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Yes, the percentage of such words is small, probably below 5% in an average speech.In some cases, a word exists in both languages (perhaps with the tiny predictable modification of the ending or some sounds) but it means something else. See False Friends of the Slavist/Czech-Slovak for a list of these “really confusing” examples.Here are 10 Czech words that Slovaks don’t understand (in the lists below, “česky” and “slovensky” means “in Czech” and “in Slovak”, respectively):1. Řeřicha (garden cress)Slovensky: žerucha2. Drůbež (poultry)Slovensky: hydina3. Zelí (cabbage)Slovensky: kapusta4. Kapusta (kale)Slovensky: kel5. Hřebík (nail)Slovensky: klinec6. Želva (turtle)Slovensky: korytnačka7. Velbloud (camel)Slovensky: ťava8. Borůvky (blueberries)Slovensky: čučoriedky9. Tchyně (mother-in-law)Slovensky: svokra10. Klokan (kangaroo)Slovensky: kenguraMost of the words above are incomprehensible in the opposite direction as well. Here are some extra Slovak words that are often incomprehensible to Czechs:1. Cintorìn (cemetery)Česky: hřbitov2. Servítka (napkin)Česky: ubrousek3. Kefa (brush)Česky: kartáč4. Raňajky (breakfasts)Česky: snídaně5. Rezeň (steak)Česky: řízekHere are a few dozens of additional Slovak nouns and verbs that Czechs often misunderstand:bábetko: miminko (infant)bielizeň: prádlo (laundry)bocian: čáp (stork)bosorka: čarodejnice (witch or fairy)bozk: polibek (kiss)bozkávať: líbat (to kiss)brat: bratr (brother)bravčové: vepřové (pork)bravčový: vepřový (pork, masculine)cencúľ: rampouch (icicle)cintorín: hřbitov (cemetery)čučoriedka: borůvka (blueberry)desiata: svačina, přesnídávka (morning snack)frajer: přítel (boyfriend)hocičo: cokoliv (anything)chrbát: hřbet (animal’s back)izba: pokoj (room)kaleráb: kedluben (kohlrabi)kapusta: zelí (cabbage)kefa: kartáč (brush)klamár: lhář (liar)konár: větev (branch)korčule: brusle (skate)korytnačka: želva (turtle)kôstka: pecka (pit)kúrenie: topení (heating)lievik: nálevka (funnel)lopta: míč (ball in sports)ľúbiť: milovat (to love)mačka: kočka (cat; but Slovaks use the Czech “kočka” for a pretty woman)marhuľa: meruňka (apricot)maškrtník: mlsoun (foodie)mihalnice: řasy (eyelashes)morčací: krůtí (from a turkey hen)murár: zedník (bricklayer)nádcha: rýma (runny nose)nohavice: kalhoty (pants)oblička: ledvina (kidney)omrvinka: drobek (crumb)ospravedlnenie: omluva (apology)páčiť sa: líbit se (to be liked)pečiatka: razítko (stamp)pery: rty (lips)pivnica: sklep (basement, confusingly “pivnice” means a “tavern” in Czech)plece: ramena (shoulders)podpazušie: podpaží (armpit)podujatie: akce (event)poľnohospodárstvo: zemědělství (agriculture)poľovník: myslivec (huntsman, gamekeeper)ponuka: nabídka (offer)preteky: závody (races as contests)riar: nádobí (dishes)rožok: rohlík (bread roll)rúra: trouba (oven)rušňovodič: strojvůdce (train driver)skôr: dříve (earlier)smäd: žízeň (thirst)smädný: žiznivý (thirsty)sobáš: sňatek (wedding)stávka: sázka (bet)svokra: tchýně (mother-in-law)špongia: houba (sponge, Czech houba also means mushroom)štrajk: stávka (strike)tanier: talíř (plate)tárať: kecat (drivel)ťava: velbloud (camel)topánky: boty (shoes)tovar: zboží (goods)ujo: strýc (uncle)vankúš: polštář (pillow)vodič: řidič (driver)vrátane: včetně (including)vreckovka: kapesník (handkerchief)vták: pták (bird)vytlačiť: vytisknout (to print)zemiaky: brambory (potatoes)zíde sa: hodí se (to be suitable)zimomriavky: husí kůže (goose bumps)žemľa: houska (spherical bread roll)žeriav: jeřáb (crane)žuvačka: žvýkačka (chewing gum)Some of these words could be counted as false friends – they are similar to Czech words that mean something else. For example, “nádcha” (runny nose in Slovak) sounds like “nátcha” i.e. “herpes”, a skin problem on lips in Czech, “pivnica” sounds like Czech “pivnice”, a “tavern”, “vodič” means a “conductor” in Czech, “pery” sounds like Czech “péra” i.e. “springs”, Czech word “frajer” means a “dandy”. “Bosorka”, a witch or fairy in Slovak, doesn’t mean anything in Czech, but it usually sounds like a pretty girl, perhaps a barefoot girl (“bosá dívka”) to Czechs. “Kôstka” which is a “pit” in Slovak sounds like Czech “kostka”, a “cube”. Slovak “kúrenie” sounds like “kouření” which is “smoking”, not “heating”, in Czech. “Páčiť sa”, i.e. “to be liked” in Slovak, sounds like “páčit”, to wrench or “pry open” in Czech. “Stávka” means a “strike” (by labor unions) in Czech but a “bet” in Slovak.The false friends also include lots of “relatively small nuances” that have evolved in the languages due to the small drift of the meaning. For example, the word “kapusta” means kale in Czech but cabbage in Slovak – both languages distinguish two species. It’s similar to the Russian word “grib” which means any “mushroom” but the similar Czech word “hřib” only means the boletus, our “king of the mushroom species” (well, there are still many species of “hřib”, distinguished by adjectives). Aside from “kapusta”, another example of a small difference is “nohavice” which means “pants” in Slovak but just separate “trouser legs” in Czech. So the nations will roughly understand what they talk about although the understanding could be a bit inaccurate.The list above is a long enough list that would probably overlap significantly with similar lists of basic enough words in which the languages differ. It overlaps with my previous lists. The inverse list of Czech words incomprehensible to Slovaks would contain some of the entries from the list above, too. It would include some additional entries with problems that are mirror images of the problems above.Different words in these lists become well-known to the speakers of the other language to different extents. Some frequently used words are really understood even though they’re different. For example, Slovak word “počúvaj” means “listen” and the Czech translation is “poslouchej”. However, Slovak actor Juraj Kukura - starring as an eccentric Slovak cop working in Prague in “Inspektor Max”, a recent Czech-and-Slovak criminal comedy TV series, loved to translate it as “počouvej”. That’s exactly how the Czech translation would sound if you “translated” the Slovak word a syllable after syllable. However, “počúvaj” and “poslouchej” are heard so often and something inside them is “sufficiently familiar” that basically everyone who has listened to a big dose of the other language has learned the meaning of the verb from the context.Also, I must say that the basic enough words that may mean different things above make the gap between the two languages (or dialects of the Czechoslovak language, as we called it between 1918–1938) look more dramatic than it is. Sometimes, several synonyms exist in one language and most of them are comprehensible to the other language – and only one of the synonyms, often a “less widespread one”, is incomprehensible to the other language’s speakers. For example, the list of false friends says that “neděle” is sometimes used for a “week” in Czech – “pět neděl” means “five weeks”. But the primary word for a “week” is “týden” which is comprehensible to Slovaks who call it “týždeň”, and vice versa. So most of the time, when people talk about weeks, they will understand each other perfectly.Also, in many cases, the root of the words make it “quickly comprehensible from the context” even though if the word differs in these two languages. For example, when a Czech hears “raňajka” in a Slovak hotel, it’s obviously some “feminine thing derived from the word ráno, the morning”. If there’s some suggestion that it has something to do with food, the Czech guesses that it has to be the breakfast (“snídaně” in Czech, which is derived from “sní”, “he will eat”). Similarly, a Slovak in a Czech hotel who sees “snídaně” sees it’s something that sounds like “a feminine thing related to eating”, and if there’s some suggestion that it occurs in the morning, it must be the breakfast, i.e. “raňajka”. ;-) An improved hybrid language could use the word “ranožer” and it would be clear to everybody and immediately.A Google search that produces lots of pages with words that aren’t understood in between these two languages: slovenska slova kterym slovaci nerozumi