Standard Form For Presentation Of Loss And Damage Claims: Fill & Download for Free

From today's perspective, such facts may be shocking. In the Peter Frankenfeld program in 1973, Wrocław ( former Breslau ) was outside of Poland. That was the standard in the 1970s in the historical narrative of West Germany.Peter Frankenfeld's 'Wetterkarte' tour of German accents from 1973. Note how Königsberg and Breslau are still perceived as German cities in 1973 .It appears West Germany recognised Poland's territory de facto in 1970, but only dropped its claims formally in 1990. Wroclaw ( former Breslau ) is actually Polish .War damages, which should be returned to Poland for the German war damage, are the subject of heated discussion. It will not be possible to recover reparations without a detailed calculation of losses. In depth, the damage which Poland suffered during World War II is presented in the Report on the Losses and Losses of War in Poland in 1939-1945.The report is a comprehensive study, which contains detailed calculations, drawn up in 1947 by the Office of War Compensation at the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. It contains 10 statistical tables (general) and 31 detailed tables with calculations.It is worth quoting a few examples.During the German occupation of the pre-war territory of the Polish state, 6028 thousand people lost their lives.Poles and Polish citizens, including 644 thousand due to direct warfare.Poland lost 220 inhabitants for every thousand. In comparison:USA-2,9, Belgium-7, Great Britain-8, France 15, the Netherlands-22, USSR-116. From over 200,000 children who were taken away from their parents for germanization purposes after the war returned to Poland 10-15%.Permanent disability afflicted 590,000 people, and 1140,000 have contracted tuberculosis. people. For slave labor, a total of 2460 thous. persons, a total of 2478 thous. Polish citizens.Losses of national wealth exceeded 38% of the state in 1939. Many cities fell in ruins. 162 190 residential buildings and 353 876 homesteads were destroyed, 14,000 factories and factory complexes, 199 751 shops, and 84 436 craft workshops.In Warsaw, the losses of the city's substance amounted to 84%, whereas in industry - 90%, residential development - 72%, and in culture and monuments - 90%. Losses of the population of Warsaw amounted to around 700,000, which in total exceeds the losses of the population of Britain and the United States in the Second World War.The Germans destroyed and plundered 43% of Poland's cultural heritage. Polish libraries lost about 66% of the collections.In addition, approximately 2.4 million Poles have to be taken away for forced labor to Germany or other occupied countries and were in labor camps, about 2.5 million Poles who have been displaced and have undergone various types of displacement and transition camps, and many millions of Poles affected by physical and mental disability and various infectious diseases.The potential of Polish forced labor for the Third Reich is estimated at 32 600 thousand. working years. Losses due to occupational terror amounted to 89.3% of all human losses during World War II (see Report). These terrifying, apocalyptic facts can not be "compensated" by the "territorial-economic profit" of postponing the post-war Polish state at the expense of territorial losses of the German state, as Germany is trying to present to international public opinion.Report on the losses and damages of war in Poland in 1939-1945. Office of War Compensation at the Presidium of the Council of Ministers Warsaw 1947 With a commentary by prof. dr hab. Krzysztof Miszczak, Wyd. Anabaza, Warsaw 2017. The book can be bought hereSprawozdanie w przedmiocie strat i szkód wojennych Polski

Tl;dr - The article in the Treaty of Versailles that’s usually cited when people talk about “Germany gets blamed for WWI,” actually expresses nothing of the sort. It’s legal boilerplate and is, in fact, near copy-pasted in all other treaties with the Central Powers, with the applicable name replacing Germany’s. The clause was meant to establish the individual culpability for war damages and hence provide a legal basis for a reparations claim. More specifically, it served as the introduction to a claim that actually limited German, Austrian, and Hungarian liability—those nations would only be held responsible for civilian damages, not military ones.We have to clarify what we mean by “Germany gets blamed for WWI,” because it’s not quite that cut and dried.The clause usually cited, Article 231, goes as follows:The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.That seems pretty straightforward, right? Allies say Germany is to blame, the Treaty says that Germany accepts—bam, Germany has all the blame for WWI.Except if you pay attention, Versailles doesn’t say that. The Treaty clearly says, “Germany and her allies.” This article, as a matter of fact, was present in the other treaties with the Central Powers (with the name changed).In St. Germain-en-Laye, it’s Article 177:The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Austria accepts the responsibility of Austria and her Allies for causing the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Austria-Hungary and her Allies.In the Treaty of Trianon, it’s Article 161:The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Hungary accepts the responsibility of Hungary and her allies for causing the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Austria-Hungary and her allies.Another variant, present in the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (with Bulgaria) and the Treaty of Sevres (with Turkey) went as such.Neuilly-sur-Seine, Article 121:Bulgaria recognizes that, by joining in the war of aggression which Germany and Austria-Hungary waged against the Allied and Associated Powers, she has caused to the latter losses and sacrifices of all kinds, for which she ought to make complete reparation.Sevres, Article 231:Turkey recognises that by joining in the war of aggression which Germany and Austria-Hungary waged against the Allied Powers she has caused to the latter losses and sacrifices of all kinds for which she ought to make complete reparation.So we have two variants of largely the same article almost copy/pasted into a variety of different treaties, all underlining that “X nation recognizes and accepts the responsibility of X and its allies for loss and damage and therefore will pay restitution.”What does this mean? It means that:Germany was not solely blamed for WWI in the treaties. Some authors gave the lion’s share of the blame to Germany, but these were unofficial statements and reflected more a perception of German hypermilitarism leading the way to war on a philosophical level than a historical (or contemporary geopolitical) analysis on the war.Austria-Hungary (or rather, Austria and Hungary) were blamed by their respective treaties, and made in the clauses referenced above to accept responsibility for their part of the war.The classic “Article 231,” therefore, has to be seen in context as a blanket condemnation toward the Central Powers and an establishment of blame (and, most importantly, culpability) on their side.But why was it there at all? Why blame anyone? All sides certainly contributed, you might say.To answer that question, we have to look beyond the individual article to the greater context. And that context is: reparations.Article 231 is the introductory article to Part VIII, Section I in the Versailles Treaty. Article 177 in the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye is the introductory article to Part VIII, Section I. Article 161 in the Treaty of Trianon is the introductory article to Part VIII, Section I. Article 121 in the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine is the introductory article to Part VII, Section I.What precisely is Part VIII (or VII in Neuilly-sur-Seine)? It’s the segment of the treaty that deals with reparations.Furthermore, every treaty listed immediately follows up with:The Allied and Associated Governments recognise that the resources of [Country] are not adequate, after taking into account permanent diminutions of such resources which will result from other provisions of the present Treaty, to make complete reparation for all such loss and damage.Versailles, Trianon, and St. Germaine-en-Laye all follow with:The Allied and Associated Governments, however, require, and Hungary undertakes, that she will make compensation as hereinafter determined for damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of the belligerency of each as an Allied and Associated Power against Hungary by the said aggression by land, by sea and from the air, and in general all damage as defined in Annex I hereto.Given the loss of the Ottoman Empire, Sevres follows up with:In these circumstances, and inasmuch as the territorial rearrangements resulting from the present Treaty will leave to Turkey only a portion of the revenues of the former Turkish Empire, all claims against the Turkish Government for reparation are waived by the Allied Powers, subject only to the provisions of this Part and of Part IX (Economic Clauses) of the present Treaty.In other words, the Allies maintained to seek reparations from Turkey, but have waived that right.Bulgaria’s treaty in Neuilly-sur-Seine is unique in that the following clause directly establishes a reparations amount to be paid—but that’s because every other treaty tosses the Reparations issue to a Reparations Commission, which will determine the exact amount in the future.So what does all of this tell us?It’s boilerplate.The “War Guilt” clause in Versailles, which is taken to mean that “Germany accepts all the blame,” is actually nothing but legal boilerplate that was included to varying degrees in all of the treaties signed with the Central Powers.Further, we have to ask ourselves: why was this clause always included as part of the introduction to the reparations section? It must, clearly, have something to do with reparations, and indeed it does: when the nation in question signs the treaty, they’re accepting culpability and fault for the damage caused by the war, which in turn allows the other nations to claim reparations. It’s like admitting fault in a vehicle collision—it makes you responsible for a degree of payment.In addition, when you look at the entire section, there’s an important point that emerges. It states that Germany (or Austria or Hungary) would only be responsible for civilian damages during the war. This is extremely important: Germany would not be responsible for the cost of, say, French war production or, say, French losses in Verdun. Nor would Austria-Hungary be responsible for the cost of Italian war production or, say, Italian losses in the Battles of the Isonzo. The liability of Germany, Austria, and Hungary were limited by that section to civilian damages.In that perspective, the War Guilt Clause (and the related clauses in other treaties) served to introduce the idea that Germany, Austria, and Hungary would only be responsible for those civilian damages.The notion of “only Germany is to blame,” is generally not an Allied one—it was, rather, German reaction to a perceived “loss of honor” in the “War Guilt Clause.” That topic was latched onto by right-wing Army veterans and standard-bearers of the old order and used to protest against the Versailles Treaty.

In case of a major accident the steps one should follow right after being in an accident are as follows :》Check for injuries as this will help you determine the extent of the problem and help in deciding if there is a need to call an ambulance》Note down the details of the other car involved in the accident. Number plate of the car, make and model of the car and colour of the car are imperative details that one needs to note down.》Get the names and contact numbers of the witnesses present at the scene of the accident. These witnesses will later help when it comes to determining who caused the accident.》In case of damage to third party call the police. It is also very important to file an FIR if you are planning on claiming third party liability.》Assess the situation and call the insurance company if you feel that you or the third party need to make a claim. One can forego making a claim if the damage has occurred only to their vehicle and is negligible.As such - Motor claim procedure is standard for all Insurer's and no Insurer can demand FIR even for OD (Own Damage) claim. FIR is only mandatory if the accident involves loss / damage to third party.