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That report raises questions. How did the US know about it before the Chinese knew about it?That report began in November, before health authorities in Wuhan were aware of a spreading viral infection.A November report by the US military’s National Center for Medical Intelligence warned of the illness spreading through China’s Wuhan and the effect it could have on US troops in Asia. The one referred to above is the same report but there is no evidence of WHO being informed. Only the US was being informed.In China, there is a timeline about an infection that started after the Wuhan games where US military participated.It is as follows:The World Military Games was held in Wuhan in October 2019.A 300-strong US contingent stayed 300 meters from the Huanan Seafood Market where China’s outbreak began, at the Wuhan Oriental Hotel.Five of the US troops developed a fever on Oct. 25 and were taken to an infectious-diseases hospital for treatment.42 employees of the Oriental Hotel were diagnosed with pneumonia with COVID-19 symptoms, becoming the first cluster in Wuhan. At the time only 7 people from the market had been thus diagnosed (and treated before the hotel staff). All 7 had contact with the 42 from the hotel. From this source, the virus spread to the rest of China.The American Military Games team trained at a location near Fort Detrick, the military’s viral lab closed down by the CDC in July for various deficiencies.Chinese authorities are awaiting an explanation from US authorities.New Evidence the US Did Bring COVID-19 to Wuhan During the Military GamesA study by researchers from the University of Cambridge, UK came up with the following:In a phylogenetic network analysis of 160 complete human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) genomes, we find three central variants distinguished by amino acid changes, which we have named A, B, and C, with A being the ancestral type according to the bat outgroup coronavirus.The A and C types are found in significant proportions outside East Asia, that is, in Europeans and Americans.In contrast, the B type is the most common type in East Asiahttps://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2020/04/07/2004999117.full.pdfThat early report raises questions because China was only aware of the the existence of “pneumonia of unknown etiology” in late December! Prior to that, they thought it was influenza. Yet the US knew what it was.

Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide produced by the bacterium Lactococcus lactis used as a food preservative. It has 34 amino acid residues, including the uncommon amino acids lanthionine, methyllanthionine , didehydroalanine (Dha) and didehydroaminobutyric acid (Dhb).Nisin is the most commercially important member of a large class of bacteriocins produced by bacteria that can kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria. Dairy products, meat products and beverages are the main application of nisin product and Asia is the largest nisin market on production and consumption.Global nisin market is projected to reach $ 120 Million by 2019, with a GAGR of 1.7% from 2015, and Asia will have a big dynamic momentum on the market growth. The major players in the global nisin market are Silver Elephant, AMTECH, Chihon, WeiRi Bio-Engineering, Danisco etc..Nisin Report by Material, and Geography Global Forecast to 2023 is a professional and comprehensive research report on the worlds major regional market conditions, focusing on the main regions (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific) and the main countries (United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea and China).The report firstly introduced the Nisin basics: definitions, classifications, applications and market overview; product specifications; manufacturing processes; cost structures, raw materials and so on. Then it analyzed the worlds main region market conditions, including the product price, profit, capacity, production, supply, demand and market growth rate and forecast etc. In the end, the report introduced new project SWOT analysis, investment feasibility analysis, and investment return analysis.

The authors of a recent scientific research paper believe that it is possible that the new coronavirus in the South China Seafood Market is transmitted from other places, or at least the South China Seafood Market is not the original source of the new coronavirus. It is possible that the infected person transmitted the new coronavirus to the staff in the market, and then it spread rapidly in the market.Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia, the virus traceability has basically been around the Southern China Seafood Market in Wuhan. Most of the cases in the early stage of the outbreak are related to the Market. However, the origin of the new coronavirus is still controversial. Previously, some of the earliest 41 patients (published in the Lancet) as well as the first patient found on December 1, 2019, did not prove to be related to those samples found in the Market.It is worth noting that according to the latest research on genome variation done by Chinese scholars, there are new opinions on how the new coronavirus enters human society.The novel coronavirus in Southern China Seafood Market may be introduced from other places and then spread rapidly to the Market.The new coronavirus has experienced 2 distinct population expansions before February 12th (before the deadline of the paper)The current spread of the cases comes from at least 3 ways.There is no significant recombination of the genome of the new coronavirus.These conclusions come from the research teams at Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Core Botanical Garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingdong School of Biology and Agriculture of Shaoguan University, South China Agricultural University, Beijing Brain Science and Brain Like Research Center (CIBR). They are trying to figure out the route of virus transmission from the perspective of virus gene evolution and find out who may be the first original patient.Yu Wenbin, Associate Researcher of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is the co-author of the study. The title of the paper is "Decoding the Evolution and Transmission of New Coronavirus Using the Whole Genome Data". The research was first published on Chinaxiv, a pre release platform for scientific papers of Chinese Academy of Sciences, on February 19, and the second edition was updated on February 21.There is no ancestral haplotype in Wuhan sample, or it was introduced from other placesIn this study, the team used 93 complete new coronavirus genomes from gisaid epiflutm database, including 54 Chinese patient samples: 3 samples from Chongqing, 18 samples from Guangdong, 22 samples from Hubei, 2 samples from Taiwan, 4 samples from Zhejiang, and 1 sample from 5 other provinces. There are 39 samples from other Asian countries, Europe, Oceania and North America outside China. The sample collection time is from December 24, 2019 to January 5, 2020.Through the analysis of the whole genome data of 93 samples, the genome size of the new coronavirus is between 29782bp and 29903bp, and the EPI ISL genome (bat-ratg13-cov) from gisaid is also included. At present, its sequence is considered to be the closest to the new coronavirus. The team obtained 58 haplotypes (genotypes) based on 120 mutation sites in 8 coding regions (including 79 non synonymous substitutions and 40 synonymous substitutions, 42 non synonymous substitutions changed the biochemical properties of amino acids). No significant reorganization events were detected.Fig. 1 (genome haplotypes of new coronavirus, red circle for samples in South China Market, blue circle for samples unrelated to the market.)Specifically, the 58 haplotypes were divided into five groups. Three of the central haplotypes are H1, H3 and H13, which are group A, group B and group C respectively. These three haplotypes are considered as ancient super communicators. The centers of group D and group E were two new super propagator haplotypes, namely h56 and MV2.Among 58 haplotypes, H13 and h38 are probably ancestral haplotypes, which are the most basic branches in phylogeny. Both of them derive H1 through H3, that is, the two main evolutionary paths are h13-h3-h1 or h38-h3-h1. Both cases indicate that H3 is the key between the ancestral haplotype and H1.However, it is worth noting that there are no H13 and h38 haplotypes in Wuhan.The authors believe that H13 and h38 may be associated with bat coronavirus ratg13 through a hypothetical intermediate haplotype MV1. Since there are no samples of the first infected person and early infected person in early December, the earliest ancestor haplotypes may not have been found. The evolutionary network indicates that the assumed haplotype MV1 may come from an intermediate host or the first infected person.No haplotypes in group A are encoded in the existing samples in Wuhan. The haplotypes of group A are only genetically related to the haplotype H3 from Wuhan (only one epi_isl_406801), but the case is not related to the South China market. It is worth noting that all samples of South China seafood market have H1 haplotypes or derivatives (H2, h8-h12), indicating that the market has spread infection in the short term.The authors believe that it is possible that the new coronavirus in the South China Seafood Market is transmitted from other places, or at least the patients and the wild animals sold at the South China Seafood Market are not the original source of the new coronavirus. It is possible that the infected person transmitted the new coronavirus to the staff in the Market, and then it spread rapidly in the Market. The crowded market has increased the spread of new coronavirus to people who have been to the market and spread to the whole city in early December 2019, which is consistent with the estimated population expansion time.The sample of the ancestral haplotype h38 came from a patient in Washington State (the first case in the United States). The patient returned to Washington state after visiting relatives in Wuhan on January 15.According to the research team, H13 and h38 haplotypes were not detected in the existing Wuhan samples, which may be due to the fact that the existing samples were mainly collected from several designated hospitals, and the sample collection time was limited to December 24, 2019 and January 5, 2020. If these two haplotypes can be detected in early patients of other hospitals in Wuhan, it will be very helpful to find the source of the virus.There are at least three ways for the virus to spreadAfter 58 haplotypes were divided into five groups, the analysis showed that there may be three sources of the virus in Guangdong, and two sources in Chongqing and Taiwan.Among the 54 samples in China, there are 3 samples in Chongqing, 18 in Guangdong, 22 in Hubei, 2 in Taiwan, 4 in Zhejiang, and 1 in the other 5 provinces.Wuhan samples from December 24, 2019 to January 5, 2020 encode 13 haplotypes, belonging to class C and class B. These relationships indicate that the transmission of the new coronavirus in Wuhan is at an early stage. H1 and H3 are the ancestors of haplotypes outside Hubei Province.From January 10 to January 23, 2020, 18 Guangdong samples were collected, and 15 haplotypes were coded, belonging to groups a, C and E, indicating that there were multiple sources imported into Guangdong. Three haplotypes (h14, H15, H17) may have evolved locally, indicating that human to human transmission occurred when the new coronavirus first spread to Shenzhen. Two samples from Taiwan are coded H3 and H24, which belong to group B and D respectively. Three samples from Chongqing are coded H1, H40 and h45, which belong to group B and group C respectively. It shows that two sources are imported from these two provinces or regions. Four samples of group C in Zhejiang Province were coded H1 and H24, belonging to group C, which was only input from H1 haplotype source.A total of 31 haplotypes of A-E group were encoded in samples from outside China. Among them, two samples from Thailand are H1 haplotypes, one from Australia and Belgium is H3 haplotype, one from the United States is H19 haplotype, and one from Singapore is H40 haplotype.12 samples from 5 Asian countries encoded 10 haplotypes, 7 related to Wuhan, 3 related to Shenzhen. In Tokyo, Japan, human to human transmission may occur to h53 haplotypes to H52 haplotypes, who were previously withdrawn from Wuhan to Japan.Five samples from Australian patients encode six haplotypes of group B, C and D respectively, all of which are related to Wuhan. Cases (H3), cases (H25, H26) and cases (H55, related to H1) are directly from Wuhan, with interpersonal transmission from H25 to H26, coming from the same tourism group in Queensland. The link between h56 patients and H27 patients was unclear because h56 patients flew from Wuhan to Sydney on January 25 and H27 patients from Wuhan to Melbourne on January 15.One possibility is that there is an intermediary who has also spread the new coronavirus and has spread it to other patients in France, the United States and Taiwan.Eight European samples encode seven haplotypes from patients from four countries. Patients in Belgium and Germany have a history of travelling in Wuhan. Patients in the UK did not report a link to Wuhan, but familial transmission from h28 to H29 was found. Patients in France may be infected in three different ways: h44 in relation to Wuhan, H43 in relation to Chongqing or Singapore, and H30 in relation to intermediate communicators.Among the 13 samples from the United States, three patients from Washington encoded the same haplotype h38, and the other three samples encoded eight haplotypes, covering group A-E 5. Therefore, the source of imported infection is very complex. Three haplotypes (H1, H19, h38) are related to Wuhan, three haplotypes (H19, H35, H42) and five haplotypes (H41, H58) may be related to Guangdong. The remaining haplotypes (H36, H37, H57) were associated with non Chinese patients (H54, Vietnam; h56, Australia), who were from Wuhan.In general, the family of Shenzhen in Guangdong Province spread through people to people in the early stage. There are more samples in Australia, France, Japan and the United States, and their patients have at least two sources of infection, especially the United States, including five sources.It is worth noting that h56, a super carrier haplotype, is a source of infection for patients in Australia, France, the United States and Taiwan. Patients from other countries have few samples and most of them come from a single source. Apart from their tourism import or infection in Wuhan, some of them may be infected in Guangdong, Singapore and other places.Fig. 2 (Evolution and geographical distribution of 58 new coronavirus haplotypes (a, b). Based on evolutionary analysis and epidemiological studies, the authors infer haplotype evolution path (c) and possible transmission and transmission path (d)It is also found that there are significant differences in the diversity of haplotypes between China and other countries. The higher haplotype diversity of samples from other countries may be due to the fact that most of the sampling dates are after January 22, 2020, while those from China are before January 22, 2020. In addition, the authors speculate that the low level of radiation exposure during international long-distance flights may accelerate the mutation rate of new coronavirus.At the end of the study, the team stressed that it is very difficult to use traditional methods to study the epidemiology of the new coronavirus, because some people with mild or asymptomatic infection may be ignored at the end of November and the beginning of December. In addition, the South China Seafood Market, considered to be the birthplace of the new coronavirus, has been closed since January 1, 2020.They noted that since the samples currently available do not include the first infected patients found in early December and many more, the most common ancestral haplotypes may have been missed. If there are frozen samples from these patients, genome sequencing for systematic epidemiological studies can be carried out to help determine the origin of the new coronavirus.In summary, no, the Chinese authorities have not determined the origin of the Corona virus because of missing data. People are free to make their theory.