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List of countries by vehicles per capitaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchChina became the world's largest new car market in 2009This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of countries by vehicles per capita" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article is a list of countries by the number of road motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants. This includes cars, vans, buses, and freight and other trucks; but excludes motorcycles and other two-wheelers.The People's Republic of China has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world, with 340 million motor vehicles in 2019 including 250 million cars,[1] and in 2009 became the world's largest new car market as well.[2][3] In 2011, a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China, with 18.4 million motor vehicles manufactured.[4]#Country or regionMotorvehiclesper 1,000peopleTotalYear1San Marino1,2632013[5]2Monaco8992013[5]3New Zealand8604,240,0002018[6]4Iceland824278,924[7][8]20165United States811263,765,695[9]20176Liechtenstein7732016[10]7Switzerland7166 113 791[11]20188Luxembourg6702017[12]9Australia73019,200,000[13]201810Malta6132017[14]11Brunei721300,897[7]201512Italy6252017[15]13Guam6772014[16]14Canada65023,846,147[17]201715Poland5932017[18]16Norway5142017[19]17Japan61577,938,515[20]201818Austria5552017[21]19Estonia5502017[22]20Spain5042017[23]21Germany5612017[24]22United Kingdom4712017[25]23France[26]4782017[27]24Slovenia5412017[28]25Belgium5082017[29]26Portugal4922017[30]27Czech Republic5392017[31]28Netherlands4872017[32]29Greece4872017[33]-European Union543294,886,307[7]2015/201630Sweden4792017[34]31Cyprus5092017[35]32Bulgaria3932017[36]33Denmark4382017[37]34Finland6172017[38]35Ireland4442017[39]36Kuwait4771,876,188[7]201537Lithuania4631,353,815[7]201538Libya4832017[40]39Slovakia4082017[41]40Malaysia43313,308,716[7]201541Bahrain422578,471[7]201542South Korea44923,202,555[42]201843Qatar4111,020,000[7]201544Croatia3892017[43]45Latvia3562017[44]46Barbados387110,000[7]201547Israel3843,373,139[45]2017[46]48Hungary3552017[47]49Russia37354,779,6262018[48]50Belarus3693,501,981[7]201551Syria3686,900,000[7]201552Brazil35074,454,951[49]201953Suriname349193,000[7]201554Taiwan3337,842,423[50]2016[50]55Montenegro326202,3222016[51]56Argentina31613,726,226[7]201557Romania2612017[52]58Mexico29737,353,597[7]201559Trinidad and Tobago292397,000[7]2015>60Serbia2882,052,0672015[53]61Georgia2811,043,900[7]201562Uruguay280960,000[7]201563Bosnia and Herzegovina258910,969[7]201564Kazakhstan2514,397,354[7]201565Chile2304,444,941[7]201566United Arab Emirates2342,140,000[7]201567Oman233980,000[7]201568Antigua and Barbuda2302009[5]69Thailand22615,490,503[7]201570Costa Rica2241,076,041[7]201571Saint Kitts and Nevis223[54]72Kyrgyzstan2231,330,000[7]201573Ukraine2199,290,000[55]201874Saudi Arabia2096,600,000[7]201575North Macedonia206425,764[7]201576Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2042008[5]77Moldova201715,480[7]201578Turkey1492017[56]79Mauritius192236,853[7]201580Fiji1882010[5]81China179250,000,0002019[57]82Iran17814,130,000[7]201583Botswana177391,686[7]201584Seychelles1762010[5]85Tonga174[54]86South Africa1749,600,412[7]201587Panama171677,356[7]201588Armenia167489,3462018 [58]89Albania167481,114[7]201590Saint Lucia1652010[5]91Dominica163[54]92Nauru1592004[59]93Dominican Republic1531,610,551[7]201594Kosovo1502013[60]95Singapore170957,006[61]201896Kiribati1462008[5]97Venezuela1454,510,000[7]201598Ecuador1412,267,344[7]2015>99Algeria1405,570,000[7]2015100Belize13950,000[7]2015101Azerbaijan1351,301,926[7]2015102Tunisia1291,450,000[7]2015103Jordan1231,130,000[7]2015104Grenada122[62]105Lebanon117683,000[63]2018106Colombia1165,800,0002018[64][65]107Guatemala1151,862,535[7]2015108Turkmenistan1072010[5]109Namibia1062008[5]110Iraq1053,900,000[66]111Morocco1033,570,000[66]112Cape Verde1012007[5]113Paraguay98652,886[66]114Guyana952008[5]115Hong Kong92674,253[7]2015116Swaziland892007[5]117Indonesia8722,512,918[7]2015118Bahamas812007[5]119Nicaragua79480,000[7]2015120Peru782,444,478[7]2015121Samoa772007[5]122Bolivia72770,000[7]2015123Mongolia712010[5]124Sri Lanka701,469,821[7]125Jamaica66190,000[7]2015126Nigeria6411,458,370[67]2017127Egypt625,733,810[7]2015128Zimbabwe60940,000[7]2015129Bhutan572009[5]130Vanuatu54[54]131Afghanistan471,572,663[7]2015132Senegal44660,000[7]2015133Palestine422010[5]134Cuba42480,000[7]2015135Cote d'Ivoire41940,000[7]2015136El Salvador41260,000[7]2015137Tajikistan382007[5]138Philippines383,822,544[7]139Uzbekistan372004[68]140Micronesia, Federated States of372007[5]141Yemen371,000,000[7]2015142Comoros332007[5]143Guinea-Bissau332008[5]144Angola32880,000[7]2015145Ghana32890,000[7]2015146Kenya291,381,473[7]2015147Maldives282010[5]148Djibouti28[54]149Madagascar27660,000[7]2015150Congo, Republic of the272007[5]151Sudan272007[5]152Togo27198,000[7]2015153Congo, Democratic Republic of the251,900,000[7]2015154Benin24252,000[7]2015155Vietnam232,170,000[7]2015156Zambia23370,000[7]2015>157India2228,860,000[69]2015158Cambodia212005[5]159Laos202007[5]160Myanmar201,065,897[70]2017161Honduras18160,000[70]2017162Pakistan1710,000,000[7]2015163Burkina Faso16297,000[7]2015164Cameroon15347,000[7]2015165Gabon142004[71]166Mozambique14400,000[7]2015167Liberia1463,000[7]2015168Equatorial Guinea132004[72]169Papua New Guinea13[54]170Uganda12490,000[7]2015171Mali12203,000[7]2015172Eritrea112007[5]173North Korea112006[73]174Mauritania1041,000[7]2015175Ethiopia9831,000[74]2017176Malawi8139,000[7]2015177Haiti780,000[7]2015178Tanzania7380,000[7]2015179Gambia72004[5]180Niger72009[5]181Burundi663,000[7]2015182Sierra Leone62008[5]183Chad62006[5]184Guinea5[54]185Nepal52007[5]186Rwanda5[54]187Central African Republic4[54]188Lesotho42004[75]189Bangladesh4620,000[7]2015190Somalia3[54]191Solomon Islands32004[76]192São Tomé and Príncipe22007[5]See also[edit]Car ownershipAutomotive industryList of 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Disclaimer: I am former AAP (in 2012, in Ahmedabad, I joined AAP because initially I thought that they are against corruption but soon I found the agenda of party, they are just against a person and his name is Modi) member but when I went to their office so that they can give some informative work that can be beneficial to public but I don't get it, instead they asked me to do research on something which is annoying me and that to for their rival of politics, I asked to do research how Modi is doing good thing and yes, propaganda was to publish the loopholes in media to defame the initiative took by him in an adverse manner that can grab the votes to AAP. While doing research I found some good things which are the initiatives led by our Honourable Prime Minister Mr. Modi. I resigned from AAP in 2013, and never joined either BJP or any other political party.I have witnessed some changes and below are some summarised examples I have of change that I have witnessed:Change of mindset: People of India moreover on Quora asked about change after he became Prime Minister. Yes, I have seen people throwing garbages here and there but I can easily see people now a days want cleanliness around them. This mentality was gifted by Swachch Bharat Abhiyan. Suddenly, I can see vendors also support his good initiatives and had Benner like this in front of their shops, “If you can read this, we assume are enough educated, we are not charging any amount for throwing garbage in dustbin. Please keep clean.” Yes, it happened when I visited Vadodara when I saw some volunteer informing passengers for not spitting and keeping the Newly Opened Bus Depot clean. Some of the people are there who were found spitting and they got punished for Rs. 500 on public place by the authority. It is necessary to keep our surroundings clean, Modi just started this from root level and also he broke the stereotype mentality that a PM cannot handed a broom to motivate people to keep the surrounding clean. Yes, he did in Varanasi. He started this initiative just after he took over the change of being a Prime Minister. Since then I can see this awareness.Fear in Government official to ask bribe: In 2014, in winter of December I went to Delhi for my official visit to DGS&D department for getting a certificate of the same, I went there without any appointments or any prior information to their director. I just met their PRO, co-incidently his name was also Narinder which resembles Modi's first name. I asked him to get an appointment and I was stunned when he just went to the director and said the person of Gujarat coming straight to meet you, the director granted me an appointment. Soon, the meeting was started and he asked me how was Modi in Gujarat being a Chief Minister, I said yes he was very good CM while he served as CM. I was stunned when he said that he was doing job still it was on Sunday to complete his work, I said why on Sunday, he answered you send the man to Delhi just to monitor what their departments are doing on duty, so I also need to complete my work before deadlines and issue certificates on time to our applicants. Soon, after completing our meeting he said something which left me with my goosebumps and he said, you send a man who also not eat and don't let other to eat (he was talking about bribe). This fear should be there in government official's mind and they better should understand they are there to help is not to torture us. I was in Delhi after Kejriwal became CM for second time after he resigned from 49 days government.Routine habits: If I talk about recent developments, he rashes the high denomination currency notes and demonatisation took place where people cannot withdraw more than ₹2500 from their ATMs, we saw queues also, but also we observed that he change the habit of overspending and teach us how we can survive in limited span of money and can control our unnecessary expense. Small companies are also now giving cheques to pay the salary of their lower level staffs like servents and watchmen after opening their bank accounts in the same way that they have opened accounts of their higher level staff in banks. It's something good. I paid by PayTM for purchasing cigarette at a Parlour where Pan and Cigarettes were sold, on petrol pump I paid by my debit card and also my mother who used to carry cash is now carrying debit card for her routine puechsses, though my mother was not well-educated but I teach her how to use it for the sake of her benefits. Moreover, my mother is also spreading the same thing to her circle friends and those ladies are also using debit cards now for their purchases, for your information my mother is used to provide tiffin service and she also running a primary education classes to those children who are coming from backward background since last 20 years.Political scenario: Now a days people of the nation and media kept their eyes on WHAT MODI IS DOING AND WHAT HE IS GOING TO DO? It's great thing where a government is continuously monitored and criticized also for what they have done and what they are doing. Before that people used to see news and just updating the status on their social media platforms. But now a days, people are wise, they are using Quora and asking some change that Modi has brought.Schemes for which that actually have impact in your and others life: Yes, lower cost schemes lead his governance to a benchmark. In simple terms, if I want to explain this, just have an example of his earlier schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jandhan Yojana, where government given target to private sector banks as well as Public sector banks to reach as many people as they can and I can say with proof the data of opening of accounts is continuously monitored by the concerned authorities and sent to government on regular basis. So, his focus was on banking sector to strengthen the financial system through banking and the lazy lame bankers we saw in early 90s are now proactive like never before. He further connect the earlier government schemes to Aadhar and linked it with the bank accounts, it is also nice step towards the change, because if Rajiv Gandhi himself said Government sent 1 rupee and people is getting only few paisas for benefits it is very shameful. Subsidies are now directly coming to accounts without any cutting of commission or corruption.Doing something for people who actually need: Ujjwala Yojana is an example, where a housewife can have gas connection easily if she don't have. Moreover many schemes he introduced in favour of the people who actually need it, Pradhan Mantri Jivan Jyoti Insurance Scheme is also an example he set by providing lacs or cover at negligible amount of Rs. 12 or Rs. 360. I was worked with an organisation where they have provided this insurance schemes to their staffs like watchmen and servents and paying premium for them and same in case of Atal Pension Scheme. It's a change.Decision he took in favour of national interest: Either his decision of demonatisation or his decision of surgical strikes, left vast impact on people which increases their trust on government. Many things but few sentences are enough to understand this because I am not getting paid by BJP to promote this.Change is a continuous process and if you observe your surroundings as well as your own self you will definitely agree with whatever I have written over here directly or indirectly.I need to mention here the schemes he has announces and little bit about those schemes and initiatives he took during this 2.5 year tenure of his government:Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)Launched: ‎28 August 2014Main Objective: Financial inclusion and access to financial services for all households in the country.Official Website: Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan YojanaPradhan Mantri Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (PMSSY)Launched: 22 January 2015Main Objective: Secure the future of girl childSukanya Samriddhi Yojana is an ambitious small deposit savings scheme for a girl child. Under the scheme, a saving account can be opened in the name of girl child and deposits can be made for 14 years. After the girl reach 18 years of age, she can withdraw 50% of the amount for marriage or higher study purposes.After the girl completes 21 years of age, the maturity amount can be withdrawn including the interest at rates decided by Government every year.The investments and returns are exempt from section 80C of Indian income tax act. The maximum investment of Rs. 1.5 Lakh per year can be made while minimum deposit is Rs. 1000/- per year.In case of more than one girl child, parents can open another account on the different name but only for 2 girl child. Only exception is that the parents have twins and another girl child.Official Website: National Savings Institute ::Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)Launched: 8 April 2015Main Objective: Financial support for growth of micro enterprises sector.Pradhan Mantri MUDRA (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency) Yojana was launched with the purpose to provide funding to the non-corporate small business sector. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is open and is available from all Bank branches across the country.The small businesses/startups or entrepreneurs can avail loans from Rs. 50 thousand to 10 Lakh to start/grow their business under the three, Shishu, Kishore and Tarun categories of the scheme.As per the official website of PMMY, 27344053 number of loans have been sanctioned under the scheme till 26 February 2016. The amount sanctioned has reached more than Rs. 1 Lakh Crore.Official Website: Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency Ltd.Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY)Launched: 9 May 2015Main Objective: Provide life insurance cover to all Indian citizensPradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana is a government backed life insurance scheme in India aimed at increasing the penetration of life insurance cover in India. The scheme is open and available to all Indian citizens between the age of 18 to 50 years.Under the scheme, the policy holder can get a life insurance cover of Rs. 2 Lakh with an annual premium of just Rs. 330 excluding service tax. All the Indian citizens between 18-50 years of age with a saving bank account are eligible to avail the scheme.Official Website: Jan-Dhan Se Jan SurakshaPradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY)Launched: 9 May 2015Main Objective: Provide accidental insurance cover to all Indian citizensPradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana is also a government backed accident insurance scheme in India aimed at increasing the penetration of accidental insurance cover in India. The scheme is open and available to all Indian citizens between the age of 18 to 70 years.Under the scheme, the policy holder can get a life insurance cover of Rs. 2 Lakh with an annual premium of just Rs. 12 excluding service tax. All the Indian citizens between 18-70 years of age with a saving bank account are eligible to avail the scheme.Official Website: Jan-Dhan Se Jan SurakshaAtal Pension Yojana (APY)Launched: 9 May 2015Main Objective: Increase the number of people covered under any kind of pension scheme.Atal Pension Yojana is one of the three Jan Suraksha schemes launched by PM Narendra Modi. APY is aimed at increasing the number of pension scheme beneficiaries across the country. The scheme is especially targeted to the private unorganized sector and is open to all Indian citizens between the age of 18 to 40 years.Under the scheme, the beneficiary have to make contribution for at least 20 years before he/she can get pension after attaining age of 60 years. The scheme provides a monthly pension of Rs 1000 to Rs. 5000 per month based on the contribution amount.Official Website: Jan-Dhan Se Jan SurakshaPradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)Launched: 25 June 2015Main Objective: Achieve housing for all by the year 2022, 2 crore in Urban and 3 Crore homes in Rural areas.Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana is an ambitious scheme of Narendra Modi Government. Under the PMAY, the government aims to provide about 5 Crore affordable homes to the people belonging to EWS and LIG categories by the year 2022. There is a target of building 2 crore homes in urban area and 3 crore in rural areas across the country.Under the scheme, the government will provide financial assistance to the poor home buyers, interest subsidy on home loan and direct subsidy on homes bought under the scheme.Official Website: http://mhupa.gov.inSansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)Launched: 11 October 2014Main Objective: Social, cultural, economic, infrastructure developments in the villages, i.e. development of model villages called “Adarsh Gram”Under the Yojana, Members of Parliament (MPs) will be responsible for developing the socio-economic and physical infrastructure of three villages each by 2019, and a total of eight villages each by 2024.Official Website: Welcome to Ministry of Rural Development (Govt. of India)Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)Launched: 11 October 2014Main Objective: Provide insurance cover to rabi and kharif crops and financial support to farmers in case of damage of crops.In order to make crop insurance simpler and cheaper for the farmers and to provide them with better insurance services, a Central Sector Scheme of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFSY) was launched by the Government of India replacing NAIS and MNAIS.Under the new scheme, farmers will have to pay a uniform premium of two per cent for all kharif crops and 1.5 per cent for all rabi crops.The scheme will be implemented from the kharif season this year, i.e. 2016.Official Website: http://agricoop.nic.inPradhan Mantri Gram Sinchai Yojana (PMGSY)Launched: 01 July 2015Main Objective: Irrigating the field of every farmer and improving water use efficiency to provide `Per Drop More Crop’.The scheme is aimed to attract investments in irrigation system at field level, develop and expand cultivable land in the country, enhance ranch water use in order to minimize wastage of water, enhance crop per drop by implementing water-saving technologies and precision irrigation.All the States and Union Territories including North Eastern States are covered under the programme.The government has approved Rs.50,000 crore for the implementation of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana for next 5 years, i.e. up to 2020.Official Website: http://agricoop.nic.inPradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojanaye (PMGKY)Launched: April 2015Main Objective: Implement the pro-poor welfare schemes in more effective way and reaches out to more poor population across the country.Garib Kalyan Yojana is a Poverty Alleviation Scheme, which is primarily a work shop that you can pay and attend. The effort of the campaign and workshop is to motive and appraise the member of parliaments to help them effectively implement the government run schemes for the welfare of poor in the country.Official Website: http://niti.gov.inPradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana (PMJAY)Launched: March 2016 (Expected)Main Objective: Provides drugs/medicines at affordable cost across the country.The scheme is a new version of earlier Jan Aushadhi Yojana, to be renamed as Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana, the scheme aims to open 3000 Jan Aushadhi stores to sell drugs at affordable cost.Under the scheme, over 500 medicines will be sold through Jan Aushadhi stores at price less than the market price. Private hospitals, NGO’s, and other social groups are eligible to open the Jan Aushadhi stores with a onetime assistance of Rs. 2.5 Lakh from the central Government.**The scheme is yet to be launched in March 2016.Official Website: Jan Aushadhi : An Initiative of Government of IndiaMake in IndiaLaunched: 25 September 2014Main Objective: To encourage multi-national, as well as domestic companies to manufacture their products in India and create jobs and skill enhancement in 25 sectors.The major objective behind the initiative is to focus on job creation and skill enhancement in 25 sectors of the economy. The initiative also aims at high quality standards and minimising the impact on the environment. The initiative hopes to attract capital and technological investment in India.Official Website: http://www.makeinindia.comSwachh Bharat AbhiyanLaunched: 2 October 2014Main Objective: To fulfil Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of a clean and hygienic India.Swachh Bharat Mission is being implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development (M/o UD) and by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (M/o DWS) for urban and rural areas respectively.Official Website: Swachh Bharat #MyCleanIndiaKisan Vikas PatraLaunched: 3 March 2015 (Re-Launched)Main Objective: To provide safe and secure investment avenues to the small investors.Kisan Vikas Patra is an investment scheme wherein the invested money will get doubled in 8 years and 4 months. However, investors would not get any tax benefit for their investment in Kisan Vikas Patra unlike in PPF. The Kisan Vikas Patra certificates would be available in the denominations of Rs 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 50,000 and there is no upper limit on investment in KVPs.Official Website: National Savings Institute ::Soil Health Card SchemeLaunched: 17 February 2015Main Objective: To help farmers to improve productivity from their farms by letting them know about nutrient/fertilizer requirements for their farms.The soil health card studies and reviews the health of soil or rather we can say a complete evaluation of the quality of soil right from its functional characteristics, to water and nutrients content and other biological properties. It will also contain corrective measures that a farmer should adopt to obtain a better yield.Official Website: http://www.soilhealth.dac.gov.inDigital IndiaLaunched: 1 July 2015Main Objective: To deliver Government services to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity.The Digital India programme is a flagship programme of the Government of India with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The vision of Digital India programme is to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.Official Website: Department of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of IndiaSkill IndiaLaunched: 16 July 2015Main Objective: Train over 40 crore people in India in different skills by 2022.The main goal of Skill India Program is to create opportunities, space and scope for the development of talents of the Indian youth. The scheme also targeted to identify new sectors for skill development and develop more of those sectors which have already been put under skill development for the last so many years.Official Website: Skill India PortalBeti Bachao, Beti Padhao YojanaLaunched: 22 January 2015Main Objective: To generate awareness and improving the efficiency of welfare services meant for women.The scheme is to have as focussed intervention and multi-section action in almost 100 districts with low Child Sex Ratio (CSR).Official Website: Ministry Of Women & Child Development | GoIMission IndradhanushLaunched: 25 December 2014Main Objective: To immunize all children as well as pregnant women against seven vaccine preventable diseases namely diphtheria, whooping cough (Pertussis), tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles and hepatitis B by 2020.The aim of Mission Indradhanush is to achieve full immunization in 352 districts which includes 279 mid priority districts, 33 districts from the North East states and 40 districts from phase one where huge number of missed out children were detected.Official Website: Mission IndradhanushDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)Launched: 25 July 2015Main Objective: Electric supply feeder separation (rural households & agricultural) and strengthening of sub-transmission & distribution infrastructure including metering at all levels in rural areas.DDUGJY will help in providing round the clock power to rural households and adequate power to agricultural consumers. The earlier scheme for rural electrification viz. Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) has been subsumed in the new scheme as its rural electrification component.Official Website: http://powermin.nic.inDeen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDUGKY)Launched: 25 July 2015Main Objective: To achieve inclusive growth, by developing skills and productive capacity of the rural youth from poor families.DDU-GKY aims to train rural youth who are poor and provide them with jobs having regular monthly wages. It is one of the cluster initiatives of the Ministry of Rural Development that seeks to promote rural livelihoods. It is a part of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) – the Mission for poverty reduction called Aajeevika.Official Website: Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya YojanaPandit Deendayal Upadhyay Shramev Jayate Yojana (PDUSJY)Launched: 16 October 2014Main Objective: To consolidate information of Labour Inspection and its enforcement through a unified web portal, which will lead to transparency and accountability in inspections.A Unified Labour Portal, known as the Shram Suvidha portal was launched under the scheme as a platform to facilitate the implementation of a transparent system for information and database management.Official Website: https://www.efilelabourreturn.gov.inAtal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)Launched: 24 June 2015Main Objective: Providing basic services (e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban transport) to households and build amenities in cities which will improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged.The purpose of Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is to (i) ensure that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and a sewerage connection; (ii) increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks); and (iii) reduce pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g. walking and cycling).Official Website: http://amrut.gov.inDownload PDF Version of the List of Narendra Modi SchemesSwadesh Darshan YojanaLaunched: 09 March 2015Main Objective: Develop world class tourism infrastructure.As part of the Swadesh Darshan Scheme, theme based tourism circuits (TBCT) around specific themes such as religion, culture, ethnicity, niche, etc. are identified for infrastructure development across the country.Official Website: http://tourism.gov.inPRASAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive)Launched: 09 March 2015Main Objective: Develop world class tourism infrastructure in Amritsar, Ajmer, Amaravati, Dwaraka, Gaya, Kanchipuram, Kedarnath, Kamakhya, Mathura, Puri, Varanasi and Vellankani.PRASAD scheme aims to create spiritual centres for tourism development within the nation. As part of mission strategy, religious destinations that have potential to be show-cased as world-class tourism products are identified and infrastructure is developed on a priority basis.Official Website: http://tourism.gov.inNational Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)Launched: 21 January 2015Main Objective: Bringing together urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner to preserve the heritage character of each Heritage City.With a duration of 27 months (completing in March 2017) and a total outlay of INR 500 Crores, the Scheme is being implemented in 12 identified Cities namely, Ajmer, Amaravati, Amritsar, Badami, Dwarka, Gaya, Kanchipuram, Mathura, Puri, Varanasi, Velankanni and Warangal. The scheme is implemented in a mission mode.Official Website: Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)Udaan SchemeLaunched: 14 November 2014Main Objective: Encouraging girls for higher technical education and aims to provide a platform that empowers girl students and provides them with better learning opportunities.It is a mentoring and scholarship scheme to enable meritorious girl students to transit from schools to technical education without much difficulty and also aims to enrich and enhance teaching and learning of mathematics and science at senior secondary school level by providing free online resources for all.Official Website: Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource DevelopmentNational Bal Swachhta MissionLaunched: 14 November 2014Main Objective: To provide hygienic and clean environment, food, drinking water, toilets, schools and other surroundings to the children.The Bal Swachhta Mission is a part of the nationwide sanitation initiative of ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ launched by the Prime Minister on 2nd October, 2014.Official Website: Ministry Of Women & Child Development | GoIOne Rank One Pension (OROP) SchemeLaunched: NAMain Objective: To provide same pension, for same rank, for same length of service, irrespective of the date of retirement.This is not a Modi Government scheme, however, the government is making its efforts to implement the long pending scheme.Official Website: Ministry Of Women & Child Development | GoISmart City MissionLaunched: 25 June 2015Main Objective: To develop 100 cities all over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainableUnder the mission, the NDA Government aims to develop smart cities equipped with basic infrastructure and offer a good quality of life through smart solutions. Assured water and power supply, sanitation and solid waste management, efficient urban mobility and public transport, robust IT connectivity, e-governance and citizen participation along with safety of its citizens are some of the likely attributes of these smart cities.Official Website: http://smartcities.gov.inGold Monetisation SchemesLaunched: 04 November 2015Main Objective: To reduce the reliance on gold imports over time.The programme is to lure tonnes of gold from households into the banking system. Under the scheme, people can deposit gold into the banks and earn interest based on the value of the gold.Official Website: Ministry of Finance, Government of IndiaStartup India, Standup IndiaLaunched: ‎16 January 2016Main Objective: To provide support to all start-up businesses in all aspects of doing business in India.Under the scheme, the start-ups will adopt self-certification to reduce the regulatory liabilities. An online portal, in the shape of a mobile application, will be launched to help start-up founders to easily register. The app is scheduled to be launched on April 1.Official Website: Ministry of Finance, Government of IndiaDigiLockerLaunched: ‎01 July 2015Main Objective: To provide a secure dedicated personal electronic space for storing the documents of resident Indian citizens.It is a part of Digital India programme, Digital Locker has been designed to reduce the administrative overhead of government departments and agencies created due to paper work.It will also make it easy for the residents to receive services by saving time and effort as their documents will now be available anytime, anywhere and can be shared electronically.Official Website: DigiLocker:Towards Paperless GovernanceIntegrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS)Launched: ‎18 September 2015Main Objective: To ensure 24/7 power for all.The Government of India will provide financial support of Rs. 45,800 crore over the entire implementation period of IPDS under which strengthening of sub-transmission network, metering, IT application, customer care Services, provisioning of solar panels will be implemented.Official Website: http://www.apdrp.gov.inShyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban MissionLaunched: ‎21 February 2016Main Objective: To create 300 rural clusters across the country and strengthen financial, job, and lifestyle facilities in rural areas.Rurban Mission is a solution for both villages and cities in the country that would promote growth of villages and its residents at the place where they are. Under the mission, the government will identify and develop 300 rural clusters with urban like facilities in the next 3 years.Official Website: | National Rurban MissionSagarmala ProjectLaunched: ‎31 July 2015Main Objective: To transform the existing ports into modern world class ports.The prime objective of the Sagarmala project is to promote port-led direct and indirect development and to provide infrastructure to transport goods to and from ports quickly, efficiently and cost-effectively.The Sagarmala Project, aimed at port-led development in coastal areas, is bound to boost the country’s economy and the government has lined up about Rs 70,000 crore for its 12 major ports onlyOfficial Website: Ministry of Shipping, Government of India‘Prakash Path’ – ‘Way to Light’ – The National LED ProgrammeLaunched: ‎05 January 2015Main Objective: To distribute LED bulbs and decrease the power consumption.This is one of the many schemes launched by Narendra Modi government India. The programme has been launched to distribute and encourage the use of LED light bulbs to save both cost and consumption.Official Website: http://powermin.nic.inUJWAL Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY)Launched: ‎20 November 2015Main Objective: To obtain operational and financial turnaround of State owned Power Distribution Companies (DISCOMs).The Scheme aims to reduce the interest burden, reduce the cost of power, reduce power losses in Distribution sector, and improve operational efficiency of DISCOMs.Official Website: http://powermin.nic.inVikalp SchemeLaunched: ‎01 November 2015Main Objective: For confirmed accommodation in next alternative train for the waitlisted passengers.Vikalp scheme is available only for the tickets booked through internet for six months and option will be limited to mail and express trains running on Delhi-Lucknow and Delhi-Jammu sectors.Official Website: http://powermin.nic.inNational Sports Talent Search Scheme (NSTSS)Launched: ‎20 February 2015Main Objective: To Identify sporting talent among students in the age group of 8–12 years.The scheme is being implemented by the Sports Authority of India (SAI), under the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports for spotting talented young children in the age group of 8-14 years from schools and nurturing them by providing scientific training.Official Website: Sports Authority of India, MYASRashtriya Gokul MissionLaunched: ‎16 December 2014Main Objective: To conserve and develop indigenous bovine breeds.Rashtriya Gokul Mission aims to conserve and develop indigenous breeds in a focused and scientific manner. It is a focussed project under National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development, with an outlay of Rs 500 crore during the 12th Five Year Plan.Official Website: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & FisheriesPAHAL-Direct Benefits Transfer for LPG (DBTL) Consumers SchemeLaunched: ‎01 January 2015Main Objective: To send the subsidy money of LPG cylinders directly into the bank accounts of the consumers and increase efficiency & transparency in the whole system.Under the scheme, the LPG consumer can now receive subsidy in his bank account by two methods. Such a consumer will be called CTC (Cash Transfer Compliant) once he joins the scheme and is ready to receive subsidy in the bank account.Official Website: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & FisheriesThe National Institution for Transforming India (NITI AAYOG)Launched: ‎01 January 2015Main Objective: to foster involvement and participation in the economic policy-making process by the State Governments of India.The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) which replaced 65 year old Planning Commission will act more like a think tank or forum, in contrast with the Commission which imposed five-year-plans and allocated resources to hit set economic targets.Official Website: http://niti.gov.inPradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY)Launched: ‎17 September 2015Main Objective: To Safeguard Health, Environment and Economic Conditions of the Tribals.Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY) is meant to provide for the welfare of areas and people affected by mining related operations, using the funds generated by District Mineral Foundations (DMFs).Official Website: http://mines.nic.inNamami Gange ProjectLaunched: ‎ 10 July 2014Main Objective: To integrates the efforts to clean and protect the Ganga river in a comprehensive manner.Namami Gange approaches Ganga Rejuvenation by consolidating the existing ongoing efforts and planning for a concrete action plan for future. The interventions at Ghats and River fronts will facilitate better citizen connect and set the tone for river centric urban planning process.Official Website: https://nmcg.nic.inSetu Bharatam ProjectLaunched: ‎ 03 March 2016Main Objective: To free all national highways from railway level crossings and renovate the old bridges on national highways by 2019.Setu Bharatam is an ambitious programme with an investment of Rs. 50,000 crore to build bridges for safe and seamless travel on National Highways.208 new “road over bridges / road under bridges” are envisaged for construction, while 1500 bridges will be widened, rehabilitated or replaced.Official Website: http://morth.nic.inPradhan Mantri Ujjwala YojanaLaunched: ‎ 1 May 2016Main Objective: To distribute free LPG connections to the women belonging to 5 Crore BPL families across the country.According the estimates, about 1.50 Crore BPL families will be benefited under the scheme in the year 2016-17. The scheme will cover 3.5 Crore more BPL families in the next two years. The scheme provides a financial support of Rs 1600 for each LPG connection to the BPL households.This is the first ever welfare scheme by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas which would benefit crores of women belonging to the poorest households.Official Website: Official Website of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala YojanaRashtriya Gram Swaraj AbhiyanLaunchedMain Objective: To help Panchayat Raj Institutions deliver Sustainable Development Goals.It is a new proposed scheme announced in the union financial budget 2016-17 by the Finance Minister Mr. Arun Jaitley.Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan has been proposed with allocation of Rs. 655 crore.Official Website: http://rgsa.nic.inClean My CoachAadhar BillReal Estate BillPradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (Renamed from Indira Awas Yojana)Unnat Bharat AbhiyanTB Mission 2020Dhanlakshmi YojanaNational Apprenticeship Promotion SchemeGangajal Delivery SchemePradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva AbhiyanVidyanjali YojanaStandup India Loan SchemeGram Uday Se Bharat Uday AbhiyanSamajik Aadhikarita ShivirRailway Travel Insurance SchemeSmart Ganga CityMission Bhagiratha in TelanganaVidyalakshmi Loan SchemeSwayam PrabhaPradhan Mantri Surakshit Sadak Yojana (Upcoming)Shala Ashmita Yojana (Upcoming)Pradhan Mantri Gram Parivahan Yojana (Upcoming)National Health Protection Scheme (Upcoming)Right to Light Scheme (Upcoming)Rashtriya Sanskriti MahotsavaUDAN – Udey Desh ka Aam NagrikDigital VillagesUrja GangaSaur Sujala YojanaEk Bharat Shreshtha BharatGreen Urban Transport Scheme (GUTS)Cease of Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 Notes to be a legal tenderPradhan Mantri Yuva YojanaBharat National Car Assessment Program (Bharat-NCAP)Thanks for reading my answer.

I do not think that conservatives are convinced that affordable health care for all is not feasible. I think they want to maintain a big business for profit at the expense of the American people’s health . There is a vast network of very rich corporations , pharmaceuticals , hospitals and doctors who profit enormously from the present system of healthcare in the US. I will use a summary of the study done at Yale University and Published in the Lancet medical journal to emphasize my point.SummaryAlthough health care expenditure per capita is higher in the USA than in any other country, more than 37 million Americans do not have health insurance, and 41 million more have inadequate access to care. Efforts are ongoing to repeal the Affordable Care Act which would exacerbate health-care inequities. By contrast, a universal system, such as that proposed in the Medicare for All Act, has the potential to transform the availability and efficiency of American health-care services. Taking into account both the costs of coverage expansion and the savings that would be achieved through the Medicare for All Act, we calculate that a single-payer, universal health-care system is likely to lead to a 13% savings in national health-care expenditure, equivalent to more than US$450 billion annually (based on the value of the US$ in 2017). The entire system could be funded with less financial outlay than is incurred by employers and households paying for health-care premiums combined with existing government allocations. This shift to single-payer health care would provide the greatest relief to lower-income households. Furthermore, we estimate that ensuring health-care access for all Americans would save more than 68 000 lives and 1·73 million life-years every year compared with the status quo.• View related content for this articleThis article is available free of charge.Simply log in to access the full article, or register for free if you do not yet have a username and password.1.Collins SR Gunja MZ Doty MMHow well does health coverage protect consumers from costs? Findings from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2016.http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/issue-brief/2017/oct/collins_underinsured_biennial_ib.pdfDate: Oct 11, 2017Date accessed: March 27, 2019View in ArticleGoogle Scholar2.United States Census BureauAnnual estimates of the resident population for selected age groups by sex for the United States, States, Counties, and Puerto Rico Commonwealth and Municipios: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017 2017 population estimates.https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPAGESEXWe're sorry but this website doesn't work properly without JavaScript enabled. Please enable it to continue.https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2017/PEPAGESEXDate: Feb 18, 2018Date accessed: July 3, 2018View in ArticleGoogle Scholar3.Auter ZU.S. uninsured rate steady at 12·2% in fourth quarter of 2017.U.S. Uninsured Rate Steady at 12.2% in Fourth Quarter of 2017The uninsured rate among U.S. adults held steady at 12.2% in the fourth quarter of 2017, but is up 1.3 points since the end of 2016.https://news.gallup.com/poll/225383/uninsured-rate-steady-fourth-quarter-2017.aspxDate: Jan 16, 2018Date accessed: July 3, 2018View in ArticleGoogle Scholar4.Fiedler M Adler LHow will the Graham-Cassidy proposal affect the number of people with health insurance coverage?.How will the Graham-Cassidy proposal affect the number of people with health insurance coverage?Matthew Fiedler and Loren Adler estimate that the Graham-Cassidy legislation would reduce the number of people with insurance coverage by around 22 million each year during the 2020 through 2026 period.https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-will-the-graham-cassidy-proposal-affect-the-number-of-people-with-health-insurance-coverage/Date: Sept 22, 2017Date accessed: March 27, 2019View in ArticleGoogle Scholar5.Organisation for Economic Co-operation DevelopmentOECD Health Statistics 2015.OECD Health StatisticsThis dataset includes comparative tables analysing various health care resources such as total health and social employment, physicians by age, gender, categories, midwives, nurses, caring personnel, personal care workers, dentists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, hospital employment, graduates, remuneration of health professionals, hospitals, health equipment, hospital beds, medical technology with their respective subsets. The statistics are expressed in different units of measure such as number of persons, salaried, self-employed, per population.https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/data/oecd-health-statistics_health-data-enDate: 2015Date accessed: March 27, 2019View in ArticleGoogle Scholar6.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid ServicesNHE Fact Sheet.NHE Fact Sheet | CMSHistorical NHE, 2019: NHE grew 4.6% to $3.8 trillion in 2019, or $11,582 per person, and accounted for 17.7% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Medicare spending grew 6.7% to $799.4 billion in 2019, or 21 percent of total NHE. Medicaid spending grew 2.9% to $613.5 billion in 2019, or 16 percent of total NHE. Private health insurance spending grew 3.7% to $1,195.1 billion in 2019, or 31 percent of total NHE. Out of pocket spending grew 4.6% to $406.5 billion in 2019, or 11 percent of total NHE. Hospital expenditures grew 6.2% to $1,192.0 billion in 2019, faster than the 4.2% growth in 2018. Physician and clinical services expenditures grew 4.6% to $772.1 billion in 2019, a faster growth than the 4.0% in 2018. Prescription drug spending increased 5.7% to $369.7 billion in 2019, faster than the 3.8% growth in 2018. The largest shares of total health spending were sponsored by the federal government (29.0 percent) and the households (28.4 percent).   The private business share of health spending accounted for 19.1 percent of total health care spending, state and local governments accounted for 16.1 percent, and other private revenues accounted for 7.5 percent. For further detail see NHE Tables in downloads below. Projected NHE, 2019-2028: National health spending is projected to grow at an average annual rate of 5.4 percent for 2019-28 and to reach $6.2 trillion by 2028. Because national health expenditures are projected to grow 1.1 percentage points faster than gross domestic product per year on average over 2019–28, the health share of the economy is projected to rise from 17.7 percent in 2018 to 19.7 percent in 2028. Price growth for medical goods and services (as measured by the personal health care deflator) is projected to accelerate, averaging 2.4 percent per year for 2019–28, partly reflecting faster expected growth in health sector wages. Among major payers, Medicare is expected to experience the fastest spending growth (7.6 percent per year over 2019-28), largely as a result of having the highest projected enrollment growth. The insured share of the population is expected to fall from 90.6 percent in 2018 to 89.4 percent by 2028. For further detail see NHE projections 2019-2028 in downloads below. NHE by Age Group and Gender, Selected Years 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014: Per person personal health care spending for the 65 and older population was $19,098 in 2014, over 5 times higher than spending per child ($3,749) and almost 3 times the spending per working-age person ($7,153). In 2014, children accounted for approximately 24 percent of the population and about 11 percent of all PHC spending. The working-age group comprised the majority of spending and population in 2014, almost 54 percent and over 61 percent respectively. The elderly were the smallest population group, nearly 15 percent of the population, and accounted for approximately 34 percent of all spending in 2014. 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Between 2016 and 2017, the number of people with health insurance coverage increased by 2.3 million, up to 294.6 million. • In 2017, private health insurance coverage continued to be more prevalent than government coverage, at 67.2 percent and 37.7 percent, respectively. Of the subtypes of health insurance coverage, employer-based insurance was the most common, covering 56.0 percent of the population for some or all of the calendar year, followed by Medicaid (19.3 percent), Medicare (17.2 percent), direct-purchase coverage (16.0 percent), and military coverage (4.8 percent). • Between 2016 and 2017, the rate of Medicare coverage increased by 0.6 percentage points to cover 17.2 percent of people for part or all of 2017 (up from 16.7 percent in 2016). • The military coverage rate increased by 0.2 percentage points to 4.8 percent during this time. Coverage rates for employment-based coverage, direct-purchase coverage, and Medicaid did not statistically change between 2016 and 2017. • In 2017, the percentage of uninsured children under age 19 (5.4 percent) was not statistically different from the percentage in 2016. • For children under age 19 in poverty, the uninsured rate (7.8 percent) was higher than for children not in poverty (4.9 percent). • Between 2016 and 2017, the uninsured rate did not statistically change for any race or Hispanic origin group. • In 2017, non-Hispanic Whites had the lowest uninsured rate among race and Hispanic-origin groups (6.3 percent). The uninsured rates for Blacks and Asians were 10.6 percent and 7.3 percent, respectively. Hispanics had the highest uninsured rate (16.1 percent). • Between 2016 and 2017, the percentage of people without health insurance coverage at the time of interview decreased in three states and increased in 14 states.https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-264.htmlDate: Sept 12, 2018Date accessed: January 14, 2020View in ArticleGoogle Scholar56.Duron VP Monaghan SF Connolly MD et al.Undiagnosed medical comorbidities in the uninsured: a significant predictor of mortality following trauma.J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012; 73: 1093-1098View in ArticleScopus (31)PubMedCrossrefGoogle Scholar57.Lopez-Gonzalez L Pickens GT Washington R Weiss AJCharacteristics of medicaid and uninsured hospitalizations, 2012.Characteristics of Medicaid and Uninsured Hospitalizations, 2012 #182Location of patients' residence Place of residence is based on the urban-rural classification scheme for U.S. counties developed by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). For this Statistical Brief, we collapsed the NCHS categories into either urban or rural according to the following: Urban: Large Central Metropolitan: includes metropolitan areas with 1 million or more residents Large Fringe Metropolitan: includes counties of metropolitan areas with 1 million or more residents Medium and Small Metropolitan: includes areas with 50,000 to 999,999 residents. Rural: Micropolitan and Noncore: includes nonmetropolitan counties (i.e., counties with no town greater than 50,000 residents). Median community-level income Median community-level income is the median household income of the patient's ZIP Code of residence. The cut-offs for the quartile designation are determined using ZIP Code demographic data obtained from the Nielsen Company. The income quartile is missing for patients who are homeless or foreign. Payer Payer is the expected primary payer for the hospital stay. To make coding uniform across all HCUP data sources, payer combines detailed categories into general groups: Medicare: includes patients covered by fee-for-service and managed care Medicare Medicaid: includes patients covered by fee-for-service and managed care Medicaid Private Insurance: includes Blue Cross, commercial carriers, and private health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and preferred provider organizations (PPOs) Uninsured: includes an insurance status of self-pay and no charge Other: includes Worker's Compensation, TRICARE/CHAMPUS, CHAMPVA, Title V, and other government programs Hospital stays billed to the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) may be classified as Medicaid, Private Insurance, or Other, depending on the structure of the State program. Because most State data do not identify patients in SCHIP specifically, it is not possible to present this information separately. When more than one payer is listed for a hospital discharge, the first-listed payer is used. Patients covered by both Medicare and Medicaid with Medicare listed as the primary payer were excluded from this analysis. About HCUP The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP, pronounced "H-Cup") is a family of databases and related software tools and products developed through a Federal-State-Industry partnership and sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). HCUP databases bring together the data collection efforts of State data organizations, hospital associations, private data organizations, and the Federal government to create a national information resource of encounter-level data (HCUP Partners). HCUP includes the largest collection of longitudinal hospital care data in the United States, with all-payer, encounter-level information beginning in 1988. 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It considers how countries have used available health care resources to reduce the overall burden of CVD and diabetes, and it focuses on the variation in OECD health systems’ ability to convert health care inputs (such as expenditure) into health gains.https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/cardiovascular-disease-and-diabetes-policies-for-better-health-and-quality-of-care_9789264233010-enDate: June 17, 2015Date accessed: July 2, 2019View in ArticleGoogle Scholar75.Thomas K Ornstein CAmid opioid crisis, insurers restrict pricey, less addictive painkillers.Amid Opioid Crisis, Insurers Restrict Pricey, Less Addictive Painkillers (Published 2017)Drug companies and doctors have been accused of fueling the opioid crisis, but some question whether insurers have played a role, too.https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/17/health/opioid-painkillers-insurance-companies.htmlDate: Sept 17, 2017Date accessed: December 1, 2019View in ArticleGoogle Scholar76.Amos OWhy opioids are such an American problem.BBC, Oct 25, 2017Why opioids are such an American problemPeople in America take more opioids - such as morphine and codeine - than in any other country. 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Most of the original guidance remains the same, but limited changes have been made as a result of: (1) the Supreme Court's decision in US Airways, Inc. v. Barnett, 535 U.S., 122 S. Ct. 1516 (2002), and (2) the Commission's issuance of new regulations under section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act. The major changes in response to the Barnett decision are found on pages 4-5, 44-45, and 61-62. In addition, minor changes were made to certain footnotes and the Instructions for Investigators as a result of the Barnett decision and the new section 501 regulations. EFFECTIVE DATE: Upon receipt. EXPIRATION DATE: As an exception to EEOC Order 205.001, Appendix B, Attachment 4, . a(5), this Notice will remain in effect until rescinded or superseded. ORIGINATOR: ADA Division, Office of Legal Counsel. INSTRUCTIONS: File after Section 902 of Volume II of the Compliance Manual. Enforcement Guidance: Reasonable Accommodation and Undue Hardship Under the Americans with Disabilities Act Table of Contents INTRODUCTION GENERAL PRINCIPLES REQUESTING REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION AND JOB APPLICANTS REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION RELATED TO THE BENEFITS AND PRIVILEGES OF EMPLOYMENT TYPES OF REASONABLE ACCOMMODATIONS RELATED TO JOB PERFORMANCE JOB RESTRUCTURING LEAVE MODIFIED OR PART-TIME SCHEDULE MODIFIED WORKPLACE POLICIES REASSIGNMENT OTHER REASONABLE ACCOMMODATION ISSUES UNDUE HARDSHIP ISSUES BURDENS OF PROOF INSTRUCTIONS FOR INVESTIGATORS APPENDIX: RESOURCES FOR LOCATING REASONABLE ACCOMMODATIONS INDEX This Enforcement Guidance clarifies the rights and responsibilities of employers and individuals with disabilities regarding reasonable accommodation and undue hardship. Title I of the ADA requires an employer to provide reasonable accommodation to qualified individuals with disabilities who are employees or applicants for employment, except when such accommodation would cause an undue hardship. This Guidance sets forth an employer's legal obligations regarding reasonable accommodation; however, employers may provide more than the law requires. This Guidance examines what "reasonable accommodation" means and who is entitled to receive it. The Guidance addresses what constitutes a request for reasonable accommodation, the form and substance of the request, and an employer's ability to ask questions and seek documentation after a request has been made. The Guidance discusses reasonable accommodations applicable to the hiring process and to the benefits and privileges of employment. The Guidance also covers different types of reasonable accommodations related to job performance, including job restructuring, leave, modified or part-time schedules, modified workplace policies, and reassighttps://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/accommodation.html#leaveDate: 2002Date accessed: January 6, 2020View in ArticleGoogle Scholar82.Blinder V Eberle C Patil S Gany FM Bradley CJWomen with breast cancer who work for accommodating employers more likely to retain jobs after treatment.Health Aff. 2017; 36: 274-281View in ArticleScopus (41)CrossrefGoogle Scholar83.Aizer AA Falit B Mendu ML et al.Cancer-specific outcomes among young adults without health insurance.J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32: 2025-2030View in ArticleScopus (83)PubMedCrossrefGoogle Scholar84.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services AdministrationBehavioral health trends in the United States: results from the 2014 national survey on drug use and health.https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdfDate: Sept 10, 2015Date accessed: March 27, 2019View in ArticleGoogle Scholar85.National Institute of Mental HealthMental Illness.NIMH " Mental IllnessMental Illness Mental illnesses are common in the United States. Nearly one in five U.S. adults live with a mental illness (51.5 million in 2019). Mental illnesses include many different conditions that vary in degree of severity, ranging from mild to moderate to severe. Two broad categories can be used to describe these conditions: Any Mental Illness (AMI) and Serious Mental Illness (SMI). AMI encompasses all recognized mental illnesses. SMI is a smaller and more severe subset of AMI. Additional information on mental illnesses can be found on the NIMH Health Topics Pages . Definitions The data presented here are from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). For inclusion in NSDUH prevalence estimates, mental illnesses include those that are diagnosable currently or within the past year; of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV); and, exclude developmental and substance use disorders. Any Mental Illness Any mental illness (AMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder. AMI can vary in impact, ranging from no impairment to mild, moderate, and even severe impairment (e.g., individuals with serious mental illness as defined below). Serious Mental Illness Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined as a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. The burden of mental illnesses is particularly concentrated among those who experience disability due to SMI. Prevalence of Any Mental Illness (AMI) Figure 1 shows the past year prevalence of AMI among U.S. adults. In 2019, there were an estimated 51.5 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with AMI. This number represented 20.6% of all U.S. adults. The prevalence of AMI was higher among females (24.5%) than males (16.3%). Young adults aged 18-25 years had the highest prevalence of AMI (29.4%) compared to adults aged 26-49 years (25.0%) and aged 50 and older (14.1%). The prevalence of AMI was highest among the adults reporting two or more races (31.7%), followed by White adults (22.2%). The prevalence of AMI was lowest among Asian adults (14.4%). Figure 1 Past Year Prevalence of Any Mental Illness Among U.S. Adults (2019) Demographic Percent Overall 20.6 Sex Female 24.5 Male 16.3 Age 18-25 29.4 26-49 25.0 50+ 14.0 Race/Ethnicity Hispanic or Latino* 18.0 White 22.2 Black or African American 17.3 Asian 14.4 NH/OPI 16.6 AI/AN 18.7 2 or More 31.7 *Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; all other racial/ethnic groups are non-Hispanic. NH/OPI = Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander | AI/AN = American Indian / Alaskan Native Mental Health Services — AMI Figure 2 presents data on mental health services received within the past year by U.S. adults aged 18 or olhttps://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtmlDate: Nov, 2017Date accessed: June 8, 2018View in ArticleGoogle Scholar86.Firth J Kirzinger A Brodie MKaiser Health Tracking Poll: April 2016.Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: April 2016 - Substance Abuse and Mental HealthThe April Kaiser Health Tracking Poll examines public opinion on the severity of health problems in the U.S. and takes a closer look at attitudes towards current health problems; including access t…https://www.kff.org/report-section/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-april-2016-substance-abuse-and-mental-health/Date: April 28, 2016Date accessed: March 27, 2019View in ArticleGoogle Scholar87.National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)A Long Road Ahead: Achieving True Parity in Mental Health and Substance Use Care.NAMI, 2015https://www.nami.org/about-nami/publications-reports/public-policy-reports/a-long-road-ahead/2015-alongroadahead.pdfDate accessed: January 6, 2020View in ArticleGoogle ScholarUncited References64.Sommers BD Long SK Baicker KChanges in mortality after Massachusetts health care reform: a quasi-experimental study.Ann Intern Med. 2014; 160: 585-593Scopus (128)PubMedCrossrefGoogle Scholar65.Sommers BDState medicaid expansions and mortality, revisited: a cost-benefit analysis.Am J Health Econ. 2017; 3: 392-421Scopus (30)CrossrefGoogle Scholar66.Kronick RHealth insurance coverage and mortality revisited.Health Serv Res. 2009; 44: 1211-1231Scopus (38)PubMedCrossrefGoogle Scholar67.Franks PHealth insurance and mortality. Evidence from a national cohort.JAMA. 1993; 270: 737-741Scopus (259)PubMedCrossrefGoogle Scholar68.Sorlie PD Johnson NJ Backlund E Bradham DDMortality in the uninsured compared with that in persons with public and private health insurance.Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154: 2409-2416PubMedCrossrefGoogle ScholarArticle InfoPublication HistoryPublished: 15 February 2020IdentificationDOI: Improving the prognosis of health care in the USACopyright© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.ScienceDirectAccess this article on ScienceDirectLinked ArticlesThe effect of Medicare for All on rural hospitals – Authors' replyFull-Text PDFThe effect of Medicare for All on rural hospitalsFull-Text PDFRelated Specialty CollectionsThis article can be found in the following collections:Public Health