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Sustainable societies depend upon strong families.Nations that seek to remain economically and politically vital must reproduce themselves; children are most likely to thrive—socially, emotionally, and economically—when they enjoy the shelter and stability of an intact, married family; marriage is most beneficial for children when both parents are positively invested in their lives; and families are most likely to flourish when they can be built upon strong economic foundations. [1]These are ideals not absolutes. As in any distribution, there are always outliers: about 30% of children from abusive environments still grow up to be decent caring people—(most often because they had someone besides the parents who cared enough to try and be a good influence)—and there is always a percentage of kids from caring parents who go off the rails no matter what the parents try to do to save them. Some poor families are stronger family units than some who are economically more prosperous. Everyone doesn’t fit the pattern perfectly, still, it is an accepted maxim that: “Sustainable societies depend upon strong families.”What is a strong family?A strong and stable family is one which provides its members with different types of care and concern as needed and able. This helps develop strong bonds between family members who make the effort to understand and tolerate each others' differences. This can then be brought into society; tolerance of those who are different is a primary requirement for a peaceful society.A strong and stable family is resilient. Societies and individuals will always eventually face tough times. Emotional and spiritual (and on occasion financial) support from a strong family often translates to resilience which is key in helping the afflicted to persevere through and overcome difficulties. With family support, individuals can better deal with the discouragement and stress of such struggles. Society must progress economically in order to be successful and it needs resilient people to accomplish that.A strong and stable family supports the education of its children. Children are the future leaders of any society, and they are better able to become good leaders with education and training. If the parents are educated, they are best placed to educate their own children.Within a stable family, parents teach their children values and help them develop good character and a moral compass. This makes it more likely their children will become morally upright individuals who will not commit crimes since crime is detrimental to society. Moral values and good character among the individuals that compose a society determines if there is social stability and harmony in a society, which in turn, affects the economic and political progress of the society. Corruption is one of the single greatest factors in determining the peacefulness of a society.How does religion impact whether a family is strong?A systematic review of studies on religion and family concluded 81 percent of such studies show an 80 percent or more positive benefit from religious practice, 15 percent of the studies showed neutral effects, and 4 percent showed harm with 10 percent or less harm. [2][3]But the truth is there is more than one kind of religious practice, and one kind tends to promote personal, family and societal health and the other tends to have the opposite effect.According to the psychology of religion and most of sociology, there are two kinds of religious orientation/motivation. [4] [5]Extrinsic religion is a generally unhealthy kind of religion which sees religion as a means to self-serving ends. Religion is just a tool used to achieve other goals that are more important to the individual than religion itself. It is an “immature” faith that revolves around using religion for social support, personal comfort, power, influence, self-esteem and so on. (Tiliopoulos et al., 2007) This produces self-righteousness, judgmentalism, legalism, hypocrisy, prejudices, and can lead to extremisms.Intrinsic religion, on the other hand, is an end in itself. It is a “mature” form of religious feeling which serves as the main motivation for the individual’s way of life. These people are mainly encouraged by personal spiritual development and a deeper, more meaningful relationship with God. (Hills et al., 2004; Hunter & Merrill, 2013). This tends to produce moral character and behaviors such as those listed in the beatitudes and the “fruits of the spirit”.The negative effects of extrinsic religion on a societal scale are small, while the positive effects of intrinsic religion are measurably large.Intrinsic religious orientation is a protective factor against mental illness, while extrinsic religious orientation has been classified as a risk factor in regards with mental illness (Hunter & Merrill, 2013).In a study conducted to examine the relationship between religious orientation and mental health symptoms among students, extrinsic orientation emerged as the only significant predictor for hostility, anxiety and depression (Kuyel, Cesur, & Ellison, 2012).Three studies affirm intrinsic religiousness reduces both death-thoughts and helps manage terror when a person is facing death. (Hathaway &Pargament, 1990).General anxiety is a characteristic of extrinsics generally. In a set of findings on anxiety about death, extrinsics fared worst of all: worse than intrinsics and worse than those without religious beliefs.[6]Even acknowledging the difference between the effects of these different approaches to religion, it is still fair to say: The strength of the family unit is intertwined with the practice of religion.Healthy family dynamics and practices are influenced to a powerful degree by the presence or absence of intrinsic religious beliefs and practices.[7]Regular churchgoers are more likely to be married, less likely to be divorced or single, and more likely to manifest high levels of satisfaction in marriage. [8] [9][10]The centrality of stable married family life in avoiding such problems as crime,[11] illegitimacy,[12] and welfare[13] has become indisputable.Church attendance is the single most important predictor of marital stability and happiness.[14] [15] The Sex in America study published in 1995, conducted by sociologists from the University of Chicago and the State University of New York at Stonybrook, showed very high sexual satisfaction among "conservative" religious women. [16] [17] Black Protestants and white Catholics, who share similarly high church attendance rates, have been shown to have similarly low divorce rates.[18]A 1993 national survey of 3,300 men aged 20-39 found that those who switch partners most are those with no religious convictions.[19]The regular practice of religion helps poor persons move out of poverty. Regular church attendance, for example, is particularly instrumental in helping young people to move out of poverty.[20]Religious belief and practice contribute substantially to the formation of personal moral criteria and sound moral judgment.[21] Happiness is greater and psychological stress is lower for those who attend religious services regularly.[22]Intrinsic religion lowers the risk of a host of social problems involving adolescents, including suicide, drug abuse, single mother births, crime, and divorce. Intrinsic religious behavior is associated with reduced crime for adults as well. This has been known in the social science literature for over 20 years.[23][24] [25] [26] [27] [28]A systematic review of 100 studies revealed that religious beliefs and practices are associated with positive emotions, such as a sense of well-being, satisfaction with life, and happiness creating a strong correlation with limited unhealthy behavior, such as moderate alcohol consumption and a lower probability for smoking.(Koenig, McCullough,&Larson, 2001).Another study investigated the relations between spiritual well-being (SWB), intrinsic religiousness (IR), and suicidal behavior in war veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Veterans with high spiritual well-being, emotional well-being, religious well-being, and intrinsic religiousness were less suicidal. Veterans who had attempted suicide at least once in their lifetime, had significantly lower scores. (Mickley, Soeken,& Belcher, 1992).Intrinsic religion has beneficial effects on mental health producing less depression, more self-esteem, and greater happiness.[29] [30] [31]A large epidemiological study conducted by the University of California at Berkeley in 1971 found that the religiously committed had much less psychological distress than the uncommitted.[32] Rodney Stark, now of the University of Washington, found the same in a 1970 study: The higher the level of religious attendance, the less stress suffered when adversity had to be endured.[33] [34]Intrinsically religious individuals show important benefits in stress management (Park, Cohen, & Herb, 1990; Pollard & Bates, 2004).The relationship between uncontrollable stress and depression was positive for low intrinsic individuals, but negative for high intrinsic individuals (Crystal, Lawrence, & Lisa, 1990).In repairing damage caused by alcoholism, drug addiction, and marital breakdown, religious belief and practice are a major source of strength and recovery.[35]Intrinsic religiosity and spiritual well-being are associated with hope and positive mood states in elderly people coping with cancer (Fehring, Miller, & Shaw, 1997).Regular practice of religion is good for personal physical health: It increases longevity, improves one's chances of recovery from illness, and lessens the incidence of many killer diseases.[36] [37]Several studies have demonstrated that intrinsic religious orientation is associated with better physical and mental health (Smith, Richards, & Maglio, 2004; Masters et al., 2005; Salsman & Carlson, 2005).Intrinsic religious oriented people tend to have lower blood pressure reactivity to stress factors. (Powell, Shahabi, &Thoreson, 2003).In public health circles, the level of educational attainment is held to be the key demographic predictor of physical health. For over two decades, however, the level of religious practice has been shown convincingly to be equally important.[38] [39]Over the last decades, there has been systematic research in the relationship between religion and health, mainly among general population (Ironson et al., 2002; Margeti & Margeti, 2005; Peterman et al., 2002) and among special parts of the population, such as patients. (Brady et al., 1999; Fehring, Miller, & Shaw, 1997; Koenig, Pargament, & Nielsen, 1998).Religion can positively affect the promotion of healthy behavior (Hunter & Merrill, 2013; Turner-Musa&Wilsons, 2006) and diet. (Hart et al., 2004).Religious beliefs and practices seem to have a positive impact on illness prevention, better post-surgery recovery and other mental and physical disorders’ treatment. (Matthews et al., 1998).Other studies reveal a positive relation between religiousness and lower blood pressure. (Masters&Knestel,2011).Religiousness is a survival indicator for patients that undergo elective open-heart surgery. In addition,prayer seems to have a positive impact on hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease. (Masters & Knestel,2011; McCullough et al., 2000; Oxman, Freeman,&Manheimer, 1995).The comprehensive answer to the question Is religion good or bad for society? is yes—it is both—however the good is so much greater and the bad is so much less in weight, impact and overall amount, that the answer most reflective of a total reality must be that religion is an overall good.The practice of religion is good for individuals, families, states, and the nation. It improves health, learning, economic well-being, self-control, self-esteem, and empathy. It reduces the incidence of social pathologies, such as out-of-wedlock births, crime, delinquency, drug and alcohol addiction, health problems, anxieties, and prejudices.[40]Religion—on balance—is good for society.Footnotes[1] Strong Families, Sustainable Societies[2] http://Jeff S. Levin and Harold Y. Vanderpool, "Is Frequent Religious Attendance Really Conducive to Better Health?: Towards an Epidemiology of religion," Social Science Medicine, Vol. 24 (1987), pp. 589-600; David B. Larson, Kim A. Sherrill, John S. Lyons, Fred C. Craigie, S. B. Thielman, M. A. Greenwold, and Susan S. Larson, "Dimensions and Valences of Measures of Religious Commitment Found in the American Journal of Psychiatry and the Archives of General Psychiatry: 1978 through 1989," American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 149 (1978), pp. 557-559; Fred C. Craigie, Jr., David B. Larson, and Ingrid Y. Liu, "References to religion in The Journal of family Practice: Dimensions and Valence of Spirituality," The Journal of family Practice, Vol. 30 (1990), pp. 477-480.[3] Religion and mental health[4] http://Dean R. Hoge, "A Validated Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale," Journal for Scientific Study of religion, Vol. 11 (1972), pp. 369-376.[5] The New Indices of Religious Orientation Revised (NIROR): A Study among Canadian Adolescents Attending a Baptist Youth Mission and Service Event[6] http://Bergin, Masters, and Richards, "Religiousness and Mental Health Reconsidered: A Study of an Intrinsically Religious Sample."; Ann M. Downey, "Relationships of Religiosity to Death Anxiety of Middle-Aged Males," Psychological Reports, Vol. 54 (1984), pp. 811-822.[7] Why Religion Matters: The Impact of Religious Practice on Social Stability[8] http://Larson, Larson, and Gartner, "Families, Relationships and Health."[9] http://Wesley Shrum, "religion and Marital Instability: Change in the 1970s?" Review of Religious Research, Vol. 21 (1980), pp. 135-147.[10] http://David B. Larson: "Religious Involvement," in family Building, ed. G. E. Rekers (Ventura, Cal.: Regal, 1985), pp. 121-147.[11] http://Patrick F. Fagan, "The Real Root Causes of crime: The Breakdown of marriage, family, and Community," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1026, March 17, 1995.[12] http://Patrick F. Fagan, "Rising Illegitimacy: America's Social Catastrophe," Heritage Foundation F.Y.I. No. 19, June 1994. Robert Rector, "Combating family Disintegration, crime, and Dependence: welfare Reform and Beyond," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 983, April 1994.[13] http://Robert Rector, "Combatting family Disintegration, crime, and Dependence: welfare Reform and Beyond," Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1026, March 17, 1995.[14] http://See, for example, G. Burchinal, "Marital Satisfaction and Religious Behavior," American Sociological Review, Vol. 22 (January 1957), pp. 306-310.[15] http://Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Kolata, Sex in America: A Definitive Survey (Boston: Little Brown 1995), Chapter 6.[16] http://Robert T. Michael, John H. Gagnon, Edward O. Laumann, and Gina Kolata, Sex in America: A Definitive Survey (Boston: Little Brown 1995), Chapter 6.[17] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01926180600814684?src=recsys&journalCode=uaft20[18] http://Wesley Shrum, "religion and Marital Instability: Change in the 1970s?" Review of Religious Research, Vol. 21 (1980), pp. 135-147.[19] http://J. O. Billy, K. Tanfer, W. R. Grady, and D. H. Klepinger, "The Sexual Behavior of Men in the United States," family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 25 (1993), pp. 52-60.[20] http://Richard B. Freeman, "Who Escapes? The Relation of Church-Going and Other Background Factors to the Socio-Economic Performance of Black Male Youths from Inner-City poverty Tracts," Working Paper Series No. 1656, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985.[21] http://Allen E. Bergin, "Values and Religious issues in Psychotherapy and Mental Health," The American Psychologist, Vol. 46 (1991), pp. 394-403, esp. p. 401.[22] http://Larson and Larson, "The Forgotten Factor in Physical and Mental Health," p. 76.[23] http://Naida M. Parson and James K. Mikawa, "Incarceration and Nonincarceration of African-American Men Raised in Black Christian Churches," The Journal of Psychology, Vol. 125 (1990), pp. 163-173.[24] http://Achaempong Yaw Amoateng and Stephen J. Bahr, "religion, family, and Adolescent Drug Use," Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 29 (1986), pp. 53-73, and John K. Cochran, Leonard Beghley, and E. Wilbur Block, "Religiosity and Alcohol Behavior: An Exploration of Reference Group Therapy," Sociological Forum, Vol. 3 (1988), pp. 256-276.[25] http://Gartner, Larson, and Allen, "Religious Commitment and Mental Health: A Review of the Empirical Literature"; Steven R. Burkett and Mervin White, "Hellfire and Delinquency: Another Look," Journal for the Scientific Study of religion, Vol. 13 (1974), pp. 455-462; Deborah Hasin, Jean Endicott, and Collins Lewis, "Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Patients with Affective Syndromes," Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 26 (1985), pp. 283-295.[26] http://Orville S. Walters, "The Religious Background of Fifty Alcoholics," Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Vol. 18 (1957), pp. 405-413.[27] http://Ron D. Hays, Alan W. Stacy, Keith F. Widaman, M. Robin DiMatteo, and Ralph Downey, "Multistage Path Models of Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Use: A Reanalysis," Journal of Drug issues, Vol. 16 (1986), pp. 357-369; Hasin, Endicott, and Lewis, "Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Patients with Affective Syndromes"; Steven R. Burkett, "religion, Parental Influence and Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Use," Journal of Drug issues, Vol. 7 (1977), pp. 263-273; Lorch and Hughes, "religion and Youth Substance Use"; and Edward M. Adalf and Reginald G. Smart, "Drug Use and Religious Affiliation, Feelings and Behavior," British Journal of Addiction, Vol. 80 (1985), pp. 163-171.[28] http://Lester, "Religiosity and Personal Violence: A Regional Analysis of Suicide and Homicide Rates."[29] http://Steven Stack, "The Effect of the Decline in Institutionalized religion on Suicide, 1954-1978," Journal for the Scientific Study of religion, Vol. 22 (1983), pp. 239-252.[30] http://Loyd S. Wright, Christopher J. Frost, and Stephen J. Wisecarver, "Church Attendance, Meaningfulness of religion on, and Depressive Symptomology Among Adolescents," Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 22, No. 5 (1993), pp. 559-568.[31] http://David O. Moberg, "The Development of Social Indicators of Spiritual Well-Being for Quality of Life Research," in Spiritual Well-Being: Sociological Perspectives, ed. David O. Moberg (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1979).[32] http://Rodney Stark: "Psychopathology and Religious Commitment," Review of Religious Research, Vol. 12 (1971), pp. 165-176.[33] http:// R. W. Williams, D. B. Larson, R. E. Buckler, R. C. Heckman, and C. M. Pyle, "religion and Psychological Distress in a Community Sample," Social Science Medicine, Vol. 32 (1991), pp. 1257-1262.[34] http://R. W. Williams, D. B. Larson, R. E. Buckler, R. C. Heckman, and C. M. Pyle, "religion and Psychological Distress in a Community Sample," Social Science Medicine, Vol. 32 (1991), pp. 1257-1262.[35] http://Harsha N. Mookherjee, "Effects of Religiosity and Selected Variables on the Perception of Well-Being," The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 134, No. 3 (June 1994), pp. 403-405, reporting on a national sample General Social Survey of 1,481 adults aged 18-89.[36] http://David B. Larson and Susan S. Larson, "Does Religious Commitment Make a Clinical Difference in Health?" Second Opinion, Vol. 17 (July 1991), pp. 26-40.[37] http://David B. Larson, H. G. Koenig, B. H. Kaplan, R. S. Greenberg, E. Logue, and H. A. Tyroler, "The Impact of religion on Men's Blood Pressure," Journal of religion and Health, Vol. 28 (1989), pp. 265-278.[38] http://George W. Comstock and Kay B. Partridge, "Church Attendance and Health," Journal of Chronic Disease, Vol. 25 (1972), pp. 665-672; D. M. Zuckerman, S.V. Kasl, and A. M. Osterfield, "Psychosocial Predictors of Mortality Among the Elderly Poor," American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 119 (1984), pp. 410-423; J. S. House, C. Robins, and H. L. Metzner, "The Association of Social Relationships and Activities with Mortality: Prospective Evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study," American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 114 (1984), p. 129.[39] http://J. S. Levin and P. L. Schiller, "Is There a Religious Factor in Health?" Journal of religion and Health, Vol. 26 (1987), pp. 9-35.[40] Why Religion Matters: The Impact of Religious Practice on Social Stability

Names can be misleading.“Theory” in this case is simply meant to be the best explanation given the evidence for a set of known variables.MMT calls into question neoclassical assumptions about how economies work and because of this, MMT as an explanation of how sovereign economies work undermines years of research and understanding.Imagine learning neoclassical theories and dedicating your life to learning it. Then others come along and tell you that your understanding is mistaken. This is the source, IMO, of much of the contention from the orthodox schools of economics that MMT conflicts with.For those not familiar with MMT, it’s important to remember not to conflate MMT as a description of the economy with people who understand MMT and support certain prescriptive policies. For instance a person that understands and accepts MMT might support and even recommend a Job Guarantee. MMT as a theory has nothing to say about a Job Guarantee other than to evaluate potential results of the policy any more than physics, as an explanation of how objects interact, has anything to say about whether we should or should not construct a building, though a person that understand physics might support the creation of a building given potential desired outcomes.A few links to MMT sources for those serious about understanding.Think Tanks Publishing MMT Research:Center for Full Employment and Price Stability (www.cfeps.org)Jerome Levy Economics Institute (www.levyinstitute.org)Centre of Full Employment and Equity (http://e1.newcastle.edu.au/coffee/)Some Pages with Publications by Individual MMT Researchers:L. Randall WraySSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=55043 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=287Warren MoslerMoslerEconomics http://moslereconomics.com/mandatory-readings/ EPICoalition http://www.epicoalition.org/papers_current.htmStephanie KeltonSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=96846 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=362Mathew ForstaterSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=57674 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=92Scott FullwilerSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=444041Eric TymoigneSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=361251 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=326Pavlina TchernevaSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=450541 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=431Jan KregelSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=47062 Levy Institute http://www.levyinstitute.org/publications/?auth=151Bill MitchellCofFEE http://e1.newcastle.edu.au/coffee/publications.cfmBill BlackSSRN http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=658251Books Published by MMTers:Wray, L. Randall. Modern money theory: A primer on macroeconomics for sovereign monetary systems. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.Wray, L. Randall, Theories of Money and Banking Volume 1, Edward Elgar Publising, 2013Wray, L. Randall. Understanding modern money. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.Wray, L. Randall. Money and credit in capitalist economies: the endogenous money approach. Edward Elgar Publishing, 1990.Wray, Larry Randall, and Alfred Mitchell Innes, eds. Credit and state theories of money: The contributions of A. Mitchell Innes. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004.Mosler, Warren. Soft Currency Economics. 1994Michael J. Murray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), 2013, The Job Guarantee: Toward True Full Employment, New York: Palgrave Macmillian.Michael J. Murray and Mathew Forstater (eds.), 2013, Employment Guarantee Schemes: Job Creation and Policy in Developing Countries and Emerging Markets, New York: Palgrave Macmillian.Eric Tymoigne and L. Randall Wray (2014) The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism: Hyman P. Minsky’s Half Century. London: Routledge.Mosler, Warren. Seven Deadly Innocent Frauds of Economic Policy. Davin Patton, 2010.Kelton, Stephanie. The State, the Market and the Euro: Chartalism versus Metallism in the Theory of Money. Eds. Stephanie A. Bell, and Edward John Nell. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.Black, William, The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One: How Corporate Executives and Politicians Looted the S&L Industry, University of Texas Press, 2005.Mitchell, William, and Joan Muysken, Full employment abandoned: shifting sands and policy failures, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008.Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva (eds.) Full Employment and Price Stability: The Macroeconomic Vision of William S. Vickrey Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2004.Edward J. Nell and Mathew Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Aaron Warner, Mathew Forstater, and Sumner Rosen (eds.) Commitment to Full Employment, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2000.Eric Tymoigne Central Banking, Asset Prices and Financial Fragility, London: Routledge, 2009. [I*]Some Important MMT-Related Papers Published in Journals, as Chapters in Books, and/or as Working Papers and ReportsOn MMT itself:Fullwiler, Scott, Stephanie Kelton, and L. Randall Wray. “Modern Money Theory: A Response to Critics.” Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper 279 (2012).Fullwiler, Scott. “Modern Monetary Theory-A Primer on the Operational Realities of the Monetary System.” Available at SSRN 1723198 (2010).Mathew Forstater, “Lerner, Abba Ptachya (1903-1982)” in Ross B. Emmett (ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of American Economists, London: Thoemmes/Continuum, 2006Tymoigne, Eric and L. Randall Wray “Modern Money Theory 101: A Reply to Critics.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College WP 778 (2013).Money:Bell, Stephanie. “The role of the state and the hierarchy of money.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 25.2 (2001): 149-163.Bell, Stephanie. “The hierarchy of money.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College WP 231 (1998).Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative approaches to money.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 11.1 (2010): 29-49.Wray, L. Randall. Introduction to an alternative history of money. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. WP_717. 2012.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Chartalism and the tax-driven approach to money.” A Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics 69 (2006).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The Nature, Origins, and Role of Money: Broad and Specific Propositions and Their Implications for Policy.” Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, Kansas City, MO, Working Papers 46 (2005).Forstater, Mathew. “Taxation and primitive accumulation: the case of colonial Africa.” Research in Political Economy 22 (2005): 51-64.Wray, L. Randall. “A Meme for Money.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Papers 736 (2012).Mathew Forstater, “Tax-Driven Money,” in M. Setterfield, ed., Complexity, Endogenous Money, and Exogenous Interest Rates, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2005.Warren Mosler and Mathew Forstater, “A General Framework for the Analysis of Currencies and Commodities” , in Paul Davidson and Jan Kregel (eds.): Full Employment and Price Stability in the Global Economy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999.Inflation:The topic of inflation appears in many other works as part of larger discussions. Rather than repeat all of those works here, they have been marked with [I*] elsewhere in this list to denote that they provide significant discussion on inflation. Inflation specific works are listed below.Papadimitriou, Dimitri and L. Randall Wray. “Targeting Inflation” No. 27. Public Policy Brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1996.Fullwiler, Scott and Geoffrey Allen, “Can the Fed Target Inflation? Toward and Institutionalist Approach.” Journal of Economic Issues, XLI, No 2 (2007): 485-494.Job Guarantee/Full Employment:Mitchell, William, and L. Randall Wray. “In defense of employer of last resort: a response to Malcolm Sawyer.” Journal of Economic Issues 39.1 (2005): 235-244.[I*]Wray, L. Randall. “The employer of last resort programme: could it work for developing countries?”. International Labour Organization, 2007.Wray, L. Randall. “Zero unemployment and stable prices.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 539-545.Tcherneva, Pavlina, and L. Randall Wray. “Gender and the Job Guarantee: The impact of Argentina’s Jefes program on female heads of poor households.”Kansas City: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina, and L. Randall Wray. “Employer of Last Resort: A Case Study of Argentina’s Jefes Program.” Available at SSRN 1010145 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Permanent on-the-spot job creation—the missing Keynes Plan for full employment and economic transformation.” Review of Social Economy 70.1 (2012): 57-80.Tcherneva, Pavlina. “Job or income guarantee?.” Centre for Full Employment and Price Stability Working Paper (2003).Tcherneva, Pavlina R., and L. Randall Wray. “Common Goals-Different Solutions: Can Basic Income and Job Guaranteed Deliver Their Own Problems.”Rutgers JL & Urb. Pol’y 2 (2005): 125.Tcherneva, Pavlina. “The art of job creation: promises and problems of the Argentinean experience.” Special Report 5.03 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R., and L. Randall Wray. “Is Jefes de Hogar an Employer of Last Resort program?. An assessment of Argentina’s ability to deliver the promise of full employment and price stability.” C-FEPS Working Paper 43 (2005).Tcherneva, Pavlina R. Keynes’s approach to full employment: aggregate or targeted demand?. No. 542. Working papers//The Levy Economics Institute, 2008.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The Job Guarantee: Delivering the Benefits That Basic Income Only Promises–A Response to Guy Standing.” Basic Income Studies7.2 (2013): 66-87.Tchnerva, Pavlina R. “Inflationary and Distributional Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies: An Augmented Minskyan-Kaleckian Model.” No. 706. Working Papers//The Levy Economics Institute, 2012. [I*]Fullwiler, Scott. “The Costs and Benefits of a Job Guarantee: Estimates from a Multi-Country Econometric Model.” Available at SSRN 2194960 (2012).Mitchell, William, and Joan Muysken. “Full employment abandoned: shifting sands and policy failures.” International Journal of Public Policy 5.4 (2010): 295-313.Mitchell, William F., and Joan Muysken. “The myth of employment enhancing flexible labour markets.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2010.Welters, Riccardo, and William F. Mitchell. “Locked-in casual employment.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2009.Mitchell, William F. “The job guarantee and inflation control.” Economic and Labour Relations Review 12 (2001): 10-25. [I*]Mitchell, William F. “The buffer stock employment model and the NAIRU: The path to full employment.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 547-555. [I*]Mitchell, William F., and Warren B. Mosler. “Fiscal policy and the job guarantee.” Previous issue date: 2004-05-19T10: 21: 54Z (2004).Allen, Emma, et al. “The job guarantee in practice.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2006.Forstater, Mathew. “Flexible full employment: structural implications of discretionary public sector employment.” Journal of Economic Issues 32.2 (1998): 557-563.Forstater, Mathew. “Functional finance and full employment: lessons from Lerner for today.” The Jerome Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 272 (1999).Forstater, Mathew. “Public employment and economic flexibility: The job opportunity approach to full employment.” No. 50. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1999.Forstater, Mathew. “Public employment and environmental sustainability.”Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.3 (2003): 385-406.Scott Fullwiler. 2007. “Macroeconomic Stabilization through an Employer of Last Resort.” Journal of Economic Issues (March). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1722991 [I*]William Mitchell and Anthea Bill. 2005. “A Spatial Econometric Analysis of the Irreversibility of Long-Term Unemployment in Australia.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 05-05.William Mitchell, Jenny Myers, and James Juniper. 2005. “The Dynamics of Job Creation and Destruction in Australia.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 05-13.William Mitchell. 2013. “Full Employment Abandoned–The Triumph of Ideology Over Evidence.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 02-13.William Mitchell. 2000. “The Job Guarantee and Inflation Control.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 00-01. [I*]William Mitchell and Joan Muysken. 2008. “Full Employment Abandoned–Shifting Sands and Policy Failures.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 08-01.William Mitchell and Joan Muysken. 2007. “Full Employment Does Not Mean Low Unemployment.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 07-07.Victor Quirk, et al. 2006. “The Job Guarantee in Practice.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 06-15Warren Mosler, “Full Employment and Price Stability.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 20, No. 2, Winter 1997-98Mathew Forstater, “Reply to Malcolm Sawyer,” Journal of Economic Issues. Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 245-255, 2005. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Jobs and Freedom Now! Functional Finance,Full Employment, and the Freedom Budget”, Review of Black Political Economy, January, 2012.Mathew Forstater, “From Civil Rights to Economic Security: Bayard Rustin and the African American Struggle for Full Employment, 1945-1978” International Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2007.Mathew Forstater, “Green Jobs: Public Service Employment and Environmental Sustainability” Challenge Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 58-72, 2006.Mathew Forstater, “The Case for an Environmentally Sustainable Jobs Program,” Policy Note 2005/1, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2005.Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva, “Introduction” in Mathew Forstater and Pavlina Tcherneva (eds.) Full Employment and Price Stability: The Macroeconomic Vision of William S. Vickrey,Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2004. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “‘Jobs for All’: A Fitting Tribute to the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” in D. Menkart, A. D. Murray, and J. L. View (eds.) Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching, Washington, D.C.: Teaching for Change and Poverty & Race Research Action Council, 2004.Mathew Forstater, “Green Jobs: Addressing the Critical Issues Surrounding the Environment, Workplace and Employment,” Int. J. Environment, Workplace and Employment, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 53-61, 2004Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Social Justice,” in D. P. Champlin and J. T. Knoedler (eds.) The Institutionalist Tradition in Labor Economics, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.Mathew Forstater, “Functional Finance and Full Employment: Lessons from Lerner for Today,” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Public Employment and Environmental Sustainability,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 385-406, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Unemployment,” in The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics, John King (ed.), Edward Elgar, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Environmental Sustainability” in Ellen Carlson and William Mitchell (eds.) The Urgency of Full Employment The Centre for Applied Economic Research, University of New South Wales Press.Mathew Forstater, “‘Jobs for All’: Another Dream of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Forum for Social Economics, Vol. 31, No. 2, Spring, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment Policies Must Consider Effective Demand and Structural and Technological Change,” in A Post Keynesian Perspective on Twenty-First Century Economic Problems, Paul Davidson (ed.), Edward Elgar, 2002.Mathew Forstater, “Savings-Recycling Public Employment: Vickrey’s Assets-Based Approach to Full Employment and Price Stability,” in A. Warner, M. Forstater, and S. Rosen (eds.): Commitment to Full Employment, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Full Employment and Economic Flexibility”in Ellen Carlson and William F. Mitchell (eds.) The Path to Full Employment and Equity Economic and Labour Relations Review, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Savings-Recycling Public Employment: An Assets-Based Approach to Full Employment and Price Stability,” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 22, Spring, pp. 437-450, 2000. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Robert Eisner’s Common-Sense Commitment to Full Employment and Activist Fiscal Policy,” Journal of Economic Issues, 33, June, 1999.Mathew Forstater, “Functional Finance and Full Employment: Lessons from Lerner for Today,” Journal of Economic Issues, 33, June, 1999.Mathew Forstater, “Public Employment and Economic Flexibility,” Policy Brief No. 50, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, February, 1999. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Institutionalist Approaches to Full Employment Policies,” Journal of Economic Issues, 32, December, pp. 1135-1139, 1998.Mathew Forstater, “Flexible Full Employment: Structural Implications of Discretionary Public Sector Employment,” Journal of Economic Issues, 32, June, pp. 557-564, 1998.Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, L. Randall Wray, and Mathew Forstater, “Toward Full Employment Without Inflation: The Job Opportunity Program,” Report, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 7-12, 1998. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Selective Use of Discretionary Public Employment and Economic Flexibility,” Working Paper No. 218, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, December, 1997.Inequality:Tcherneva, “Reorienting Fiscal Policy: A Bottom up Approach”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, September, 2014 (forthcoming)Tcherneva, P. ““The Role of Fiscal Policy: Lessons from Stabilization Efforts in the U.S. During the Great Recession,”International Journal of Political Economy, Spring 2012, 41(2): 5-26.”Tcherneva, P. “Inflationary and Distributional Effects of Alternative Fiscal Policies: An Augmented Minskian-Kaleckian Model.”, Working Paper #706, Levy Economics Institute, Annandale-on-Hudson, February 2012.Minsky:Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., and L. Randall Wray. “The economic contributions of Hyman Minsky: varieties of capitalism and institutional reform.” Review of Political Economy 10.2 (1998): 199-225.Papadimitriou, Dimitri B., and L. Randall Wray. Minsky’s Analysis of Financial Capitalism. Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Bard College, 1999.Wray, L. Randall, and Eric Tymoigne. “Macroeconomics meets Hyman P. Minsky: The financial theory of investment.” (2008).Wray, L. Randall. “Minsky’s approach to employment policy and poverty: employer of last resort and the war on poverty.” (2007).Eric Tymoigne (2011)“Engineering Pyramid Ponzi Finance: The Evolution of Private Finance from 1970–2008 and Implications for Regulation.” In J. Leclaire, T.-H. Jo, and J. Knodell (eds.) Heterodox Analysis of Financial Crisis and Reform. 2011.Eric Tymoigne (2010) “Minsky and Economic Policy: ‘Keynesianism’ all over again?” In Papadimitriou, D. and L.R. Wray (eds.), The Elgar Companion to Hyman P. Minsky. Northampton: Edward Elgar.Eric Tymoigne (2007) “A Hard-Nosed Look at Worsening U.S. Household Finance.” Challenge, 50 (4), July-August 2007: 88-111Money Manager Capitalism:Wray, L. Randall. “The rise and fall of money manager capitalism: a Minskian approach.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 33.4 (2009): 807-828.Minsky, Hyman P., and L. Randall Wray. Securitization. No. 08-2. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2008.Wray, L. Randall. The commodities market bubble: money manager capitalism and the financialization of commodities. No. 96. Public policy brief//Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2008.Wray, L. Randall. Money manager capitalism and the global financial crisis. No. 578. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2009.Wray, L. Randall. “Saving, profits, and speculation in capitalist economies.”Journal of Economic Issues 25.4 (1991): 951-975.Mitchell, William F. “A Modern Monetary Perspective on the Crisis and a Reform Agenda.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2009.Tymoigne, Éric. “Detecting Ponzi finance: An evolutionary approach to the measure of financial fragility.” (2010).Social Security/Healthcare:Bell, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “Financial aspects of the social security” problem”.” Journal of Economic Issues (2000): 357-364.Kelton, Stephanie. “An Introduction to the Health Care Crisis in America: How Did We Get Here?.” Special Series on Health Care. Kansas City, Mo.: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability. September (2007).Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “Are Rising Health Care Costs Reducing US Global Competitiveness?” Working paper. Kansas City, Mo.: Center for Full Employment and Price Stability. March, 2008.Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “The Business Sector’s Response to Rising Health Care Costs: Implications for a Demand-Driven Economy.” Center for Full Employment and Price Stability: University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO(2008).Semenova, Alla, and Stephanie Kelton. “Health Care Reform, Universal Coverage and Financial “Basics” A Functional Finance Perspective August 2008.” (2008).Galbraith, James K., L. Randall Wray, and Warren Mosler. “The case against intergenerational accounting: The accounting campaign against social security and Medicare.” No. 98. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2009.William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2005. “Essential elements of a modern monetary economy with applications to social security privatisation and the intergenerational debate.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 05-01.William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2003. “The Intergenerational Report–Myths and Solutions.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 03-10.Banking/Finance:Wray, L. Randall. “Lessons from the subprime meltdown.” Challenge 51.2 (2008): 40-68.Wray, L. Randall. “Commercial banks, the central bank, and endogenous money.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 14.3 (1992): 297-310.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “The global financial crisis and the shift to shadow banking.” No. 587. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2010.Minsky, Hyman P., et al. “Community development banking: A proposal to establish a nationwide system of community development banks.” No. 3. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 1993.Wray, L. Randall. “What do banks do? What should banks do?” No. 612. Working paper, Levy Economics Institute, 2010.Central Banking:Bell, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “Fiscal effects on reserves and the independence of the Fed.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 25.2 (2003): 263-272.Bell-Kelton, Stephanie. “Behind closed doors. The political economy of central banking in the United States.” International Journal of Political Economy 35.1 (2006): 5-23.Wray, L. Randall. “A Post Keynesian view of central bank independence, policy targets, and the rules versus discretion debate.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 30.1 (2007): 119-141.Wray, L. Randall. “The Fed and the New Monetary Consensus: The case for rate hikes, part two.” No. 80. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2004.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “Bernanke’s paradox: can he reconcile his position on the federal budget with his recent charge to prevent deflation?.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 33.3 (2011): 411-434.Fullwiler, Scott, and L. Randall Wray. “Quantitative easing and proposals for reform of monetary policy operations.” Bard College Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 645 (2010).Fullwiler, Scott T. “An endogenous money perspective on the post-crisis monetary policy debate.” Review of Keynesian Economics 1.2 (2013): 171-194.Fullwiler, Scott. “Treasury Debt Operations: An Analysis Integrating Social Fabric Matrix and Social Accounting Matrix Methodologies.” Available at SSRN 1825303 (2011).Fullwiler, Scott T. “The Social Fabric Matrix Approach to Central Bank Operations: An Application to the Federal Reserve and the Recent Financial Crisis.” Institutional Analysis and Praxis. Springer New York, 2009. 123-169.Scott Fullwiler. 2008. “Modern Central Bank Operations–The General Principles” Available at SSRN 1658232Scott Fullwiler. 2005. “Paying Interest on Reserve Balances–It’s More Significant than You Think.” Journal of Economic Issues (June). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1723589Scott Fullwiler. 2003. “Timeliness and the Fed’s Daily Tactics.” Journal of Economic Issues (December)Government Spending/Debt/Deficits:Bell, Stephanie. “Do taxes and bonds finance government spending?.” Journal of Economic Issues (2000): 603-620.Kelton, Stephanie, and L. Randall Wray. “What a long, strange trip it’s been: Can we muddle through without fiscal policy?.” Post-Keynesian Principles of Economic Policy (2006): 101-119.Kelton, Stephanie. “Limitations of the government budget constraint: Users vs. issuers of the currency.” Panoeconomicus 58.1 (2011): 57-66.Wray, L. Randall. “A Keynesian presentation of the relations among government deficits, investment, saving, and growth.” Journal of Economic Issues 23.4 (1989): 977-1002.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “Does Excessive Sovereign Debt Really Hurt Growth? A Critique of’This Time is Different’, by Reinhart and Rogoff.” A Critique of’This Time is Different’, by Reinhart and Rogoff (June 21, 2010). The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper 603 (2013).Wray, L. Randall. “Deficits, inflation, and monetary policy.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 19.4 (1997): 543-571.Nersisyan, Yeva, and L. Randall Wray. “Deficit hysteria redux? Why we should stop worrying about US government deficits.” No. 111. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2010.Tcherneva, Pavlina R. “The return of fiscal policy: can the new developments in the new economic consensus be reconciled with the Post-Keynesian view?.”Levy Economics Institute, Working Papers Series (2008).Fullwiler, Scott. “Functional Finance and the Debt Ratio.” Available at SSRN 2196482 (2012).Fullwiler, Scott. “What If the Government Just Prints Money?.” Available at SSRN 1731625 (2009).Fullwiler, Scott. “Helicopter Drops are FISCAL Operations.” Available at SSRN 1725026 (2010).William Mitchell and Warren Mosler. 2002. “Public Debt Management and Australia’s Macroeconomic Priorities.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 02-13.James Juniper and William Mitchell. 2008. “There Is No Financial Crisis So Deep That It Cannot Be Dealt with by Public Spending.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 08-10.William Mitchell. 2007. “Econometrics, Realism, and Policy in Post Keynesian Economics.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper No. 07-02Mathew Forstater, “Taxation and Primitive Accumulation: The Case of Colonial Africa,” Research in Political Economy, Vol. 22, pp. 51-64, 2005.Mathew Forstater, “Preface” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Toward a New Instrumental Macroeconomics,” in E. J. Nell and M. Forstater (eds.): Reinventing Functional Finance, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar, 2003. [I*]Mathew Forstater, “Bond Sales,” in Cynthia Northrup (ed.) History of U.S. Economic Policy, 1600s-2000: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 30, ABC-Clio, 2003.Fadhel Kaboub and Mathew Forstater, “Government Budgets,” in Cynthia Northrup (ed.) History of U.S. Economic Policy, 1600s-2000: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 134, ABC-Clio, 2003.Mathew Forstater, “Toward a New Instrumental Macroeconomics: Abba Lerner and Adolph Lowe on Economic Method, Theory, History and Policy,” Working Paper No. 254, The Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, October 1998. [I*]Poverty:Bell, Stephanie A., and L. Randall Wray. “The war on poverty after 40 years: A Minskyan assessment.” No. 78. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2004.Fullwiler, Scott T., and Susan Meyeraan. “Confronting Poverty with Jobs and Job Training: A Northeast Iowa Case Study.” Journal of Economic Issues 44.4 (2010): 1073-1084.The Euro:Kelton, Stephanie A., and L. Randall Wray. “Can Euroland Survive?” No. 106. Public policy brief at Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, 2009.Pilkington, Philip, and Warren Mosler. “Tax-backed Bonds–A National Solution to the European Debt Crisis.” No. 12-04. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2012.Wray, L. Randall. “The euro crisis and the job guarantee: A proposal for Ireland.” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Working Paper 707 (2012).Mathew Forstater, “The European Economic and Monetary Union: Introduction,” Eastern Economic Journal, 25, April. 1999.Interest Rates:Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative theories of the rate of interest.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 16.1 (1992): 69-89.Wray, L. Randall. “Alternative approaches to money and interest rates.” Journal of Economic Issues 26.4 (1992): 1145-1178.Wray, L. Randall. “When are interest rates exogenous? Complexity, Endogenous Money and macroeconomic Theory: Essays in Honour of Basil J. Moore”, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (2006).Forstater, Mathew, and Warren Mosler. “The natural rate of interest is zero.”Journal of Economic Issues (2005): 535-542.Scott Fullwiler. 2007. “Interest Rates and Fiscal Sustainability.” Journal of Economic Issues (December). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1722986Scott Fullwiler. 2006. “Setting Interest Rates in the Modern Money Era.” Journal of Post Keynesian Economics (Spring). Working Paper version available at SSRN 1723591Economic Geography:Mitchell, William, and Martin Watts. “Identifying functional regions in Australia using hierarchical aggregation techniques.” Geographical Research 48.1 (2010): 24-41.Mitchell, William F., and Robert Stimson. “Creating a new geography of functional economic regions to analyse aspects of labour market performance in Australia.” Ed. P. Dalziel. Centre of Full Employment and Equity, University of Newcastle, 2010.Mitchell, William. “Exploring Regional Disparities in Employment Growth.” Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.William Mitchell and James Juniper. 2005. “Towards A Spatial Keynesian Economics.” Centre of Full Employment and Equity Working Paper no. 05-09.External Sector:Wray, L. Randall. “Twin Deficits and Sustainability.” No. 06-3. Levy Economics Institute, The, 2006.Wray, L. Randall. “Imbalances? What Imbalances?” Levy Economics Institute, The, 2012.Videos:Stephanie Kelton Nov 2013Warren Mosler at Occupy Dallas June 2012Link to source for the collection of all the links above

A couple of illustrative examples on how personality and cultural, social or economic pressures influence the acceptance of once-scorned medical treatments.Personality and cultural mores: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis became a 19th century pioneer of the scientific method in medicine in the process of discovering the out-sized value of the aseptic method (hygiene) when examining a patient. Obviously the norm today, the medical community of his time was averse to his recommendations, eventual acceptance needing the subsequent discovery of microbes, the agents responsible for infectious (contagious) diseases.Social and economic pressures: Maggot therapy - Wikipedia is slowly regaining acceptance in clinical wound management as limitations imposed by rampant antibiotic resistance inadvertently create an environment receptive to what would otherwise be considered a retrograde practice by a modern medicine increasingly reliant on high tech solutions.The Case of Semmelweis: When being avant-garde became a career-ending millstoneHospital births are the norm today across much of the developed world and yet merely a blink of the eye in the past, in the mid-19th century, childbed (puerperal) fever or Postpartum infections - Wikipedia prevailed at such epidemic proportions across much of Europe that maternal mortality rates were far lower in home births and sky high in hospital deliveries.While the scientific record suggests Oliver Wendell Holmes (1), the Finnish doctor Carl Robert Ehrström - Wikipedia (2) as well as the Scottish obstetrician Alexander Gordon (physician) - Wikipedia # independently realized the importance of aseptic procedures in reducing childbed fever risk, Semmelweis' contribution was monumental, being a trailblazer in using the scientific method to help clearly link sterility to reduced risk of contagious disease (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12).As a 28 year old assistant professor at the Vienna Lying-in Hospital in 1847, Semmelweis noticed a conspicuous difference in childbed fever deaths in its two obstetric wards.Ward 1, where medical students trained in obstetrics, had maternal mortality rates of 9.9% (sometimes even as high as ~30%) while Ward 2, where midwives trained in obstetrics, had rates as low as ~4%.Medical students would examine expectant mothers directly after performing an autopsy or after examining a patient's infected wound, wearing the same soiled and blood-spattered coats. On the other hand, the mid-wives placed a premium on personal cleanliness.After cutting himself during a dissection, Jakob Kolletschka - Wikipedia, one of Semmelweis' colleagues, died from symptoms and pathology eerily similar to those of Ward 1 mothers. This observation apparently spurred Semmelweis to suspect the cause of death in such cases to be the transfer of something from some cadavers – something he called 'putrid particles'.Thus, in May 1847, Semmelweis directed his medical students to wash their hands, specifically to scrub with soap and warm water then wash in lime chloride solution until their hands were slippery before entering Ward 1. He also instructed them to likewise disinfect all the equipment and materials likely to come in contact with the mothers' birth canals.One year later, Ward 1 maternal mortality rate declined to ~3% and even lower to ~1% the following year.Semmelweis even showed that rabbits brushed with autopsy material discharge died from infection with pathology similar to those seen in Ward 1 mortalities.Copious and impressive empirical data notwithstanding, Semmelweis got nowhere with his Vienna superiors.Pasteur and the discovery of microbes in general and the discovery of Streptococcus specifically (major cause of childbed fever) were decades away. Miasma or 'bad air' was the reigning theory for spread of contagious diseases, despite being unable to explain mortality rate differences between the two wards, which shared the same air.No scientific understanding of disease causation, no rigorous analytical methods, no reliance on pathology to characterize the specific appearance of a given disease, such were the prevailing norms.Considered alienating, difficult and non-diplomatic by his colleagues didn't help Semmelweis' cause either and neither did his waiting 13 years to publish his treatise with its voluminous supporting data.Repeatedly denied promotions in Vienna, Semmelweis returned to Budapest a disappointed even broken man to lecture on obstetrics, dying shortly thereafter following what appears to be a total nervous breakdown.Yet Semmelweis' insight was remarkably astute, which is why it has stood the test of time (below from 4, emphasis mine),“Without any knowledge of microbiology, which was then not taught in medical schools anywhere in the world, Semmelweis correctly reasoned that an open wound of the skin permitted transmission of the fatal poison. By the time of his important publication of 1861 Semmelweis, without histological aids, had rightly concluded that invisible animal matter was the source of the difficulty.”Modern graphical representations of Semmelweis' impressive datasets only add luster to his outstanding scientific ability (below from 13, 14).Maggot Therapy: Using Insect Larvae For Wound HealingImagine maggots feasting on your rotting flesh. A skin crawling vision* (below from 15, 16) and yet many studies suggest larvae of the greenbottle blowfly (Lucilia sericata) efficiently clean out chronic deep wounds.*figures below not recommended for the squeamish.Maggot therapy for wound debridement is reported to have been prevalent in ancient cultures from Australian Aboriginals (the Ngemba tribe) to Central American Mayans and is even mentioned in the Old Testament (17).It had a brief heyday in war medicine in Europe after observant French surgeons such as Ambroise Paré - Wikipedia in the 16th century and Dominique Jean Larrey - Wikipedia in the 18th century clinically observed its effectiveness in cleaning out dead tissue while not harming healthy tissue, even helping it along in fact.In the modern era, it had a brief early 20th century flare (triggered by Johns Hopkins orthopedic surgeon William Baer in 1929, 18) and then a prolonged post-antibiotic slump.However, antibiotic resistance increased hand-in-hand with antibiotic use, setting the stage for maggot therapy's comeback by the 1980s, with its official comeback in clinical medicine dating to 2004 when the FDA approved it as a medical device for a wide range of wound debridement applications (below from 19, 20).Individuals such as Ronald Sherman and Edward Pechter in the US, and John Church and Stephen Thomas in the UK helped revive maggot therapy (17). As rates of chronic diseases such as diabetes skyrocket, chronic deep tissue wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers are an increasing health burden, with ~70000 annual amputations from diabetes-related complications in the US alone. Wound bed preparation is an important part of chronic wound management where wound debridement (21)Removes dead and damaged tissue from a trauma or infection-associated site to expose the underlying healthy tissue.Reduces local inflammation and influx of leukocytes, conditions favorable for harmful bacterial growth.Restores normal tissue physiology including wound healing, tissue remodeling, and cell turnover.Restores normal skin-associated microbiota.Maggots devouring open, chronic wounds (below from 22)Clear out dead/damaged tissue by secreting powerful digestive enzymes. Healthy tissue is in no danger since it automatically neutralizes these enzymes on contact.Rid of damaged tissue-associated pathogenic bacteria/biofilms by secreting powerful anti-bacterial peptides locally as well as by increasing local pH by secreting sodium bicarbonate, which inhibits bacterial growth.Secrete growth factors locally that help initiate and sustain wound healing, and support local tissue regeneration.Even as companies such as BioMonde in Europe supply larvae for clinical use and as a meta-analysis of multiple studies suggests maggot therapy may be far more economical compared to conventional clinical wound management (23), mainstream clinical use remains stymied by lack of good data – clinical trials too few, small in size, sub-optimally designed.Nevertheless, in recent years, thousands of medical institutions in at least 30 countries have started offering maggot therapy and at least 12 labs in 20 countries supply the maggots. Pervasive antibiotic resistance and unmet need in chronic diseases, and in disaster and emergency medicine have revived a place for maggot therapy in the modern medicine tool-kit.# noteworthy for an extraordinary and bizarre personal statement (cry for help?) by a Wikipedia editor on this page.Bibliography1. Lane, Hilary J., Nava Blum, and Elizabeth Fee. "Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–1894) and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865): preventing the transmission of puerperal fever." American journal of public health 100.6 (2010): 1008. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–1894) and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865): Preventing the Transmission of Puerperal Fever2. Turunen, Aarno. "CR Ehrström, the Finnish predecessor of Ignaz Semmelweis, the defeater of puerperal fever." Centaurus 12.3 (1968): 197-201.3. Semmelweis, I. P. "A corner of history. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis." Preventive medicine 3.4 (1974): 574.4. Wangensteen, Owen Harding, and Sarah D. Wangensteen. "The rise of surgery: from empiric craft to scientific discipline." (1978).5. Carter, K. Codell. "Semmelweis and his predecessors." Medical history 25.1 (1981): 57-72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1138986/pdf/medhist00092-0065.pdf6. Wykticky, Helmut, and Manfred Skopec. "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 4.5 (1983): 367-370.7. Newsom, Samuel WB. "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis." Journal of Hospital Infection 23.3 (1993): 175-187.8. Sepkowitz, Kent A. "Cassandra and Ignaz Semmelweis." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 1.1 (1996): 57-58. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82357880.pdf9. Buyse, Marc. "A biostatistical tribute to Ignaz Philip Semmelweis." Statistics in medicine 16.24 (1997): 2767-2772.10. Ligon, B. Lee. "Biography: Historical moments in the recognition of hand hygiene for control of infections: A short biography of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865)." Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Vol. 2. No. 12. 2001.11. Bencko, Vladimír, and Miriam Schejbalová. "From Ignaz Semmelweis to the present: Crucial problems of hospital hygiene." (2006): 3-7. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vladimir_Bencko/publication/247731782_From_Ignaz_Semmelweis_to_the_Present_Crucial_Problems_of_Hospital_Hygiene/links/5887237792851c21ff4e50f0/From-Ignaz-Semmelweis-to-the-Present-Crucial-Problems-of-Hospital-Hygiene.pdf12. Loudon, Irvine. "Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis' studies of death in childbirth." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 106.11 (2013): 461-463. Your gateway to world-class journal research13. La Rochelle, Pierre, and Anne-Sophie Julien. "How dramatic were the effects of handwashing on maternal mortality observed by Ignaz Semmelweis?." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 106.11 (2013): 459-460. Your gateway to world-class journal research14. Carson, Edward A., and Nadeem Toodayan. 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