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What's the difference between the US FDA and CDC?

It will go long but it will be detailed but will you tell you the difference between them for sure here it goesMEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THEFOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATIONAND THE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION1. PURPOSEThis Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides a framework for coordination and collaborative efforts between these two agencies, which are both components of the Department of Health and Human Services. This MOU also provides the principles and procedures by which information exchanges between FDA and CDC shall take place.This memorandum supersedes MOU 225-09-0002 between the Centers for Disease Control and the Food and Drug Administration, dated June 25, 2009, regarding the exchange of Information and coordination of actions.II. BACKGROUNDFDA and CDC are sister agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services. Both FDA and CDC exist and work to protect the public health but have different statuary mandates and responsibilities.FDA is a regulatory agency responsible for protecting the public health through the regulation of food, cosmetics, tobacco, and medical products, including drugs, biological products, animal drugs, and medical devices. FDA administers the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and relevant sections of the Public Health Service Act, among other statutes. Among its duties, FDA approves pre-market applications, conducts inspections of manufacturing facilities, and monitors post-marketing adverse events. FDA also initiates civil and criminal litigation to enforce applicable Laws and regulations.CDC's mission is collaborating to create the expertise, information,and tools that people and communities need to protect their health through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and preparedness for new health threats. CDC seeks to accomplish its mission by working with partners throughout the nation and the world to monitor health, detect and investigate health problems, conduct research to enhance prevention, develop and advocate sound public health policies, implement prevention strategies, promote healthy behaviors, foster safe and healthful environments, and provide leadership and training. CDC conducts its activities under the authority of the Public Health Service Act and several other federal statutes.CDC's and FDA's respective missions to protect the public health may overlap in a variety of ways depending upon the subject matter. Each agency has a responsibility to work collaboratively to protect and improve public health. It may sometimes be the case that FDA or CDC will be in possession of information that could be useful to the other agency in that agency's performance of its responsibilities. Timely sharing of information between CDC andFDA is therefore critical to protecting the public health.III. SUBSTANCE OF AGREEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EACH AGENCYA. Coordinationand Collaboration Relative to Public HealthActivitiesItis mutuallyagreed that:1. Each agency will coordinateand collaborate with the other agency to protectand improve the public health. To achieve this, each agencywill utilize the expertise, resources,and relationshipsof the other agency in order to increase its own capability and readiness to respond to emergency situations. In addition, each agency will designate central contact points where communications from the other agency,dealing with matters covered by this agreement, should be referred.2. Each agency will participatein periodic joint meetings to promote better communication and understanding of regulations, policies, and statutory responsibilities,and to serveas a forum for questionsand problems that may arise.3. Each agencywill notify the other agencyas soon as possible whenissues of mutual concern become evident.4. Each agency will collaborate with the other agencyin all investigations of mutual concern. Such collaboration may include providing alerts to theother agency when issues are identified; providing technical advice in areas of recognized expertise; providing results of analysis; coordinating health protection information and recommendations provided to the public; making available expert witnesses; and exchanging information as described in section III. B.5. Each agency will consultnwith the other before issuing press or scientific releases or publications that may have a significant impact on the other agency.6. Each agency will refer its proposed regulations, guidances, or recommendations that may have a significant impact on the other agency for review and comment by that agency before publication.7. This agreement does not preclude CDC or FDA from entering into other agreements which may set forth procedures for special programs which can be handled more efficiently and expertly by other agreements.B. Principles and Procedures for the Exchangeof information that is not publically available FDA and CDC agree that the following principles and procedures will govern the exchange of nonpublic information between the two agencies. Although there is no legal requirement that FDA and CDC exchange information in all cases, FDA and CDC agree that there should be a presumption in favor of full and free sharing of information between FDA and CDC. As sister public health agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services, there are no legal prohibitions that preclude FDA or CDC from sharing with each other most agency records in the possession of either agency. Both agencies recognize and acknowledge, however, that itis essential that any confidential information that is shared between FDA and CDC must be protected from unauthorized public disclosure. See e.g., 21 U.S.C. section 331 u;18 U.S.C. section 1905; 21 C.P.R. Parts 20 and 21; 45 C.F.R. Parts 5and 5b, and 42 U.S.C. section 241(d). Safeguards are important to protect the interests of, among others, owners and submitters of trade secrets and confidential commercial information; patient identities and other personal privacy information; privileged and/or pre-decisional agency records; and information protected for national security reasons. Such safeguards also help ensure FDA's and CDC's compliance with applicable laws and regulations.To facilitate the sharing of information with each other, it is necessary that FDA and CDC implement procedures to ensure, at a minimum, that such sharing of information is indeed appropriate and that the recipient agency appropriately guards the confidentiality of all non­public information received. There are separate procedures, as described below, for routine requests for information and for emergency requests. It is incumbent upon both agencies to respond to requests for information in a timely manner. Any unauthorized disclosure of shared confidential information by the agency receiving the information shall be the responsibility of that agency, so long as the agency providing such information conveys the confidential nature of the information to the receiving agency, in accordance with the terms of this MOU, or the receiving agency otherwise has knowledge that such information is confidential.1. Routine Requests for Non-Public Informationa. The requesting agency must demonstrate, in writing, why it is necessary for it to obtain the requested information. The demonstration should consist of a summary that describes in detail the information requested (to facilitate identification of relevant records) and a brief statement of the purpose for which the information is needed. This request shall state which internal agency offices and/or individuals requested the information. A model request letter is attached.b. The agency receiving the request for information shall, based upon the sufficiency of the need-to-know demonstration described in section III. B. 1. a. above, determine whether it is appropriate to share the requested information with the requesting agency. The need-to-know threshold is a low one. As stated above, there is a presumption in favor of information exchange between FDA and CDC. An agency should only decide not to share recommendations. It is assumed that each agency has implemented or will implement all data and information security requirements and has implemented or will implement, to the extent necessary and practicable all data and information security informationin response to a request if it has credible information and a reasonable belief that the requesting agency may not be able to comply with applicable laws or regulations governing the protection of non-public information or with principles or procedures set forth in the MOU. If an agency decides that it is not appropriate to share information with the requesting agency, it shall describe to the requesting agency the reasons for such decision.c. The requesting agency agrees that it shall comply with the following conditions:The requesting agency shall limit the disseminationof shared information it receivesto internal agency offices and/or individuals that have been identified in its written request and/or have a need-to-know. The agency official who signs the request letter will be responsible for ensuring that thereare no other recipientsof the information.The requesting agency shall agree in writingnot to publicly disclose any shared infomation in any manner including publications and public meetings. If the requesting agency wishes to disclose shared information, including information that it believesis publicly releasable,it shall first requestand obtain the written permission of the agency that has shared the information. If the requesting agency receives a Freedom of Intormation Act (FOlA) request for the shared information, it will refer the request to the information-sharing agency for itto respond directly to the requestor regarding the releaseability of the information. In such cases, the agency making the referral will notify the requestor that a referral has been made and that a response will issue directly from the other agency.The agency that shares information with the requesting agency shall include a transmittal letter, along with any agency records exchanged. The transmittal letter shall indicate the typeof information being shared (e.g. confidential commercial information, personal privacy, or pre­-decisional). A model transmittal letter is attached.The requesting agency shall promptly notify the appropriate office of the information-sharing agency when there is any attempt to obtain shared information by compulsory process, including but not limited to, a FOIA request, subpoena, discovery request, or litigation complaint or motion.The requesting agency shall notify the information-sharing agency before complying with any judicial order that compels the release of such information so that the agencies may determine the appropriate measures to take, including where appropriate the filing of a motion or an appeal with the court.2. Emergency Requests for Non-Public InformationIn cases in which the requesting agency has a need to obtain certain informationas soon as possible due to emergency circumstances, such as an outbreak of illness, FDA and CDC may utilize the following procedures. These procedures are intended for use only in the case of an actual emergency situation and are not appropriate for routine requests for information.a. The requesting agency shall indicate orally or in writing to the agency in possession of the relevant information that it has the need to obtain certain identifiable information as soon as possible due to the existence of emergency circumstances. The requesting agency shall also describe what the emergency circumstances are.b. The requesting agency shall verbally agree to protect from unauthorized public disclosure any and all information that is shared, according to all applicable laws and regulations.c. The existence of an actual emergency situation shall warrant, as determined by the agency in possessionof the requested records, the waiver of the need-to-know demonstration and determination described above in section Ill.B. I. a. and B. I.b. However, once the requesting agency has obtained the information it seeks,it shall comply with those proceduresset forth in section III. B. I. c. above.Hope it helps you:]

How do you best describe an INMARSAT satellite?

I would like to go a bit in History to answer you in the best way possible and at last you will be surprised to know that India plays a vital role in the existence of INMARSAT globally.How was INMARSAT formed;The assembly of the inter-Government Maritime Consultative Organization passed a resolution in November 1973 to convene an international conference to decide on the principle of setting up an International Maritime Satellite System. Pursuant to this decision, an International Conference on the establishment of an International Maritime Satellite System was convened in London on 23 April, 1975. In the third session of this Conference held in September, 1976, it was decided to form the International Maritime Organization (IMO), under the aegis of UNO for the purpose of establishing a satellite communications network for the maritime community. The IMO established INMARSAT in 1979 which originally stands for International Maritime Satellite Organization. The name was later changed to "International Mobile Satellite Organization" when it began to provide services to aircraft and portable users, but the acronym "INMARSAT" was retained.Role of India;India was a founding member of INMARSAT and M/s Overseas Communication Service (OCS) had set up a Gateway at Arvi, Pune for the INMARSAT satellite terminals. These services were primarily used for maritime communication purposes. As the INMARSAT gateway was available in the country, INMARSAT satellite terminals were also allowed for land-based use for certain specific purposes in a restricted manner. In March, 1986, OCS was converted into VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited). After privatization of VSNL in 2002, it was renamed as M/s Tata Communications Ltd. (TCL). TCL/VSNL was given the ILD license with a provision to provide INMARSAT services (except Land Mobile Service) on as-is-where-is basis as well as maritime communication technologies for Indian shipping containers in form of Satellite based Internet -BGAN, BGAN link, BGAN M2M and IsatData pro is been used within indian territory and territorial waters since 1988.How does INMARSAT satellite constellation work;The INMARSAT provides its satellite services with a constellation of four satellites which are located in the Geo-stationary earth orbit. These constellations of satellites provide global coverage. The present constellation, namely, I-3 satellites were launched in 1996 which is used for Portable satellite Phone as in IsatPhone pro and IsatPhone2 and IsatHub.How India plays a vital role in the existence of INMARSAT globally:When terrorist and intrusion by Pakistan took place in Indian soil on parts those where out of cellular connectivity thus a satellite communication gateway was essential to be operated indigenously within India to provide satellite communication to a area without conventional cellular or landline connectivity, and INMARSAT was the only operator which already had a gateway in India but it was limited to Maritime communication thus while the INMARSAT services cater to maritime communication, the Govt. of India envisaged satellite services, namely, Global Mobile Personal Communication by Satellite (GMPCS) in the new telecom policy 1999. The Government introduced GMPCS service (satellite Telephone Service) in the country on non-exclusive basis in the year 2001, subject to the clearance of the specific proposal from security angle by an Inter-Ministerial Committee consisting of Secretaries from Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Defense, Department of Space, Department of Telecommunications, Cabinet Secretariat (R) and Director, IB. Detailed guidelines for the provision of Satellite Telephone Services in the country were issued by the DoT on 1st November, 2001. Under this license, satellite-based communication services were permitted. The satellite could be Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) or Geostationary Orbit (GSO). However, establishment of GMPCS Gateway in India by the licensee was a mandatory license condition. After the issue of guidelines for GMPCS license in the year 2001, the DoT received a number of proposals from various satellite communication providers, namely, INMARSAT, Iridium, Thuraya, Global star, etc. for grant of GMPCS license. The main reason why the companies were not able to obtain the GMPCS license and establish the gateway in the country was that the technical requirements prescribed in the license agreement for establishing a gateway required substantial financial expenditure which was not feasible to be recovered from the limited number of users. Moreover, in the country, the call charges for satellite telephone service is comparatively much higher than the landline/cellular services. As of now in 2019 there are only 12000 active satellite phones in India, on account of the above-mentioned constraints, it was decided by the Government that the urgent requirement of Central Para-Military Forces/State Police forces for use of satellite telephone service can be met through direct procurement of satellite terminals by these agencies themselves. However, there are following limitations & drawbacks for such an arrangement:Possibility of monitoring of calls outside the country as the Satellite Land Earth Station (Gateway) is located outside the Country in Sweden.Non-availability of legal interception & monitoring of calls by Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) in the country.The arrangement is not as per the regulatory requirements of the country. The telecommunication service(s) in the country can be provided only by telecom operators granted a license under section 4 of the Indian Telegraph Act 1885 and Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933. However, the above-mentioned satellite-based telecommunication services are being provided by foreign operators not having any valid license in the country.Quality of Service (QoS) or any other control mechanism cannot be ensured.No license fee accrues to the exchequer as the services are directly being provided by a foreign satellite operator.Call rate (typically US$ 1 per minute) is very high compared to normal mobile services. Further, INMARSAT has been allocated a numbering plan and the calls made to these levels are considered international calls.In view of the above drawbacks, the Defense forces did not procure these handsets, But Defense Ministry had been urging the DoT/ BSNL to expedite the installation of a new Gateway to meet their requirement, by that time INMARSAT gave a R&D project to Sasken Technologies an Indian IT company to upgrade the software so that it detects the Indian region and tunes to the guidelines set by Indian authorities such that the device authenticates and allows the services to the approved subscribers only.On 17th July 2009, the existing INMARSAT service provider M/s TCL(Tata Communications Ltd), applied for GMPCS licensee informing the DoT that it is possible for TCL to offer the latest INMARSAT services and support new developments. M/s TCL through its letter dated 27th October 2009 informed the DoT about their solution called. ‘Forced Call Routing’ which was developed by Sasken Technologies. Which-Offers similar possibilities for interception and control as a local Land Earth Station.Calls are monitorable.Supports Denial of Service to unauthorized terminals.In November 2011, the DoT informed TCL that it will not be possible to process the case as the proposal of TCL does not meet the basic requirement of setting up of GMPCS Gateway in India. Since TCL (Tata Communications Ltd) had a telecommunication license but it was in collaboration with DOCOMO which is a Japanese company and DOT required a total indigenously operated Indian telecom company.Since no other operator was able to establish a gateway in India, the DoT (after due deliberation) asked BSNL on 23rd December 2010, to examine the possibility of establishing a GMPCS Gateway with INMARSAT or any other Satellite Operator for provision of satellite telephone service in the country.In response, BSNL vide its letter dated 10th July 2012 sought budgetary support of US$ 8 million from the DoT to establish GMPCS Gateway. It also requested the DoT for waiver of entry fee of Rs. 1 Crore, processing fee of Rs. 5 lakhs and Performance Bank Guarantee (PBG) of Rs. 1 Crore for GMPCS license. BSNL also conveyed to the DoT that INMARSAT has agreed to work with BSNL as a primary service provider for these services. It signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with INMARSAT in October 2012 to establish and provide INMARSAT based services. The DoT conveyed in-principle approval to establish GMPCS Gateway to provide satellite telephone service with financial support from USO Fund to BSNL vide letter dated 2nd November, 2012 and also asked BSNL to submit a detailed project report (DPR) and to apply for GMPCS license. In the meantime, INMARSAT wrote to the DoT vide its letter dated 17th August,2012 that INMARSAT has been providing personal mobile satellite services for many years in India and around the world and nowhere have these services been classified as GMPCS (Global Mobile Personal Communication by Satellite).And till date India is the only country which has a GMPCS service for Satellite mobile communication, so what is BSNL GMPCS; BSNL’s GMPCS also called satellite phone service, provides voice communication and messaging from any part of the globe. However, presently, the services will be available within India only. It is a ubiquitous service, hence can be used from all part of the country including territorial water. BSNL’s GSPS system provides telecommunication services to predominately mobile users through an enhanced GMR-2 air interface (GMR-2+) over the Inmarsat-4 (I-4) satellite like Telephony Voice, Supplementary services, Circuit switched Data/Fax services (for specific applications), SMS point-to-point, SMS-to- E-mail, E-mail-to- SMS. The GSPS system supports Satellite Phone Services served by a single Network Control Center-Gateway (NCC-GW) located at Ghaziabad. A 10-digit Indian mobile number is provided apart from the INMARSAT’s conventional International phone numbers, the BSNL GSPS number can be called by any other cellular network with no additional tariff plan.The most sold flagship model of INMARSAT's IsatPhone 2 which is designed, developed and the R&D has been done by a Indian Company Sasken Technologies, the IsatPhone 2 is manufactured in finland in collaboration with INMARSAT India to provide it to global market that makes india to contribute its vital role in making INMARSAT exist in the global market.How is GMPCS better than General Satellite phone:On a General satellite Phone a International number is provided and the caller to the satellite phone needs to pay $10/min to call a INMARSAT satellite Network. Whereas BSNL GMPCS satellite phone has a 10 digit India mobile phone number starting with +91 89911xxxxx which can be called from any cellular phone and no special tariff charges are applicable to call the INMARSAT satellite Network it would be considered a general call.On a General Satellite Phone per minute call charges are $1/min i.e Rs.70/min for both incoming and outgoing, on a BSNL GMPCS the charges are Rs.35/min for both incoming and outgoing making it comparatively cheaper than the general model.What is the source of my Information;As on 2017 i was the only authorized Individual to own a INMARSAT satellite Phone in India, i was authorized by BSNL as well as Department of Telecommunication to use the satellite Phone as a backup communication equipment. Which makes me able to answer things publically which other Corporation based satellite Phone users can’t.A few pics of my INMARSAT Satellite PhoneINMARSAT M2M Internet between my Satellite Phone and my laptop through the external antenna connection behind the handset and Laptop.As of now in 2019 INMARSAT satellite Phone can be bought by any Indian citizen and can be bought from BSNL directly.I hope now you understand all details about INMARSAT and its satellite constellation.

What is the size of india's economy in 2016?

India has emerged as the fastest growing major economy in the world as per the Central Statistics Organisation (CSO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF). According to the Economic Survey 2015-16, the Indian economy will continue to grow more than 7 per cent in 2016-17. The improvement in India’s economic fundamentals has accelerated in the year 2015 with the combined impact of strong government reforms, RBI's inflation focus supported by benign global commodity prices. India’s Consumer Confidence score in the April-June 2016 quarter declined to 128 from the high of 134 in the January-March 2016 quarter. India was ranked the highest globally in terms of consumer confidence during October-December quarter of 2015, continuing its earlier trend of being ranked the highest during first three q(more)

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