gp9476628x/)*(Society, Volume 44, Number 5, pp. 45-50, September 2007)**– Roy W. Spencer*Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development (http://goklany.org/library/Goklany-IAM2007.pdf) (PDF)*(Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Volume 12, Number 5, pp. 755-786, June 2007)**– Indur M. Goklany*Is a Richer-but-warmer World Better than Poorer-but-cooler Worlds? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2007/00000018/F0020007/art00010)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Numbers 7-8, pp. 1023-1048, December 2007)**– Indur M. Goklany*Is Climate Change the “Defining Challenge of Our Age”? (http://goklany.org/library/Goklany%202009%20EE%2020-3_1.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 3, pp. 279-302, July 2009)**– Indur M. Goklany*Managing Planet Earth; Adaptation and Cosmology (http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj19n1/cj19n1-6.pdf) (PDF)*(The Cato Journal, Volume 19 Number 1, pp. 69-83, 1999 )**– Curtis A. Pendergraft*Mitigation versus compensation in global warming policy (http://economicsbulletin.vanderbilt.edu/2001/volume17/EB-01Q20002A.pdf) (PDF)*(Economics Bulletin, Volume 17, pp. 1-6, December 2001)**– Ross McKitrick*Relative Contributions of Global Warming to Various Climate Sensitive Risks, and their Implications for Adaptation and Mitigation (http://goklany.org/library/E&E%20final%20from%20Goklany%20RV%20preprint.pdf) (PDF)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 14, Number 6, pp. 797-822, November 2003)**– Indur M. Goklany*Rolling the DICE: William Nordhaus’s Dubious Case for a Carbon Tax (http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_14_02_03_murphy.pdf) (PDF)*(The Independent Review, Volume 14, Number 2, 2009)**– Robert P. Murphy*Science and Environmental Policy-Making: Bias-Proofing the Assessment Process (http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Ermckitri/research/McKitrick.CJAE05.pdf) (PDF)*(Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 53, Number 4, pp. 275-290, December 2005)**– Ross McKitrick*Scientific Shortcomings in the EPA’s Endangerment Finding from Greenhouse Gases (http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj29n3/cj29n3-8.pdf) (PDF)*(The Cato Journal, Volume 29 Number 3, pp. 497-521, 2009)**– Patrick J. Michaels, Paul C. Knappenberger*Should We Have Acted Thirty Years Ago to Prevent Climate Change? (http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_11_02_08_holcombe.pdf) (PDF)*(The Independent Review, Volume 11, Number 2, 2006)**– Randall G. Holcombe*Strategies to Enhance Adaptability: Technological Change, Economic Growth and Free Trade (http://goklany.org/library/Goklany%201995%20Climatic%20Change.pdf) (PDF)*(Climatic Change, Volume 30, pp. 427-449, 1995)**– Indur M. Goklany*The Eco-Industrial Complex in USA – Global Warming and Rent-Seeking Coalitions (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2008/00000019/00000007/art00002)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 19, Number 7, pp. 941-958, December 2008)**– Ivan Jankovic*The evolution of an energy contrarian (http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.31)*(Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Volume 211, pp. 31-67, November 1996)**– Henry R. Linden*The Government Grant System: Inhibitor of Truth and Innovation? (http://www.donaldmiller.com/The_Government_Grant_System.pdf) (PDF)*(Journal of Information Ethics, Volume 16, Number 1, Spring 2007)**– Donald W. Miller*The Politicised Science of Greenhouse Climate Change (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2004/00000015/00000005/art00008)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 15, Number 5, pp. 853-860, September 2004)**– Garth Paltridge*The Real Climate Change Morality Crisis: Climate change initiatives perpetuate poverty, disease and premature death (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/00000005/art00005)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 5, pp. 763-777, September 2009)**– Paul Driessen*Turning the big knob: An evaluation of the use of energy policy to modulate future climate impacts (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2000/00000011/00000003/art00004)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 11, Number 3, pp. 255-275, May 2000)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr., R. Klein, D. Sarewitz*)When scientists politicize science: making sense of controversy over The Skeptical Environmentalist (http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-1621-2004.18.pdf) (PDF)*(Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 7, Issue 5, pp. 405-417, October 2004)**– Roger A. Pielke Jr.*Climate Science and the Stern Review (http://goklany.org/library/World%20Economics%202007a%20CS%20&%20SR.pdf) (PDF)*(World Economics, Volume 8, Number 2, April–June 2007)**– Robert M. Carter, C. R. de Freitas, Indur M. Goklany, David Holland, Richard S. Lindzen*The Stern Review: A Dual Critique (http://goklany.org/library/World_Economics_2006%20on%20Stern%20Review.pdf) (PDF)*(World Economics, Volume 7, Number 4, pp. 165-232, October–December 2006)**– Robert M. Carter, C. R. de Freitas, Indur M. Goklany, David Holland, Richard S. Lindzen, Ian Byatt, Ian Castles, Indur M. Goklany, David Henderson, Nigel Lawson, Ross McKitrick, Julian Morris, Alan Peacock, Colin Robinson, Robert Skidelsky*– Response to Simmonds and Steffen (http://goklany.org/library/World%20Economics%202007%20Response%20to%20S&S.pdf) (PDF)*(World Economics, Volume 8, Number 2, April–June 2007)**– David Holland, Robert M. Carter, C. R. de Freitas, Indur M. Goklany, Richard S. Lindzen*Is Stern Review on climate change alarmist? (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2007/00000018/00000005/art00002)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 18, Number 5, pp. 521-532, September 2007)**– S. Niggol Seo*The Stern Review on Climate Change: Inconvenient Sensitivities (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ene/2009/00000020/00000005/art00006)*(Energy & Environment, Volume 20, Number 5, pp. 779-798, September 2009)**– Sergey Mityakov, Christof Rühl*Kramm, G. and Dlugi, R. 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The word space can mean many different things, depending on the context in which it is used.For the sake of convenience, and for its authority, I would defer to the Oxford English Dictionary for definitions as well as for supporting examples from literature:I. Denoting time or duration.1. Time which is free or available for doing something; leisure; opportunity. Chiefly in to have (also give) space. Frequently coupled with other nouns, esp. time. Now rare and archaic.In later use sometimes difficult to distinguish from extended uses of senses relating to physical space (see branch II.); cf. breathing space n. at breathing n. Compounds 3b.a. With infinitive or prepositional phrase as complement.c1300 All Souls (Laud) 68 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 422 (MED) He ne may habbe no space here his penaunce bringue to ende.c1300 Assumption of Virgin (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1901) l. 172 Þat þu..Ȝef hem boþe wille and space, Hem to amendy er hy beo ded.c1330 (▸?a1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) p. 556 (MED) Berard on þe helme he smot; To stond hadde he no space.c1390 Body & Soul (Vernon) (1889) 104 A! Ihesu, that us alle hast wrouȝt,..Of amendement ȝef us space.a1400 (▸c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) l. 11292 Y þanke þe..Þat hast lent me wyt and space, Þys yn Englys for to drawe.1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 277 The doome of heven also yiveth space to mannys favour in the.1483 (▸1413) tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) (1859) i. xvi. 17 He had space, and suffysaunt leyser ynow, for to haue..enstablysshed procuratours.1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iii Whanne the poure man was before the Juge, he demaunded terme and space for to answere.1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 212 To ete thy flesch the doggis sall haue na space.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Spatium They had tyme or space to take aduisement.1591 J. N. Path-way to Penitence sig. A3 They are most likely to be preuented and ouertaken with ye wrath of God, whose merciful fauor in giuing them sufficient space and means to repent, they haue neglected and ouerpassed.1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love v. i. sig. Kv Giue vnto the flying Hart, Space to breath, how short soeuer. View more context for this quotation1624 J. Skinner True Relation Proc. against Eng. at Amboyna 29 The Priest and the rest, although they had space and means to haue escaped to Seran and other places safe enough from the Hollanders, yet were so confident of their innocency, that they would needs to Poloway to purge themselues.1675 R. Burthogge Cavsa Dei 102 That very space to Repent..but confirmeth and emboldens the stubborn and wicked.1702 S. Clarke Paraphr. Gospels Mark & Luke ii. xiii. 180 Thus likewise to every Obstinate Sinner, God offers means and space of Repentance.1755 M. Byles Divine Power & Anger 3 If thus having Space to repent, we yet repent not, we shall find that is it a fearful Thing to fall into the Hands of the living God.1793 H. Boyd Royal Message iv. iii, in Poems 408 This will afford him space to reach the camp.1910 S. Phillips Pietro of Siena iii. i. 42 It is not yet too late. Give me a little more of time to breathe..I but ask A little space to see her once, or hear Her voice.†b. Without complement. Obsolete.c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 128 (MED) Wel is him þat haþ þat grace For to plese his god..And Merci seche while he haþ space.▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 3843 Thogh thei hadden litel space, Yit thei acorden in that place.?a1400 (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 86 (MED) He may, tille he has space, gif it withouten synnes.c1405 (▸c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 35 While I haue tyme and space.a1475 (▸?1445) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 368 I cry vnto ȝow..That ȝe gete to us repentaunce and space.c1480 Childe of Bristowe in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 121 And y shal laboure..to bring your soule in better way, yf y have lyf and space.?1510 T. More in tr. G. F. Pico della Mirandola Lyfe I. Picus sig. f.ivv Happely thow shuldest not liue an houre more Thi syn to clense and though thou haddest space Yet peraduenture shuldest thou lak the grace.▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 143 Asking wald haif..Convenient tyme, lasar and space.1563 2nd Tome Homelyes sig. Mmm.iii We must take, hede that we call vppon this aduocate, whyle we haue space geuen vs in thys Lyfe.1581 H. Walpole in W. Allen Martyrdom Campion (1908) 46 God graunt they may amend the same, While here they have the space.1602 W. Leigh Soules Solace in W. Harrison Deaths Advantage (ed. 2) 38 Alwaies reason requireth that whilest we haue space and time, wee should amend and correct our faults.a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) iv. i. 90 Come on, thou are granted space . View more context for this quotation1635 T. Cranley Amanda 79 Helpe me to pray to God, to grant me grace, To persevere in this my reformation, That I may now repent, whilst I have space.1743 D. Crosley Triumph Sovereign Grace p. xxxi Blessed be God he gives us space.1791 Mod. Politics 23 Give us space and time, and we may do all things well.[1821 W. Scott Kenilworth III. vii. 128 ‘By my faith, time and space fitting, this were a good tale to tell,’ said Leicester.]2. Quantity or extent of time.a. The amount of time contained in a specified period.(a) Preceded by (preposition and) definite article, and followed by of.a1350 Recipe Painting in Archæol. Jrnl. (1844) 1 66 (MED) Sete hit into horsse dunge depe bi the space of ix niht.a1425 (▸a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 3933 Þe space of alle ane hale yhere.c1450 (▸c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) l. 885 Þe space of hure liuus.1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope i [He] festyed hym by the space of xiiij dayes.1515 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 98 He bought the space of xxti yere Irne..and Retailled the same.?1547 J. Bale Brefe Comedy Tempt. Our Lorde sig. D I haue fasted here, the space of forty dayes.1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 28 The leaves..dronken in wine by the space of seven dayes healeth the Jaundes.1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iii. xvii. 174 In the water whereof, you cannot indure to hold your hand, the space of an Ave Maria.1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 99 For the space of many generations it hath been a shop of Arts and Artists.1684 A. Behn Love-lett. between Noble-man & Sister sig. A12v These Letters were found in their Cabinets, at their house at St. Denice, where they both liv'd together for the space of a year.1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. iii. 43 The former revolves in the space of ten Hours.1753 E. Haywood Hist. Jemmy & Jenny Jessamy II. xvii. 183 Her countenance went through several changes in the space of half a minute.1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §344 In the space of a tide, the salt water has not time to..return.1832 D. Brewster Lett. Nat. Magic xii. 311 In the space of twenty minutes the eggs were roasted quite hard.1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 128 He found that sprigs..became quite dead in the space of a day.1841 G. S. Faber Provinc. Lett. (1844) I. 221 Wholly given to..idolatry by the space of above eight hundred years.1883 Harper's Mag. Oct. 669/1 The unparalleled perseverance of the armies of the United States through almost every possible suffering and discouragement for the space of eight long years was little short of a standing miracle.1939 ‘F. O'Brien’ At Swim-Two-Birds 128 The door of the dining-room was thrown open but nobody entered for the space of fifteen seconds.1948 H. E. Bates Purple Plain (new ed.) viii He realized that..all that had happened to him had happened in the space of a few minutes.2001 Guardian (Nexis) 12 Oct. 24 Within the space of seven weeks, around 4,000 Kurds, fleeing eastern Turkey, arrived in Britain.(b) With preceding genitive.c1405 (▸c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 916 Duryng the metes space The child stood lookynge in the kynges face.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 3617 Before many ȝere space.▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 62 Thow seis the vrechis set..To gadder gudis all thar liffis spaice.1542 D. Clapam tr. H. C. Agrippa Treat. Nobilitie Woman Kynde sig. Eviii It is redde in the fourth boke of kingis, that quene Attalia reigned, & was souerayne Iudge in Ierusalem seuen yeres space.1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 27 Who in seuen dayes space lost two sonnes.1625 in W. Foster Eng. Factories India 1624–9 (1909) 101 Within an howers space shee was burnt to the water.a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 45 He had but a Winters space; for the warre was to begin the next Spring.1683 J. Bulteel tr. F. E. de Mézeray Gen. Chronol. Hist. France 758 The Princess of Espinoy in the absence of her Husband..defended it [sc. Tournay] for two Months space.1703 N. Rowe Fair Penitent v. i. 55 Give me yet a Moment's space.1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iv. 73 Yet for a truce of seven days space I plead.1787 School of Virtue II. 108 In five minutes space she rested safe within the verge of land's protection.1825 W. Scott Betrothed xv, in Tales Crusaders II. 304 There was more than three hours' space to the time of rendezvous.1883 O. Schreiner Story Afr. Farm (new ed.) ii. i. 248 What comparison will there be between burning for a hundred years' space and to be burning without intermission as long as God is God?1893 M. E. Wilkins Giles Corey ii. 29 I pray you, sirs, to take some cheers the while I go for a moment's space to my poor afflicted child.1920 S. Teasdale Flame & Shadow 26 Here for a moment's space Into the light out of darkness, I come and they come with me.1990 Contemp. Lit. 31 437 The amount of confusion he can create in a few hours' space is frequently astonishing.b. The period or amount of time already specified, indicated, or otherwise determined. See also space of time n. at Phrases 2b.?a1400 (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 305 (MED) Bituex prime & none alle voide was þe place, þe bataile slayn & done alle within þat space.c1460 (▸a1449) J. Lydgate Legend St. Austin (Harl. 2255) l. 207 in Minor Poems (1911) i. 199 Al the space the masse was seyeng.1545 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 16 For payment of the saidis horsemen during the said space.1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. E3, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) I thought two monethes being now passed, I might in this space haue found a season conuenient.1639 D. Lupton tr. J. Verheiden Hist. Mod. Protestant Divines 272 He..sate Primate and Metropolitane of all England the space of 15. yeeres, in which space hee did many famous workes of Charity.1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 221 Their [sc. the Jews'] Custome is before Marriage to be contracted and after some space to be Married.1712 W. Fleetwood 4 Serm. Pref. p. viii That precious Life, had it pleased God to have prolonged it to the usual Space.1737 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 690/2 The Expence of the Fleet within the same Space, exceeded 270,000l.1779 S. Johnson Dryden in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets III. 88 Though the life of a writer, from about thirty-five to sixty-three, may be supposed to have been sufficiently busied by the composition of eight and twenty pieces for the stage, Dryden found room in the same space for many other undertakings.1823 W. Scott Quentin Durward III. i. 3 In less than the space we have mentioned, the Count..came back to the verge of the forest.1851 H. W. Longfellow Golden Legend ii. 47 Forty years..Have I been Prior.., But for that space Never have I beheld thy face!1938 Times 19 July 38/3 The two navies..have now been at peace for more than another century. Indeed, in the only wars in which either has fought in that space..they have been allied.1995 Independent (Nexis) 8 July 40 The pear in caramel disappeared in the space it took to mop up the pint of water my daughter spilt on the banquette.†3. An appropriate or allotted time. Obsolete. rare.▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Eccles. iii. 1 Alle thingus han time, and in ther spaces [L. suis spatiis] passen alle thingus vnder the sunne.†4.a. Without article: lapse, extent, or passage of time between two definite points, events, etc.; duration. Chiefly with adjectives, as little, long, short, small. Obsolete (chiefly poetic in later use).a1400 (▸a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6980 (MED) Þair faith lasted littel space, For quen þai mast wer in þair wele, Mast þai soght þam-self vn-sele.?a1400 (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 213 Grace God gaf him here, þis lond to kepe long space.1487 (▸a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xi. 9 And quhen he herd..at sic space he had Till purvay hym, he ves rycht glad.a1500 (▸1471) G. Ripley Compend of Alchemy (Ashm.) l. 335 (MED) A ȝer or more we take tyll oure resspyte, For in lesse space our calsys wyll note be made.1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) vii. 32 Sayenge she wolde, in her goodly scyence In short space, me so well indoctryne.c1549 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) II. 307 With intervale and space necessare of þe law vsit.1582 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 189 The eternall [1557 eternal creator] created this world in short space.1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 18 They become whole and frolicke, in small space.1673 Pleasant Treat. Witches vi. 56 The vehemency of his fall was abated, and in short space he came again to his sences.1700 J. Dryden tr. G. Boccaccio Sigismonda & Guiscardo in Fables 124 To her Father's Court, in little space Restor'd anew.1731 J. Trapp tr. Virgil Georgicks iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. I. 204 In short space, from That contagious Touch, The sacred Fire their tainted Limbs devour'd.1782 W. Cowper John Gilpin 242 The turnpike gates again Flew open in short space.1812 H. F. Cary tr. Dante Paradiso xxiii. 16 Short space ensued; I was not held..Long in expectance.1835 T. Mitchell in tr. Aristophanes Acharnians 57 (note) A ten years' truce, in short, was..little more than space allowed for making new preparations for war.1871 D. G. Rossetti Staff & Scrip in Poems xxx O changed in little space!.. O pale that was so red!1889 B. Carman Marjorie in Guendolen (single sheet) The rune he sang, the rune she heard, Died on the air in little space.b. in space: after a time or while. Obsolete.c1400 (▸?c1380) Pearl 61 (MED) Fro spot my spyryt þer sprang in space.1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. viii. 148 In space and succession of tyme he departed to them alle his goodes temporell.1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. MM Take muddy water..& sette it alone,..& in space it wyll waxe clere.c1540 (▸?a1400) Destr. Troy 2811 Tyll þai comyn of the cost of Caucleda in spase.c. Delay, deferment; respite. Chiefly in negative contexts. Obsolete.c1430 (▸c1395) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) Prol. l. 440 [I] al for-ȝeue with oute lengere space.?c1430 J. Lydgate Daunce Machabree (Huntington) 618 Life yn deserte..Mai a-ȝeyne dethe haue respite noon ne space.a1500 Eng. Glosses MS BL Add. 37075 (1984) 94 (MED) Mora..spase.a1554 J. Croke tr. Thirteen Psalms (1844) cii. 19 Without abode or space, Bowe downe thyne ears.1629 L. Andrewes XCVI. Serm. vi. 857 Strooken downe in the place, like ranke rebels; and tumbled into hell like reprobates, without space or grace.5.a. A period or interval of time; a spell. Chiefly with indefinite article. (When used without adjective often implying a period of short duration.)(a) With of.See also space of time n. at Phrases 2b.c1405 (▸c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 103 I dar the bettre aske of yow a space Of audience.a1425 (▸a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 436 (MED) Þer þre partes er þre spaces talde Of þe lyf of ilk man.1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. f. 221 Wythin a space of two or thre monethes, he was maried.1602 S. Patrick tr. I. Gentillet Disc. Wel Governing 90 In this contestation..remained their affaires by a long and great space of yeares.1657 Earl of Monmouth tr. P. Paruta Politick Disc. i. xi. 70 This may be alledged for the first reason, why the Empire was able to preserve it self for so long a space of years.?1710 Squire Bickerstaff Detected 6 After a competent space of staring at me.1797 Times 26 June 2/1 This Day is published..the Chronologist... Containing a faithful Series of the Events which have occurred in Europe, &c... Including a Space of nearly Seven Years.1819 W. Scott Bride of Lammermoor ix, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. I. 263 The intervention of an unusual space of sobriety.1831 W. Scott Castle Dangerous iii, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. IV. 108 An intermediate space of punishment.1867 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 412 Within a space of two years the currency had swelled from a total of £17,000,000 to one of £24,500,000.1923 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 34 470 A method where the pressure-change could be closely followed over a space of some 5 min. was sought.1994 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 4 Nov. 2 It would take a demographic miracle to transform a heterogeneous population of a few hundred thousand souls..into a people of 6 million in a space of some 70 years.2005 J. Buzard Disorienting Fiction viii. 198 This departure from Thornfield allows both for a space of reflection on what has been happening there and for a first-ever return to Thornfield itself.(b) Without complement.a1450 (▸?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) l. 6179 in K. Brunner Mittelengl. Vers-roman über Richard Löwenherz (1913) 394 Soone after in a lytyl spase..Þe castel become on a ffyr al.a1525 (▸c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 112 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 98 To schape me a schand bird in a schort space.1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xv. 33 After they hadde taryed there a certayne space.1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 259 He and his defended themselues..along space.1572 (▸a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 336 He kneillit doun in the place. Thankand God ane greit space.1633 F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (1907) I. 77 God hath afflicted you with many sad crosses within a short space.1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 99 Like Diligence requires the Courser's Race; In early Choice; and for a longer space . View more context for this quotation1719 in W. S. Perry Hist. Coll. Amer. Colonial Church: Virginia (1870) I. 219 For a considerable space no one could be heard.1779 Mirror No. 8 After a space, I tired of walking by the Red Sea.1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering III. xi. 214 I have allowed you a competent space to express your feelings. I must circumduce the term.1833 Act 3 & 4 William IV c. 46 §80 For any space not exceeding thirty days.1873 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life i. v. 28 The incompatibility..is often very marked if you look at small spaces of time only; but if you consider broader spaces, such as a lifetime, then the incompatibility is not so marked.1923 P. G. Wodehouse Inimitable Jeeves xi. 125 Even Comrade Butt cast off his gloom for a space and immersed his whole being in scrambled eggs.1951 ‘C. S. Forester’ Randall & River of Time (U.K. ed.) xix. 308 The interchange of glances between the warders down there; a pause for a space while it was decided into which cell he should be put.2006 Church Times 13 Apr. 8/1 It happened to be a special season of the Christian year when we desire to put away, if only for a short space, all angry and discordant thoughts and words.†b. A period of delay. Obsolete.a1413 (▸c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) i. l. 505 But whanne he hadde a space fro his care, Thus to hym self full ofte he gan to pleyne.▸ ?a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 1240 They departid, made no lengere spacis,..And gan to chese hem newe duellyng placis.†c. A spell of writing or narration. Obsolete. rare—1.a1500 (▸?a1425) Ipomedon (Harl.) (1889) l. 528 (MED) Of chyld Ipomydon here is a space.II. Denoting area or extension.* General or unlimited extent.6. Linear distance; interval between two or more points, objects, etc.Frequently with some suggestion of sense 7.c1350 Rabe Moyses (Rawl.) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1901) 106 350 (MED) Þat is also muche space As a mon sholde..In v hondred wyntur go.▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 676 Astronomie..makth a man have knowlechinge Of Sterres..And what betwen hem is of space.c1475 Court of Sapience (Trin. Cambr.) (1927) l. 1996 (MED) The erthes space, how long hit ys abowte..foure and twenty thowsand myle..In hys circuite he conteyneth.a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. sig. A.ii Neyther one fynger breadth of space, nor one minute of tyme from you.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Spatium Aequali spatio distare, to be like space asunder.a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) ii. iii. 21 Therefore Make space enough betweene you. View more context for this quotation1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 104 'Twixt Host and Host but narrow space was left, A dreadful interval. View more context for this quotation1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xiii. 75 This Space considered barely in length between any two Beings, without considering any thing else between them, is called distance.1733 S. Humphreys tr. N. A. Pluche Spectacle de la Nature I. ii. xiv. 210 There is much less Space between the Tree and the Earth of the upper Part of the Hill than there is between the same Tree and the Hill towards the Bottom.1751 J. Harris Hermes i. vii. 100 Between London and Salisbury there is the Extension of Space.1771 R. Berenger Hist. & Art Horsemanship I. 276 Leaving no more space between the hind quarters of the horse and the chariot, than was sufficient for the horse to move his hind legs clear of the carriage.1808 C. Stower Printer's Gram. 161 Less space is required after a sloping letter than a perpendicular one.1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) 394/1 Space,..the interval between troops when drawn up in line or column.1892 A. Oldfield Pract. Man. Typogr. iii. 35 When space is required, a mark similar to a sharp in music should be made.1926 Art Bull. 9 30 There is more space between the cheek pieces [of the helmet] and the top is decorated with two spirals.1972 Times 2 Nov. 18/5 The 126 has five inches more space from the steering wheel to the rear seat backrest.2007 Hobart Mercury (Nexis) 24 July 24 Why do many motorists not practise the most basic safety principles, such as leaving enough space between cars to stop in an emergency without hitting the vehicle in front?7.a. Physical extent or area; extent in two or three dimensions.▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 51 (MED) Affrica in his kynde haþ lasse space.c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 3 (MED) Asia..conteyneth as mech in space as do þe othir too parties.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 8130 (MED) Crayke þai him gaue With thre myle space aboute to haue.1542 T. Elyot Bibliotheca Arduenna, a great wod in Gallia belgica, whiche taketh in space .500. myles.1578 J. Banister Hist. Man v. f. 29 v Those tendons are much lesse then they of inner side, and therfore (also) occupy lesse space.a1616 W. Shakespeare Hamlet (1623) ii. ii. 257 I could..count my selfe a King of infinite space; were it not that I haue bad dreames.1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 78 Large Houses..which take up a great deal of space because of the spaciousness of the Gardens.1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Space, in Geometry, is the Area of any Figure.1756 T. Amory Life John Buncle I. 182 The muscle contracts inwardly into its own dense substance, and takes up less space than before.1780 J. Hanway Citizen's Monitor viii. 67 Will not this plan require so much space, as may invade the chapel, hall, court-room, and the houses lately built?1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 42 The more it is heated, the more space it takes up.a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 7/1 We are so constituted, that we cannot conceive certain objects otherwise than as occupying space.1863 Times 3 Nov. 7/4 The amount of space in each room and the drainage of the house were very satisfactory.1945 Eng. Hist. Rev. 60 417 The wheels and machinery took up so much space that..the sea endurance was limited by the amount of coal that could be carried.1999 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 2 Oct. 1 Placed next to one another on a wall, the portraits took up a great deal of space.b. Extent or area sufficient for a purpose, action, etc.; room to contain or do something. Also in extended use.▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 41 (MED) Þis ilond Man conteyneþ as hit were tweie ilondes; þe firste..conteyneþ nyne hondred housholdes..Þe secounde conteyneþ þe space of þre hondred and moo.a1413 (▸c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) i. l. 714 Certeynly nomore harde grace May sitte on me, for-whi þer is no space.c1430 (▸c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 1999 [He] hath bothe roum & space And wilde an ax or swerd.?1528 La Conusaunce Damours sig. aivv He stode betwene them louers twayne Nat openyng to them so moche space To come to gether, eche other to enbrace.1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 38 Leaue space & rome, to hillock to come.a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 495 Might I but through my prison once a day Behold this Mayd:..space enough Haue I in such a prison. View more context for this quotation1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 339 Our Saviour..beheld In ample space under the broadest shade A Table richly spred. View more context for this quotation1720 D. Defoe Mem. Cavalier 179 We halted within View of a Bridge, leaving Space enough on our Front for about half the Number of their Forces to pass and draw up.1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey II. 198 They stood parallel, and so very close to each other as only to allow space for a small wicker chair betwixt them.1842 Ld. Tennyson You ask me Why iv Where..The strength of some diffusive thought Hath time and space to work and spread.1869 J. G. Holland Kathrina 49 The foul demon who would drive my soul To crime that leaves no space for penitence!1940 C. Morgan Voyage III. xi. 365 There was space for a sofa and a small armchair of red plush beside the broad, low windows.1987 P. Angadi Highly Flavoured Ladies (1989) xxii. 252 She wanted to feel solitude and quiet, so that she could begin to allow her own thoughts space.2004 Independent (Nexis) 14 May 11 There is no television or mini-bar and barely space to swing a cat.c. Chiefly Scottish in early use. Extent or room in a letter, periodical, book, etc., available for, or occupied by, written or printed matter (cf. sense 11e). Chiefly in contexts of restricted extent.c1480 (▸a1400) Prol. l. 27 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 2 Þare-fore, in lytil space here, I wryt þe lyf of sanctis sere.a1500 Ratis Raving (Cambr. Kk.1.5) l. 1099 in R. Girvan Ratis Raving & Other Early Scots Poems (1939) 31 Tak gud kep..to this pase, Fore here ar vrytin in lytill space Sum thingis that may help & sped.c1530 Pol., Rel., & L. Poems (1866) 40 I write no more to you, for lacke of space.1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. iv. 34 If hee write more in a shorter space, then is in like space in the copice, he either makes his letters too little, or sets them too neere one another.1645 E. W. Four Queries Resolved iv. 10 Touching his Prayer..I have not space to enlarge now; I adde this onely; That his prayer is the highest provocation of all that went before, and the greatest abhomination.1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 128 But streighten'd in my space, I must forsake This Task. View more context for this quotation1715 R. Thoresby Ducatus Leodiensis Pref. p. xvi I shall conclude with the Explanation of the Abbreviations that are unavoidably made use of in the printed Pedegrees, for want of Space to contain the whole Matter.1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 298 With a studied brevity, his system comprehends the greatest variety, in the smallest space.1866 Chambers's Encycl. VIII. 7/2 Various expressive adjectives,..into the consideration of which our space will not permit us to enter.1885 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 165/1 In the marginal glosses, where it was an object to save space.1892 Photogr. Ann. II. 279 Nothing has been omitted on the score of space.1917 Times 15 Nov. 5/2 In typewritten matter the lines must be in ‘close order’, to save space and paper.1970 H. T. Moore in C. A. Hoyt Minor Amer. Novelists Pref. p.xi At this point—and I'm running out of space—I'm going to skip the next writer discussed in Mr. Hoyt's book.2001 Educ. Researcher 30 18/1 There is insufficient space here to summarize all the varied data sources.d. Room or available extent in a newspaper, periodical, etc., or on some other medium, which may be acquired for a specific purpose, esp. advertising (cf. sense 11e).1878 Davenport Gaz. 1 Feb. 2/1 The Chicago Tribune proposes that its friends in Congress who have organized themselves into a corporation for the purpose of buying space in newspapers and otherwise influencing public opinion..shall style their association ‘The Silver League’.1930 Economist 29 Nov. 1003/2 In advertising Britain is far behind America in buying space.1950 Times 7 Feb. 5/5 In the last election, one company gave space to the Communist Party and the Commonwealth Party, but the main newsreels adhered to the general agreement that space should be given only to the main parties.1989 Marketing 9 Mar. 20/4 Traditionally, people have advertised on radio because they lacked the budget for TV, or because with cinema you have to book space a year ahead.2006 Washington Post (Nexis) 18 Jan. d1 Advertisers looking to connect with men in the 18–34 age bracket..could buy time on the appropriate radio stations and complement the exposure by buying space on Web sites that cater to the same age group.e. Computing. Virtual or electronic room for the storage of data. Frequently with modifying word.disk space, file space: see the first element.1949 Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation 3 427 Most of the above [improvement in speed] is accomplished at the expense of memory space.1962 H. D. Huskey & G. A. Korn Computer Handbk. xvii. 19 If memory space is not a problem the input information can be reduced to reasonable size by devising a generator code.1991 Home Office Computing June 30/3 To save space..on-line services store many files in compressed formats.2005 Computer Buyer May 117/1 Because spyware usually starts when your computer is booted, and runs in the background, it takes up space in your PC's memory and saps processing power.8. The expanse in which celestial objects are situated; the physical universe (excluding celestial objects) beyond the earth's atmosphere, consisting of near vacuum with small amounts of gas and dust. Frequently with modifying word.deep, inner, near, outer space, etc.: see the first element.1582 Second Tome Homilies (new ed.) sig. Ss6 Consider the huge substance of ye earth... How could it so stand stably in ye space as it doth, if gods goodnes reserued it not so for us to trauel on.1656 J. Evelyn Ess. 1st Bk. Lucretius 164 The rational Bruno..hath written an express and curious treatise, not onely to prove the Infinity of Space; but that even of worlds.1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 650 Space may produce new Worlds. View more context for this quotation1778 Ferguson's Astron. Explained (ed. 6) i. §4. 2 All the Stars..are placed at immense distances from one another through unlimited space.1816 P. B. Shelley Dæmon of World in Alastor 99 Each [orb] with undeviating aim..through the depths of space Pursued its wondrous way.1829 Chapters Physical Sci. 411 They recede so far from us, as to be lost in the immensity of space.1870 R. A. Proctor Other Worlds than Ours ii. 36 Our earth is as a minute island placed within the ocean of space.1901 H. G. Wells First Men in Moon iii. 45 After all, to go into outer space is not so much worse, if at all, than a polar expedition.1924 R. Graves Mock Beggar Hall 40 May not Space be housing and sheltering millions of other beings like us, or different from us?1959 Daily Tel. 23 Feb. 11/6 For the human body, space begins about 12 miles up, where there is not enough air left to burn a candle.1977 D. Adams Hitch-hiker's Guide to Galaxy (1985) ii. 39 ‘Space’, it says, ‘is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is.’2003 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 6 Nov. a18/1 Near the edge of the solar system..supersonic ‘winds’ of charged particles from the Sun collide with matter from interstellar space.9. Continuous, unbounded, or unlimited extent in every direction, without reference to any matter that may be present; this regarded as an attribute of the universe, describable mathematically (in modern science usually conflated with time: cf. space-time n. 1); (as a count noun) a mathematical construct or model of this.Traditionally regarded as having three dimensions, in contrast to the two dimensions of an area and the one dimension of a line.Euclidean, hyperbolic, non-Euclidean, parabolic space: see the first element. See also closed adj. Additions, open adj. 19c.1629 T. Jackson Treat. Divine Essence ii. 56 The divine Essence by reason of its absolute infinity, hath an absolute necessity of coexistence with space or magnitude infinite.1656 tr. T. Hobbes Elements Philos. ii. vii. 69 Space is the Phantasme of a Thing existing without the Mind simply.1710 G. Berkeley Treat. Princ. Human Knowl. §111 For the rest, this celebrated author holds there is an absolute Space.1715 J. Addison Spectator No. 565. ¶8 The noblest and most exalted Way of considering this infinite Space is that of Sir Isaac Newton, who calls it the Sensorium of the Godhead.1734 J. Kirkby tr. I. Barrow Usefulness Math. Learning x. 176 Space is nothing else but the mere Power, Capacity, Ponibility, or..Interponibility of Magnitude.1883 Proc. Royal Soc. 35 219 Of the three kinds of non-Euclidean space, that known as elliptic space has been chosen.1892 B. F. Westcott Gospel of Life 184 All our conceptions are defined by conditions of time and space.1897 B. Russell Ess. Found. Geom. ii. 93 Those who have done most to further non-Euclidean Geometry..have usually inherited from Newton a naïve realism as regards absolute space.1899 Amer. Math. Monthly 6 227 The properties of hyperbolic and elliptic spaces.1905 Mind 14 460 Our Euclidean space is only a special case of a space of an indefinite number of dimensions.1922 H. L. Brose tr. H. Weyl Space—Time—Matter iv. 278 We conclude that space is closed and hence finite.1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 765/2 Kant maintained that the noumenal world contains neither space nor time nor causality.1981 E. R. Harrison Cosmology vii. 149/1 Hyperbolic and spherical spaces, like Euclidean space, are uniform.2007 Wired Apr. 36/1 The ordinary adult never bothers his head about the problems of space and time.10. The physical expanse which surrounds something; extent in all directions from a given point or object. Frequently with into or in (cf. into space at Phrases 4).1805 Sporting Mag. Sept. 306/2 A candle when alight has the power to distribute its own particles into space for three miles round.1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. xxiii. 573 It is with equal difficulty that they throw off their heat by radiation into space or to other bodies.1885 C. Leudesdorf tr. L. Cremona Elements Projective Geom. 33 In the above the geometric forms are supposed to lie in space.1927 Times 1 Jan. 9/3 Anyone who provided himself with the necessary [wireless] apparatus could emit into space what sounds he liked.1945 Electronic Industries Sept. 226 Stabilization, a system for maintaining a radar beam in a desired direction in space despite the roll and pitch of the ship or aircraft.1966 H. Moore On Sculpt. 149 He must make the object he draws capable of having a far side to it, that is, make it an object in space, not an object in relief.1994 New Scientist 7 May 18/1 A typical wave is spread out, so it has no definite location in space, but it does have a direction of movement.2004 Jrnl. Chem. Physics 121 1175 The time evolution of the initial plane wave packet provides a clear visualization of the scattering into space of the reaction products.** Specific or limited extent.11.a. An area or extent delimited or determined in some way.c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2247 Neymes..ȝyf him a strok ounride wiþ-inne þe neckes space.c1400 (▸1391) G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §2. 4 This ring rennyth..in so Rowm a space þat hit desturbith nat the instrument.1483 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 89074) (1881) 351 Þe Space be-twene sculders.., jnterscapulum.1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 273/2 Space bytwene the eyes, entroeil.1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 42 Leauing open a space for twoo doores.1610 G. Markham Maister-peece ii. xxxvii. 274 In the spaces betwixt the draughts, make diuers holes.1672 J. Dryden Conquest Granada i. v. i. 58 I cannot breath within this narrow space.1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Vacuum Disseminatum Small void Spaces spread about between the Particles of Bodies.1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Area The Elliptic Space PSD being drawn equal to the other ASB.1773 B. Gooch Med. & Chirurg. Observ. 21 The term birth signifies an inclosed space, or kind of apartment, made with canvas, for one seaman or more.1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. vi. 177 Even the space left open round the neck may be closed when desirable.1845 J. Lindley School Bot. (1854) 16 A viscid secreting space called the stigma.1879 G. C. Harlan Eyesight iii. 37 The most sensitive portion is a small space directly in the line of vision, called the yellow spot.1901 Times 22 Oct. 10/4 A broad road, lined on each side by fine trees, and divided midway by a circular space adorned with statuary.1920 Musical Times Aug. 529/2 The League of Arts gave two performances..in a roped-off space between the Magazine and the Serpentine.2005 News & Observer (Raleigh, N. Carolina) (Nexis) 22 Apr. (What's up section) 26 Viewers enter a small space defined by two facing banners.b. A part or section marked off in some way from a larger area or extent; a division, section.▸ c1392 Equatorie of Planetis 26 (MED) The owterest space is mynutis, & the nexte space is degres, & the thridde space is nombres of degres & the ferthe space is for names of signes.▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. xvi. 484 As þe cercle þat hatte zodiacus is distingurid in twelue spacis..so the cercle of the sonne is distingurid in xii. spaces.c1400 (▸1391) G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §20. 11 Next thise azymutz..ben ther 12 deuysiouns embelif,..þat shewen the spaces of the howres of planetes.1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iv. ii. 166 He may not meue but in to one space or poynt.1594 T. Blundeville Exercises vi. iii. f. 307v Suppose the inside of your left thumbe to be diuided into three spaces.1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. ix. 202 Spaces are portions in the Spheare bounded by the Parallell circles.1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. xxix. 44 Take a short space of a Ruler or Transom, and saw in one side of it a Notch.1694 tr. O. G. de Busbecq Four Epist. conc. Embassy into Turkey i. 31 Thus the Turks divide the day into four spaces.1754 J. Barrow Suppl. New & Universal Dict. Month Book..[is] divided into spaces.1780 A. Young Tour Ireland (Dublin ed.) I. 213 There is a custom here called rundale, which is a division of their farms into spaces by balks.1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 129 Set those six spaces off upon a straight line for a base..; set off three spaces upon the perpendicular.1874 Philos. Trans. 1873 (Royal Soc.) 163 1 The circle being divided into sixteen spaces, which are numbered consecutively from 0 to 15, and correspond respectively to the directions N., N.N.E., N.E., &c.1938 Times 10 June 11/3 His history gallery was divided into 40 equal spaces, each representing a century.2006 Times Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 17 Nov. 50 My opponent slides the queen diagonally three spaces, ‘check mate’.c. The volume or dimensional extent that is, or may be, occupied by a particular http://thing.In quots. ?a1425, c1475: an internal space or cavity in the body.?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 33 Inscisioun..is mych to be dradde aboute þe wombe..for propinquite..of veynez..& þe inward spaciositee or space [?c1425 wydenesse; L. spatiositatis].c1475 (▸1392) Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 44 (MED) Þe Emunctorijs of þe lyuere & of þe ballokis..han wiþinne hem a myche space in þe which is spoungious fleisch, þenne & kirnelly.1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 273/2 Space of ones body, corpsage.1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum 23 All bodies haue their measure, and their space.1675 R. Burthogge Cavsa Dei 28 Some of the Platonists..affirmed that the Place of Hell was all that space between the Moon..and This.1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. II. v. §3. 702 That all the Air..is compress'd into the Space ABZX.1767 J. Abercrombie Every Man his Own Gardener 21 Fill the space between the ball and the sides of the pot, with the above earth.1828 C. Lamb Old Margate Hoy in Elia 2nd Ser. 35 The things do not fill up that space, which the idea of them seemed to take up in his mind.1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 193 If we..take the space rendered opaque by the wood at 21 per cent.1937 Times 5 Oct. 11/3 Second-class accommodation is particularly good, improvements having been brought about by reducing the space occupied by the machinery.1987 R. Frame Woman of Judah 296 Everything I own, that I have to my name, can be fitted into the space of one carry-all.2000 Reader's Digest Oct. 70/2 A split-second later, an icy reeking mixture of water and heating fuel rushed through gaps above Stuart's head, filling the small space.d. An empty place or part; a void; a gap.1654 W. Charleton Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana i. v. 47 In all common motions of bodies through the liberal aer, there is left a Space behind, into which the parts of the aer may instantly circulate, and deliver themselves from compression.1678 T. Hobbes Decameron Physiologicum iii. 25 They cannot be parted except the Air..can enter and fill the space made by their diremption.a1731 P. Aubin Noble Slaves in Coll. Entertaining Hist. & Novels (1739) I. 3 The Hut was built of Boughs of Trees, and Hurdles made with Canes to fill the Spaces.1773 Art of tanning & currying Leather 144 The woman sews the tail part, leaving a space for the entrance of the copper neck of a wooden funnel.1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 95 The..rudiment of the future seed, not yet inclosing a space.a1854 H. Reed Lect. Eng. Lit. (1855) iv. 140 His human heart had large spaces to hold his fellow-beings in.1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 131 The cilia..cause the currents of water to flow..into the interlamellar spaces.1907 Washington Post 6 June 6/7 A horse has forty-four teeth, and God left a space between the molars and pre-molars..for man to insert a steel bit.1955 R. Lindner Fifty-minute Hour 233 She died suddenly when he was six years old, and the space in his life left by her death was never filled.1998 Jrnl. Herpetol. 32 117/1 The cranial and caudal halves of a sclerotome are separated by a space or cavity, the sclerocoel.e. (a) A portion of a page, form, etc., available for or occupied by written or printed matter (cf. sense 7c); (b) a portion of a page (in a newspaper, etc.) available for a specific purpose, esp. advertising (cf. sense 7d); (now also) a portion of broadcasting time available for a similar purpose; a section of a billboard, website, or similar medium.advertising space: see the first element.1657 A. B. tr. J. Buxtorf Jewish Synagogue ix. 127 These last words are in many Copies left out, by reason of an injunction laide upon the Printers by the Christian Magistrate, an empty space being left [L. spatio interim vacuo relicto], that they may either write them, or else inquire what is wanting.1793 J. Whitehead Life J. Wesley I. i. vi. 344 Unfortunately the letter was not transcribed into the Journal, a blank space being left for it.1797 Evangelical Mag. Apr. 160 A wish to remove a little of the odium his memory lies under on that account, induces me to beg a small space in your valuable Magazine for the following quotation.1833 P. Hone Diary 7 Jan. (1889) I. 71 The poetry [is] a mere makeweight, written apparently just to fill up such a space on such a page.1900 Times 22 Aug. 4/3 I can find no better means of doing so [sc. expressing gratitude to the postal service] than by asking the favour of a space for this letter in the columns of The Times.1908 E. Fowler Between Trent & Ancholme 21 Leaving a space for his own name.1952 L. W. Fox Eng. Prison & Borstal Syst. 167 There is a space on the form on which the prisoner can make a written reply if he wishes.1956 B.B.C. Handbk. 1957 78 Plays from the West End..are often heard in the more ‘popular’ programme spaces.1972 Sci. Amer. Feb. 114/1 Kant's own book was discussed in this space a couple of years ago from the paper-back edition issued by the University of Michigan Press.1983 Financial Times (Nexis) 22 Nov. 15 A free-for-all in advertising could arise with firms taking large spaces in newspapers to advertise their services.1989 J. D. Sutherland Fairbairn's Journey vi. 149 Fairbairn cannot easily discuss theoretical criticisms in a short space.2007 Sunday Mirror (Nexis) 30 May 19 Larger advertising hoardings and spaces on bus shelters cost between €500 and €5,000 for the run-up to polling day.f. Any one of a limited number of places in which a person or thing may be accommodated.1840 S. Wilderspin Infant Syst. (ed. 7) xi. 229 The tablet below the balls has six spaces for the insertion of brass letters and figures.1907 N.E.D. at Place sb. 13 a A space at table.1958 M. L. King Stride toward Freedom v. 86 By the time the meeting started, virtually every space was taken, and hundreds often overflowed into the streets.1968 R. V. Beste Repeat Instr. xiii. 140 He put the car in the garage... He chose a space at street level.1985 D. Johnson Fiskadoro iii. 78 There were no spaces on the flights.1998 Courier-Jrnl. (Louisville, Kentucky) 21 Dec. c10/2 More spaces seem to be set aside for people with disabilities, but the number of disability permits seems high and competition can be keen.g. Originally U.S. A room or specific area within a building, esp. considered in terms of its function or architectural qualities.1921 V. O. Vogt Art & Relig. xix. 184 The whole amazing space is clear to the eye as one steps through the inner portals of the narthex.1969 Valley News (Van Nuys, Calif.) 9 Mar. Hardly a home exists which does not have an architecturally awkward space... In an apartment it is apt to be a long narrow hall.1981 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 8 Feb. d33/1 You have a great space to work with. You have an eager staff to help you along.1999 D. Macaulay Building Bk. Cathedral 15 I found myself alone in an amazing space... I just sat in one of the wooden chairs and stared upward, mentally dismantling the stonework above me.2007 Guardian (Nexis) 4 Sept. (Features section) 28 The Olivier Theatre has more volume,..which is perhaps why it is a notoriously tricky space.12.a. A particular stretch, extent, or area of ground, surface, sky, etc.; an expanse. Also figurative. Cf. open space n.(a) Without complement.▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Josh. xvii. 18 Bote þo shalt passe to þe hul,..& purge spacis to dwelle [L. ad habitandum spatia].c1400 (▸?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 7146 (MED) On a pleyne he cheseþ a place Þat biclippeþ a mychel space.?a1475 (▸?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 51 Þerfore men..folowede not the measures of spaces but reasones of diuision.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Spatium Great and large spaces in wide roomes.1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 42 Though the Corne be laide..in the floores, yet let there be a space left in the middest.1592 T. Tymme Plaine Discouerie Ten Eng. Lepers C ij In religion there is both a centre and a space.1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. App. 368 In which space is comprehended the fairest, fruitfullest,..and most ciuill part of all Africk.1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxi. 107 The water..that otherwise would spread it selfe into a larger space.1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. i. §71. 154 The Stars.., if they were ever more than seventeen in this Space, pass'd away into Comets.1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho IV. xii. 249 The space around the building was silent, and apparently forsaken.1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II i. lxxii. 44 The lists are op'd, the spacious area clear'd,..Ne vacant space for lated wight is found.1856 N. Brit. Rev. 26 57 These free spaces are found as well within the Established Church, as among the dissident bodies.1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 6 No blue space in its outspread..challenged my emerging head.1925 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 64 75 New Mexico with its ‘deserts’ and sage brush and wide-open spaces.1981 G. Swift Shuttlecock v. 36 We are looking for a space where we can be free, where we cannot be reached, where we are masters.2005 Derby Evening Telegraph (Nexis) 29 July 42 At first the approach is narrow and Georgian, but widens into a broad space in which you suddenly get the arresting sight of the west front of the cathedral all at once.(b) With of.1521 B. Anslay tr. C. De Pisan Cyte of Ladyes xxxvii. sig. Mmviv Europe whiche conteyneth a grete partye & space of the erthe vseth of these letters.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Raucus tractus, a long space of the sea makynge an hoarse noyse.1589 A. Fleming tr. Virgil Eclogs iii. 10 in A. Fleming tr. Virgil Bucoliks O Menalc tell me in what ground, a space of heauen appeeres.a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) iv. ii. 77 Shall we..sell the mighty space of our large Honors For so much trash. View more context for this quotation1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 797 Taking into their Works..a great space of Ground without the Town.1693 C. Blount Oracles of Reason viii. 75 We must..suppose..that Chaos from whence it arose, not to have been universal or diffused over the vast spaces of the Heavens, but contained within the aforesaid bounds.1708 J. Philips Cyder i. 459 Sailing the Spaces of the boundless Deep.1724 J. Maubray Female Physician vi. 19 She [sc. the moon] is not idle or decidious in accomplishing her monthly Cause, and measuring her own Space of the Heavens.1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. vi. 204 And now the Night, elaps'd Eleven, Possess'd the middle Space of Heaven.1819 P. B. Shelley Rosalind & Helen 50 And then I sunk in his embrace, Enclosing there a mighty space Of love.1832 Ld. Tennyson Lady of Shalott i, in Poems (new ed.) 9 Four gray towers Overlook a space of flowers.1891 F. W. Farrar Darkness & Dawn II. xxxvii. 40 The graffito scrawled upon every blank space of wall in Rome.1908 E. F. Benson Climber 87 Beyond lay the dark grey spaces of the downs, and beyond, again, a brightness as of molten amber suffused the sky above the lights of Brixham.1987 R. Godden Time to Dance (1989) 94 Old Calcutta was built around the Maidan, a vast flat space of green.1995 Advertiser (Adelaide) (Nexis) 22 Nov. The facade has a moulded gable—a broad space of rendered wall under curved barge-boards.(c) In plural. The heavens; the skies; the firmament. Cf. sense 8. Now rare (chiefly poetic).1561 J. Heywood tr. Seneca Hercules Furens iv. sig. I8 To spaces hygh I wyll bee borne of hawghtye skyes about.1665 G. Havers & J. Davies tr. Another Coll. Philos. Conf. French Virtuosi clxxxiv. 301 Those higher spaces which are void of all heat.1703 M. Chudleigh Song of Three Children in Poems Several Occasions 6 Those immense Spaces which no Limits know, Where purest Æther unconfin'd doth flow.a1822 P. B. Shelley Prol. To Hellas in Relics (1862) 7 The senate of the Gods is met, Each in his rank and station set; There is silence in the spaces.1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust II. i. i. 7 But if there burst from those eternal spaces A flood of flame, we stand confounded ever.1908 M. J. Cawein Poems II. 458 Ye in your darkness are Dark and infernal;..But in the spaces far, Like our effulgent star, We are eternal.†b. A particular place or location; (also) an assigned or appropriate position (cf. place n.1 12a). Frequently with possessive adjective. Obsolete.?a1400 (▸a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 277 (MED) Þe Scottis had no grace to spede in þer space, for to mend þer nisse [read misse].c1400 (▸?c1380) Patience 365 (MED) Þis speche sprang in þat space and spradde alle aboute To borges and to bacheleres.a1450 (▸1408) tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) f. 24 (MED) How fiȝteres moot ben y-tauȝt to kepe wel her space [v.r. spaces; L. ordines] in goyng, in stondyng, and rydinge when þe scheltrun is ysette.c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 1 (MED) He him selue laboured..to knowe þe spaces and þe townes þer þe holy patriarches dwelt.c1475 Wisdom (Folger) (1969) 719 (MED) Fayer speche and falsehede in on space ys.?a1525 (▸?a1475) Play Sacrament l. 461 in N. Davis Non-Cycle Plays & Fragm. (1970) 72 Take yowr [read owr] space, And looke owr daggarys be sharpe and kene.a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) i. i. 36 Let..the wide Arch Of the raing'd Empire fall: Heere is my space . View more context for this quotationc. The physical or mental sphere within which a person lives or operates; a notional region private to an individual within which he or she feels comfortable or unrestricted; (also ) a mental position or state of mind. Cf. personal space n. 1b.1976 New Times (N.Y.) 19 Mar. 36/1 Werner Erhard, through est, has created the ‘space’ for them to ‘be’ and given them the ‘opportunity’ to ‘take responsibility’ for their lives.1976 Newsweek 6 Sept. 59/1 Est trainees are shown how to create an inner ‘space’ into which each of them can retreat and immerse himself in his own consciousness... Est graduates are taught to grant other people the space to create their own experiences.1977 C. McFadden Serial (1978) iii. 13/2 Leonard had a lot going for him otherwise, and Kate liked the space he was in.1980 G. B. Trudeau Tad Overweight Seriously, I think I know where you're coming from, and I'd like to share that space.1981 Gossip (Holiday Special) 31/3 The reason why I can say that so boldly is because they give me my space. They let me be me.1999 A. Wheatle Brixton Rock 135 Yeah, I'll see you around... You're all right but I need my space, you know.13.a. A linear distance; an interval between two or more points, objects, etc.▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxxii. 16 Go ȝe befor me, & be þer a space [L. spatium] bytwyx flock & flock.1481–90 in Manners & Househ. Expenses Eng. (1841) 200 The space to be a fote and halffe betwene the stodes.a1500 (▸?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Chetham) l. 1130 Beues rode..Towarde the cite of Damas, That was a ffull ffeyre space.c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lviii. 198 He was a grete space before all his company.1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. viii. 82 [They] go backwarde a certeine space.1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies i. vi. 20 The firme land runnes an infinite space.1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 29 The space from one Boa [= buoy] to another, is an hundred paces or more.1661 Princess Cloria v. 550 He retired him a certain space from the multitude.1715 L. Theobald tr. Aristophanes Clouds i. i. 12 They without any trouble measur'd the space of her Leap.1768 H. Brooke Fool of Quality (Dublin ed.) III. xvi. 163 This put them into some Confusion, and they sheered off a little Space.1810 W. Scott Let. May–June (1932) II. 348 It corresponds..very commonly with the proper and usual space between comma and comma.1842 T. C. Thornton Mod. Cabinet Arts 159 An appreciable difference in the space which separates the stars.1862 Times 27 Jan. 7/2 This thoroughfare is nearly a quarter of a mile in length, the space from one house to that opposite being not more than 12ft.1934 Amer. Midland Naturalist 15 197 The lower incisors..have grown to a length of 55 mm., but their alignment is correct and normal, though the space between them is a trifle wide.2007 Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) (Nexis) 6 July 54 The space between the trees or poles should be one foot longer than the length of the hammock.b. With of (a specific distance). Also with preceding genitive.▸ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxx. 36 Laban..putte a space [L. spatium] of þre days wey by twyxen hem & his douter hosbond.1482 Indenture in Acts Parl. Scotl. (1875) XII. 32/2 He sal nocht cum..to þe space of sex myle neir þe place.a1500 (▸?a1425) Ipomedon (Harl.) (1889) l. 1466 (MED) He had not slepyd but a while, Not the space of a myle.1542 Dyalogue Defensyue for Women sig. Aiiiv Sodaynly within the space of a myle An Arbour moste pleasaunt, there I espyde.1581 T. Nicholas tr. A. de Zárate Discov. & Conquest Peru iii. f.27 The Gouernour proceeded forwarde for the space of two Leagues.1627 Reg. Privy Council Scott. 2nd Ser. VIII. 402 He wes caryed doun in the streame thairof aboue ane pair of buttis speace.1648 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Gualdo Priorato Hist. Late Warres vi. 182 For three miles space the ground was covered with dead Carkasses.1677 Earl of Orrery Treat. Art of War 92 Between every 5 or 6 Hutts of the Troopers File, they usually leave a space of 4 or 5 foot, for the Troopers to pass from their Street, to their Horses Hutts.1725 G. Odingsells Bath Unmask'd iv. xiv. 76 I was stretched along in my Tabernacle (distant from this Place, the space of twelve Miles).1767 B. Gooch Pract. Treat. Wounds I. 301 Cut through to the leather, leaving the space of ½ an inch.1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 226 I found the instrument [sc. a catheter] advance suddenly for the space of half an inch, but on with~drawing the stillette, nothing but a few drops of blood followed.1873 L. Beach Cornwall 99 The Mountain House consists of two large buildings, detached until recently by a space of about 300 feet.1901 Times 23 Feb. 13/5 The arrangement by which a space of five yards..had to be crossed by men carrying power barrels, with hobnailed boots, was not so safe as it might be.2006 Bath Chron. (Nexis) 29 Sept. 3 I've just driven into work and in the space of five miles, I've spotted three drivers with mobile phones clasped to their ears.†c. A short distance. Obsolete.1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica xi. 287 His Sonne Sarpedon of the Troian race..Next whom Eusemus sat, distant a space.1622 (▸?a1513) W. Dunbar Poems (Reidpeth) (1998) I. 241 Thane com the ladyis danceing in ane trece, And Nobilnes befoir thame come ane space.1770 H. Brooke Fool of Quality V. 11 The old Man, then, respectfully withdrawing a Space, I don't know you, my sweet Master, said he.1813 W. Scott Rokeby i. 11 Now Oswald stood a space aside.1836 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. III. vii. 105 He did not merely approach a space, and then stand as a coward.a1872 T. B. Read House by Sea ii. iii, in Poet. Wks. (1883) 216 She..withdrew a space, to admire The beautiful collar of floral fire.†14. Course, custom, procedure. Obsolete. rare.c1400 (▸?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 755 I schal my þro steke, & spare spakly of spyt in space of my þewez.c1405 (▸c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 176 This ilke Monk leet oolde thynges pace And heeld after the newe world the space.15. Music. Any one of the intervals between the lines of a stave.a1450 Musical Treat. in Speculum (1935) 10 262 But, as for 13e & 15e, þer is no sight be-neþe þe plainsong with-in 4 rwlis & 4 spacis þat wil serue it, but yf ye chonge your sight.c1475 Court of Sapience (Trin. Cambr.) (1927) 2074 (MED) Mynute, crochet, in rewle and eke in space, All thys she [sc. Dame Musica] taught.?1527 J. Skelton Agaynste Comely Coystrowne Ask wher he fyndyth among hys monacordys. An holy water clarke a ruler of lordys. He can not fynd it in rule nor in space.1562 T. Sternhold et al. Whole Bk. Psalmes sig. ✠iiiv Some of the kayes be set in lines or rules, and other are set in spaces betwene the lines.1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 4 You must then recken downe from the Cliefe,..assigning to euerie space and rule a seuerall Keye.1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus ii. ix. 52 A Rest, ascending from the line to the middle of the space, betokens a Minime, or a sigh.1654 J. Playford Breefe Introd. Skill Musick i. 3 The Gam-ut is drawne upon foureteene Rules, and their Spaces.1680 A. B. Synopsis Vocal Mus. xii. 20 The primary containing signs are the Systemes, which by their five joyned parallel lines, and spaces between them whereof they do consist, assign and afford to the Cliffs their due higher or lower places.1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Staff Each Line and Space he [sc. Guido Aretino] mark'd at the beginning of the Staff with Gregory's Seven Letters.1782 F. Burney Cecilia V. x. x. 387 All that torment of first and second position, and E upon the first line, and F upon the first space!1848 E. F. Rimbault First Bk. Pianoforte 15 The additional lines and spaces above and below the staff.1883 G. Grove Dict. Music III. 647/2 The spaces in the treble stave make the word face.1924 P. C. Buck Scope of Music i. 19 Increase the 250 [vibrations per second] to 500, and the note changes to the octave higher, i.e. C in the third space of the treble stave.1942 Musical Q. 28 207 Morley begins by marking, on the lines and spaces of the great stave, a series of what he calls ‘notes’.2001 Galpin Society Jrnl. 54 157 It is Guido of Arezzo..who is credited with the first use of a system of pitch notation..which places the diatonic notes of a scale on alternate lines and spaces.16.a. In a text: an interval or blank between words, lines, etc.; (Typography) any of several intervals or blanks of varying widths used to separate words, justify lines, etc. Now also (in an electronic or typewritten text): an interval or blank equivalent to one character, which may be produced by pressing a specific key (cf. space bar n. at Compounds 4).letter, line space, etc.: see the first element.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Interductus, A space betweene full sentences in writyng or printing.1676 J. Moxon Regulæ Trium Ordinum 7 The Distance between one word and another is called a Space.1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) at Blank A void space in Writing.1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1748 I. 102 The words..having been first written down with spaces left between them, he delivered in writing their etymologies [etc.].1849 J. Craig New Universal Dict. Leads..[do] not make any impression in printing, but leave a white space where placed.1882 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 11 390 Where not otherwise indicated, the spaces between the words are of my own making.1892 A. Oldfield Pract. Man. Typogr. ii. 26 There are five kinds of spaces: the en quadrat; thick space..; middle or 4-em spaces..; thin or 5-em spaces..; and hair spaces.1914 Times 6 Apr. 10/1 A line consists of 56 letters counting spaces between words and punctuation marks as letters.1956 D. J. Lloyd & H. R. Warfel Amer. Eng. in its Cultural Setting vi. xxv. 414 The period,..unless it ends a paragraph, never stands alone; it is followed by a space and a capital letter.1979 J. D. Fletcher in L. B. Resnick & P. A. Weaver Theory & Pract. Early Reading II. xi. 258 He or she then typed a space followed with his or her first name and another space.2006 Evening Standard (Nexis) 18 May 38 Not that I'm much of a judge, having once ordered ‘pageone’ in a trattoria under the impression it was a new kind of pasta, when it was actually a missing space between ‘page’ and ‘one’ on the menu.b. Typography. Any of certain small pieces of cast-metal of various thicknesses used to produce a blank or interval in a text. Cf. quad n.1, quadrat n. 2.thin space: see thin adj., n., and adv. Compounds 1b.1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 215 Thin-spaces being..Cast only that the Compositer may Justifie his Lines the Truer.1732 S. Palmer Gen. Hist. Printing ii. ii. 123 They likewise invented such variety of spaces, as kept a beautiful distance between the words and made their impressions appear with the greatest neatness and exactness.1771 P. Luckombe Hist. & Art of Printing 279 The Dutch..cast the greatest part of their Spaces to thiner sized than most Compositors care for.1808 C. Stower Printer's Gram. 161 Spaces are cast to such a regular gradation, that no excuse can be offered..for irregular spacing.1889 Science 25 Jan. 57/1 When movable types are used..the compositor, when the line is nearly completed, puts thicker or thinner spaces between the words.1904 T. L. De Vinne Mod. Methods Bk. Composition i. 11 The lower case has fifty four boxes, which contain the lower-case characters, figures, points, spaces, and quadrats.1963 W. C. Kenneison & A. J. B. Spilman Dict. Printing 92 High quads (or spaces), spaces cast to the height of the shoulder of type.2000 A. Campbell Designer's Lexicon 169 Space, a ‘blank’ (nonprinting) spacer piece, used singly or in multiples, to create the spaces in text.c. Telecommunications. An interval between consecutive marks in a mark–space signalling system such as telegraphy. Opposed to mark n.1 19b.1840 S. F. B. Morse U.S. Patent 1647 2/1 Signs of letters consist in variations of the dots, marks, and dots and lines, and spaces of separation of the same formation as compose the signs of numerals.1859 T. P. Shaffner Telegr. Man. xxxiv. 469 The length of the mark or of the space upon the ribbon paper will be precisely the same as the length of the contact made with the key.1906 A. E. Kennelly Wireless Telegr. xi. 153 A dash has the length of three dots, and the space separating dots or dashes in a letter are [sic] of dot length.1954 Electronic Engin. 26 230/1 The principle..is to explore the centre of each received signal element..to determine whether it is ‘mark’ or ‘space’, and use the information so obtained to initiate new signals of correct length.1993 F. H. Hinsley in F. H. Hinsley & A. Stripp Codebreakers xviii. 142 Very accurate timing was required if their unbroken stream of elements was to be divided correctly into their components of mark and space.17. Mathematics. An instance of any of various mathematical concepts, usually regarded as a set of points having some specified structure. Usually with distinguishing word.function, Hilbert, metric, phase, projective, topological, vector space, etc.: see the first element.1900 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 22 336 One speaks of the geometries of metric space, of unilateral and bilateral projective space.1911 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 12 287 It is not always necessary to set up a definition of distance for the Hilbert space; for other domains of objects to do so might be very difficult or even impossible.1932 M. H. Stone Linear Transformations in Hilbert Space i. 1 The word ‘space’ has gradually acquired a mathematical significance so broad that it is virtually equivalent to the word ‘class’, as used in logic.1963 G. F. Simmons Introd. Topol. & Mod. Anal. i. 5 When some kind of algebraic or geometric structure is imposed on a set, so that its elements are organized into a systematic whole, then it becomes a space.2006 P. Woit Not even Wrong xvii. 241 These fluxes are generalisations of magnetic fields to higher dimensions, with the fields trapped by the topology of the Calabi–Yau space.PhrasesPhrases and proverbs.†P1. out of space: out of proper place or relationship; in confusion. Cf. sense 12b. Obsolete. rare—1.▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 679 (MED) Min herte..Som time of hire is sore adrad, And som time it is overglad, Al out of reule and out of space.P2.a. (for) a space: for a short period of time; for a while. Cf. sense 5a. Now rare.c1405 (▸c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 2118 Theseus abiden hath a space Er any word cam from his wise brest.a1450 York Plays (1885) 115 A starne to be schynyng a space.c1530 A. Barclay Egloges iii. sig. N Ellys must he ryse and walke hymselfe a space.1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. ccxxxviiiv She with all the Ladyes entered the tentes, and there warmed them a space.1574 J. Higgins 1st Pt. Mirour for Magistrates Cordila f. 50v If I departed for a space withall.1655 in W. B. Cook Stirling Antiquary (1900) II. 18 The session..suspends the sd William from his eldership for a space.?1690 T. Watson in C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David (1886) VII. Ps. cxxxvii. 1 The other leaves..for a space hang down their heads.1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad V. xviii. 389 Yet a space I stay, Then swift pursue thee on the darksome way.1767 H. Hartson Countess of Salisbury v. 64 I wou'd have fled, but horror for a space Suspended every power.1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles v. xxxiii. 216 He paused a space, his brow he cross'd.1877 ‘H. A. Page’ T. De Quincey: Life & Writings I. ii. 26 Meantime deep peace fell for a space on the family.1883 Longman's Mag. July 270 Knights!..leave him lying here a space.1930 Africa 3 216 I have made a trial of them and waited a space and thought it over.1972 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Dec. 1561/5 There they simmer down for a space, forget their mundane cares.b.space of time n. a period of time.c1500 Melusine (1895) 335 (MED) He came to Nerbonne where he rested hym a lytel space of tyme.1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Intercapedo After a space of time.1657 A. Sparrow Rationale Bk. Common Prayer (1661) 244 A good space of time to do it in.1796 F. Burney Camilla I. ii. xiv. 371 To avoid them and their communications, for however short a space of time, was now her sole aim.1880 A. H. Sayce Introd. Sci. of Lang. I. 230 The number of the vibrations in any given space of time.1926 People's Home Jrnl. Feb. 18/1 We want to accomplish as much as possible in the shortest space of time.2004 Jockey Slut Feb. 92/2 I've never learnt so much in such a short space of time.c. (in the) mean space (see mean adj.2 2).†d. in space comes grace (cf. grace n. 5). Obsolete.[a1536 H. Newton in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. 65 (1950) 269 In space comes fortune and grace.]1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. iv. sig. B In space comth grace.a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. E.jv Good happe is not hastie: yet in space comth grace.1628 Z. Boyd Last Battell Soule ii. 186 The seedes of grace are like Corne, they are not ripe the first day they are sowen, but ripen by degrees: From this is that saying, Grace requyreth space, or in space commeth Grace.1694 J. Strype Memorials T. Cranmer App. 214 This being natural unto al that be in jeopardie of liffe..at the least to have tyme al desire: followeng that proverb, In space comyth grace.†P3. from space to space: at (regular) intervals. Cf. sense 13. Obsolete.1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 244 You shall rail the bed about (as I directed you concerning Salsifix) or else stake them from space to space, to which you shall tie them up.1700 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 22 673 It is divided from space to space into rings.1763 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry IV. 368 To hang upon the vines, from space to space (the nearer the better), phials half filled with sugared water.1814 W. Scott Waverley I. ix. 114 A heavy balustrade, ornamented from space to space with huge grotesque figures of animals. View more context for this quotation1831 W. Scott Count Robert vi, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. II. 150 A long,..arched passage, well supplied with air from space to space.1873 W. D. Howells Chance Acquaintance iii. 73 It is sheer rock, springing from the black water, and stretching upward with a weary, effort-like aspect, in long impulses of stone marked by deep seams from space to space.P4. figurative. into space: into oblivion; completely out of sight or existence. Cf. sense 10.1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. I. i. i. 7 All Dubarrydom rushes off, with tumult, into infinite Space.1873 A. Helps Some Talk about Animals & their Masters i. 6 The pamphlet has vanished into space.1892 Spectator 2 Apr. 451/2 He broke away,..and plunged, with a few followers, apparently into space!1925 Times 13 Aug. 15/5 The wine-maidens..vanished into space to leave a pleasant memory behind.2000 Crain's Chicago Business (Nexis) 19 June 11 When I was in broadcast, I knew that if I screwed up a sound bite or quote, it would likely be forgotten quickly as the words vanished into space.P5.a. watch this space!: (originally Journalism) an injunction to observe this publication or advertising space closely for further developments or information. Now frequently figurative and in extended use. Cf. senses 7d, 11e.1869 Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News 8 Jan. The Vicksburg Times has a somewhat remarkable advertisement. The words ‘Watch this space closely–ten days—let the people be prepared’, occupy a half column in the paper.1893 Lafayette (Louisiana) Advertiser 18 Nov. By special arrangement this Space is reserved for our regular Advertisers. Our readers are requested to watch this space in their own interest.1917 B.E.F. Times 20 Jan. 15/2 (advt.) Watch this Space.1979 J. Rathbone Euro-killers iv. 44 Where is he? Watch this space for exciting revelations in the next few days.2005 Manch. Evening News (Nexis) 12 July 5 He's got a three-year contract with New Zealand. We'll be keeping an eye on him, though, and three years down the line, well watch this space.b. Journalism (originally U.S.) on space: on the basis of payment according to article length; (also) employed on this basis. Cf. sense 7c.1886 Fresno (Calif.) Daily Republican 6 May (headline) Working on space.1890 Warren (Pa.) Ledger 14 Mar. 2/3 Other correspondents are generally paid on space for their work.1894 E. L. Shuman Steps into Journalism 83 Articles by the beginner are nearly always submitted ‘on space’.1902 E. Banks Autobiogr. Newspaper Girl 202 The woman..if she is ‘on space’ will soon find the editors with ‘no work on hand to-day—sorry—hope something will turn up to-morrow’ attitudes.1933 E. Waugh Scoop iii. i. 259 I've only been on the paper three weeks... It is the first time I've drawn any money... I'm ‘on space’, you see.1971 D. Ayerst Guardian xxv. 357 Williams represented the Guardian in St Petersburg at first on a small salary..and then..on space.2003 T. C. Smythe Gilded Age Press 1865–1900 i. 7 The Herald sent George Alfred Townsend, an experienced, thirty-year-old reporter working on space (he was paid for expenses and the length of his articles) to Scuffletown.CompoundsC1.a. (In sense 16.) With the sense ‘used for spacing (in printing, typing, etc.)’, as space-gauge, space-key, †space-line, space-rule; (also) ‘used for holding spaces’, as space-box, space-paper.1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. v. 122 Rules are either Brass rules, Metal rules, or Space rules.1795 W. Caslon Specimen Printing Types Space lines, 4 to English and..4 to Pica.1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Space-lines, printers' leads for justifying, or filling up lines or words, made from 4 to 12 in pica.1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Space-rule, a thin piece of metal, type-height, of different lengths, used by compositors for making a delicate line in algebraic and other formulæ.1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 2677/1 By holding the space-key [of a type-writer] down while an ‘I’ and ‘S’ are struck.1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 129. Space box, a small try with six or eight divisions.1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 129. Space paper, another term for ‘space barge’.1895 E. Collyns Typists' Man. 17 The space between the lines is regulated by the ‘Space Gauge’.1904 T. L. De Vinne Mod. Methods Bk. Composition ii. 56 Space-rules are short pieces of metal rule of hairline face, on 2-point body, cast to even ems and ens of the regular bodies, but chiefly to bodies of 6- 8- 10- 12- and 18-point.2006 Financial Times (Nexis) 20 Sept. 10 Press the Space key after you have typed the complete word.b. Relating to space (branch II.) as a general concept, as space-consciousness, space continuum, space-effect, space-element, space harmony, space-image, space-occupancy, space-perception, space-relation, space-sensation, space-sense, space-symmetry, space-value, etc.1841 M. Stuart Gram. New Test. Dial. 185 The original space-relation..may be easily discovered in a great variety of phrases which now designate causal relations.1862 H. Spencer First Princ. ii. vii. §71. 250 We can mentally diminish the velocity or space-element of motion.1865 S. H. Hodgson Time & Space ii. 75 The space-senses sight and touch..are brought into play simultaneously with the other senses.1872 H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (ed. 2) II. vi. xiv. 196 Some space-consciousness accompanies the sensation of taste.1872 J. R. Green Lett. (1901) 338 The most wonderful church in point of space-effect (if I may coin the word) I ever saw.1875 G. H. Lewes Probl. Life & Mind II. 278 What is signified in speaking of material extension is space-occupancy.1884 B. Bosanquet et al. tr. H. Lotze Metaphysic 286 It is essential that the directions..should be unmistakably distinguished in the space-image.1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xx. 195 Let the movement bc, of a certain joint, derive its absolute space-value from the cutaneous feeling it is always capable of engendering.1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xx. 219 We must..seek to discover by what means the circumstances can so have transformed a space-sensation.1893 Month Apr. 483 It is contrary to all our experience of space-occupancy.1911 W. James Some Probl. Philos. xi. 182 God, as the orthodox believe, created the space-continuum, with its infinite parts already standing in it, by an instantaneous fiat.1924 R. M. Ogden tr. K. Koffka Growth of Mind 72 Psychology of space-perception.1932 F. L. Wright Autobiogr. ii. 145 Freedom of floorspace and elimination of useless heights worked a miracle in the new dwelling place... An entirely new sense of space values in architecture came home.1949 Social Forces 28 42/2 The student, by following a carefully phrased set of map instructions, works out the space relations (both geomatic and relative) as well as significant surface features.1957 H. Read Tenth Muse xxxi. 279 A distinction between an aesthetic consciousness determined by time-sense (music and poetry) and an aesthetic consciousness determined by space-sense (the plastic arts).1965 W. Lamb Posture & Gesture iv. 56 The process of variation, sometimes under the heading Narrow-Wide, is recognized and figures as a component in ‘Space Harmonies’.1979 Nature 11 Oct. 433/1 Depending on the symmetry of the lattice and of the arrangement of the atoms within each cell, a crystal is assigned to one of the 230 possible space-symmetry groups.1993 Appliance (Nexis) May 59 On the commercial level, they seek space-consciousness because space is expense right now.c. Mathematics. space-coordinate, space-integral, space-point, etc.1873 J. C. Maxwell Treat. Electr. & Magnetism II. 187 The work done by the force J 1 during the impulse is the space integral of the force.1882 G. M. Minchin Uniplanar Kinematics 87 The rolling of the Body Centrode on the Space Centrode.1888 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1887 507 Certain relations which held between the fluid velocities u, v, w, and their space-derivatives at any point of a rigid boundary.1936 E. J. Berg Heaviside's Operational Calculus (ed. 2) 183 Here I is related to the space-variation of E in the same formal manner as E to the space-variation of I.1970 G. K. Woodgate Elem. Atomic Struct. iii. 41 rris the space-co-ordinate of the incident wave at the position of the ith electron.2007 Jrnl. Colloid & Interface Sci. 309 353/2 L13and ωelare space-integral operators and position dependent quantities, respectively.d. Originally U.S. ( In senses 7c, 7d, 11e.) With the sense ‘paid by or assessed upon the extent of space occupied’, as space-artist, space-writer; space-bill, space rate, space writing; (also) relating to the purchase of (advertising, etc.) space, as space-buyer, space salesman.1883 Fort Wayne (Indiana) Gaz. 19 Aug. 4/4 Editorial writers..rarely make as much money as space writers.1887 Westm. Rev. Oct. 858 The general substitution of ‘space writing’ for the work of salaried reporters.1902 E. Banks Autobiogr. Newspaper Girl 207 [By] the ‘guarantee space’ system..a member of the staff is guaranteed a stipulated sum of money every week, and as much over that amount as he or she makes by writing at ordinary or special space-rates.1902 E. Banks Autobiogr. Newspaper Girl 233 Space artists get paid two dollars a single-column cut.1939 F. M. Ford Let. 14 Mar. (1965) 316 You can be certain of occupying a certain space in the pages of the Review and being paid at the usual..space rates.1948 G. V. Galwey Lift & Drop i. 11 Mrs Lawson, the space~buyer of Rooster's.1954 A. Koestler Invisible Writing iv. xxxv. 377 Dr. Magnus..was now space-salesman for an obscure little Polish gazette.1972 G. Bromley In Absence of Body iii. 41 He's the chief space buyer.1988 Media Week 2 Sept. 14/2 With rare and splendid exceptions space salesmen are not statisticians.2001 Isis 92 487 Howard suggested that Burbank's celebrity derived from the need for ‘space-writers’ to fill up column inches for an audience of ‘parlor naturalists and lovers of the wonderful in nature.’e. (In sense 8). With reference to outer space regarded as a field of human activity, as space bus, space conquest, space crew, space doctor, etc.Some of the more established compounds of this type are treated separately (see Compounds 3). Many of them are modelled on analogous uses of air.1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 21 May 410/1 Mr. Walsh's space-liner..travelling on the Earth–Mars–Venus route..derives nothing from its predecessors.1939 L. del Rey in Astounding Sci.-Fiction Aug. 15/1 In an emergency, no group of men on Earth can do the work that a space-crew can turn out in a scant half-hour.1942 Astounding Sci.-Fiction Mar. 73/2 I will make one more hypothesis: it is that we Earth people are today on the verge of space conquest, and that any race further advanced than we must have already mastered space flight.1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars x. 126 Visiting space-crews..soon got bored if they had nothing to do between trips.1953 J. N. Leonard Flight into Space xi. 103 Using the scientific method of dissecting a many-sided problem into its separate parts, the space doctors discuss and study the dangers of space individually.1961 New Scientist 27 July 216 Ultimately, the space bus named Ranger will find its way to the moon, running on electric power drawn from the sun.1961 Aeroplane 100 184/1 The one-man ‘space tug’ would be used for assembling a large space-station in orbit.1966 Observer 4 Dec. 2/7 American scientists are planning ‘space lifeboats’ to rescue the crews of disabled spaceships.1970 Metrop. Mus. Art Bull. 28 355 The shape, the style, the form of an art museum must necessarily differ from that of a maritime museum or a natural history museum or a space museum.1982 A. Hemingway Pzyche i. 16 The castaway..was a former waiter on a spaceliner.1989 Space Policy 5 60 The era of space conquest has now given way to an era of space exploitation.2007 Virginian–Pilot (Norfolk, Virginia) (Nexis) 22 Apr. a16 He then bit enthusiastically into a green apple—a traditional offering for space crews touching down in Kazakhstan.f. Designating sprays designed to produce aerosol droplets that will remain suspended in the air for an extended period.1948 Science 12 Mar. 277/1 The space-spray tests were conducted in 100-cu ft cabinets.1974 M. O. Johnson in J. J. Sciarra & L. Stoller Sci. & Technol. Aerosol Packaging xx. 541 (heading) Air fresheners and space bactericides.1997 Stud. Conservation 42 207/1 These involve the use of toxic insecticides which are applied either as a surface treatment, a space spray, or as a crack and crevice spray.C2.a. With adjectives and past participles, as space-based, space-cramped, space-dependent, space-embosomed, space-spanned, space-spread, †space-thick, etc.1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 99 Space thick; that is, one quarter so thick as the Body is high.1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 207 Visiting The spirits in their space-embosomed homes.1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 217 The shade Of Death's dark valley. And his space-spread wings.1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 Jan. 3/1 Our extracts, space-cramped as they necessarily are.1931 C. Day Lewis From Feathers to Iron 45 Space-spanned, God-girdled, love will keep Its form, being planned of bone.1958 I. Asimov Naked Sun viii. 107 Try getting rid of me against my will and you'll be looking down the throats of space-based artillery.1962 D. R. Corson & P. Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields 534 Space~dependent functions can also be represented with the exponential notation.1972 Guardian 9 Feb. 3/8 The US is evolving..an entire space-based defence network.2006 Nexus (U.K./Europe ed.) Feb. 55/2 Reagan had envisaged the development of space-based intercept systems.(Hide quotations)b. With present participles and related nouns, as space-devouring, space-filling, space-occupying, space-penetrating, space-travelling, space-wasting, etc.[1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued II. iii. 505 The all-space-filling Mundane soul.]1800 Philos. Trans. 90 81 The space-penetrating power is no higher than what will suffice for the purpose.1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. (Bohn) 62 The soul was a thinking substance, and the body a space-filling substance.1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 326 Space-pervading, oh! ye must be, Spirit-like, infinite.1848 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 3) 222 Space-piercing shadow alighting on the face Of some fair planet.1870 H. Spencer First Princ. (rev. ed.) ii. vi. §58. 187 The space-occupying kind of force.1907 W. James Let. 14 Feb. (1920) II. 265 The magnificent space-devouring Subway roaring me back and forth.1929 Science Jan. 2/1 The telescope should be designed to give great space-penetrating power.1934 C. Lambert Music Ho! ii. 108 His time travelling is like the space travelling of a character like Douglas Fairbanks.1962 F. W. Householder in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 281 Others objected to them as (a) space-wasting, (b) often irrelevant and unhelpful.1979 J. Paton Sea of Rings xv. 122 We've never encountered any other space-travelling civilisation.1989 R. MacNeil Wordstruck i. 27 Like David's treatment by the gluttonous waiter or the space-hogging passengers on the coach to London.2007 Plymouth Evening Herald (Nexis) 13 Apr. 45 A mechanised, space-saving storage product, which uses underfloor cavities to maximise the living area in the home.And if you’re using it as a verb:†1. intransitive. To pace or walk; to ramble or roam. Cf. spacier v. Obsolete.a1425 (▸c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Corpus Cambr. 61) (1895) v. l.1791 But litel book no makyng thow nenvie, But subgit be to alle Poyesye, And kis the steppes where as thow seest space [a1413 Morgan pace] Uirgile, Ouide, Omer, Lucan, and Stace.c1485 (▸1456) G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxiii. 94 Quhen..thou haue etyn ynouche..rest the, and syne efter—space a litill.1530 in W. Fraser Lennox (1874) II. 235 He..past fwit be fwit with my said lord..in spasing and bounding of the dyk.a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. 137 The said Maister George spaced up and doune behynd the hie altar more then half ane houre.1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. viii. sig. H6 That he sometimes may space And walke about her gardens of delight. View more context for this quotationa1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vi. lv, in Faerie Queene (1609) sig. Hh6v That Wolues, where she was wont to space, Should harbour'd be.2. transitive. To measure (ground, etc.) by pacing. Also with out. Scottish and English regional in later use.a1450 (▸1408) tr. Vegetius De Re Militari (Douce) f. 64v (MED) Þus þanne by þi lond meteres þy feeld moot be mesured & spased out [L. colligi] by foot mesure to eueriche companye þat to hym nedith.1657 T. Hill Let. 1 Oct. in Familar Lett. (1767) vi. 18 There is a pair of globes; the compass of them, as I spaced it, was twelve large steps.1823 E. Moor Suffolk Words (at cited word) 'Tis jest thahty rod—I spaced it.1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Speeace, space. ‘Speeac'd out’, as land in divisions.1920 R. H. Calder Gleanings 10 Gyaun like a chiel spacin' tatie grun'.1957 H. Hall Parish's Dict. Sussex Dial. (new ed.) 126/2 Space, to measure ground. One spaces it out by taking yard long paces.1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 284/2 Space, to measure by spacing.†3. transitive. Usually in passive. To limit or bound in respect of space; to make of a certain extent. Obsolete (rare after 17th cent.).1548 E. Gest Treat. againste Masse sig. Ciii Not placely as ther placed spaced, and mesured, but ghostly; as ther unplaced unspaced, and not measured.1578 Gorg. Gallery Gallant Inv. I Her forehead seemely spaste, wherin doo shine her eyes.a1628 F. Greville Cælica Prol., in Certaine Learned & Elegant Wks. (1633) 2 A place there is..Deepe vnder depthes..; darke, infinitely spaced: Pluto the King.1835 Fraser's Mag. 12 416 In so far as Lamarck has defined nature to be motion,..space, and time, without reference to a being moving or moved,..or being timed and spaced.†4. transitive. Apparently: to pave or lay. Obsolete. rare—1.a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1711) VII. 60 Ther is a very large Courte buildyd about with Tymbar and spacyd withe Brike.†5. transitive. To divide into spaces or sections. Frequently with by or with. Obsolete.1557–8 in R. Adam Edinb. Rec. (1899) II. 95 xviij faddom of ane gret cobill tow to the wyndais that drew owpe the cradill..ane pound wecht of small towis to spais the gret towe with.1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 564 The stalke is crested, holowe within, spaced by joyntes or knobbes.1578 G. Whetstone Promos & Cassandra: 2nd Pt. i. iv. sig. Givv So space your roomes, as the nyne worthyes may, Be so instauld, as best may please the eye.6. Typography.a. transitive. With out: To extend (printed matter) to a required length by inserting additional space between the words (or lines); to justify.1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 246 He intends to Space-out the rest if it were not too Wide Set at first.1732 S. Palmer Gen. Hist. Printing iii. iii. 340 This edition is the only one whose lines are not spaced out to the end.1797 L. W. Brüggemann View Eng. Editions, Transl. & Illustr. Anc. Greek & Lat. Authors 179 This book is neatly printed in double columns, with the lines spaced out to the end.1816 S. W. Singer Researches Hist. Playing Cards 132 The improved method of spacing out the lines.1892 A. Oldfield Pract. Man. Typogr. ii. 25 [It is advisable] to read copy whilst spacing out the line.1916 Math. Gaz. 8 221 This specimen is highly misleading, because the letterpress is ‘leaded’, the lines of printing being spaced out by strips of lead inserted between them.1950 D. G. Hymes Production in Advertising iii. 204 Space out, to insert spaces between words or letters in order to make the line of type cover a specified measure.2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. iv. 73/1 Other larger spaces—known as quads—were used to space out lines.b. transitive. To separate (words, lines, etc.) by means of a space or spaces; (occasionally) to justify, space out.1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. 51 A good Workman..who has taken care to space his matter well.1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 249 The care the Compositor took in spacing his matter.1808 C. Stower Printer's Gram. vi. 160 Where a line is even spaced, and yet requires justification.1875 J. B. Lightfoot St. Paul's Epist. Colossians & Philemon 231/1 This idea is..expressed..in the words which are spaced.1928 Math. Gaz. 14 26 Columns and lines are spaced in modern fashion.1993 R. Watt in R. Sassoon Computers & Typogr. v. 178 Choices can be made concerning how it will appear, what letterforms are used, how the lines are spaced, how the words are spaced in a line and so on.7.a. transitive. To put or arrange at set intervals or distances. Also reflexive and intransitive.1700 J. Monro Let. 22 Aug. in Miscellanea Curiosa (Royal Soc.) (1708) III. 399 There is provided a noble and a vast convenience full of variety for the others, to space themselves freely and with pleasure in.1715 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Architecture I. xiv. 23 This manner of spacing the Columns, is..call'd Diastylos.1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 115 The flooring Joists..are to be..spaced at 18 Inches asunder.1869 Sci. Amer. 25 Sept. 198/3 The divisions and subdivisions of this and every other dial are spaced with geometrical precision.1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 299/2 Some of the machines space as well as bore or mortise.1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 23 Oct. 5/1 Each spar was spaced 8 ft. apart.1946 B. Macdonald Egg & I III. viii. 96 Spaced along other walls were bureaus, bookcases, kitchen queen, work tables and a black leather sofa.1978 T. O'Brien Going after Cacciato xlvi. 337 They spaced themselves ten meters apart.1991 Do It Yourself Feb. 41/2 Place four setts in the centre, then work outwards in a ring formation, spacing by eye and adjusting as necessary.b. transitive. With out. Also reflexive.1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 156 You space out and range all the others by them.1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 160 The Plants are spaced out..at three Foot Distances.1797 Communications to Board of Agric. I. 214 The field is thus prepared..and the beans spaced out eighteen inches from each other.1896 Guide Fossil Reptiles & Fishes Brit. Mus. 119 Sparnodus..is an extinct genus [of fish].., having the teeth somewhat ‘spaced out’.1896 C. K. Paul tr. J.-K. Huysman En Route ii. iv. 219 Mortifications space themselves out, fatigues are distributed over years and, on the whole, are easily borne.1899 Daily News 19 Dec. 5/1 Ice..must..be thicker than that if it is to support a body of troops, or the men must be properly spaced out.1915 J. Buchan Thirty-nine Steps vi. 128 There were men below..spaced out on the hillside like a fan.1967 Listener 6 Apr. 459/1 One of the effects of holding an area of land for breeding in any one season is certainly to space out the individuals of a population.2007 Modesto (Calif.) Bee (Nexis) 17 Mar. b1 (caption) Cadets space themselves out before the inspection.8. intransitive. With out. Originally U.S. slang. To experience a drug-induced state of euphoria; to become disoriented by or as if by the use of narcotic stimulus. Cf. spaced adj. 3.1968 Current Slang (Univ. S. Dakota) 3 ii. 45 Space out, to lose one's train of thought while under the influence of a drug.1970 Current Slang (Univ. S. Dakota) 4 iii–iv. 24 Space out, to achieve an euphoric state because of drug use.1970 N.Y. Mag. 16 Nov. 48/3 Karenga..looks like he's going crazy or spacing out on dope.1983 Village Voice (N.Y.) 15 Mar. 35/3 I think I'm just beginning to space out... I have a vision.2005 Weekend Austral. (Brisbane) 17 Dec. (Review section) 15/3 I find McCullough hard to read... I'm always asleep before she gets to the set-up, spaced out by her overwriting.And there’s this obsolete sense of the word:A type or kind (of money, etc.).1591 Sc. Acts, Jas. VI (1814) III. 526/1 The diuersitie and chois of sindry space of money current within the same [sc. the realm].1591 Sc. Acts, Jas. VI (1814) III. 526/1 In ressauing and geving furth..all spaces of gold and siluer.1612 in R. W. Cochran-Patrick Rec. Coinage Scotl. (1876) I. c, The space of forane money maid current at 50 s. The Spanis ryall, xlv s. [etc.].