Colony Apartment Supplemental: Fill & Download for Free

The Cape offered the ideal halfway point between Europe, India and the then-Dutch East Indies at a time when the spice trade was still lucrative.The convenient location also allowed them access to slaves and indentured servants with relative ease as the main slave markets closest to them were located on the Zanj Coast, India, Bengal, the Mascarene Islands, Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago, which allowed them to import more slaves at relatively lower costs compared to those that were dependent on slaves from West and Central Africa.What the Dutch colonial authorities soon discovered was the relative mildness of the local climate compared to many other parts of Africa.This allowed them to develop industries such as horticulture, agriculture and livestock farming, which would in turn be developed by the French Huguenot refugees.This biodiversity the Cape region possessed encouraged more European immigration due to large amounts of arable lands and resources that were available along with an arid-to-semi arid climate that is Mediterranean.This was vital in a place when Europeans still had to put up with respiratory ailments, unemployment and social divisions in the aftermath of the Thirty Years’ War and feudalism.Many Khoisan got killed off through war, disease and slavery so the Burghers encountered relatively little opposition upon expanding into the interior and furthermore, the Cape region was lightly populated in comparison to the surrounding regions of Africa, which made the indigenous Khoisan population easy to subjugate and control.What also set the colony apart was the distinct lack of white women during the first decades of the colony so the Dutch Burghers and their German soldiers were forced to take slave and Khoisan women as spouses. Many of these slaves were used as concubines as well.By the time the French Huguenots arrived and women were allowed to settle, this mixed community got diluted to the point of becoming White and European in all functionality. Since many slaves were imported and the indigenous Khoisan were starting to lose territory and independence, the situation was ripe for miscegenation to take place.Miscegenation was done in part to create more slaves, as entertainment and due to the lack of European women so the multiracial descendants would form the nucleus of what would eventually become the Coloured population.Many of the first Coloureds were in fact descendants of Khoisan who were converted to Christianity on the German-run mission stations, got orphaned in various raids, renegade European settlers, runaway slaves and the mixed-blooded children of these three that were granted work as supervisors, fisherman, artisans, farm labourers and builders.The Oorlam communities were in fact Khoisan that got orphaned, ran away with slaves and renegade European settlers and formed bands in the more remote parts of the colonies just as an example.The Malay slaves formed a distinct part of this slave population and due to limited immigration of Malay women, their Islamic faith offering better prospects for slaves and Khoisan in comparison with the Dutch Reformed Church, the liberal attitudes towards miscegenation and their skills with dining and artisans, they would too intermarry from an early stage.When the British arrived, slavery was abolished and many of the descendants of the Dutch settlers were forced into the interior just to escape their laws.British settlers were brought in 1820 from various parts of England, Scotland and Wales where they were joined by Irishmen and German soldiers just to help consolidate the eastern frontier from the Xhosa and to create an English-speaking population in the newly claimed colony where they would soon develop some of our major cities.A group of people of mixed European, slave and Khoisan descent, known as the Griqua, also established settlements on the periphery of the Cape Colony and many Afrikaners also joined them just to stay away from the British. Diamonds were discovered in one of these lands and the British went in at a moments notice.Much of the country was malaria free so the Afrikaners had little difficulty expanding into what would become Natal, the Orange Free State and Transvaal. Gold was also discovered on the reef of Witwatersrand, which meant that mining could provide a source of income for their newly founded republics.The gold rush began and due to the mild climate that could support agriculture and was free of malaria, more European immigrants came pouring in the reef, Kimberly, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London and newly founded Durban and Pietermaritzburg.What set this wave from immigration apart from the other African colonies was the overall diversity that spanned the length and breadth of Europe with Greek, Jewish, Irish, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Lebanese and Italian communities beginning to form in earnest.Additionally, high unemployment in the Portuguese islands of Madeira and the Azores caused many of the local residents to emigrate to South Africa where many ended up in the local fishing industry.All of this allowed for a European settler culture to become so well-established that it became diverse and numerous enough to effect a profound change in the culture of the region.Many British settler men, esp. soldiers, traders, and foremen, took spouses from the Xhosa, Zulu and the Coloured communities in Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, the Eastern frontier and the Natal region while European immigrants living in the major cities often took wives from the various Bantu, Asian and so-called Coloured communities over the subsequent generations, or at least, for cohabitation.Afrikaners who trekked deep into territories inhabited by the Sotho, Tswana, Venda and Pedi people would take spouses from their communities and form communities of their own.This would get carried into Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana whereby Afrikaners, British settlers and Indian migrants would intermarry with the local women and form small, prosperous communities of their own where they were often supplemented by South African Coloured and Indian immigrants.This long tradition of miscegenation, abolition politics and the diversity of the settler population is probably the reason why the British colonial authorities did not outlaw intermarriage.The main reason why we have a White South African working class is due to the highly developed agricultural, mining and fishing industries that was honed from Dutch and British colonial rule coupled with high numbers, early urbanization and development of infrastructure that wasn’t seen anywhere else in Africa until decades later.TD;LR A combination of biodiversity, wealth of resources, a relatively mild climate that was free of malaria, low population density of the Cape region, distinct settlement patterns and convenient location as a midway point between Europe and the Indian Ocean allowed for the development for a European settler culture that was both diverse and well-established from early on.Here are some hyperlinks for you:http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/by_m_adhikari.pdfhttps://academiccommons.columbia.edu/.../ac.../Nims_columbia_0054D_11325http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africa-middle-east/south-africa/history/arrival-of-europeans-in-south-africa/South African History OnlineCape Town History and HeritageA BRIEF HISTORY OF EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICASouth Africa Virtual Jewish History Tourhttp://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa

They’re both brigade-sized light infantry units with colonial origins but other than that they aren’t very similar.The Regulares used to be a colonial force made up of north African (mostly Rifian) Spanish subjects with Spanish officers, but today they are just regular (no pun intended) Spanish army regiments that happen to be based in the north African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and which are entirely made up of Spanish citizens. They do have a significant proportion of soldiers from Ceuta and Melilla (including many ethnic Berbers) but that’s just a natural consequence of their permanent location. Prior to the full professionalization of the Spanish armed forces, conscripts from all over Spain would join the Regulares as dictated by the annual draft lottery.The British army’s Brigade of Gurkhas, on the other hand, is still made up of ethnic Gurkhas from Nepal and their units are based in different locations in Britain with no particular historical significance.Their history is quite different too. The Gurkhas have been a part of the British military effort in one way or another for more than 200 years, initially as volunteers working for the East India Company and later on as part of the British Indian Army. After the independence of India some of the Gurkha regiments of the Indian Army remained in the British Army up to this day. British Gurkha troops have been deployed in many conflicts away from the Indian subcontinent.The Regulares were established more recently, in 1911, as part of the Spanish colonial effort in north Africa. They were used initially as shock troops in the colonial wars and revolts in Spanish Morocco, as a way to supplement the Spanish contingents with local soldiers, keeping in mind that this late colonial adventure was extremely unpopular in Spain. But the key historical event that set them apart from the colonial troops of other European powers was the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. The Spanish colonial conflicts of the early 20th century had led to the growth of an oversized class of officers whose careers had been boosted fighting in Africa, and which shared a core ideology of extreme conservatism and hostility to civil leadership. Most famous among those officers was Francisco Franco, eventual leader of the winning Nationalist side in the civil war. Franco, who had spent the best part of his career in Africa, took control of the Spanish African armies and led them in a path of destruction throughout peninsular Spain. Franco’s African troops, especially those of indigenous north African origin, gained a reputation for violence and atrocities as they applied in Spain the same brutal tactics that were used to stamp out colonial revolts in Africa. Franco’s attachment to the Regulares was so strong that his personal guard (the Guardia Mora) was mostly extracted from members of one of their battalions based in Tetouan. It is often said that the independence of Morocco in 1956 hurt Franco the most because he was forced to disband this guard. In any event, as Spain lost her remaining colonial posessions in north Africa the Regulares were eventually reduced to their current size and composition.Franco, escorted by the Guardia MoraLong story short, while the modern Regulares are a fully professional unit (note: as Aurelio Germes mentions in his answer the Regulares are no longer a separate Army unit, as their individual regiments have been assigned to different army commands) that has taken part in international conflicts such as the wars in Bosnia and Afghanistan, both their historical baggage and their loss of distinctiveness prevents them from having the same kind of popular admiration that the Gurkhas have in the United Kingdom.If the question is trying to determine how the Regulares compare to the Gurkhas in terms of fighting ability, it would be complicated. The Regulares are the most decorated unit in the Spanish Army, but that’s in great part a result of their involvement in the colonial and civil wars, which can’t be compared to the Gurkhas’ involvement in World War 2 or other major conflicts. While the Regulares have been involved in combat in their most recent international missions the scale and length of those operations is not comparable to the Gurkhas’.If you want my personal opinion, the Regulares of today are nowhere near the Brigade of Gurkhas in terms of fighting ability, but then again, very few military units are.

Maritime and Colonial League was an organization operating during the interwar (1918-1939) period aiming to create Polish colonies overseas. They created the Polish settlement in Brazil Morska Wola and were interested in colonizing Liberia. Another countries which were considered suitable for Polish settlement were Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Angola, Cameroon and Madagascar were in various periods of the interwar period objects of interest. Among the important arguments why these territories were chosen were good conditions for agriculture and climate deemed suitable for Europeans.REASONS FOR COLONIAL ASPIRATIONS:Pragmatic reasons for colonial expansion: gaining sources of raw materials, export markets, the emigration question and ethnic minority problems. Interwar Poland struggled with many economic and social problems, connected to the country’s reconstruction after over a century of dependence, unifying three different economic and political systems inherited from the three partition powers, as well as global economic crises. Apart from the difficult economic situation, problems included overpopulation (especially in the countryside), unemployment, and ethnic tensions. Interwar Poland was a country of numerous ethnic minorities which often caused tensions and conflicts. In this context there appeared an idea of solving the problem by sending the minorities– precisely Jews –to the future colonies. The question appeared in league publications since 1937. Emigration to Madagascar was perceived as a solution to ‘the Jewish question’ and actions to enable such emigration were undertaken by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs throughout the 1930s.MAPPING IMPERIAL POWER. The quest for colonies was often phrased by the League as a step on the way towards Poland as an imperial power, the next one after regaining independence and access to the sea. The Polish colonial project was not only–and perhaps not even in the first place–a project of acquiring overseas territories and economic gains following from that fact. It was a project of placing Poland closer to the Western European core, and higher in the global hierarchies. It constructed a set of mental maps, on which Poland and the Polish society was to be placed within the European core, define itself as equal to colonial powers such as Great Britain and France.Prestige and identity reasons. 150 years Poland was colonized by 3 European mighties: German, Russian and Austrian empires. After gaining the independence in 1917 Poles wanted change their identity from colonised to colonisers, from occupied nation to occupants, from abused to abusers, from nothing to everything, from “easterns” to “westerns”. This meant positioning oneself in relation to what was outside of the core of the colonised peoples. After gaining the independence in 1917 Poles wanted to revenge to all former bosses and to become itself the boss. It was an official politic of Pilsudski. And it seems Poland is still cherishing the idea to be the European boss but its psychological and identity problems are persistent that makes any geopolitical advance impossible. The official politic of the country cannot be based only on revengeous sentimentsPhoto: The main press organ of the Maritime and Colonial League was the monthly magazine Sea (Morze, “Mauje”). It has been published since 1924 and since January 1939 has been published under the name “Sea and Colonies” (Morze i kolonie). The magazine actively discussed the affairs of Polish colonial enterprises, news from the colonies of other countries, published an analyst on the state of fleets of various powers and made plans for the creation of colonies.The creation of colonies in Cameroon, Manchuria, Oceania and even in Antarctica was discussed.Photo: Who owns Antarctica?The history of “Marine and Colonial League” began in 1918, a month before the formation of independent Poland the former admiral of the Russian fleet and the hero of the Russian-Japanese war Kazimir Porembsky organized the Polish Banner Association (Bandera Polska). In addition to Russian admiral Porebsky there were 25 officers of the naval and river fleets, naval engineers and specialists in related fields of Russian imperial army . As early as 1926, the Institute for the Study of Emigration and Colonization was established, and two years later the “Union of Colonial Pioneers”, which entered the League. It was headed by a former Polish consul in the province of Paraná in southern Brazil. The fact is that the emigration of Poles to the south of Brazil began as early as 1869, and by 1926 the Polish population of Paraná was approximately 150 thousand people.Photo: The power of Poland is in the coloniesFrom quite moderate beginning from 20,000 members in 1922 the League grow to 10 millions total participants in 1938. It was interwar Poland’ second largest mass organisation with considerable influence on its political life and public discourse . However these high membership numbers were only partly evidence of popular interest in the League programme. To great extent they can be explained by the fact that the authorities promoted the idea of membership in mass organisations in general and lack of such membership could even be considered disloyal to the country. The League’s branches were created in state institutions and schools, which meant that for example all employees of a given institution or pupils of a school automatically became members. Among the most powerful tools of propagating the colonial idea in interwar Poland were public holidays such as Colonial Days and Holidays of the Sea, both organised by the League. The Holiday of the Sea was first organised on 31 July 1932 in Gdynia (interwar Poland’s only port city), and the Colonial Days were organised by League various local branches throughout the whole country for the first time in 21–23 November 1936. In April 1938 the total number of participants was estimated at 10 million, however the number can be exaggerated by the League’s enthusiastic propaganda, and some of the participants were obliged to come, for example if they worked in state institutions. Celebrations throughout the country took place in workplaces, schools, public institutions etc. They consisted of lectures and panels, church services, processions and marches. In 1939 both events were organised under a joint name Sea and Colonial Days. They were very solemn events, each of them starting with a Holy Mass and culminating in giving of an oath.Photo: We need coloniesThe colonial question appeared among the League interests in the late 1920s. In 1927 a League branch called Colonial Pioneers Association was established. Its aim was described by its president Kazimierz Głuchowski:‘to acquire for the country, and for the Polish nation as great as possible territories for expansion, territories on which we could, under the banner of a new or a “second” Poland create a new, colonial Polish society.’Since 1924 the League changed the name from Maritime and River League to Maritime and Colonial League and at the beginning of 1939 the first part of the title was changed to Sea and Colonies. Between 1928 and 1934 the journal contained a supplement called Colonial Pioneer. In 1924 3000 copies of Morze were printed, 254000 in 1939. The journal also became thicker: from eight pages in 1924 to 44 in the late 1930s. The League publications evolved around several sets of topics. One of them was maritime education and security, including exhortations for supporting the building of the navy by individual donations.The submarine Orzel was launched in January 1938, and entered service in February 1939. The money for its construction was collected throughout Poland. Marine and Colonial League organized a fund that collected more than 8 million zlotys.As far as the colonial discourse is concerned, the texts can be divided into several themes:appeals arguing that Poland needed colonies and why;reports on the colonial policies of the European powers;the fate of the former German colonies under the international mandate;reportage and travel reports from Africa and the Americas;reports on the fate and activities of Polish emigrants outside of Europe.Photo: Polish plantation in LiberiaPragmatic reasons for colonial expansion:the emigration question,ethnic minorities problemsgaining sources of raw materialsexport marketsThe colonial question first appeared in the context of emigration. In February 1925 Julian Rummel (promotor of the Polish maritime policy and president of the League Warsaw division) wrote in Morze about emigration as a necessary evil, that, since it could not be stopped, should be used in the interest of Poland by directing emigrants to territories to which Poland had economic connections.The problem of overpopulation on the one hand, and emigration on the other, were at the centre when the Colonial Pioneers Association was founded. Numbers of emigrants were given at the founding meeting: around 200,000 of emigrants per year, which added to 7 million Poles already living abroad.‘And are these masses properly used for the benefit of the nation?’ Morze asked, and immediately answered this question negatively: they were instead working for the benefit of the other nations’ growth and development.Soon South America became the main object of attention, because of considerable numbers of Polish emigrants had settled down especially in Paraná, in Brazil, already in the previous century.Kazimierz Głuchowski, who became the president of the Colonial Pioneers Association, had previously served as Consul in Curitiba, and therefore was familiar with the situation there, which he described in a series of articles containing his memories from the timespent in Brazil. In these, a pattern along which numerous later texts about Polish settlers in the Americas and Africa would be written was established: the settlers were most often described as extremely hard working and persistent, transforming the ‘virgin jungle’, the uncivilised wilderness, into a fertile and civilised land, sometimes quite literally flowing with milk and honey – like when a farmer’s wife in Brazil described her and her family’s life there:‘And do you think that we lack milk or cheese or butter? And honey we also have enough of, more than we can eat.[…] A different life, sir, than in the old country.’Poland high population growth, comparable only to Italian and Russian in Europe at that time, was often given as one of the main reasons why Poland should acquire colonies: they were considered necessary – and ‘natural’ – outlets for the country’s surplus population. For example one of League activists Wiktor Rosiński, wrote:Countries which are forced to lead intensive colonial and colonising policy because of their population growth cannot be accused of ‘imperialism’, ‘possessiveness’ etc., because their policy follows humanitarian right to live, to develop physically and culturally. (…) Sparsely populated territories, not capable of independent economic and political existence must necessarily be given to those whose economy is suffocating in the over populated countries of Europe.Because of the qualities of being hard-working and persistent, Polish emigrants were often referred to as ‘first-rate settler material’, which benefitted any overseas country where they decided to settle. This was pointed out as an argument why existing colonial powers, as well as independent overseas countries (e.g. the USA), which often were not themselves populous enough to colonise and cultivate territories under their control, should open their borders to Polish immigrants (their reluctance to do so was, according to Rosiński, one of the main reasons for the global economic crisis of the 1930s ). The ‘settler material’ could and should be used for Poland benefit.Firstly, emigrants should not lose contact with the mother country, or assimilate in their new homelands, but they should nourish the Polish culture also abroad. The farmers-settlers were rather simple-minded people who without proper guidance would soon forget about the Polish culture therefore local leaders, teachers and other members of the intellectual classes should also be sent overseas.Secondly, Polish emigrants should act according to the rule of ‘economic patriotism’, which, several authors argued, was natural to the British, the French, the Germans, the Czechs and others. Polish emigrants should feel it their duty to buy Polish products and promote them in their new countries. In this way they would foster Poland economic links with overseas countries and contribute to development of Poland overseas trade. The programme aimed “to kill all birds with one stone”:To get rid of the surplus population from the country, but still keep the fruit of their workTo develop export and import markets to help the Polish economyCountries which were considered suitable for Polish settlement were Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, Angola, Liberia, Cameroon and Madagascar where good conditions for agriculture and climate deemed suitable for Europeans. Another issue colonies could solve connected to the ethnic question.Photos and posters: Poles in ParanaPrestigious reasons of colonial aspiration:The quest for colonies can also be understood in terms of a modernising project, catching up with the rest of the Western world, and get on an equal footing with it. It was often pointed out that, because of the foreign domination over Poland in the 19th century, the country lagged behind in the scramble for colonies, but that was all the greater reason to pursue the subject. Poland was to be placed on the map of colonial endeavours as a modern country part of the European core, by virtue of its policies and economic connections, exploration, and research. The claims were expressed in an imperial and nationalistic rhetoric typical of the times. This aspect is linked to the political and economic situation of the country and to the matters of knowledge production (popular and scientific), as described below. In Tadeusz Białas’ interpretation, ‘the colonial slogans were an expression of certain political concepts of the ruling camp which were to determine Poland’ place in Europe and following first of all from the growing conviction of Poland power position, a conviction that Poland was already an equal subject in the European relations.’Poland claims all German colonies:The quest for colonies was often phrased by the League as a step on the way towards Poland as an imperial power, the next one after regaining independence and access to the sea. One of the recurring themes in League publications on colonial topics were reports about the existing colonial powers and their colonial policies. Among these powers, Germany occupied a special place.Photo from journal : We demand coloniesA claim was made that Poland was owed parts of former German colonies placed under the international mandate after First World War. This claim was backed by arguments of compensation for war losses, and especially the fact that Poland was German Empire’s successor state and Polish citizens had contributed to acquiring and keeping these colonies while Poland was still (partially) under the German rule: by paying taxes, service inpolice and military forces etc.Głuchowski calculated that Poland should be given around 300,000 km of the former German colonies because the Polish territory and population had formed around 1/10 of the territory and population of the former German Empire. These claims were mostly raised when suggestions were made that the question of the former German colonies would be taken up before the League of Nations, as for example in 1931.Germany was the main significant other of the interwar Polish maritime and Colonial discourse, and the colonial ambitions expressed in Poland at that time were directed first and foremost against Germany. For example the President of League, General Orlicz-Dreszer explained in a private conversation the reasons for changing the organisation’s name to include the adjective ‘colonial’:It is a political issue of great importance. Poland would not be practicing colonialism; however, it cannot agree on Germany receiving its territories from before the First World War, which it lost according to the Versailles Treaty. The colonial name and various connected declarations are a political manoeuvre, allowing the proper agents to torpedo the expansive claims of the growing Nazism. By claims former German colonies, League vastly hinders the German Colonial Association work on the international arena.Below two aspects of this imperial mapping are briefly discussed: the discourse present in popular literature and in research.Colonialism in Popular Polish literature:An interesting feature of the Polish colonial programme was that most of its propagators including many of the activists of the Maritime and Colonial League had never been overseas. An interest in the inhabitants of the potential colonies appeared, resulting in popularity of travel literature. The daily press and journals published reports from European colonies, articles by travellers describing their experiences in Africa and America. Writers-travellers such as Arkady Fiedler, Mieczysław Lepecki, Jerzy Giżycki, were especially interested in these continents. For example, Fiedler wrote about Madagascar in Jutro na Madagaskar! (Tomorrow to Madagascar!) and Lepecki in Madagaskar: kraj, ludzie, kolonizacja (Madagascar: country, people, colonisation).African countries were described by Giżycki, for example, in “On the Dark Continent” and “The Whites and the Blacks”, and by Lepecki “At the gates of the mysterious Maghreb”. Lepecki devoted, furthermore, numerous publications to South America, especially Brazil as did Fiedler. Giżycki was interested in emigration and settlement in Northern America. Another type of reports were written by Polish Catholic missionaries working overseas. Many travel reports in the press and in books made references to traditions of the earlier Polish travellers and explorers. The names of Maurycy Beniowski and Stefan Szolc-Rogoziński appeared especially often. Beniowski (1741–1786), was an aristocrat, traveller and adventurer of Polish-Hungarian origin, who attempted to establish a rule over Madagascar. Later he became an object of interest in popular culture and in the 20th century he reappeared in the context of the attempts at colonial expansion to Madagascar. The reference was so widely known, that Fiedler could call his book about the island “Beniowski’s passionate island”. Travel literature was rarely an ‘innocent’ description of authors experiences and expression of their interest in the world. It is also a hierarchy making tool, which establishes and maintains the colonial order, conceptualises the extra-European world as something for the European world to describe, measure and thus give meaning – but not to have or produce meaning itself. Travel reports thus ‘encode and legitimate the aspirations of economic expansion and empire’. In a similar way, the Polish popular publications about Africa, America and Asia were not only meant to educate and inform, but more importantly to help place the readers and their culture in relation to those that were described in these publications.Photo: From our colony “Sea Will” in ParanaColonialism and Scientific Research:The European colonial endeavour was based not only on military and economic power, but it was also supported by discursive practices and European science. By describing and ordering the world in the name of science European botanists, geographers and ethnographers ascribed it with hierarchies and centre-periphery relations. As already mentioned, the Polish colonial project was the project of fitting into these relations and positioning oneself as close to the centre as possible. Poland had its own contributions to European science even before regaining independence.As subjects of the Russian Empire Polish travellers and explorers were active in Siberia. However, in this case the ambiguity of Poland position in the imperial and European power relations becomes especially visible. It is important to keep in mind that many of the Polish explorers of Siberia found themselves there as a result of Russia imperial polices. They were sent to Siberia for hard labour–a typical punishment in the Russian Empire, given to political prisoners involved in the Polish independence movement. Some of them became afterwards involved in research. It was the case of Bronisław Piłsudski, the elder brother of Polish leader Józef Pilsudski. For his involvement in a plot to assassinate Tsar Alexander III, he was sent to the island of Sakhalin, where he conducted ethnographic research of the Ainu people.Polish explorers could also already in this era be found in Africa . The most notable example was Stefan Szolc-Rogoziński (1861– 1896). He was mostly remembered for his pioneering work on the exploration of Cameroon, which he did from a base on a small island in the Ambas Bay. As a member of the Royal Geographical Society in London he had both access to contemporary developments in European science, and possibility to disseminate his own findings, and as a founder of the National Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw, he contributed also to dissemination of European ethnography in Poland. In the interwar period his name was often recalled in the context of the colonial project and especially his nationality was underlined as evidence of the nation previous efforts. This is how Stanisław Zieliński, a publicist and member of the League, described these efforts in his encyclopaedia of colonial pioneers:Rogoziński did not care only for the honour of enriching scientific output but for this output to be named as Polish and last for posterity as an achievement of a Polish scientific expedition. The guiding principle in this endeavour was independent Poland, discovering and acquiring a piece of African land for an own, independent colony. Rogoziński’s expedition was the only one led by the Polish national thought. That is its paramount importance. At the time when the nation was deprived of the sea, deprived of its own state and government, Rogoziński attempted to acquire a colony for Poland.Recalling the past Polish travellers, adventurers and explorers such as Rogoziński and Beniowski, served not only to bring the extra-European world closer to the Polish readers and familiarise them with it. Similarly as in the case of the popular travel reports, it was also a legitimising tool for justifying present colonial aspirations by pointing out the Polish presence in Africa in the previous centuries, and at the onset of the time of high colonialism. This can be concluded from an article in Ilustrowany Kurier Codzienny about ‘Poles on the world’s trails’ – including Rogoziński:It should be reminded that Poles were among the first on the wide and far ocean waters, on the vast colonial lands. (…) Let the long list of Polish names, which are listed below, give testimony to the fact that Poland has the rightful claim to its share in the colonies, because it put so much into their attainment and development – much effort, blood and service.Because of his main area of interest being Cameroon, Rogoziński was mostly mentioned when the question of this territory came under discussion in the international arena, that is in the context of a revision of the existing colonial order, especially redistribution of the former German colonies – including Cameroon. In 1932 League organised celebrations on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Rogoziński’s expedition to Cameroon that took place in 13 December 1882, in which the only surviving member of the expedition Leopold Janikowski participated. More featured a series of articles about the expedition about Janikowski and the contemporary political situation in the area (presented as a Polish-English war against Germany) .Poster: Poland requires a colonySources:ORP Orzeł (1938) - WikipediaMorska Wola - WikipediaColonization attempts by Poland - Wikipedia