M: Provides An Opportunity For The Public To Address The Council On Items, Which Are: Fill & Download for Free

Well, here are some list of organizations by the Department of empowerment of persons with disabilities (Divyangjan), Government of India has listed out the list of 2944 registered NGOs in their website from different regions.Contact the organisations near by your region, listed in the PDF for providing the necessary help to them.PDF : http://disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ngo_report.pdfSource : List of registered NGOHere are some more organisations, listed in the blogs :Services provided at these organizationsCounseling.Early intervention.Adaptive training.Living skills training.Vocational training.Economic rehabilitation.Social integration.———————————Make A Difference (MAD) is a youth driven, non-profit organisation working to ensure equitable outcomes for children in orphanages and street shelters. Registered as a non-profit in 2006, Make A Difference reaches out to over 3,460 children in 67 shelters across 23 cities in India, through a highly efficient 4,250 strong volunteer network. Volunteers commit a year and spend between 2 and 10 hours every week mentoring, teaching and interacting with children in order to ensure that they get the support and care they need during childhood.Address : BANGALORE OFFICE#16 C, 1st B Main, 14th C Cross, Sector 6, HSR Layout,Bangalore, India - [email protected] to Omega Learning Centre for children with learning disabilitiesAddressAlpha to Omega Learning Centre16, Valliammal Street,Chennai 600 010, India.Telephone: +91 44 6443090, +91 44 616257Fax: +91 44 6426539E–mail: [email protected] keller service society for the disabledThis is a non–profit, charitable, voluntary organization established in the year 1979. The organization implements service projects for the welfare of the disabled in Tamil Nadu, founded by Dr. G Thiruvasagam for the service of people in the field of welfare of the disabled in rural areas.AddressHelen Keller Service Society for the DisabledVizhiyagam, Viswanathapuram,Madurai 625 014, Tamil Nadu, India.Telephone: +91 452 641446, +91 452 640735Fax: +91 452 641490E–mail: [email protected] Training & Research Centre (R)This is a registered non–profit and non–government society, dedicated to the rehabilitation of children with learning disability and/or other health impairments. Under the able guidance of Dr. P Prakash, Chairman, Dept of Psychology, University of Mysore, Samveda made its beginning in early 1995.AddressSamveda Training & Research Centre(R)Regd. Office: http://P.B.No.258, http://D.No.607/1,6th Main, 6th cross, P.J.Extension,Davangere 577002, Karnataka, India.Fax: +91 8192 5351/55571E–mail: [email protected] Seva SangamSangam was established by Mr. S Ramakrishnan in 1981 being the year of the disabled. Mr. S Ramakrishnan became a paraplegic in 1975 at the age of 21, when he met with an accident while trying for naval recruitment service. After intensive self–rehabilitation, he wanted to serve society and spend his life motivated by some http://purpose.In the year 1992, a young professional accountant, Mr. S. Sankara Raman, who suffers from muscular dystrophy and is confined to wheelchair, left his lucrative practice at Chennai, and joined S Ramakrishnan with the dream to build a “Valley” for similar persons with disability. Their vision was to make Amar Seva Sangam a model centre catering to the needs of the disabled.AddressAmar Seva Sangam“Sulochana Gardens”, Post Box No. 001, Tenkasi Road,Ayikudi P. O Tirunelveli 627 852, Tamil Nadu, India.Telephone: +91 4633 67160, 67170, 67317Website: amarseva.orgChennaiTelephone: +91 44 8274035, 8240402E–Mail: [email protected] at Disha CenterDisha Centre for Special EducationThis provides an opportunity to children with physical, mental and multiple disabilities that DISHA has set up.AddressDisha Centre for Special EducationF–139 Shyam Nagar, Jaipur 302 019, IndiaAssisi School for the DeafThis school for the deaf is been managed by Assisi Sisters of Mary Immaculate. They undertake the following services: (1) Pre–school training – The school has a well equipped audiology room to provide speech stimulation and therapy. (2) Educational facilities – Currently there are 99 children in the school who also avail of the residential facilities offered. Other programs include, parental guidance and home training; audiology clinic; speech training program; early detection and guidance; vocational training in crafts such as tailoring, typing and computer applications.AddressPalachode PO, Malapuram Dist,Malapuram, Kerala, India.Telephone: +91 493 313219Contact Person: Sr. Celetty Francis, Headmistress.Association for the welfare of persons with Mental HandicapAddressTurner Morrison House, (Basement), 16 Bank Street,Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.Telephone: +91 22 2654816Contact Person: Pushpa Bhowmik.Association for the welfare of the HandicappedThis organization works for the advancement of the disabled. It also works in collaboration with Alzheimer’s Related Disorders Society and the Hemophilia Society.The disabilities served here are:Cerebral palsy/spastic.Hearing impaired.Mentally handicapped.Orthopedically impaired.Slow learner.Visually impaired.AddressM. Square Complex,Pavamani Road, PO Box No.59,Calicut, Kerala, India.Telephone: +91 495 720 601/720 434Fax: +91 495 720 028E–mail: [email protected] Person: V. Kunh Ahammed KuttyAkshay Pratishthan Rehabilitation CentreAkshay Pratishthan works at the district and state level with a multidisciplinary approach. It provides integrated education to the able and disabled from the nursery to class VIII students. It has a workshop for the assembling of mobility aids such as shoes, crutches, calipers and prosthesis.AddressD–3, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India.Telephone: +91 11 6896143Fax: +91 11 6896143Contact Person: Aruna DalmiaWebsite: http://www.elisda.com/soccult/org.htmlThakur Hari Prasad instituteseeks to enhance the quality of life for people with mentally–retarded disabilities. Also provides vocational training programs, therapeutic treatment, and family support.PathwayCentre for Rehabilitation & Education of the Mentally RetardedMission Statement: “Our goal is to offer comprehensive care to as many mentally handicapped individuals as our facilities can accommodate without regard to race, sex or religion. If we can in turn help those individuals develop the skills and self–esteem to become productive members of society, our Mission is accomplished”.Deaf ReachVoluntary organisation consisting of deaf and hearing people committed to working with the deaf community in India.Postal address30, 4th Floor, Abids Shopping Centre, Abids,Hyderabad 500 001, Andhra Pradesh, India.Telephone: +91 40 6665269E–mail:General Information: [email protected]: [email protected] Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Communication ImpairedVagdevi Centre was established in 1996 by Shantha Radhakrishna, a speech language pathologist and audiologist trained in India and USA. The purpose of this Centre is to promote integrated education for the communication impaired and to create an awareness about communication impairment via public education and multimedia.National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP)Non–profit organisation working as an interface between government, industry, international agencies and the voluntary sector towards better employment opportunities for people with disability.AddressNational Centre for Promotion of Employment for people with disability25, Green Park Extension, Yusuf Sarai,New Delhi 110016, India.Telephone: +91 11 6854306, 6967910Fax: +91 11 6963030E–mail: [email protected] Society for Equal Opportunity for the Handicapped (NASEOH)NASEOH, India founded in 1968, works towards the betterment of all categories of people with disability. It provides people with disablities with equal opportunities for education, vocational training, work, and recreation.AddressNASEOHPostal Colony Road, Chembur,Mumbai 400 071, Maharashtra, India.E–mail: [email protected]: +91 22 5220224/522 5830Fax: +91 22 5220225Rehabilitation Council of IndiaResponsibilites include regulating and standardizing training policies and programmes in the field of rehabilitation of people with disabilities.AddressRehabilitation Council of India23–A, Shivaji Marg, Near Karampura Complex,New Delhi 110 015, India.Sanjeevani Seva SangamIn the year 1981, which was declared the ‘International Year of the Disabled’ a group of twelve enterprising women of Indore got together on 16th February 1981 and formed into a registered society ‘Sanjeevani Seva Sangam’ with the objectives of working for the welfare of the disabled in the fields of education, health, socio–economic upliftment by way of training and employment, and thus total rehabilitation.AddressSanjeevani Seva SangamBehind Satya Sai Vidya Vihar, Scheme No. 54Indore 452008, Madhya Pradesh, India.Telephone: +91 731 553823Kakkum KarangalA home for the mentally challenged.AddressSiva Sakthi Kaakkum KarangalNo 3, Ponniamman Kovil Street,Alapakkam, Chennai 608 801, Tamil Nadu, India.Telefax: +91 44 4769848E–mail: [email protected] CentreDay school for mentally disabled children. The Mission is to rehabilitate mentally disabled children by preparing them for greater self–sufficiency and independent living, and to make them productive members of the society.AddressThe Janey Centre for Special EducationNear Pishari Temple, Eroor,Kochi 682 306, Kerala, India.Telephone: +91 484 780772, 778906Fax: +91 484 425290E–mail: [email protected] school for the mentally impaired children. Jyoti aims at training the handicapped in self–reliance and self–dependence. The primary aim of the institution is to provide educational, prevocational and vocational training facilities to the mentally retarded as well as hearing impaired children.MGR Memorial Charitable TrustThis home recognised by the directorate of rehabilitation of the disabled of the Government of Tamil Nadu has specially trained staff to handle the classes upto the higher secondary level with facilities for Science groups. Apart from general education, the team of skilled and dedicated teachers guide the children to acquire language and speech skills as well as gymnastics, dance and yoga and help in nurturing their all round personality as to cope up with the challenging world.AddressMGR Higher Secondary School & Home for the Speech & Hearing ImpairedMGR Gardens, Chennai 600 089, India.Telephone: +91 44 2490629, 2490562Clarke School for the Deaf and Mentally RetardedOffers education with dance, yoga, and computer training. The Clarke School is one of the few successful schools in India imparting high standard of education to the Hearing Impaired and the Mentally Retarded.AddressThe DirectorThe Clarke School for the Deaf#3, 3rd Street, Dr. Radhakrishnan SalaiMylapore, Chennai 600 004, Tamil Nadu, India.Telephone: +91 44 8572422Fax: +91 44 8572422E–mail: [email protected] Institute To Habilitate Retarded Afflicted (Mithra), a non–profit voluntary and charitable organization catering to the rehabilitation of the mentally retarded and physically handicapped children.Indian AddressSr. Mary Theodore, O.A.M.,Hon. Secretary/Admn. Officer,MithraD 171, R. V. Nagar,Anna Nagar, Madras 600 102, South India.Telephone: +91 44 6449368Fax: +91 44 6449368E–mail : [email protected] AddressMrs. H. Mahanoy9, Soden Street, Greenslopes 4120,Queensland, Australia.Telephone: +91 73 3972199Fax: +91 73 38473116SilenceThey produce handcrafted items in India by physically handicapped individuals as part of a socio–economic rehabilitation project.AddressSilence398, Jodhpur Park,Calcutta 700 068, IndiaTelephone: +91 33 4730269Fax: +91 33 4131976E–mail: [email protected] HomesCheshire Homes is a residential facility for physically handicapped people. Services include: Residential Home for 45 physically handicapped women and girls ages from 4 to 84, Rehabilitation Centre (started in 1985) which aims to train physically handicapped men and women, The School for children of the Home, Shop for the sale of handicrafts.AddressThe General SecretaryCheshire Homes India Bangalore Unit,H.A.L. Road, Bangalore 560 017, India.Telephone: +91 80 5266970Share & Care Children’s Welfare SocietyShare and Care Children’s Welfare Society is a non–profit making, non–political, non–governmental organization working with poor, orphan and destitute children, the handicapped, the aged, women, bonded laborers and fishermen in both rural villages and urban slums in and around the South Indian City of Chennai (Madras).AddressShare and Care Children’s Welfare Society28, Arumugam Street,Perambur, Chennai 600 011, India.Phone: +91 44 5376338/+91 44 5379175Telefax: +91 44 5376338E–Mail: [email protected] you are from other countries, you can visit :10 Special Needs Organizations You Should Know About - Friendship Circle - Special Needs BlogTop Disabilities Nonprofits and CharitiesOrganizations both of and for persons with disabilitiesList of disability rights organizations - WikipediaDespite having everything with us, we complain on every tiny missing thing in our life. Just think about them !They are the real fighters !You know what, they are special children of almighty !Take a bow to every champ for their impeccable will to fight against the odds in the life & being inspiration to many !! _/\_ _/\_They are not disabled ! Never !!Disability is not in body, it's in mind !In fact, Disabled are the people with ego, hatred, anger, cruelty, bad attitude and anti social nature !Well, we don’t have organisations to help such people. You have to help yourself. If you are one of them, start working on it !Thanks for your time :)Source : Google, Wikipedia, disabilityaffairs.gov.in, MAD | Make A Difference blogs etc.Indian Organizations for Persons with DisabilityDisability is not an obstacle to success. These inspirational leaders prove thatP.S : Feel free to suggest any new names of any good organisations if you know any near by you which provide services for them. I will add it in the list here :)

There was a massive strike against the Modi government in India over its neoliberal policies and mass unemployment. This was said to be the largest in modern history. 200 million people were involved.In what may be the largest worker strike in history, last week India came to a halt for two days when at least 200 million workers - about 16% of India's 1.25 billion population - in the country's public, services, communications and agriculture sectors staged a strike across the country organized by ten labor unions against what they called the anti-national and anti-worker policies of the BJP-led government, and against a new labor law that would undermine the rights of workers and unions.The strike is a protest against new legislation that passed on 2 January, and is a de facto verdict on Prime Minister Narendra Modi providing an opportunity for millions of workers to protest against high prices and high levels of unemployment, something we touched upon in "The Indian Railway System Announced 63,000 Job Openings... 19 Million People Applied."John Dayal, general secretary of the All India Christian Council, told AsiaNews that the event was exceptional, "one of the largest ever organised in the country, planned in advance in every detail." In his view, the most important thing is that it "is taking place on the eve of general elections that will mark the fate of the prime minister".While the massive strike took place in an overall context of calm, there were numerous incidents confirming that social anger in the world's second most populous nation is also approaching a breaking point: protesters blocked several cities, clashes broke out and damage were reported; a 57-year-old woman died in in Mundagod, a city in northern Karnataka, during a local protest. In Maharashtra more than 5,000 workers blocked the Mumbai-Baroda-Jaipur-Delhi highway. In Puducherry (Pondicherry), on the east coast, protesters hurled stones at a Tamil Nadu state bus. Transport services closed and rail services were disrupted in Kerala. In Odisha (Orissa), shops, schools, offices and markets shut down for 48 hours. In West Bengal, protesters burnt effigies of Prime Minister Modi.The national strike was an initiative of the Central Trade Unions (CTU), which is an India-wide labor federation. Unions are opposed to the Trade Unions (Amendment) Bill of 2018 which modified the Trade Union Act of 1926.Under the law, trade union recognition is mandatory at both at national and state level. However, workers believe that the new law grants the government discretionary power in recognizing labor organizations, effectively eliminating the current bargaining process involving employees, employers and the government.Unions demanded the enactment of the Social Security Act to protect workers and a minimum wage of 24,000 rupees (more than US$ 340) for the unorganised transport sector.Workers in banking, insurance, healthcare, education, transport, electricity and coal mining also joined the strike. Student groups also protested as did farmers’ associations that have threatened to call a gramin hartal, a rural strike. Farmers have been protesting for months over the harsh conditions in the countryside, burdened by debt and an wave of suicides.Tapan Sen, secretary general of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), one of the striking labor organisations, criticized Prime Minister Modi's government for killing the work culture in the country's public sectors by favoring private players in major manufacturing contracts.Unions also alleged the government had failed to create jobs and grossly ignored unions' 12-point charter of demands besides aggressively pushing for fixed-term employment and amendment to the Trade Union Act, all of which is against the interest of the workers, according to the Economic Times.Addressing the media after the 2-day strike, Amarjeet Kaur of AITUC said around eight states witnessed a complete shutdown, largely in the northeast, Kerala, Bihar and Goa. There were over 20 crore workers who had joined the strike.The massive strike comes at an critical inflection point for India, which is one of the world's fastest growing economies, yet isn’t generating enough jobs for its educated young populace.A recent Washington Post article estimated that the number of people in India between age of 15 and 34 is expected to hit 480 million by the year 2021. They have higher literacy levels and are staying in school longer than any other previous generation. The surge of youths could be an immense opportunity for the country, if it can find a way to put them to work. But the employment trends in the country remain gloomy.An analysis performed by Azim Premji University shows that unemployment between 2011 and 2016 in nearly all Indian states was rising. The jobless rates for younger people and those with higher education also increased sharply. For instance, for college graduates, it grew from 4.1% to 8.4%.Ajit Ghose, an economist at the Institute for Human Development in Delhi, said that the country needs to generate jobs not just for the 6 million to 8 million new workforce entrants annually, but also for people like women who are working less than they would be if they could get jobs at a decent wage. The same economist notes that India has about 104 million "surplus" workers.Expanding the labor market that much is a tall task for any government, not just India. Modi's track record of job creation also remains somewhat of a mystery, as the country hasn’t offered nationwide employment data since 2016. The ministries of labor and statistics have conducted surveys of Indian households, but the results have not been made public.Amit Basole, an economist at Azim Premji University, said: “It’s anybody’s guess whether we’ll see any employment statistics come out before the 2019 elections.”What happens after this unprecedented show of force by India's workers? Probably more of the same: unions threatened to follow last week's strike with an indefinite strike if government does not heed to their demands. The general secretary for one of the labor unions, HMS, said the unions collectively decided to go on indefinite strike if the government does not respond to the “historic” strike this time.If that happens, India's record as one of the world's fastest growing economies will soon be tarnished. As for the bigger picture, one where general popular - and populist - discontent around the globe is rapidly spreading and affecting not only developed nations (Trump, Brexit, most of Europe), but also the developing world.Whether the unions will get what they want is unclear, but one thing is certain: India's even more populous neighbor, China, is very closely following these restive worker developments and hoping and praying that its own population does not get similar thoughts.Source: India Just Staged The Biggest Strike In History As 200 Million Workers Took To The StreetsMultiple ReportsThis strike was noted in multiple sources.All-India General Strike is largest in world historyIt is estimated that at least 150 million workers, perhaps as many as 200 million, participated in the two-day All-India General Strike Jan. 8-9.The strike was probably the largest general strike in world labor history.Although generally ignored by the Western capitalist news media, this was a world-shaking event. Workers throughout India participated — from the largest cities of Mumbai (12 million plus) and Delhi (11 million plus) to the 67 percent of the country that remains rural.Workers in government, banking, transit, manufacturing, transportation, education, agriculture and the informal economy were among those walking out. Every sector of the economy experienced slowdowns and in some cases total shutdowns.As of 2017, India’s population was 1.34 billion people; only China’s population is larger. One in six people in the world live in India. Of those 1.34 billion, at a bare minimum more than 1 in 9 took part in the strike.Or about one striker for every 50 people in the entire world!Classwide unityAs in other general strikes against the current government, 10 of India’s different labor federations, along with various independent unions, came together and struck as one. The politics of these federations range from conservative to revolutionary. According to British blogger Jamie Woodcock, who witnessed the strike’s impact in Bangalore, “The majority of the workers were aligned with the ‘red’ unions, and political parties were playing an important role.” (Notes From Below)Prominent in strike photos are the red banners of the All-India Trade Union Congress, which is India’s second largest labor federation and the largest with left-wing leadership. Founded in 1920, AITUC is also the oldest labor federation in India and is affiliated with the World Federation of Trade Unions, which AITUC co-founded in 1945.“The crowd of workers was diverse, with a large number of women, as well as significant numbers of visible Muslims,” Woodcock noted. Muslims are the largest of many religious minorities in India, whose population is 80 percent Hindu. India has over 2,000 ethnic groups, speaking many languages that belong to four distinct linguistic families.Women have played a major role in the ongoing struggle against the neoliberal government of Narendra Modi. In a 2016 interview with this writer, AITUC General Secretary Amarjeet Kaur spoke about women’s participation in the Sept. 2, 2016, general strike: “Women were essential because they are hard hit. All the social security investment which the government is reducing is hitting women because it is making education, health, drinking water and food items expensive. Good jobs and opportunities are being lost. Women are being engaged only in precarious jobs, where wages are not protected at all, so women’s participation in our strike was immense. They were in the forefront everywhere.” (“Women & the All-India Trade Union Congress,” Workers World, Nov. 20, 2016)Workers massed in Mumbai during Jan. 8-9 strike.‘A clear warning from the working class’Unions built the mass work stoppage around 12 demands. The first opposes Prime Minister Modi’s efforts to dismantle the 1926 Labor Law, demanding the government “stop all pro-corporate, anti-worker amendments.” Other demands address inflation, privatization, the right to unionize, irregular and “non-permanent” employment, social security for unorganized workers, the Foreign Direct Investment policy in banking, high unemployment and pensions.The strike’s strength extended far beyond the unionized sector, which is only about 30 million workers, a majority of them in government.Student and farmer organizations supported the strike. Farmers engaged in road and rail blockades to back the strike demands and “to save rural farmers’ lands from the corporate.” (Times Now News, Jan. 8)Strike leaders were arrested, including Communist Party of India (Marxist) leaders from West Bengal, Sujan Chakraborty and Anadi Sahoo, who were detained in Kolkata, along with their comrades from Jadavpur.“The struggle will continue,” Chakraborty stated emphatically. Tapan Sen, general secretary of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions, added, “This strike is a clear warning from the working class and toiling people of India that they were not going to take lying down the attacks on their basic rights and living conditions.” (The Morning Star, Jan. 8)Source: All-India General Strike is largest in world historyAROUND 150 million people began a two-day general strike in India today against Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s anti-Labour and anti-trade union policies in India.Workers from both the public and private sectors were joined by teachers and students from across the country, forming possibly largest strike in history.Source: The largest strike in history is happening in India right now#WorkersStrike Photos from Haryana where thousands of people marched as part of All India General Strike. pic.twitter.com/hw26PCy7e4— CPI (M) (@cpimspeak) January 8, 2019#WorkersStrike Photos from Haryana where thousands of people marched as part of All India General Strike. pic.twitter.com/hw26PCy7e4— CPI (M) (@cpimspeak) January 8, 2019Below are a selection of AP photographs from today’s general strike.Mumbai: Trade union activists demonstrate, march and wave communist flags on the first day of a two-day general strike.Bangalore: Another huge trade union demonstration. A large number of people carry the banner of the All India United Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC).Kolkata: The strikers are joined by Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) activists.Arrests: Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) leader Sujan Chakraborty and fellow activists are arrested during today’s demonstration in Kolkata.

Yes socialism , lots of corruption and a hundreds more factors combined.[The Exportation of Criminality, is what may actually drive this to collapse would be security issues. The violence on the streets of Venezuela’s cities today is at a level that this nation has never, ever seen. The penetration of transnational organized crime into Venezuela’s upper level of government as never seen anywhere before…under the rule of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro as “dictatorship,” “repression” and “tyranny.”]I have a very big difficulty with all the socialist theoretical opinions from peoples that never entered or put their feet in Venezuela… or Nicaragua….! Bolivia, Chili. All are very different from each other regardless some call it socialist or Chauvismo or Madurisimo.Socialism in July 1979 Nicaragua Sandanista that led to a war for years was very different from Venezuela shift towards socialism in 1998…or Chili in 1970…that ended by the military Allende coup … or Bolivia.Some serious studies have being done world wide to comprehend the failures and difficulties of each social government. Nicaragua was the best paradise in Central America where everybody where moving in total peace and financial liberty to move in Nicaragua bring a car and built a new life in Nicaragua…Versus lake Atitlan, Guatemala, Costa Rica , Panama.El Salvador was in a war and still in the similar conditions.https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/news/122120.pVenezuelan Turmoil Insinuates an Uncertain Future for ALBABecause Chavez’s “socialism of the 21st century” and lack of economic freedom[174th out of 179 ranked economies] is destroying the private sector, Venezuela increasingly depends on Chavez’s ability to keep PDVSA on a lucrative course. Yet his anti-American agenda, oil giveaway programmes, corruption, cronyism, and general mismanagement are badly hurting PDVSA’s performance and drawing resources away to serve political ends.Financial collapse and hyperinflation make Venezuela an economic disaster zone.The crisis is no longer confined to one nation: refugees and migrants are streaming into neighbouring countries. Epidemics and violent crime are spilling over borders, endangering Colombia’s fragile peace process in frontier regions.As Venezuela’s President Nicolás Maduro looks to cement his hold on power, his country is sinking into a trough of misery.Hyperinflation has compounded the scarcity of food and medicines. Epidemics of preventable diseases and a child malnutrition crisis are increasingly deadly. Violent crime has spiked.An estimated four million Venezuelans have emigrated, with tens of thousands crossing the border with Colombia each month in search of a new home. Venezuela’s neighbours, once bystanders to its domestic tensions, face a catastrophe on their doorsteps.July 20, 2017 COHA ALBA, Mercosur, Sheldon Birkett, Venezuela© Chris Huby, Agence Le PictoriumMaracaibo is the second-largest city in Venezuela. Its residents face soaring inflation, widespread poverty and shortages. Under Hugo Chavez, Venezuela based its economy on oil exports. But the fall in oil prices led to a crippling economic crisis. Most people can no longer afford to buy food and the fishermen of Lake Maracaibo resort to smuggling to sell their meagre catch in neighbouring Colombia. Our reporters Matthieu Delmas and Chris Huby went to meet Maracaibo’s struggling residents.[ Venezuela has some of the largest oil reserves in the world. But over the past three years, the country has suffered the worst economic crisis in South American history. After 19 years of rule by first Hugo Chavez and then his successor, Nicolas Maduro, the country is on its knees.Chavez financed his generous social programmes thanks to the windfall from millions of petrodollars. With oil prices constantly rising, the economic cycle remained positive until his death in 2013.Economy in free fallThe passing of the left wing leader he slump in oil prices, marked the end of the Chavez-led economic boom. Today, importers can no longer afford to pay for their orders in dollars, imported food has become an unaffordable luxury, while the IMF forecasts an inflation rate of 13,800% for this year. Only petrol remains affordable. For the price of a pack of flour, drivers can fill up their tank nearly 15,000 times.Today, Venezuela is on the brink of economic collapse. Only a few upscale residential towers, with barbed wire over the walls, hint at its past glory. Faced with runaway inflation, shortages, hunger and insecurity, two million Venezuelans have already left the country, hoping to build a better future elsewhere.Venezuelan Turmoil Insinuates an Uncertain Future for ALBABecause Chavez’s “socialism of the 21st century” and lack of economic freedom[174th out of 179 ranked economies] is destroying the private sector, Venezuela increasingly depends on Chavez’s ability to keep PDVSA on a lucrative course. Yet his anti-American agenda, oil giveaway programmes, corruption, cronyism, and general mismanagement are badly hurting PDVSA’s performance and drawing resources away to serve political ends.July 20, 2017 COHA ALBA, Mercosur, Sheldon Birkett, VenezuelaAgreements signed at Petrocaribe Summit in VenezuelaMarch 8, 2015[Petrocaribe is an oil alliance of Caribbean states that purchase oil and petroleum products from Venezuela on conditions of preferential payment.The alliance was launched on 29th June 2005 in Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela. In 2013, Petrocaribe agreed to link with the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) to go beyond oil and promote economic cooperation.Petrocaribe has 19 signatory countries, namely, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Granada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.Free democracy and opposition in Venezuela is essential to restoring order in the South American country.$ (3) bilions USD missing funds in Petro CaribeThe basics are here. To recap, under the scheme, Venezuela sells Caribbean countries oil on credit. At current prices, receiving countries pay fron 40% to 70% up front;Petrocaribe accord required members to pay cash for just 40 percent of every shipment, and let them finance the rest for 25 years at low interest rates, or make in-kind payments with products ranging from rice to blue jeans. the rest they can pay off over 25 years at 1%. (Some of the new adherents to the agreement pay 2%.) In addition, the recipients can pay in kind, if they desire: Guyana has paid in rice and the Dominican Republic in beans. (Page 6.In 2011, for example, Caracas decided that countries participating in its subsidized oil schemes would not be liable for the royalty payments that PDVSA owed the Venezuelan government. That effectively transferred $13.1 billion to Venezuela’s putative allies. (It is not well-known that Venezuela has extended this arrangement to non-Caribbean countries: frex, Uruguay’s. Paraguay’s.) And what does Venezuela get?Not much. Caricom just declared that they support Guyana in its border dispute with Venezuela. (It is a big border dispute; Caracas claims half the country.)PDVSA will continue to supply 45,600 b/d of refined products in June to Cuba’s Cubametales, including 95 octane gasoline, aviation fuel, diesel, LPG, and residual fuel. Cuba has been one of the countries that has most benefited from the PetroCaribe agreement, receiving average deliveries from PDVSA of 95,000 b/d of crude and refined products.Under the PetroCaribe agreement,Venezuela sells petroleum to Central American and Caribbean nations on favorable terms. Venezuela inaugurated the plan in 2005 with Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas , Belize, Cuba, Dominica, Granada, Guyana – which subsequently pulled out, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, St. Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, and Suriname.The original agreement contemplated a supply of up to 185,000 b/d of crude oil and products under preferential conditions. In 2017, Venezuelan shipments of petroleum via Petrocaribe dropped by 40%, or 54,400 b/d, from 136,000 b/d exported in 2015. The Oil Ministry report also said even though PDVSA does not have Mesa 30 crude available in June to supply Cuba,it is evaluating the possibility of buying light crude from third parties. In February, March, and April, PDVSA bought 4.2 million barrels of Urals crude for Cuba.PDVSA has been operating its refineries below capacity because of a shortage of crude feedstock and various unscheduled shutdowns. PDVSA this month plans to process 499,000 b/d through its refining system, or 31 percent of its 1.6 million b/d capacity.June’s expected throughput is down 144,000 b/d from the same month in 2017.PDVSA’s system is comprised of five refineries: Amuay, Cardon, El Palito, Puerto La Cruz, and Isla, which it operated in an agreement with the Curacao government.CITGO USA PDVSA on Friday, was operating Isla at just 29,000 b/d, or 8.7% of its capacity, as it was unable to obtain crude supply out of storage, according to a refinery official who spoke with Platts on the condition of anonymity.The suspension in some Petrocaribe shipments is the major second blow to Venezuela’s hobbled oil industry in the past week. A PDVSA official told Platts last week the company notified 11 international customers that it will not be able to meet its full crude supply commitments in June. The source, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said PDVSA is contractually obligated to supply 1.495 million b/d to those customers in June, but only has 694,000 b/d available for export.Venezuela’s oil production has continued to shrink, plunging for the 10th straight month to 1.36 million b/d in May, according to a Platts survey.That is down 580,000 b/d from May 2017 and 910,000 b/d from May 2016.The drop in PDVSA deliveries may present an opportunity for US Gulf Coast refiners,Venezuela has successfully leveraged Petrocaribe to exert political influence throughout the region for the past nine years."Petrocaribe is slowly drying out," said Peter Schechter, director of the Adrienne Arsht Latin America Center. "Now is the time for the administration to help the region transition from high carbon fuels to natural gas, by creating a fiscal safety net if Venezuelan support dries up, organizing financing mechanisms for small-scale gas liquefaction and power plant conversion, and by considering accelerating this transition with declaring the export of liquefied natural gas and crude oil, to be in our national interest," Cuba pays part of its bill through medical, education and sport services, while Nicaragua pays with meat and milk, and the Dominican Republic sends black beans.Venezuela to Forgive Antigua and Barbuda Debt Prime Minister Gaston Browne said the PetroCaribe debt had reached (approximately USD $139 million).Antigua and Barbuda Prime Minister Gaston Browne announced that the Venezuelan government will write off 50 percent of its debt through their PetroCaribe .Venezuelan government had made the commitment to forgive the debt during the pledging conference for hurricane-hit Caribbean countries,Venezuela won its seat on a vote of 181-1 with no serious opposition;Mexico to Caribbean:”You Don’t Need Venezuela”MEXICO CITY (Reuters) – Mexico’s foreign minister will travel to Jamaica, Grenada and Saint Lucia in March, a Mexican official said, as part of efforts to erode Venezuela’s oil-based influence in the Caribbean. His message will be “Venezuela is not the only country that can help the Caribbean,” the official ,St. Kitts and Nevis was one of several Organization of American States member to help defeat a bill against Venezuela at an OAS conference in June.Meanwhile, Cuban diplomats will visit Mexico in March to discuss the regional impact of the crisis in Venezuela, the official said.Mexico relies on oil income for about a fifth of the government budget.The energy ministry remains unconvinced by the oil diplomacy plan…Still, there are no signs that Cuba, a steadfast ally of Caracas, is ready to turn its back on Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro.Mexico’s efforts to try and improve cooperation with its top trade partner on security, immigration, and foreign policy, hoping to convince the United States to take a softer stance on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that underpins the majority of Mexican exports.Petrocaribe Program Comes to an End,Belize’s Agreement with Venezuela Remains IntactA report in the Antigua Observer is causing shivers in some parts of the Caribbean. The report states that the island has received word that the largesse of the Petrocaribe is coming to an end. Belize has been unable to meet payments in US dollars as stipulated by the agreement. The programme has therefore been suspended but the agreement remains in place until a fix can be found. Financial Secretary, Joseph Waight explains. Belize owes $200 Million USDJoseph WaightVenezuela’s popular power and the state is signaling the beginning of the end for Bolivarian “participatory and protagonistic democracy”.[vi]ALBA is an intergovernmental organization focused on establishing social, economic, and political cooperation among its member states. ALBA is inspired by Simón Bolívar’s revolutionary ideal of greater solidarity and integration in Latin America. Bolivar believed in a unified South American nation ruled by one caudillo adherent to the opposition of foreign imperialist states.[vii]ALBA was initially established in 2004 between Venezuela and Cuba, under the leadership of both Hugo Chavez and Fidel Castro, to facilitate the exchange of Cuban medical services for Venezuelan petroleum. Today, ALBA consists of eleven member states — St. Vincent & Grenadines, Ecuador, Antigua & Barbuda, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Grenada, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Nicaragua, Bolivia, Venezuela and Cuba — and three observer states, Haiti, Iran, and Syria, with Suriname admitted as a guest member in 2012 [viii]The bloc’s monetary union showcases the autonomy of 21st century south-south cooperation from Washington’s political influence.[ix]The principal strength of ABLA is the SUCRE. The SUCRE is a regional unit of account, that allows the facilitation of regional trade without being dependent on the United States dollar. The central purpose of the SUCRE, as an international unit of account, is to stabilize current account transactions among member-states. Balanced national current account, and ergo capital account, transactions between countries are central to elevating unfair shifts in purchasing power due to unbalanced trade, is the fact that member countries would not owe debts to foreign countries, instead they would owe credit or debit to ALBA’s monetary bloc. The endogenous structure of ALBA’s foreign currency exchange, through a regional currency, denominates the bloc as financially self-contained from U.S. currency manipulation.the 14th ALBA summit on March 6, 2017, Venezuela President Maduro remarked “[the] great challenge of this generation and the coming generation will be to have the same capacity of achievement, construction, and success in building a productive model that will give us independence.”CITGO ARUBA Maduro outlined the need for greater south-south cooperation amongst Latin American countries, ALBA’s autonomy is essential for member states to sustain progressive integration, and to maintain economic autonomy from countries that have a superior productivity advantage. However ALBA has to set-up its game, as Venezuela’s top three largest trading partners are the United States, China, and India, none of which are ALBA member states.Unless other ALBA countries utilize the SUCRE as a means of balancing Venezuela’s trade deficit, the deflationary effect on the value (not price level) of the Bolivar fuerte will continue.Building on Hugo Chávez socialist Bolivarian ideals based on “solidarity, in fraternity, in love, in justice, in liberty, and [in] equality,”ALBA’s philosophy encapsulates progressive socialism for Latin America in the 21st century. ALBA’s trade initiatives, such as PetroCaribe, present preferential trade for energy with low interest financing….something they cannot find a way to supply 1 million barrel per day.Although ALBA’s trade initiatives can aid the Venezuelan economy, Venezuela’s fiscal and monetary policies fail to address export dependency as the root cause of Venezuela’s economic instability. On Venezuela’s fiscal policy, expenditures mainly consist of increases in public sector spending financed directly through PDVSA.Additionally, the National Development Fund and the joint China-Venezuela Fund provide additional financing for the country’s social programs.Taxation in Venezuela has increased on corporate and income tax from 2 percent of GDP in 1999 to 3.2 percent of GDP in 2006: Venezuela’s sales tax increased from 9 percent to 12 in 2009.State-run PDVSA financing and taxation reveals that Venezuela’s fiscal policy is cyclical in nature. After 2003, Venezuelan monetary policy has focused on increasing aggregate demand. Strategies have included reducing interest rates and instituting price controls on basic consumption items, which account for 30 percent of the 2009 Consumer Price Index (CPI) basket ensuring that low income households’ consumption needs will be provided. Stringent price controls have increased government subsidies, to mark-up the loss of producer surplus on price-controlled goods, which has further increased the inflation rate.Despite Venezuela’s heterodox fiscal and monetary policies, hyperinflation also arose because of a steep decline in the price of oil, illustrative of the fact that Venezuelan oil accounts for 95 percent of the country’s export earnings. services, distillation and specialties, conversion and treatment, crude and products movement, programming and economics and process engineering.The Venezuelan government nationalized monopolistic private enterprises to enforce price controls that are favorable towards increased aggregate demand, while simultaneously turning a blind eye towards the economic realities of hyperinflation eating away at domestic investment. In 2007 Venezuela nationalized four major oil projects in Orinoco crude belt, and in 2010 Venezuela nationalized nitrogen fertilizer producer Fertinitro. Currently Venezuela is seeking to nationalize and institute price controls on Empresas Polar, which is the largest private food producer in Venezuela.Though, simply nationalizing domestic industry will not tame the flight of capital because of preferential exchange rates .In addition to the price control, the Venezuelan government fixed the exchange rate in February 2016 to 10 bolívar fuerte per U.S. dollar to control for inflation. The fixed exchange rate has only further exacerbated inflation, as many of Venezuela’s essential food imports have been sold to Colombia through the black market or private exchange markets. The export of essential food imports from Venezuela is occurring because the black-market exchange rate is close to 4,000 bolívars per U.S. dollar.Therefore, it is more lucrative to export goods outside the Venezuelan state.inflation led to an Increased Pressure on Public PoliciesThe increased pressure on debt-service payments, fixed exchange rate, price controls, and declining foreign currency reserves has led Venezuela to consider paying its creditors at the expense of funding public services.The contraction in the Venezuelan economy has resulted in a current account deficit of $5.1 USD billion as of 2015 from a current account surplus of $5.7 USD billion a year. In addition to its current account deficit, high inflation, rising unemployment, and volatile exchange rate; the value of Venezuela’s primary export, oil, is less than half that is required to finance their fiscal account spending .Due critical economic situation, it is important to remember that Venezuela owes no external debt to the International Monetary Fund and sits on the world’s largest oil reserves.Political Uncertainty Continues .In addition to the choices made by Venezuelan policymakers, the country’s economic fate is contingent on the political situation it is now facing.On July 16, 2017 roughly 7.186 million Venezuelans protested President Maduro’s constituent assembly election on July 30th, many protestors are in favor of the current constituent assembly.This followed from Maduro’s call in April for a “constituent assembly” to write a new constitution, after opposition protests resulted in 35 deaths. Venezuela. One bastion of hope is ALBA, whose past policy initiatives demonstrate that it is possible for countries in Latin America to cooperate on progressive economic policy. Given the evolving political and economic situation in Venezuela, it is imperative for the Maduro administration to reevaluate regional economic cooperation among the Bolivarian nations.Though, implementing effective economic policy may be easier said than done, as former president Hugo Chávez expressed “only by way of socialism [can we improve the situation] little by little.Chávez’s Daughter Is Filthy Rich, and That Shouldn’t Be a SurpriseEspañol The alleged fortune of María Gabriela Chávez, daughter of the late Hugo Chávez, has recently stirred up controversy in Venezuela. Media reports suggest that Chávez’s daughter has US$4.2 billion stored in bank accounts in the United States and Andorra, which might make her the wealthiest person in Venezuela.María Gabriela Chávez’s alleged wealth, and other inequalities present in Venezuela, are not anomalies, or symptoms of a “poorly implemented” socialist system.They are, in fact, the inevitable consequences of socialism.That is a lesson Latin America has yet to learn. while the entire country is hungry……she is now Ambassador…!US arrests Venezuelan president's godson, nephew on drug chargesVenezuela remains a major transit country for cocaine shipments via aerial, terrestrial, and maritime routes. Most flights suspected of trafficking narcotics depart from Venezuelan states bordering Colombia. Trafficking by maritime conveyance includes the use of large cargo containers, fishing vessels, and “go-fast” boats.The Maduro government has now Drug associated 126 identified military officers some seniors involved in extra large drug shipments including out of the Simon Bolivar Caracas airport; and all Venezuela harbor,Inside 30 Suitcases on Plane: 1.3 Tons of CocaineParis seizure made on Air France flight from VenezuelaAir France 1,4 Tons of cocaine loaded with passengers : Venezuelan Miguel Rodriguez, the country’s justice and interior minister, said that intelligence agents had detained a “first lieutenant from the anti-drug unit of the Bolivarian National Guard” along with two sergeants.The Venezuelan authorities have now arrested 22 people in connection to a massive cocaine haul found on an Air France flight from Caracas­.The Bolivarian National Guard members were respectively in charge of a drug-sniffing canine, of operating an x-ray machine and of counting inventory. The other seven sentenced were airport personnel with duties including security and supervision. Eight members of the National Guard and nine Air France and airport staff have been detained on drug charges.The guards were in charge of security at Caracas airport, where 31 suitcases were smuggled on to the Air France plane.About 1.3 tonnes of cocaine were seized at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport earlier this month.The members of the National Guard and nine of the civilians were charged by a court of conspiracy and "aggravated illicit trafficking of narcotic substances."French police seize 1.3 tonnes of cocaine off Air France flight from Venezuela, Caracas La Maquetia Simon Bolivar airport.(31) suitcases loaded on to the plane in the Venezuelan capital, La Maquetia Caracas, an airport tightly controlled by the country’s military. The discovery is a major embarrassment not only for the French airline but for the Venezuelan government.The suitcases came from Caracas aboard an Air France flight to Paris, but did not match any of the passengers on board,Venezuela has indicated that the traffickers must have had assistance from people working within Air France's operation at Caracas airport. According to Rodriguez, it is "nearly evident" that there were accomplices working with the airline and the government Bolivarian army."How can 1,4 ton of cocaine shipment reach France and it gets taken out without drug control going through the normal controls?" he asked.French police have seized a record haul of 1.3 tonnes of pure cocaine found on board an Air France passenger plane.“How can the cocaine shipment reach France and it gets taken out without going through the normal controls?” he asked.But opponents of Venezuela’s leftist government raised the same question of the military personnel directing security at Caracas Maiquetia airport, and suggested the three officers detained were mere scapegoats. “Proof positive that the National Guard runs drugs out of Maiquetia”, blared the headline of , Caracas Chronicles.The drugs, seized on September 11, had been packed into 31 suitcases, interior minister Manuel Valls told a news conference in Nanterre, outside Paris. Some 900kg of the drugs were seized in the Paris airport while the remainder was taken from a lorry en route to Luxembourg, according to Le MONDE.IT was the biggest-ever haul in metropolitan France, he added.A source close to the investigation said the flight had originated in the Venezuelan capital Caracas, Simon Bolivar La Maquetia airport, adding that the cocaine had a street value of some 200 million euros($287 million).The vast majority of illicit narcotics that transited Venezuela in 2015 were destined for the Caribbean, Central America, the United States, West Africa, and Europe. Colombian drug-trafficking organizations – including multiple criminal bands, or “BACRIM” groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and the National Liberation Army (ELN) – facilitate the transshipment of narcotics through Venezuela. According to media reports, Mexican drug-trafficking organizations also operate in Venezuela, including the Sinaloa Cartel and Los Zetas.Drugs seized on Maduro family members luxury boat in Dominican Republic.Maduro godson and nephew family members arrested on 800 Kilos of cocaine heading for NY. (18 years in jail.)U.S. law enforcement officials arrested the godson and a nephew of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro, traveling on diplomatic passports charging them with conspiring to transport 800 kilos of cocaine to U.S. territory, Campo Flores, 29, who identified himself to the DEA agents as Maduro's godson, was raised by the wife of the Venezuelan leader, Cilia Flores, who is the aunt of Flores de Freitas. Two nephews of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro were found guilty of conspiring to traffic 800 kilograms of cocaine into the U.S., in a politically fraught case that links the country’s ruling family to the corruption plaguing its economy.Venezuelan President’s Nephews Found Guilty in Cocaine CaseThe arrests come amid several investigations being undertaken by the United States into alleged drug trafficking and money laundering activities being carried out by the top Venezuelan military leadership, the police , military and government officials.The Journal NEW YORK: Two nephews of Venezuela's first lady should serve at least 18 years in prison for their convictions in the United States on drug trafficking charges, U.S. prosecutors said on Monday.They said in a filing in federal court in Manhattan that the two men, Franqui Francisco Flores de Freitas and Efrain Antonio Campo Flores, tried to make US$20 million through drug trafficking so as to keep their family in power and to "enrich themselves while their countrymen starved in the streets."US seeks at least 30 years for nephews of Venezuela's first ladyReferences:EFE Washington 12 Nov 2015By Sheldon Birkett, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric AffairsFeaturedImage: Venezuela Protests Flag Taken From: WikimediaPatricio Zamorano, “The OAS and the Crisis in Venezuela: Luis Almagro and his Labyrinth”, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, April 28, 2017,http://www.coha.org/the-oas-and-....“Caracas To ‘Vexit’ From OAS – But Where Do CARICOM and OECS Stand?” The Voice, April 29, 2017, http://thevoiceslu.com/2017/04/c....Mercedes Hoffay, & Karen Mustiga, “OAS and Venezuela: Another Contested Vot nut with Recommendations,” Latin America Goes GLOBAL, March 29, 2017, http://latinamericagoesglobal.or...Jeanette Charles, “OAS Fails to Reach Consensus on Venezuela Suspension in Latest Extraordinary Session,” Venezuela News, Views, and Analysis, March 28, 2017, https://venezuelanalysis.com/new....Joel Hirst, “A Guide to ALBA”, Americas Quarterly,http://www.americasquarterly.org....ALBA Monetary Bloc: ALBA has an independent bank in Caracas and its own currency, the SUCRE, pegged to $1.25 USDMartin Riese, “Reforming the Global Financial Architecture A Comparison of Different Proposals -6.2 John M. Keynes: Proposal for an International Currency Union,” Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz, October 2008,http://www.econ.jku.at/members%5....Shawn Hattingh, “ALBA: Creating a Regional Alternative to Neo-liberalism?,” Monthly Review, February 8, 2008,https://mronline.org/2008/02/07/alba-creating-a-regional-alternative-to-neo-liberalism/.Joel Hirst, “A Guide to ALBA”, Americas Quarterly,http://www.americasquarterly.org...Alejandro Bendaña, “Alternative financing for development: Venezuela and ALBA,” CADTM, May 22, 2008,http://www.cadtm.org/spip.php?pa...Joel Hirst, “A Guide to ALBA”, Americas Quarterly,http://www.americasquarterly.org....“ALBA: An example of successful South-South Cooperation,” New Delhi Times, May 15, 2017,https://www.newdelhitimes.com/al....“Goldman Sachs makes an irresponsible deal with the corrupt Venezuela regime,” The Washington Post, June 4, 2017,https://www.washingtonpost.com/o....Tom Buerkle, “In Venezuela, Goldman Sachs Found a Hot Deal and a Moral Mess,” The New York Times, May 30, 2017,https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/....“Obama Declares Cuba and Venezuela National Security Threats,”Telesur, January 13, 2017, Obama Declares Cuba and Venezuela National Security Threats.Girish Gupta, & Matt Spetalnick, “Exclusive: U.S. Considers possible sanctions against Venezuela oil sector – officials,”Reuters, June 4, 2017, Exclusive: U.S. considers possible sanctions against Venezuela oil...Girish Gupta, & Matt Spetalnick, “Exclusive: U.S. Considers possible sanctions against Venezuela oil sector – officials,”Reuters, June 4, 2017, Exclusive: U.S. considers possible sanctions against Venezuela oil...Ozgur Orhangazi, “Contours of Alternative Policy Making in Venezuela,” Review of Radical Political Economics 46, no. 2 (2014): 230.Ludwig Von Mises, “Inflation and Price Control,” Mises Institute, May 27, 2005,https://mises.org/library/inflat...Theodore Cangero, “Venezuela: Socialism, Hyperinflation, and Economic Collapse,” American Institute For Economic Research, March 1, 2017,https://www.aier.org/research/ve.... [xxviii] Ibid, 226“Factbox: Venezuela’s nationalizations under Chavez,” Reuters, October 7, 2012,http://www.reuters.com/article/u... .Theodore Cangero, “Venezuela: Socialism, Hyperinflation, and Economic Collapse,” American Institute For Economic Research, March 1, 2017,https://www.aier.org/research/ve....Julie Wernau, & Kejal Vyas, “Venezuela Poses Investor Dilemma,” The Wall Street Journal, June 5, 2017Ozgur Orhangazi, “Contours of Alternative Policy Making in Venezuela,” Review of Radical Political Economics 46, no. 2 (2014):226.Current Account: exports minus imports plus net factor income and net transfers“Venezuela Current Account,” Trading Economics,Venezuela Current Account | 1990-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast.“Venezuela,” The World Bank Group, May 2, 2017, Overview“Venezuela’s worst economic crisis: What went wrong?,” Aljazeera, May 3, 2017,http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth....Robert Khan, “Global Economics Monthly: May 2016,” Council on Foreign Relations, May 4, 2016,https://www.cfr.org/report/globa....Ozgur Orhangazi, “Contours of Alternative Policy Making in Venezuela,” Review of Radical Political Economics 46, no. 2 (2014): 226.“Ecuador’s winning strategy,” The Economist, June 17, 2009, Ecuador's winning strategy“Over 7 million Venezuelans tell Maduro ‘no’,” Latin News, July 17, 2017.Nathan Crooks & Fabiola Zerpa, “Why Venezuela May Change Its Constitution for the 27Time,” Bloomberg, May 9, 2017,https://www.bloomberg.com/politi....“Political Crisis in Venezuela,” Council on Foreign Relations, March 30, 2015,https://www.cfr.org/report/polit....Ozgur Orhangazi, “Contours of Alternative Policy Making in Venezuela,” Review of Radical Political Economics 46, no. 2 (2014): 237.Chávez's Daughter Is Filthy Rich, and That Shouldn't Be a SurprisePetrocaribe Program Comes to an End, Belize’s Agreement with Venezuela Remains IntactUS weighs effects of Venezuela oil sanctionsFears over Venezuela’s Petrocaribe grow in Caribbean and Central AmericaAgreements signed at Petrocaribe Summit in VenezuelaPetrocaribe: What is it good for?JAMAICA | Tillerson-Holness May discuss PetroCaribe ArrangementsUncertain Energy: The Caribbean's Gamble with VenezuelaHaiti - FLASH : No more oil from Venezuela for Haiti because of Trump -HaitiLibre.com :Haiti news 7/7French police seize 1.3 tonnes of cocaine off Venezuela flightVenezuela sentences 10 people to 22 years for cocaine on Air France flightTwo Britons charged over Air France cocaine busthttp://notesreport.net/attention...Filha de Chávez tem US$ 4 bi e é a mulher mais rica da Venezuela #boatoYou searched for drugs | Caracas ChroniclesCartel de los Soles - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre[https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop... ][This excellent analysis from Princeton University explains how Venezuela prepared the downfall…from Hugo Chavez in 1998 up to Nicola Maduro in 2018.]Noam Lupu Princeton UniversityCONCLUSIONS The conventional wisdom about leaders like Chávez is that their electoral successes depend on class voting, particularly the support of poor voters disenchanted with the old political establishment, corruption within traditional parties, and the neoliberal policies of the Washington Consensus. There are, however, intuitive reasons to doubt this interpretation, including Chávez’s conflicts with organized labor, potential middle class benefi ts from some of his economic policies and redistributive programs, and the scholarly contention that Latin American populist leaders generally rely on multiclass bases of support. My results show that this intuitive skepticism is indeed warranted; Chávez’s electoral base is not, in fact, disproportionately poor. That is, I find no evidence of a monotonic class vote outside the election of 1998.]